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Gould SA, Hodgson A, Clarke HF, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. Comparative Roles of the Caudate and Putamen in the Serial Order of Behavior: Effects of Striatal Glutamate Receptor Blockade on Variable versus Fixed Spatial Self-Ordered Sequencing in Marmosets. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0541-23.2024. [PMID: 38471779 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0541-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-ordered sequencing is an important executive function involving planning and executing a series of steps to achieve goal-directed outcomes. The lateral frontal cortex is implicated in this behavior, but downstream striatal outputs remain relatively unexplored. We trained marmosets on a three-stimulus self-ordered spatial sequencing task using a touch-sensitive screen to explore the role of the caudate nucleus and putamen in random and fixed response arrays. By transiently blocking glutamatergic inputs to these regions, using intrastriatal CNQX microinfusions, we demonstrate that the caudate and putamen are both required for, but contribute differently to, flexible and fixed sequencing. CNQX into either the caudate or putamen impaired variable array accuracy, and infusions into both simultaneously elicited greater impairment. We demonstrated that continuous perseverative errors in variable array were caused by putamen infusions, likely due to interference with the putamen's established role in monitoring motor feedback. Caudate infusions, however, did not affect continuous errors, but did cause an upward trend in recurrent perseveration, possibly reflecting interference with the caudate's established role in spatial working memory and goal-directed planning. In contrast to variable array performance, while both caudate and putamen infusions impaired fixed array responding, the combined effects were not additive, suggesting possible competing roles. Infusions into either region individually, but not simultaneously, led to continuous perseveration. Recurrent perseveration in fixed arrays was caused by putamen, but not caudate, infusions. These results are consistent overall with a role of caudate in planning and flexible responding and the putamen in more rigid habitual or automatic responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Anne Gould
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Hodgson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah F Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
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2
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Freedberg MV. The balance of hippocampal and caudate network functional connectivity is associated with episodic memory performance and its decline across adulthood. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108723. [PMID: 37923122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal and caudate networks interact to support episodic memory, but the relationship between hippocampal and caudate connectivity strength and episodic memory is unclear. In general, cognition is optimally supported when connectivity within a functional network dominates connectivity from other networks. For example, episodic memory may be optimally supported when the hippocampal and caudate networks express this pattern of connectivity, consistent with research showing that the two networks are organized competitively. Alternatively, episodic memory may be optimally supported when connectivity in both networks is more balanced, consistent with fMRI reports showing cooperation between networks. Using cross-sectional behavioral and resting state fMRI data from a diverse sample (N = 347; Ages 18-85), I tested the hypothesis that reduced hippocampal and caudate network dominance would be associated with reduced episodic memory across individuals and age. Consistent with this hypothesis, lower caudate network dominance in bilateral thalamic regions was associated with worse episodic memory regardless of age. Age-related differences in caudate network dominance in the pallidum and putamen were also associated with worse episodic memory performance, but through their shared variance with age. I found no evidence that network dominance was related to processing speed or executive function, or that hippocampal network dominance was relate to episodic memory performance. These results show that ongoing biological dynamics between the hippocampal and caudate networks throughout adulthood are related to episodic memory performance and support a growing literature specifying the role of the caudate network in episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Freedberg
- The University of Texas, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; The University of Texas, Institute for Neuroscience, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Prenger M, Gilchrist M, Van Hedger K, Seergobin KN, Owen AM, MacDonald PA. Establishing the Roles of the Dorsal and Ventral Striatum in Humor Comprehension and Appreciation with fMRI. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8536-8546. [PMID: 37932104 PMCID: PMC10711695 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1361-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humor comprehension (i.e., getting a joke) and humor appreciation (i.e., enjoying a joke) are distinct, cognitively complex processes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigations have identified several key cortical regions but have overlooked subcortical structures that have theoretical importance in humor processing. The dorsal striatum (DS) contributes to working memory, ambiguity processing, and cognitive flexibility, cognitive functions that are required to accurately recognize humorous stimuli. The ventral striatum (VS) is critical in reward processing and enjoyment. We hypothesized that the DS and VS play important roles in humor comprehension and appreciation, respectively. We investigated the engagement of these regions in these distinct processes using fMRI. Twenty-six healthy young male and female human adults completed two humor-elicitation tasks during a 3 tesla fMRI scan consisting of a traditional behavior-based joke task and a naturalistic audiovisual sitcom paradigm (i.e., Seinfeld viewing task). Across both humor-elicitation methods, whole-brain analyses revealed cortical activation in the inferior frontal gyrus, the middle frontal gyrus, and the middle temporal gyrus for humor comprehension, and the temporal cortex for humor appreciation. Additionally, with region of interest analyses, we specifically examined whether DS and VS activation correlated with these processes. Across both tasks, we demonstrated that humor comprehension implicates both the DS and the VS, whereas humor appreciation only engages the VS. These results establish the role of the DS in humor comprehension, which has been previously overlooked, and emphasize the role of the VS in humor processing more generally.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humorous stimuli are processed by the brain in at least two distinct stages. First, humor comprehension involves understanding humorous intent through cognitive and problem-solving mechanisms. Second, humor appreciation involves enjoyment, mirth, and laughter in response to a joke. The roles of smaller subcortical brain regions in humor processing, such as the DS and VS, have been overlooked in previous investigations. However, these regions are involved in functions that support humor comprehension (e.g., working memory ambiguity resolution, and cognitive flexibility) and humor appreciation (e.g., reward processing, pleasure, and enjoyment). In this study, we used neuroimaging to demonstrate that the DS and VS play important roles in humor comprehension and appreciation, respectively, across two different humor-elicitation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Prenger
- BrainsCAN, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Madeline Gilchrist
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Kathryne Van Hedger
- BrainsCAN, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ken N Seergobin
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Adrian M Owen
- BrainsCAN, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Penny A MacDonald
- BrainsCAN, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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Fallon SJ, Plant O, Tabi YA, Manohar SG, Husain M. Effects of cholinesterase inhibition on attention and working memory in Lewy body dementias. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad207. [PMID: 37545547 PMCID: PMC10404008 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors are frequently used to treat cognitive symptoms in Lewy body dementias (Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies). However, the selectivity of their effects remains unclear. In a novel rivastigmine withdrawal design, Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies patients were tested twice: once when taking rivastigmine as usual and once when they had missed one dose. In each session, they performed a suite of tasks (sustained attention, simple short-term recall, distractor resistance and manipulating the focus of attention) that allowed us to investigate the cognitive mechanisms through which rivastigmine affects attentional control. Consistent with previous literature, rivastigmine withdrawal significantly impaired attentional efficacy (quicker response latencies without a change in accuracy). However, it had no effects on cognitive control as assessed by the ability to withhold a response (inhibitory control). Worse short-term memory performance was also observed when patients were OFF rivastigmine, but these effects were delay and load independent, likely due to impaired visual attention. In contrast to previous studies that have examined the effects of dopamine withdrawal, cognitively complex tasks requiring control over the contents of working memory (ignoring, updating or shifting the focus of attention) were not significantly impaired by rivastigmine withdrawal. Cumulatively, these data support that the conclusion that cholinesterase inhibition has relatively specific and circumscribed-rather than global-effects on attention that may also affect performance on simple short-term memory tasks, but not when cognitive control over working memory is required. The results also indicate that the withdrawal of a single dose of rivastigmine is sufficient to reveal these impairments, demonstrating that cholinergic withdrawal can be an informative clinical as well as an investigative tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean James Fallon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Olivia Plant
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Younes A Tabi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Sanjay G Manohar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Pereira DJ, Sayal A, Pereira J, Morais S, Macedo A, Direito B, Castelo-Branco M. Neurofeedback-dependent influence of the ventral striatum using a working memory paradigm targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1014223. [PMID: 36844653 PMCID: PMC9947361 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1014223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions and motivation have been established as key aspects for neurofeedback success. However, task-specific influence of cognitive strategies is scarcely explored. In this study, we test the ability to modulate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a strong candidate for clinical application of neurofeedback in several disorders with dysexecutive syndrome, and investigate how feedback contributes to better performance in a single session. Participants of both neurofeedback (n = 17) and sham-control (n = 10) groups were able to modulate DLPFC in most runs (with or without feedback) while performing a working memory imagery task. However, activity in the target area was higher and more sustained in the active group when receiving feedback. Furthermore, we found increased activity in the nucleus accumbens in the active group, compared with a predominantly negative response along the block in participants receiving sham feedback. Moreover, they acknowledged the non-contingency between imagery and feedback, reflecting the impact on motivation. This study reinforces DLPFC as a robust target for neurofeedback clinical implementations and enhances the critical influence of the ventral striatum, both poised to achieve success in the self-regulation of brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jardim Pereira
- Neurorradiology Functional Area, Imaging Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Center, Coimbra, Portugal,Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Sayal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Siemens Healthineers Portugal, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Pereira
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Morais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Psychiatry Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Macedo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Psychiatry Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Direito
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,IATV—Instituto do Ambiente, Tecnologia e Vida (IATV), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,*Correspondence: Miguel Castelo-Branco
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Lansdell TA, Xu H, Galligan JJ, Dorrance AM. Effects of Striatal Amyloidosis on the Dopaminergic System and Behavior: A Comparative Study in Male and Female 5XFAD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1361-1375. [PMID: 37424461 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly two-thirds of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are female. In addition, female patients with AD have more significant cognitive impairment than males at the same disease stage. This disparity suggests there are sex differences in AD progression. While females appear to be more affected by AD, most published behavioral studies utilize male mice. In humans, there is an association between antecedent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and increased risk of dementia. Functional connectivity studies indicate that dysfunctional cortico-striatal networks contribute to hyperactivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Higher plaque density in the striatum accurately predicts the presence of clinical AD pathology. In addition, there is a link between AD-related memory dysfunction and dysfunctional dopamine signaling. OBJECTIVE With the need to consider sex as a biological variable, we investigated the influence of sex on striatal plaque burden, dopaminergic signaling, and behavior in prodromal 5XFAD mice. METHODS Six-month-old male and female 5XFAD and C57BL/6J mice were evaluated for striatal amyloid plaque burden, locomotive behavior, and changes in dopaminergic machinery in the striatum. RESULTS 5XFAD female mice had a higher striatal amyloid plaque burden than male 5XFAD mice. 5XFAD females, but not males, were hyperactive. Hyperactivity in female 5XFAD mice was associated with increased striatal plaque burden and changes in dopamine signaling in the dorsal striatum. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the progression of amyloidosis involves the striatum in females to a greater extent than in males. These studies have significant implications for using male-only cohorts in the study of AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lansdell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Frankle WG, Himes M, Mason NS, Mathis CA, Narendran R. Prefrontal and Striatal Dopamine Release Are Inversely Correlated in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:791-799. [PMID: 35791965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine (DA) hypothesis postulates hyperactivity of subcortical DA transmission and hypoactivity of cortical DA in schizophrenia (SCH). Positron emission tomography provides the ability to assess this hypothesis in humans. However, no studies have examined the relationship between cortical DA and striatal DA in this illness. METHODS D2/3 receptor radiotracer [11C]FLB457 BPND (binding potential relative to nondisplaceable uptake) was measured in 14 off-medication subjects with SCH and 14 healthy control (HC) subjects at baseline and after the administration of 0.5 mg/kg oral d-amphetamine. The amphetamine-induced change in BPND (ΔBPND) was calculated as the difference between BPND in the postamphetamine condition and BPND in the baseline condition and expressed as a percentage of BPND at baseline. DA release in the striatum using the radiotracer [11C]NPA was also measured in these subjects. RESULTS [11C]FLB457 ΔBPND was greater in the HC group compared with the SCH group (F1,26 = 5.7; p = .02) with significant differences in [11C]FLB457 ΔBPND seen across cortical brain regions. Only in the SCH group was a significant negative correlation observed between [11C]FLB457 ΔBPND in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and [11C]NPA ΔBPND in the dorsal caudate (r = -0.71, p = .005). CONCLUSIONS Subjects with SCH demonstrated deficits of DA release in cortical brain regions relative to HC subjects. Examining both cortical and striatal DA release in the same subjects demonstrated an inverse relationship between cortical DA release and striatal DA release in SCH not present in HC subjects, providing support for the current DA hypothesis of SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gordon Frankle
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Michael Himes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - N Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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D’Onofrio P, Norman LJ, Sudre G, White T, Shaw P. The Anatomy of Friendship: Neuroanatomic Homophily of the Social Brain among Classroom Friends. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3031-3041. [PMID: 35848863 PMCID: PMC9290566 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Homophily refers to the tendency to like similar others. Here, we ask if homophily extends to brain structure. Specifically: do children who like one another have more similar brain structures? We hypothesized that neuroanatomic similarity tied to friendship is most likely to pertain to brain regions that support social cognition. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed friendship network data from 1186 children in 49 classrooms. Within each classroom, we identified "friendship distance"-mutual friends, friends-of-friends, and more distantly connected or unconnected children. In total, 125 children (mean age = 7.57 years, 65 females) also had good quality neuroanatomic magnetic resonance imaging scans from which we extracted properties of the "social brain." We found that similarity of the social brain varied by friendship distance: mutual friends showed greater similarity in social brain networks compared with friends-of-friends (β = 0.65, t = 2.03, P = 0.045) and even more remotely connected peers (β = 0.77, t = 2.83, P = 0.006); friends-of-friends did not differ from more distantly connected peers (β = -0.13, t = -0.53, P = 0.6). We report that mutual friends have similar "social brain" networks, adding a neuroanatomic dimension to the adage that "birds of a feather flock together."
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D’Onofrio
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luke J Norman
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children’s Hospital Kamer, Rotterdam, 3000 CB, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Shaw
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Predicting multilingual effects on executive function and individual connectomes in children: An ABCD study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110811118. [PMID: 34845019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110811118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is a substantial amount of work studying multilingualism's effect on cognitive functions, little is known about how the multilingual experience modulates the brain as a whole. In this study, we analyzed data of over 1,000 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine whether monolinguals and multilinguals differ in executive function, functional brain connectivity, and brain-behavior associations. We observed significantly better performance from multilingual children than monolinguals in working-memory tasks. In one finding, we were able to classify multilinguals from monolinguals using only their whole-brain functional connectome at rest and during an emotional n-back task. Compared to monolinguals, the multilingual group had different functional connectivity mainly in the occipital lobe and subcortical areas during the emotional n-back task and in the occipital lobe and prefrontal cortex at rest. In contrast, we did not find any differences in behavioral performance and functional connectivity when performing a stop-signal task. As a second finding, we investigated the degree to which behavior is reflected in the brain by implementing a connectome-based behavior prediction approach. The multilingual group showed a significant correlation between observed and connectome-predicted individual working-memory performance scores, while the monolingual group did not show any correlations. Overall, our observations suggest that multilingualism enhances executive function and reliably modulates the corresponding brain functional connectome, distinguishing multilinguals from monolinguals even at the developmental stage.
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Hoagey DA, Lazarus LTT, Rodrigue KM, Kennedy KM. The effect of vascular health factors on white matter microstructure mediates age-related differences in executive function performance. Cortex 2021; 141:403-420. [PMID: 34130048 PMCID: PMC8319097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Even within healthy aging, vascular risk factors can detrimentally influence cognition, with executive functions (EF) particularly vulnerable. Fronto-parietal white matter (WM) connectivity in part, supports EF and may be particularly sensitive to vascular risk. Here, we utilized structural equation modeling in 184 healthy adults (aged 20-94 years of age) to test the hypotheses that: 1) fronto-parietal WM microstructure mediates age effects on EF; 2) higher blood pressure (BP) and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden influences this association. All participants underwent comprehensive cognitive and neuropsychological testing including tests of processing speed, executive function (with a focus on tasks that require switching and inhibition) and completed an MRI scanning session that included FLAIR imaging for semi-automated quantification of white matter hyperintensity burden and diffusion-weighted imaging for tractography. Structural equation models were specified with age (as a continuous variable) and blood pressure predicting within-tract WMH burden and fractional anisotropy predicting executive function and processing speed. Results indicated that fronto-parietal white matter of the genu of the corpus collosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and the inferior frontal occipital fasciculus (but not cortico-spinal tract) mediated the association between age and EF. Additionally, increased systolic blood pressure and white matter hyperintensity burden within these white matter tracts contribute to worsening white matter health and are important factors underlying age-brain-behavior associations. These findings suggest that aging brings about increases in both BP and WMH burden, which may be involved in the degradation of white matter connectivity and in turn, negatively impact executive functions as we age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hoagey
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Vital Longevity, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Linh T T Lazarus
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Karen M Rodrigue
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Vital Longevity, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kristen M Kennedy
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Vital Longevity, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Jacquemot C, Bachoud-Lévi AC. Striatum and language processing: Where do we stand? Cognition 2021; 213:104785. [PMID: 34059317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
More than a century ago, Broca (1861), Wernicke (1874) and Lichteim (1885) laid the foundations for the first anatomo-functional model of language, secondarily enriched by Geschwind (1967), leading to the Broca-Wernicke-Lichteim-Geschwind model. This model included the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices as well as a subcortical structure, which could be the striatum, whose nature and role have remained unclear. Although the emergence of language deficits in patients with striatal injury has challenged the cortical language models developed over the past 30 years, the integration of the striatum into language processing models remains rare. The main argument for not including the striatum in language processing is that the disorders observed in patients with striatal dysfunction may result from the striatal role in cognitive functions beyond language, and not from the impairment of language itself. Indeed, unraveling the role of the striatum and the frontal cortex, linked by the fronto-striatal pathway, is a challenge. Here, we first reviewed the studies that explored the link between striatal functions and the different levels of language (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexico-semantics). We then looked at the language models, which included the striatum, and found that none of them captured the diversity of experimental data in this area. Finally, we propose an integrative anatomo-functional model of language processing combining traditional language processing levels and some "executive" functions, known to improve the efficiency and fluidity of language: control, working memory, and attention. We argue that within this integrative model, the striatum is a central node of a verbal executive network that regulates, monitors, and controls the allocations of limited cognitive resources (verbal working memory and verbal attention), whatever the language level. This model combines data from neurology, psycholinguistics, and cognitive science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Jacquemot
- Département d'Etudes Cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Equipe E01 NeuroPsychologie Interventionnelle, 94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de médecine, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi
- Département d'Etudes Cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France; Inserm U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Equipe E01 NeuroPsychologie Interventionnelle, 94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de médecine, 94000 Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, National Reference Center for Huntington's Disease, Neurology Department, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier Hospital, Créteil, France.
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12
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Blest-Hopley G, O'Neill A, Wilson R, Giampietro V, Bhattacharyya S. Disrupted parahippocampal and midbrain function underlie slower verbal learning in adolescent-onset regular cannabis use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1315-1331. [PMID: 31814047 PMCID: PMC8062355 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prolonged use of cannabis, the most widely used illicit drug worldwide, has been consistently associated with impairment in memory and verbal learning. Although the neurophysiological underpinnings of these impairments have been investigated previously using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while performing memory tasks, the results of these studies have been inconsistent and no clear picture has emerged yet. Furthermore, no previous studies have investigated trial-by-trial learning. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the neural underpinnings of impaired verbal learning in cannabis users as estimated over repeated learning trials. METHODS We studied 21 adolescent-onset regular cannabis users and 21 non-users using fMRI performed at least 12 h after last cannabis use, while they performed a paired associate verbal learning task that allowed us to examine trial-by-trial learning. Brain activation during repeated verbal encoding and recall conditions of the task was indexed using the blood oxygen level-dependent haemodynamic response fMRI signal. RESULTS There was a significant improvement in recall score over repeated trials indicating learning occurring across the two groups of participants. However, learning was significantly slower in cannabis users compared to non-users (p = 0.032, partial eta-squared = 0.108). While learning verbal stimuli over repeated encoding blocks, non-users displayed progressive increase in recruitment of the midbrain, parahippocampal gyrus and thalamus (p = 0.00939, partial eta-squared = 0.180). In contrast, cannabis users displayed a greater but disrupted activation pattern in these regions, which showed a stronger correlation with new word-pairs learnt over the same blocks in cannabis users than in non-users. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that disrupted medial temporal and midbrain function underlie slower learning in adolescent-onset cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Blest-Hopley
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Aisling O'Neill
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robin Wilson
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, Camberwell, London, UK.
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13
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Zhang Z, Peng P, Eickhoff SB, Lin X, Zhang D, Wang Y. Neural substrates of the executive function construct, age-related changes, and task materials in adolescents and adults: ALE meta-analyses of 408 fMRI studies. Dev Sci 2021; 24:e13111. [PMID: 33817920 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the neural substrates of executive function (EF), we conducted an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of 408 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (9639 participants, 7587 activation foci, 518 experimental contrasts) covering three fundamental EF subcomponents: inhibition, switching, and working memory. Our results found that activation common to all three EF subcomponents converged in the multiple-demand network across adolescence and adulthood. The function of EF with the multiple-demand network involved, especially for the prefrontal cortex and the parietal regions, could not be mature until adulthood. In adolescents, only working memory could be separable from common EF, whereas in adults, the three EF subcomponents could be separable from common EF. However, findings of switching in adolescents should be treated with substantial caution and may be exploratory due to limited data available on switching tasks. For task materials, inhibition and working memory showed both domain generality and domain specificity, undergirded by the multiple-demand network, as well as different brain regions in response to verbal and nonverbal task materials, respectively. In contrast, switching showed only domain generality with no activation specialized for either verbal or nonverbal task materials. These findings, taken together, support and contribute to the unitary-diverse nature of EF such that EF should be interpreted in an integrative model that relies on the integration of the EF construct, development, and task materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Special Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Special Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Special Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Delong Zhang
- School of Psychology, Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, Neuroimaging for Language, Literacy, and Learning, College of Education and Human Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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14
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Mukherjee P, Hartanto T, Iosif AM, Dixon JF, Hinshaw SP, Pakyurek M, van den Bos W, Guyer AE, McClure SM, Schweitzer JB, Fassbender C. Neural basis of working memory in ADHD: Load versus complexity. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102662. [PMID: 34215140 PMCID: PMC8175567 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM). Load versus Complexity. ADHD. FMRI. Working Memory Striatum and Cerebellum.
Working memory (WM) deficits are key in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nevertheless, WM is not universally impaired in ADHD. Additionally, the neural basis for WM deficits in ADHD has not been conclusively established, with regions including the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and caudate being implicated. These contradictions may be related to conceptualizations of WM capacity, such as load (amount of information) versus operational-complexity (maintenance-recall or manipulation). For instance, relative to neurotypical (NT) individuals, complex WM operations could be impaired in ADHD, while simpler operations are spared. Alternatively, all operations may be impaired at higher loads. Here, we compared the impact of these two components of WM capacity: load and operational-complexity, between ADHD and NT, behaviorally and neurally. We hypothesized that the impact of WM load would be greater in ADHD, and the neural activation would be altered. Participants (age-range 12–23 years; 50 ADHD (18 females); 82 NT (41 females)) recalled three or four objects (load) in forward or backward order (operational-complexity) during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. The effects of diagnosis and task were compared on performance and neural engagement. Behaviorally, we found significant interactions between diagnosis and load, and between diagnosis, load, and complexity. Neurally, we found an interaction between diagnosis and load in the right striatum, and between diagnosis and complexity in the right cerebellum and left occipital gyrus. The ADHD group displayed hypo-activation compared to NT group during higher load and greater complexity. This informs mechanisms of functional problems related to WM in adolescents and young adults with ADHD (e.g., academic performance) and remedial interventions (e.g., WM-training).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerona Mukherjee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Tadeus Hartanto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Faye Dixon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stephen P Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3rd Floor, Berkeley Way West Building, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Murat Pakyurek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Wouter van den Bos
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amanda E Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Samuel M McClure
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Julie B Schweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Catherine Fassbender
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; School of Psychology, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, Dublin 9, Ireland
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15
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Trutti AC, Verschooren S, Forstmann BU, Boag RJ. Understanding subprocesses of working memory through the lens of model-based cognitive neuroscience. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Control of response interference: caudate nucleus contributes to selective inhibition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20977. [PMID: 33262369 PMCID: PMC7708449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of cortical regions in cognitive control processes is well accepted, the contribution of subcortical structures (e.g., the striatum), especially to the control of response interference, remains controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the cortical and particularly subcortical neural mechanisms of response interference control (including selective inhibition). Thirteen healthy young participants underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a unimanual version of the Simon task. In this task, successful performance required the resolution of stimulus–response conflicts in incongruent trials by selectively inhibiting interfering response tendencies. The behavioral results show an asymmetrical Simon effect that was more pronounced in the contralateral hemifield. Contrasting incongruent trials with congruent trials (i.e., the overall Simon effect) significantly activated clusters in the right anterior cingulate cortex, the right posterior insula, and the caudate nucleus bilaterally. Furthermore, a region of interest analysis based on previous patient studies revealed that activation in the bilateral caudate nucleus significantly co-varied with a parameter of selective inhibition derived from distributional analyses of response times. Our results corroborate the notion that the cognitive control of response interference is supported by a fronto-striatal circuitry, with a functional contribution of the caudate nucleus to the selective inhibition of interfering response tendencies.
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17
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Giehl K, Ophey A, Hammes J, Rehberg S, Lichtenstein T, Reker P, Eggers C, Kalbe E, van Eimeren T. Working memory training increases neural efficiency in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa115. [PMID: 32954349 PMCID: PMC7472906 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of working memory and executive functions is already frequently observed in early stages of Parkinson's disease. Improvements in working memory performance in this cohort could potentially be achieved via working memory training. However, the specific neural mechanisms underlying different working memory processes such as maintenance as opposed to manipulation are largely under-investigated in Parkinson's disease. Moreover, the plasticity of these correlates as a function of working memory training is currently unknown in this population. Thus, the working memory subprocesses of maintenance and manipulation were assessed in 41 cognitively healthy patients with Parkinson's disease using a newly developed working memory paradigm and functional MRI. Nineteen patients were randomized to a 5-week home-based digital working memory training intervention while the remaining patients entered a control, wait list condition. Working memory task-related activation patterns and context-dependent functional connectivity, as well as the change of these neural correlates as a function of training, were assessed. While both working memory processes activated an extended frontoparietal-cerebellar network, only the manipulation of items within working memory also recruited the anterior striatum. The intervention effect on the neural correlates was small, but decreased activation in areas relevant for working memory could be observed, with activation changes correlating with behavioural change. Moreover, training seemed to result in decreased functional connectivity when pure maintenance was required, and in a reorganization of functional connectivity when items had to be manipulated. In accordance with the neural efficacy hypothesis, training resulted in overall reduced activation and reorganized functional connectivity, with a differential effect on the different working memory processes under investigation. Now, larger trials including follow-up examinations are needed to further explore the long-term effects of such interventions on a neural level and to estimate the clinical relevance to potentially delay cognitive decline in cognitively healthy patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Giehl
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Jülich, Germany
| | - Anja Ophey
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies and Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jochen Hammes
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Rehberg
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies and Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lichtenstein
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department for Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Reker
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carsten Eggers
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Marburg, Department of Neurology and Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Kalbe
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies and Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
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18
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Liu X, Eickhoff SB, Hoffstaedter F, Genon S, Caspers S, Reetz K, Dogan I, Eickhoff CR, Chen J, Caspers J, Reuter N, Mathys C, Aleman A, Jardri R, Riedl V, Sommer IE, Patil KR. Joint Multi-modal Parcellation of the Human Striatum: Functions and Clinical Relevance. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1123-1136. [PMID: 32700142 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human striatum is essential for both low- and high-level functions and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various prevalent disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). It is known to consist of structurally and functionally divergent subdivisions. However, previous parcellations are based on a single neuroimaging modality, leaving the extent of the multi-modal organization of the striatum unknown. Here, we investigated the organization of the striatum across three modalities-resting-state functional connectivity, probabilistic diffusion tractography, and structural covariance-to provide a holistic convergent view of its structure and function. We found convergent clusters in the dorsal, dorsolateral, rostral, ventral, and caudal striatum. Functional characterization revealed the anterior striatum to be mainly associated with cognitive and emotional functions, while the caudal striatum was related to action execution. Interestingly, significant structural atrophy in the rostral and ventral striatum was common to both PD and SCZ, but atrophy in the dorsolateral striatum was specifically attributable to PD. Our study revealed a cross-modal convergent organization of the striatum, representing a fundamental topographical model that can be useful for investigating structural and functional variability in aging and in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7, Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7, Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7, Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Genon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7, Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, Rheinisch Westfällische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Imis Dogan
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-BRAIN (JARA) Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Rheinisch Westfällische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Rheinisch Westfällische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia R Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ji Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7, Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niels Reuter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7, Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Mathys
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus, University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - André Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renaud Jardri
- SCALab (CNRS UMR9193) & CHU de Lille, Hôpital Fontan, Pôle de Psychiatrie (CURE), Université de Lille, 59037, Lille, France
| | - Valentin Riedl
- Departments of Neuroradiology, Nuclear Medicine and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus, University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kaustubh R Patil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7, Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany. .,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Li X, Bäckman L, Persson J. The relationship of age and DRD2 polymorphisms to frontostriatal brain activity and working memory performance. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:189-199. [PMID: 31629117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) in both prefrontal cortex (PFC) and caudate nucleus is critical for working memory (WM) function. The C957T and Taq1A polymorphisms of the DRD2 gene are related to DA D2 receptor densities in PFC and striatum. Using functional MRI, we investigated the relationship of age and these 2 DRD2 gene polymorphisms to WM function and examined possible age by gene interactions. Results demonstrated less caudate activity for older adults (70-80 years; n = 112) compared with the younger age group (25-65 years; n = 191), suggesting age-related functional differences in this region. Importantly, there was a gene-related difference regarding WM performance and frontostriatal brain activity. Specifically, better WM performance and greater activity in PFC were found among C957T C allele carriers. Combined genetic markers for increased DA D2 receptor density were associated with greater caudate activity and higher WM updating performance. The genetic effects on blood oxygen level-dependent activity were only observed in older participants, suggesting magnified genetic effects in aging. Our findings emphasize the importance of DA-related genes in regulating WM functioning in aging and demonstrate a positive link between DA and brain activation in the frontostriatal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Persson
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Johari K, Walenski M, Reifegerste J, Ashrafi F, Behroozmand R, Daemi M, Ullman MT. A dissociation between syntactic and lexical processing in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2019; 51:221-235. [PMID: 31777416 PMCID: PMC6880793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), which involves the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, has long been associated with motor deficits. Increasing evidence suggests that language can also be impaired, including aspects of syntactic and lexical processing. However, the exact pattern of these impairments remains somewhat unclear, for several reasons. Few studies have examined and compared syntactic and lexical processing within subjects, so their relative deficits remain to be elucidated. Studies have focused on earlier stages of PD, so syntactic and lexical processing in later stages are less well understood. Research has largely probed English and a handful of other European languages, and it is unclear whether findings generalize more broadly. Finally, few studies have examined links between syntactic/lexical impairments and their neurocognitive substrates, such as measures of basal ganglia degeneration or dopaminergic processes. We addressed these gaps by investigating multiple aspects of Farsi syntactic and lexical processing in 40 Farsi native-speaking moderate-to-severe non-demented PD patients, and 40 healthy controls. Analyses revealed equivalent impairments of syntactic comprehension and syntactic judgment, across different syntactic structures. Lexical processing was impaired only for motor function-related objects (e.g., naming 'hammer', but not 'mountain'), in line with findings of PD deficits at naming action verbs as compared to objects, without the verb/noun confound. In direct comparisons between lexical and syntactic tasks, patients were better at naming words like 'mountain' (but not words like 'hammer') than at syntactic comprehension and syntactic judgment. Performance at syntactic comprehension correlated with the last levodopa equivalent dose. No other correlations were found between syntactic/lexical processing measures and either levodopa equivalent dose or hypokinesia, which reflects degeneration of basal ganglia motor-related circuits. All critical significant main effects, interactions, and correlations yielded large effect sizes. The findings elucidate the nature of syntactic and lexical processing impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Johari
- Speech Neuroscience Lab, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, USA
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Washington DC, USA
| | - Matthew Walenski
- Aphasia and Neurolinguistics Research Laboratory, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jana Reifegerste
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Washington DC, USA
- Department of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Farzad Ashrafi
- Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roozbeh Behroozmand
- Speech Neuroscience Lab, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Mostafa Daemi
- Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael T. Ullman
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Washington DC, USA
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21
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Common and Distinct Functional Brain Networks for Intuitive and Deliberate Decision Making. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9070174. [PMID: 31330815 PMCID: PMC6680530 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9070174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement learning studies in rodents and primates demonstrate that goal-directed and habitual choice behaviors are mediated through different fronto-striatal systems, but the evidence is less clear in humans. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected whilst participants (n = 20) performed a conditional associative learning task in which blocks of novel conditional stimuli (CS) required a deliberate choice, and blocks of familiar CS required an intuitive choice. Using standard subtraction analysis for fMRI event-related designs, activation shifted from the dorso-fronto-parietal network, which involves dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for deliberate choice of novel CS, to ventro-medial frontal (VMPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex for intuitive choice of familiar CS. Supporting this finding, psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) analysis, using the peak active areas within the PFC for novel and familiar CS as seed regions, showed functional coupling between caudate and DLPFC when processing novel CS and VMPFC when processing familiar CS. These findings demonstrate separable systems for deliberate and intuitive processing, which is in keeping with rodent and primate reinforcement learning studies, although in humans they operate in a dynamic, possibly synergistic, manner particularly at the level of the striatum.
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22
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Aumont É, Arguin M, Bohbot V, West GL. Increased flanker task and forward digit span performance in caudate-nucleus-dependent response strategies. Brain Cogn 2019; 135:103576. [PMID: 31203022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of two memory systems can be used to navigate in a new environment. Hippocampus-dependent spatial strategy consists of creating a cognitive map of an environment and caudate nucleus-dependent response strategy consists of memorizing a rigid sequence of turns. Spontaneous use of the response strategy is associated with greater activity and grey matter within the caudate nucleus while the spatial strategy is associated with greater activity and grey matter in the hippocampus. The caudate nucleus is involved in executive functions such as working memory, cognitive control and certain aspects of attention such as attentional disengaging. This study therefore aimed to investigate whether response learners would display better performance on tests of executive and attention functioning compared to spatial learners. Fifty participants completed the 4/8 virtual maze to assess navigational strategy, the forward and backward visual digit span and the Attention Network Test - Revised to assess both attention disengagement and cognitive control. Results revealed that response learners showed significantly higher working memory capacity, more efficient attention disengagement and better cognitive control. Results suggest that response learners, who putatively display more grey matter and activity in the caudate nucleus, are associated with better working memory span, cognitive control and attentional disengagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Aumont
- Center of Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Martin Arguin
- Center of Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Véronique Bohbot
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg L West
- Center of Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Emch M, von Bastian CC, Koch K. Neural Correlates of Verbal Working Memory: An fMRI Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:180. [PMID: 31244625 PMCID: PMC6581736 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Verbal Working memory (vWM) capacity measures the ability to maintain and manipulate verbal information for a short period of time. The specific neural correlates of this construct are still a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to conduct a coordinate-based meta-analysis of 42 fMRI studies on visual vWM in healthy subjects (n = 795, males = 459, females = 325, unknown = 11; age range: 18-75). The studies were obtained after an exhaustive literature search on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Brainmap database. We analyzed regional activation differences during fMRI tasks with the anisotropic effect-size version of seed-based d mapping software (ES-SDM). The results were further validated by performing jackknife sensitivity analyses and heterogeneity analyses. We investigated the effect of numerous relevant influencing factors by fitting corresponding linear regression models. We isolated consistent activation in a network containing fronto-parietal areas, right cerebellum, and basal ganglia structures. Regarding lateralization, the results pointed toward a bilateral frontal activation, a left-lateralization of parietal regions and a right-lateralization of the cerebellum, indicating that the left-hemisphere concept of vWM should be reconsidered. We also isolated activation in regions important for response inhibition, emphasizing the role of attentional control in vWM. Moreover, we found a significant influence of mean reaction time, load, and age on activation associated with vWM. Activation in left medial frontal gyrus, left precentral gyrus, and left precentral gyrus turned out to be positively associated with mean reaction time whereas load was associated with activation across the PFC, fusiform gyrus, parietal cortex, and parts of the cerebellum. In the latter case activation was mainly detectable in both hemispheres whereas the influence of age became manifest predominantly in the left hemisphere. This led us to conclude that future vWM studies should take these factors into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Emch
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Koch
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Martinsried, Germany
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24
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Jeon HA, Kuhl U, Friederici AD. Mathematical expertise modulates the architecture of dorsal and cortico-thalamic white matter tracts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6825. [PMID: 31048754 PMCID: PMC6497695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To what extent are levels of cognitive expertise reflected in differential structural connectivity of the brain? We addressed this question by analyzing the white matter brain structure of experts (mathematicians) versus non-experts (non-mathematicians) using probabilistic tractography. Having mathematicians and non-mathematicians as participant groups enabled us to directly compare profiles of structural connectivity arising from individual levels of expertise in mathematics. Tracking from functional seed regions activated during the processing of complex arithmetic formulas revealed an involvement of various fiber bundles such the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus (AF/SLF), cross-hemispheric connections of frontal lobe areas through the corpus callosum and cortico-subcortical connectivity via the bilateral thalamic radiation. With the aim of investigating expertise-dependent structural connectivity, the streamline density was correlated with the level of expertise, defined by automaticity of processing complex mathematics. The results showed that structural integrity of the AF/SLF was higher in individuals with higher automaticity, while stronger cortico-thalamic connectivity was associated with lower levels of automaticity. Therefore, we suggest that expertise in the domain of mathematics is reflected in plastic changes of the brain's white matter structure, possibly reflecting a general principle of cognitive expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ae Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea.
- Partner Group of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences at the Department for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
| | - Ulrike Kuhl
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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25
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Isaacs ML, McMahon KL, Angwin AJ, Crosson B, Copland DA. Functional correlates of strategy formation and verbal suppression in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22:101683. [PMID: 30711682 PMCID: PMC6360608 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) have shown impaired performance on the verbal suppression component of the Haylings Sentence Completion Test (HSCT). The present study aimed to determine whether this performance related to (i) the inability to suppress a pre-potent response or (ii) difficulty in the generation of a strategy to facilitate task execution. The study adopted a novel variation of the HSCT that isolated each process and employed fMRI to examine the associated neural correlates in a comparison of individuals with PD and matched healthy controls. No significant behavioral differences were detected between these two groups. However, fMRI results revealed atypical underlying neural activity in the PD group. Controls exhibited increased activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and striatum when generating a response independently, relative to generation when a supporting strategy was provided. The PD group demonstrated the opposite pattern of activation, in addition to greater recruitment of right hemisphere regions. This pattern of activation was postulated to be evidence of compensatory mechanisms, acting to bolster the output of frontostriatal circuits compromised by disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Isaacs
- The University of Queensland Center for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anthony J Angwin
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bruce Crosson
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, United States; Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - David A Copland
- The University of Queensland Center for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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26
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Steinberg F, Pixa NH, Fregni F. A Review of Acute Aerobic Exercise and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Cognitive Functions and Their Potential Synergies. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 12:534. [PMID: 30687048 PMCID: PMC6336823 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, several pharmaceutic and non-pharmaceutic approaches exist to treat psychiatric and neurological diseases. Because of the lack of treatment procedures that are medication free and without severe side effects, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and aerobic exercise (AE) have been tested to explore the potential for initiating and modulating neuroplasticity in the human brain. Both tDCS and AE could support cognition and behavior in the clinical and non-clinical context to improve the recovery process within neurological or psychiatric conditions or to increase performance. As these techniques still lack meaningful effects, although they provide multiple beneficial opportunities within disease and health applications, there is emerging interest to find improved tDCS and AE protocols. Since multimodal approaches could provoke synergetic effects, a few recent studies have begun to combine tDCS and AE within different settings such as in cognitive training in health or for treatment purposes within clinical settings, all of which show superior effects compared to single technique applications. The beneficial outcomes of both techniques depend on several parameters and the understanding of neural mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Recent studies have begun to directly combine tDCS and AE within one session, although their interactions on the behavioral, neurophysiological and neurochemical levels are entirely unclear. Therefore, this review: (a) provides an overview of acute behavioral, neurophysiological, and neurochemical effects that both techniques provoke within only one single application in isolation; (b) gives an overview regarding the mechanistic pathways; and (c) discusses potential interactions and synergies between tDCS and AE that might be provoked when directly combining both techniques. From this literature review focusing primarily on the cognitive domain in term of specific executive functions (EFs; inhibition, updating, and switching), it is concluded that a direct combination of tDCS and AE provides multiple beneficial opportunities for synergistic effects. A combination could be useful within non-clinical settings in health and for treating several psychiatric and neurologic conditions. However, there is a lack of research and there are several possibly interacting moderating parameters that must be considered and more importantly must be systematically investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Steinberg
- Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Henrik Pixa
- Sport Psychology, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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27
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Yang Y, Jia F, Fox PT, Siok WT, Tan LH. Abnormal neural response to phonological working memory demands in persistent developmental stuttering. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:214-225. [PMID: 30145850 PMCID: PMC6865627 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent developmental stuttering is a neurological disorder that commonly manifests as a motor problem. Cognitive theories, however, hold that poorly developed cognitive skills are the origins of stuttering. Working memory (WM), a multicomponent cognitive system that mediates information maintenance and manipulation, is known to play an important role in speech production, leading us to postulate that the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying stuttering may be associated with a WM deficit. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to elucidate brain mechanisms in a phonological WM task in adults who stutter and controls. A right-lateralized compensatory mechanism for a deficit in the rehearsal process and neural disconnections associated with the central executive dysfunction were found. Furthermore, the neural abnormalities underlying the phonological WM were independent of memory load. This study demonstrates for the first time the atypical neural responses to phonological WM in PWS, shedding new light on the underlying cause of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
| | - Fanlu Jia
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
- Research Imaging InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Wai Ting Siok
- Department of LinguisticsUniversity of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong
| | - Li Hai Tan
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
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28
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Resch C, Anderson VA, Beauchamp MH, Crossley L, Hearps SJC, van Heugten CM, Hurks PPM, Ryan NP, Catroppa C. Age-dependent differences in the impact of paediatric traumatic brain injury on executive functions: A prospective study using susceptibility-weighted imaging. Neuropsychologia 2018; 124:236-245. [PMID: 30528585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood and adolescence represent sensitive developmental periods for brain networks implicated in a range of complex skills, including executive functions (EF; inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility). As a consequence, these skills may be particularly vulnerable to injuries sustained during these sensitive developmental periods. The present study investigated 1) whether age at injury differentially affects EF 6 months and 2 years after TBI in children aged 5-15 years, and 2) whether the association between brain lesions and EF depend on age at injury. Children with TBI (n = 105) were categorized into four age-at-injury groups based on previous studies and proposed timing of cerebral maturational spurts: early childhood (5-6 years, n = 14), middle childhood (7-9 years, n = 24), late childhood (10-12 years, n = 52), and adolescence (13-15 years, n = 15). EF were assessed with performance-based tasks and a parent-report of everyday EF. TBI patients' EF scores 6 months and 2 years post-injury were compared to those of typically developing (TD) controls (n = 42). Brain lesions were identified using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). Results indicated that inhibitory control performance 2 years post-injury was differentially affected by the impact of TBI depending on age at injury. Follow-up analyses did not reveal significant differences within the age groups, preventing drawing strong conclusions regarding the contribution of age at injury to EF outcome after TBI. Tentatively, large effect sizes suggest that vulnerability is most apparent in early childhood and adolescence. Everyday inhibitory control behaviour was worse for children with TBI than TD children across childhood and adolescence at the 2-year assessment. There was no evidence for impairment in working memory or cognitive flexibility after TBI at the group level. Given small group sizes, findings from analyses into correlations between EF and SWI lesions should be interpreted with caution. Extent, number and volume of brain lesions correlated with adolescent everyday EF behaviour 6 months post-injury. Taken together, the results emphasize the need for long-term follow-up after paediatric TBI during sensitive developmental periods given negative outcomes 2-year post injury. Inhibitory control seems to be particular vulnerable to the impact of TBI. Findings of associations between EF and SWI lesions need to be replicated with larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Resch
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Vicki A Anderson
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Miriam H Beauchamp
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Pavillon Marie-Victorin, Department de Psychologie, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 317; Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Louise Crossley
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Stephen J C Hearps
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Caroline M van Heugten
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Petra P M Hurks
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Nicholas P Ryan
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Cathy Catroppa
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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29
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Intzandt B, Beck EN, Silveira CR. The effects of exercise on cognition and gait in Parkinson’s disease: A scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:136-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Bhattacharyya S, Wilson R, Appiah-Kusi E, O’Neill A, Brammer M, Perez J, Murray R, Allen P, Bossong MG, McGuire P. Effect of Cannabidiol on Medial Temporal, Midbrain, and Striatal Dysfunction in People at Clinical High Risk of Psychosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75:1107-1117. [PMID: 30167644 PMCID: PMC6248101 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Importance Cannabidiol (CBD) has antipsychotic effects in humans, but how these are mediated in the brain remains unclear. Objective To investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic effects of CBD in psychosis. Design, Setting, and Participants In this parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial conducted at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust in London, United Kingdom, 33 antipsychotic medication-naive participants at clinical high risk (CHR) of psychosis and 19 healthy control participants were studied. Data were collected from July 2013 to October 2016 and analyzed from November 2016 to October 2017. Interventions A total of 16 participants at CHR of psychosis received a single oral dose of 600 mg of CBD, and 17 participants at CHR received a placebo. Control participants were not given any drug. All participants were then studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a verbal learning task. Main Outcomes and Measures Brain activation during verbal encoding and recall, indexed using the blood oxygen level-dependent hemodynamic response fMRI signal. Results Of the 16 participants in the CBD group, 6 (38%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 22.43 (4.95) years; of 17 in the placebo group, 10 (59%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 25.35 (5.24) years; and of 19 in the control group, 8 (42%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 23.89 (4.14) years. Brain activation (indexed using the median sum of squares ratio of the blood oxygen level-dependent hemodynamic response effects model component to the residual sum of squares) was analyzed in 15 participants in the CBD group, 16 in the placebo group, and 19 in the control group. Participants receiving placebo had reduced activation relative to controls in the right caudate during encoding (placebo: median, -0.027; interquartile range [IQR], -0.041 to -0.016; control: median, 0.020; IQR, -0.022 to 0.056; P < .001) and in the parahippocampal gyrus and midbrain during recall (placebo: median, 0.002; IQR, -0.016 to 0.010; control: median, 0.035; IQR, 0.015 to 0.039; P < .001). Within these 3 regions, activation in the CBD group was greater than in the placebo group but lower than in the control group (parahippocampal gyrus/midbrain: CBD: median, -0.013; IQR, -0.027 to 0.002; placebo: median, -0.007; IQR, -0.019 to 0.008; control: median, 0.034; IQR, 0.005 to 0.059); the level of activation in the CBD group was thus intermediate to that in the other 2 groups. There were no significant group differences in task performance. Conclusions and Relevance Cannabidiol may partially normalize alterations in parahippocampal, striatal, and midbrain function associated with the CHR state. As these regions are critical to the pathophysiology of psychosis, the influence of CBD at these sites could underlie its therapeutic effects on psychotic symptoms. Trial Registration isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN46322781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Wilson
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Appiah-Kusi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisling O’Neill
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Brammer
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesus Perez
- CAMEO Early Intervention Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthijs G. Bossong
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Zhou JJ, Li DP, Chen SR, Luo Y, Pan HL. The α2δ-1-NMDA receptor coupling is essential for corticostriatal long-term potentiation and is involved in learning and memory. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19354-19364. [PMID: 30355732 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum receives extensive cortical input and plays a prominent role in motor learning and habit formation. Glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR)-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP) is a major synaptic plasticity involved in learning and memory. However, the molecular mechanism underlying NMDAR plasticity in corticostriatal LTP is unclear. Here, we show that theta-burst stimulation (TBS) consistently induced corticostriatal LTP and increased the coincident presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDAR activity of medium spiny neurons. We also found that α2δ-1 (previously known as a subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels; encoded by the Cacna2d1 gene) physically interacted with NMDARs in the striatum of mice and humans, indicating that this cross-talk is conserved across species. Strikingly, inhibiting α2δ-1 trafficking with gabapentin or disrupting the α2δ-1-NMDAR interaction with an α2δ-1 C terminus-interfering peptide abolished TBS-induced LTP. In Cacna2d1-knockout mice, TBS failed to induce corticostriatal LTP and the associated increases in presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDAR activities. Moreover, systemic gabapentin treatment, microinjection of α2δ-1 C terminus-interfering peptide into the dorsomedial striatum, or Cacna2d1 ablation impaired the alternation T-maze task and rotarod performance in mice. Our findings indicate that the interaction between α2δ-1 and NMDARs is of high physiological relevance and that a TBS-induced switch from α2δ-1-free to α2δ-1-bound NMDARs is critically involved in corticostriatal LTP and LTP-associated learning and memory. Gabapentinoids at high doses may adversely affect cognitive function by targeting α2δ-1-NMDAR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhou
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
| | - De-Pei Li
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
| | - Yi Luo
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and.,the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
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Ardila A, Bernal B, Rosselli M. Executive Functions Brain System: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-analytic Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:379-405. [PMID: 28961762 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective To characterize commonalities and differences between two executive functions: reasoning and inhibitory control. Methods A total of 5,974 participants in 346 fMRI experiments of inhibition or reasoning were selected. First level analysis consisted of Analysis of Likelihood Estimation (ALE) studies performed in two pooled data groups: (a) brain areas involved in reasoning and (b) brain areas involved in inhibition. Second level analysis consisted of two contrasts: (i) brain areas involved in reasoning but not in inhibition and (ii) brain areas involved in inhibition but not in reasoning. Lateralization Indexes were calculated. Results Four brain areas appear as the most critical: the dorsolateral aspect of the frontal lobes, the superior parietal lobules, the mesial aspect of the premotor area (supplementary motor area), and some subcortical areas, particularly the putamen and the thalamus. ALE contrasts showed significant differentiation of the networks, with the reasoning > inhibition-contrast showing a predominantly leftward participation, and the inhibition > reasoning-contrast, a clear right advantage. Conclusion Executive functions are mediated by sizable brain areas including not only cortical, but also involving subcortical areas in both hemispheres. The strength of activation shows dissociation between the hemispheres for inhibition (rightward) and reasoning (leftward) functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ardila
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Byron Bernal
- Department of Radiology/Brain Institute, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Monica Rosselli
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL, USA
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Filippi M, Elisabetta S, Piramide N, Agosta F. Functional MRI in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:439-467. [PMID: 30314606 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) has been widely used to study abnormal patterns of brain connectivity at rest and activation during a variety of tasks in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). fMRI studies in PD have led to a better understanding of many aspects of the disease including both motor and non-motor symptoms. Although its translation into clinical practice is still at an early stage, fMRI measures hold promise for multiple clinical applications in PD, including the early detection, predicting future change in clinical status, and as a marker of alterations in brain physiology related to neurotherapeutic agents and neurorehabilitative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sarasso Elisabetta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Movement Analysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Piramide
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Erasure of striatal chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-associated extracellular matrix rescues aging-dependent decline of motor learning. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 71:61-71. [PMID: 30099347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a feature of aging. Accumulating evidence suggests that the brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved in the process of aging-dependent cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration by regulating synaptic neurotransmission and affecting neuroplasticity. Age-related changes in brain structure and cognition are not uniform across the whole brain. Being one of the most vulnerable brain regions to aging-dependent alterations, striatum is integral to several central nervous system functions, such as motor, cognition, and affective control. However, the striatal ECM is largely understudied. We first describe 2 major types of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-associated ECM in striatum: perineuronal nets and diffusive ECM. Both types of ECM accumulate in an aging-dependent manner. The accumulation of CSPG-associated ECM correlates with aging-dependent decline in striatum-related cognitive functions, including motor learning and working memory. Enzymatic depletion of CSPG-associated ECM in aged mice via chondroitinase ABC significantly improves motor learning, suggesting that changes in neural ECM CSPGs regulate striatal plasticity. Our study provides a greater understanding of the role of neural ECM underlying striatal plasticity, which is an important precursor to design appropriate therapeutic strategies for normal and pathologic aging.
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35
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Zhang G, Cheng Y, Shen W, Liu B, Huang L, Xie S. The short-term effect of liver transplantation on the low-frequency fluctuation of brain activity in cirrhotic patients with and without overt hepatic encephalopathy. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1849-1861. [PMID: 27917450 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuropsychological studies have demonstrated that liver transplantation (LT) is an effective method for improving the cognitive function of cirrhotic patients. However, the neural basis underlying the effects of LT is still unclear. Neuroimaging studies investigating changes in brain structures or functional networks mainly focus on patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE). In this study, we recruited patients with and without overt HE and studied alterations in resting-state brain activity by quantizing the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) before and 1 month after LT to study the short-term effect of LT in each group. Neuropsychological analyses indicated significant improvement of cognitive function in both groups. ALFF analysis showed that the brain activity in regions regulating motor function, vision, attention, and working memory were restored in both groups, reflecting the neuroplasticity of the brain. However, some persistent impairments and new-onset impairments in other regions related to these cognitive functions were observed in each group. Between-group comparison showed that although cognitive performance improved in both groups, the specific neural basis of LT in each group was different. The significant correlations of altered brain activity in regions showing LT and group effect with altered performance in neuropsychological and biochemical tests suggest a possible neuroimaging marker for the monitoring of short-term recovery of HE and the difference in individual recovery of cognitive performance. The findings in the present study help us further understand the neural effect of LT in patients with and without overt HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyan Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Fukang Road No. 24, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Fukang Road No. 24, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolin Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Fukang Road No. 24, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Xie
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Fukang Road No. 24, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
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Jeon HA, Friederici AD. What Does "Being an Expert" Mean to the Brain? Functional Specificity and Connectivity in Expertise. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5603-5615. [PMID: 27797834 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To what extent is varying cognitive expertise reflected in the brain's functional specificity and connectivity? We addressed this question by examining expertise in mathematics based on the fact that mathematical skills are one of the most critical cognitive abilities known to be a good predictor of academic achievement. We investigated processing of hierarchical structures, which is a fundamental process for building complex cognitive architecture. Experts and nonexperts in mathematics participated in processing hierarchical structures using algebraic expressions. Results showed that a modulating effect depending on expertise was observed specifically in nonexperts in the left inferior frontal gyrus around pars triangularis and frontal sulcus, the left intraparietal sulcus, and the right inferior parietal lobule. This expertise-dependent pattern of activation led to a crucial dissociation within the left prefrontal cortex. More interestingly, task-related functional networks were also modulated differently in the frontoparietal network for relatively good performance and in the frontostriatal network for poor performance. The present study indicates that a high level of expertise is evident in a small number of specific brain regions, whereas a low level of expertise is reflected by broadly distributed brain areas, along with divergent functional connectivity between experts and nonexperts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ae Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea.,Partner Group of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences at the Department for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103Leipzig, Germany
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Li Z, Chen X, Wang T, Gao Y, Li F, Chen L, Xue J, He Y, Li Y, Guo W, Zheng W, Zhang L, Ye F, Ren X, Feng Y, Chan P, Chen JF. The Corticostriatal Adenosine A 2A Receptor Controls Maintenance and Retrieval of Spatial Working Memory. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:530-541. [PMID: 28941549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory (WM) taps into multiple executive processes including encoding, maintenance, and retrieval of information, but the molecular and circuit modulation of these WM processes remains undefined due to the lack of methods to control G protein-coupled receptor signaling with temporal resolution of seconds. METHODS By coupling optogenetic control of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) signaling, the Cre-loxP-mediated focal A2AR knockdown with a delayed non-match-to-place (DNMTP) task, we investigated the effect of optogenetic activation and focal knockdown of A2ARs in the dorsomedial striatum (n = 8 to 14 per group) and medial prefrontal cortex (n = 16 to 22 per group) on distinct executive processes of spatial WM. We also evaluated the therapeutic effect of the A2AR antagonist KW6002 on delayed match-to-sample/place tasks in 6 normal and 6 MPTP-treated cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS Optogenetic activation of striatopallidal A2ARs in the dorsomedial striatum selectively at the delay and choice (not sample) phases impaired DNMTP performance. Optogenetic activation of A2ARs in the medial prefrontal cortex selectively at the delay (not sample or choice) phase improved DNMTP performance. The corticostriatal A2AR control of spatial WM was specific for a novel but not well-trained DNMTP task. Focal dorsomedial striatum A2AR knockdown or KW6002 improved DNMTP performance in mice. Last, KW6002 improved spatial WM in delayed match-to-sample and delayed match-to-place tasks of normal and dopamine-depleted cynomolgus monkeys. CONCLUSIONS The A2ARs in striatopallidal and medial prefrontal cortex neurons exert distinctive control of WM maintenance and retrieval to achieve cognitive stability and flexibility. The procognitive effect of KW6002 in nonhuman primates provides the preclinical data to translate A2AR antagonists for improving cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingjun Chen
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Wincon TheraCells Biotechnologies, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Xue
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wu Zheng
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fenfen Ye
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangpeng Ren
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Wincon TheraCells Biotechnologies, Nanning, China; Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Wincon TheraCells Biotechnologies, Nanning, China; Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Molecular Pharmacology Lab, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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The role of cortical oscillations in a spiking neural network model of the basal ganglia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189109. [PMID: 29236724 PMCID: PMC5728518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although brain oscillations involving the basal ganglia (BG) have been the target of extensive research, the main focus lies disproportionally on oscillations generated within the BG circuit rather than other sources, such as cortical areas. We remedy this here by investigating the influence of various cortical frequency bands on the intrinsic effective connectivity of the BG, as well as the role of the latter in regulating cortical behaviour. To do this, we construct a detailed neural model of the complete BG circuit based on fine-tuned spiking neurons, with both electrical and chemical synapses as well as short-term plasticity between structures. As a measure of effective connectivity, we estimate information transfer between nuclei by means of transfer entropy. Our model successfully reproduces firing and oscillatory behaviour found in both the healthy and Parkinsonian BG. We found that, indeed, effective connectivity changes dramatically for different cortical frequency bands and phase offsets, which are able to modulate (or even block) information flow in the three major BG pathways. In particular, alpha (8–12Hz) and beta (13–30Hz) oscillations activate the direct BG pathway, and favour the modulation of the indirect and hyper-direct pathways via the subthalamic nucleus—globus pallidus loop. In contrast, gamma (30–90Hz) frequencies block the information flow from the cortex completely through activation of the indirect pathway. Finally, below alpha, all pathways decay gradually and the system gives rise to spontaneous activity generated in the globus pallidus. Our results indicate the existence of a multimodal gating mechanism at the level of the BG that can be entirely controlled by cortical oscillations, and provide evidence for the hypothesis of cortically-entrained but locally-generated subthalamic beta activity. These two findings suggest new insights into the pathophysiology of specific BG disorders.
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Shepard R, Beckett E, Coutellier L. Assessment of the acquisition of executive function during the transition from adolescence to adulthood in male and female mice. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 28:29-40. [PMID: 29102727 PMCID: PMC6987909 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) reached full maturity during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Human studies provide important information about adolescent developmental trajectories; however, little remains known about the neural circuits underlying the acquisition of mature EF. Ethical and technical considerations with human subjects limit opportunities to design experimental studies that allows for an in-depth understanding of developmental changes in neural circuits that regulate cognitive maturation. Preclinical models can offer solutions to this problem. Unfortunately, current rodent models of adolescent development have inherent flaws that limit their translational value. For instance, females are often omitted from studies, preventing the assessment of potential sex-specific developmental trajectories. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether cognitive developmental changes in rodents are similar to those observed in humans. Here, we tested adolescent and adult male and female mice in a neurocognitive battery of assays. Based on this approach, we assessed mice performances within distinct subdomains of EF, and observed similarities with human developmental trajectories. Furthermore, the sex-specific cognitive changes we observed were paralleled by molecular and neural activity changes demonstrating that our approach can be used in future research to assess the contribution of precise neural circuits to adolescent cognitive maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Shepard
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily Beckett
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laurence Coutellier
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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40
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Wylie GR, Dobryakova E, DeLuca J, Chiaravalloti N, Essad K, Genova H. Cognitive fatigue in individuals with traumatic brain injury is associated with caudate activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8973. [PMID: 28827779 PMCID: PMC5567054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated differences in brain activation associated with cognitive fatigue between persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and healthy controls (HCs). Twenty-two participants with moderate-severe TBI and 20 HCs performed four blocks of a difficult working memory task and four blocks of a control task during fMRI imaging. Cognitive fatigue, assessed before and after each block, was used as a covariate to assess fatigue-related brain activation. The TBI group reported more fatigue than the HCs, though their performance was comparable. Regarding brain activation, the TBI group showed a Task X Fatigue interaction in the caudate tail resulting from a positive correlation between fatigue and brain activation for the difficult task and a negative relationship for the control task. The HC group showed the same Task X Fatigue interaction in the caudate head. Because we had prior hypotheses about the caudate, we performed a confirmatory analysis of a separate dataset in which the same subjects performed a processing speed task. A relationship between Fatigue and brain activation was evident in the caudate for this task as well. These results underscore the importance of the caudate nucleus in relation to cognitive fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Wylie
- Kessler Foundation, 120 Eagle Rock Avenue, Suite 100, East Hanover, New Jersey, 07936, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA. .,The War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, The Department of Veterans' Affairs, New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange Campus, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA.
| | - E Dobryakova
- Kessler Foundation, 120 Eagle Rock Avenue, Suite 100, East Hanover, New Jersey, 07936, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - J DeLuca
- Kessler Foundation, 120 Eagle Rock Avenue, Suite 100, East Hanover, New Jersey, 07936, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA.,Department of Neurology, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - N Chiaravalloti
- Kessler Foundation, 120 Eagle Rock Avenue, Suite 100, East Hanover, New Jersey, 07936, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - K Essad
- Dartmouth College, Dartmouth College Medical School, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - H Genova
- Kessler Foundation, 120 Eagle Rock Avenue, Suite 100, East Hanover, New Jersey, 07936, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
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Profiles of Executive Function Across Children with Distinct Brain Disorders: Traumatic Brain Injury, Stroke, and Brain Tumor. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2017; 23:529-538. [PMID: 28502261 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617717000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined whether children with distinct brain disorders show different profiles of strengths and weaknesses in executive functions, and differ from children without brain disorder. METHODS Participants were children with traumatic brain injury (N=82; 8-13 years of age), arterial ischemic stroke (N=36; 6-16 years of age), and brain tumor (N=74; 9-18 years of age), each with a corresponding matched comparison group consisting of children with orthopedic injury (N=61), asthma (N=15), and classmates without medical illness (N=68), respectively. Shifting, inhibition, and working memory were assessed, respectively, using three Test of Everyday Attention: Children's Version (TEA-Ch) subtests: Creature Counting, Walk-Don't-Walk, and Code Transmission. Comparison groups did not differ in TEA-Ch performance and were merged into a single control group. Profile analysis was used to examine group differences in TEA-Ch subtest scaled scores after controlling for maternal education and age. RESULTS As a whole, children with brain disorder performed more poorly than controls on measures of executive function. Relative to controls, the three brain injury groups showed significantly different profiles of executive functions. Importantly, post hoc tests revealed that performance on TEA-Ch subtests differed among the brain disorder groups. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that different childhood brain disorders result in distinct patterns of executive function deficits that differ from children without brain disorder. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. (JINS, 2017, 23, 529-538).
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Feasibility of computerized working memory training in individuals with Huntington disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176429. [PMID: 28453532 PMCID: PMC5409057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Huntington disease (HD) is associated with a variety of cognitive deficits, with prominent difficulties in working memory (WM). WM deficits are notably compromised in early-onset and prodromal HD patients. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of a computerized WM training program (Cogmed QM), novel to the HD population. Methods Nine patients, aged 26–62, with early stage HD underwent a 25-session (5 days/week for 5 weeks) WM training program (Cogmed QM). Training exercises involved the manipulation and storage of verbal and visuospatial information, with difficulty adapted as a function of individual performance. Neuropsychological testing was conducted before and after training, and performance on criterion WM measures (Digit Span and Spatial Span), near-transfer WM measures (Symbol Span and Auditory WM), and control measures were evaluated. Post-training interviews about patient experience were thematically analyzed using NVivo software. Results Seven of nine patients demonstrated adherence to the training and completed all sessions within the recommended timeframe of 5 weeks. All adherent patients showed improvement on the Cogmed tasks as defined by the Improvement Index (M = 22.17, SD = 8.84, range = 13–36). All adherent patients reported that they found training helpful (n = 7), and almost all felt that their memory improved (n = 6). Participants also expressed that the training was difficult, sometimes frustrating, and time consuming. Conclusions This pilot study provides support for feasibility of computerized WM training in early-stage patients with HD. Results suggest that HD patients perceive benefits of intensive WM training, though a full-scale and controlled intervention project is needed to understand the size of the effect and reliability of changes over time. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Registry number NCT02926820
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Manktelow AE, Menon DK, Sahakian BJ, Stamatakis EA. Working Memory after Traumatic Brain Injury: The Neural Basis of Improved Performance with Methylphenidate. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:58. [PMID: 28424597 PMCID: PMC5380757 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in cognitive impairments for patients. The aim of this proof of concept study was to establish the nature of abnormalities, in terms of activity and connectivity, in the working memory network of TBI patients and how these relate to compromised behavioral outcomes. Further, this study examined the neural correlates of working memory improvement following the administration of methylphenidate. We report behavioral, functional and structural MRI data from a group of 15 Healthy Controls (HC) and a group of 15 TBI patients, acquired during the execution of the N-back task. The patients were studied on two occasions after the administration of either placebo or 30 mg of methylphenidate. Between group tests revealed a significant difference in performance when HCs were compared to TBI patients on placebo [F(1, 28) = 4.426, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.136]. This difference disappeared when the patients took methylphenidate [F(1, 28) = 3.665, p = 0.66]. Patients in the middle range of baseline performance demonstrated the most benefit from methylphenidate. Changes in the TBI patient activation levels in the Left Cerebellum significantly and positively correlated with changes in performance (r = 0.509, df = 13, p = 0.05). Whole-brain connectivity analysis using the Left Cerebellum as a seed revealed widespread negative interactions between the Left Cerebellum and parietal and frontal cortices as well as subcortical areas. Neither the TBI group on methylphenidate nor the HC group demonstrated any significant negative interactions. Our findings indicate that (a) TBI significantly reduces the levels of activation and connectivity strength between key areas of the working memory network and (b) Methylphenidate improves the cognitive outcomes on a working memory task. Therefore, we conclude that methylphenidate may render the working memory network in a TBI group more consistent with that of an intact working memory network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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Üstün S, Kale EH, Çiçek M. Neural Networks for Time Perception and Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:83. [PMID: 28286475 PMCID: PMC5324352 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Time is an important concept which determines most human behaviors, however questions remain about how time is perceived and which areas of the brain are responsible for time perception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between time perception and working memory in healthy adults. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used during the application of a visual paradigm. In all of the conditions, the participants were presented with a moving black rectangle on a gray screen. The rectangle was obstructed by a black bar for a time period and then reappeared again. During different conditions, participants (n = 15, eight male) responded according to the instructions they were given, including details about time and the working memory or dual task requirements. The results showed activations in right dorsolateral prefrontal and right intraparietal cortical networks, together with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior insula and basal ganglia (BG) during time perception. On the other hand, working memory engaged the left prefrontal cortex, ACC, left superior parietal cortex, BG and cerebellum activity. Both time perception and working memory were related to a strong peristriate cortical activity. On the other hand, the interaction of time and memory showed activity in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). These results support a distributed neural network based model for time perception and that the intraparietal and posterior cingulate areas might play a role in the interface of memory and timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertaç Üstün
- Department of Physiology, Ankara University School of Medicine Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre H Kale
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metehan Çiçek
- Department of Physiology, Ankara University School of MedicineAnkara, Turkey; Brain Research Center, Ankara UniversityAnkara, Turkey
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45
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Dopa-Responsive Balance Changes Depend on Use of Internal Versus External Attentional Focus in Parkinson Disease. Phys Ther 2017; 97:208-216. [PMID: 28204768 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20160217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Parkinson disease (PD) impairs control of well-learned movements. Movement control improvements are found when individuals complete tasks while focusing attention externally on manipulating an object, which is argued to occur due to automatic processing associated with well-learned movements. Focusing attention internally (on movements of one's limbs) is believed to involve conscious control networks and hinders movement performance. Previous work has shown that an external focus of attention (EFA) improved postural stability in individuals with PD (compared with an internal focus of attention [IFA]), but this improvement occurred when patients were taking dopamine medication, which modulates basal ganglia functioning responsible for well-learned movements.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine whether an EFA or IFA is beneficial for postural stability in individuals with PD in the absence of dopamine replacement.
Design
A within-participant design was utilized.
Methods
Nineteen individuals with PD stood on a firm, unstable platform in 3 attentional conditions: (1) EFA, (2) IFA, and (3) control (participant asked to stand still). Displacement and variability of anterior-posterior and medial-lateral postural sway were measured with a balance system for fall risk assessment. The protocol was completed both “on” and “off” (mininum 12-hour withdrawal of) dopaminergic medications.
Results
While off medications, anterior-posterior sway variability was significantly lower during an IFA compared with the EFA and control. Anterior-posterior sway displacement and variability were significantly lower during the IFA, when off medications were compared with IFA and EFA while on medications.
Limitations
There was no comparison with a healthy age-matched control group, and a safety harness was used due to task difficulty.
Conclusions
An EFA may recruit automatic processes that involve degenerated basal ganglia in PD, and absence of dopamine exacerbates dysfunction. Training with an EFA may improve upon these automatic processes in individuals with PD.
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Jaspers E, Balsters JH, Kassraian Fard P, Mantini D, Wenderoth N. Corticostriatal connectivity fingerprints: Probability maps based on resting-state functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:1478-1491. [PMID: 27859903 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, structure-function relationships have begun to encompass networks of brain areas rather than individual structures. For example, corticostriatal circuits have been associated with sensorimotor, limbic, and cognitive information processing, and damage to these circuits has been shown to produce unique behavioral outcomes in Autism, Parkinson's Disease, Schizophrenia and healthy ageing. However, it remains an open question how abnormal or absent connectivity can be detected at the individual level. Here, we provide a method for clustering gross morphological structures into subregions with unique functional connectivity fingerprints, and generate network probability maps usable as a baseline to compare individual cases against. We used connectivity metrics derived from resting-state fMRI (N = 100), in conjunction with hierarchical clustering methods, to parcellate the striatum into functionally distinct clusters. We identified three highly reproducible striatal subregions, across both hemispheres and in an independent replication dataset (N = 100) (dice-similarity values 0.40-1.00). Each striatal seed region resulted in a highly reproducible distinct connectivity fingerprint: the putamen showed predominant connectivity with cortical and cerebellar sensorimotor and language processing areas; the ventromedial striatum cluster had a distinct limbic connectivity pattern; the caudate showed predominant connectivity with the thalamus, frontal and occipital areas, and the cerebellum. Our corticostriatal probability maps agree with existing connectivity data in humans and non-human primates, and showed a high degree of replication. We believe that these maps offer an efficient tool to further advance hypothesis driven research and provide important guidance when investigating deviant connectivity in neurological patient populations suffering from e.g., stroke or cerebral palsy. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1478-1491, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Jaspers
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua H Balsters
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pegah Kassraian Fard
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dante Mantini
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
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47
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Akhlaghpour H, Wiskerke J, Choi JY, Taliaferro JP, Au J, Witten IB. Dissociated sequential activity and stimulus encoding in the dorsomedial striatum during spatial working memory. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27636864 PMCID: PMC5053805 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the striatum has an important role in spatial working memory. The neural dynamics in the striatum have been described in tasks with short delay periods (1–4 s), but remain largely uncharacterized for tasks with longer delay periods. We collected and analyzed single unit recordings from the dorsomedial striatum of rats performing a spatial working memory task with delays up to 10 s. We found that neurons were activated sequentially, with the sequences spanning the entire delay period. Surprisingly, this sequential activity was dissociated from stimulus encoding activity, which was present in the same neurons, but preferentially appeared towards the onset of the delay period. These observations contrast with descriptions of sequential dynamics during similar tasks in other brains areas, and clarify the contribution of the striatum to spatial working memory. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19507.001
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost Wiskerke
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Jung Yoon Choi
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Joshua P Taliaferro
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Jennifer Au
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Ilana B Witten
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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48
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Different Roles of Direct and Indirect Frontoparietal Pathways for Individual Working Memory Capacity. J Neurosci 2016; 36:2894-903. [PMID: 26961945 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1376-14.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to temporarily store and manipulate information in working memory is a hallmark of human intelligence and differs considerably across individuals, but the structural brain correlates underlying these differences in working memory capacity (WMC) are only poorly understood. In two separate studies, diffusion MRI data and WMC scores were collected for 70 and 109 healthy individuals. Using a combination of probabilistic tractography and network analysis of the white matter tracts, we examined whether structural brain network properties were predictive of individual WMC. Converging evidence from both studies showed that lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex of high-capacity individuals are more densely connected compared with low-capacity individuals. Importantly, our network approach was further able to dissociate putative functional roles associated with two different pathways connecting frontal and parietal regions: a corticocortical pathway and a subcortical pathway. In Study 1, where participants were required to maintain and update working memory items, the connectivity of the direct and indirect pathway was predictive of WMC. In contrast, in Study 2, where participants were required to maintain working memory items without updating, only the connectivity of the direct pathway was predictive of individual WMC. Our results suggest an important dissociation in the circuitry connecting frontal and parietal regions, where direct frontoparietal connections might support storage and maintenance, whereas subcortically mediated connections support the flexible updating of working memory content.
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Lee HJ, Weitz AJ, Bernal-Casas D, Duffy BA, Choy M, Kravitz AV, Kreitzer AC, Lee JH. Activation of Direct and Indirect Pathway Medium Spiny Neurons Drives Distinct Brain-wide Responses. Neuron 2016; 91:412-24. [PMID: 27373834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A central theory of basal ganglia function is that striatal neurons expressing the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors exert opposing brain-wide influences. However, the causal influence of each population has never been measured at the whole-brain scale. Here, we selectively stimulated D1 or D2 receptor-expressing neurons while visualizing whole-brain activity with fMRI. Excitation of either inhibitory population evoked robust positive BOLD signals within striatum, while downstream regions exhibited significantly different and generally opposing responses consistent with-though not easily predicted from-contemporary models of basal ganglia function. Importantly, positive and negative signals within the striatum, thalamus, GPi, and STN were all associated with increases and decreases in single-unit activity, respectively. These findings provide direct evidence for the opposing influence of D1 and D2 receptor-expressing striatal neurons on brain-wide circuitry and extend the interpretability of fMRI studies by defining cell-type-specific contributions to the BOLD signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew J Weitz
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Bernal-Casas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben A Duffy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - ManKin Choy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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50
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Teki S, Griffiths TD. Brain Bases of Working Memory for Time Intervals in Rhythmic Sequences. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:239. [PMID: 27313506 PMCID: PMC4888525 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of auditory time intervals is critical for accurate comprehension of natural sounds like speech and music. However, the neural substrates and mechanisms underlying the representation of time intervals in working memory are poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the brain bases of working memory for time intervals in rhythmic sequences using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used a novel behavioral paradigm to investigate time-interval representation in working memory as a function of the temporal jitter and memory load of the sequences containing those time intervals. Human participants were presented with a sequence of intervals and required to reproduce the duration of a particular probed interval. We found that perceptual timing areas including the cerebellum and the striatum were more or less active as a function of increasing and decreasing jitter of the intervals held in working memory respectively whilst the activity of the inferior parietal cortex is modulated as a function of memory load. Additionally, we also analyzed structural correlations between gray and white matter density and behavior and found significant correlations in the cerebellum and the striatum, mirroring the functional results. Our data demonstrate neural substrates of working memory for time intervals and suggest that the cerebellum and the striatum represent core areas for representing temporal information in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Teki
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Timothy D. Griffiths
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
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