1
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Afzal A, Thomas N, Warraich Z, Barbay S, Mocco J. Hematopoietic Endothelial Progenitor cells enhance motor function and cortical motor map integrity following cerebral ischemia. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2024; 42:139-149. [PMID: 38820024 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-231378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are recruited to ischemic areas in the brain and contribute to improved functional outcome in animals. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms of improvement following HSC administration post cerebral ischemia. To better understand how HSC effect post-stroke improvement, we examined the effect of HSC in ameliorating motor impairment and cortical dysfunction following cerebral ischemia. Methods Baseline motor performance of male adult rats was established on validated motor tests. Animals were assigned to one of three experimental cohorts: control, stroke, stroke + HSC. One, three and five weeks following a unilateral stroke all animals were tested on motor skills after which intracortical microstimulation was used to derive maps of forelimb movement representations within the motor cortex ipsilateral to the ischemic injury. Results Stroke + HSC animals significantly outperformed stroke animals on single pellet reaching at weeks 3 and 5 (28±3% and 33±3% versus 11±4% and 17±3%, respectively, p < 0.05 at both time points). Control animals scored 44±1% and 47±1%, respectively. Sunflower seed opening task was significantly improved in the stroke + HSC cohort versus the stroke cohort at week five-post stroke (79±4 and 48±5, respectively, p < 0.05). Furthermore, Stroke + HSC animals had significantly larger forelimb motor maps than animals in the stroke cohort. Overall infarct size did not significantly differ between the two stroked cohorts. Conclusion These data suggest that post stroke treatment of HSC enhances the functional integrity of residual cortical tissue, which in turn supports improved behavioral outcome, despite no observed reduction in infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeela Afzal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nagheme Thomas
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Scott Barbay
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, KS, USA
| | - J Mocco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mount Sinai Health, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Yang F, Wang F, Ma X, Zhou M, Jiang S, Xu W. Longitudinal optogenetic mapping reveals enhanced motor control by the contralesional cortex after traumatic brain injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114546. [PMID: 37751813 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of human disability, and understanding its spontaneous recovery pattern after injury is critical for potential treatments. However, studies on the function of the contralesional cortex after TBI have mostly focused on acute-phase changes, and long-term dynamic changes in the control of the affected limb by the contralesional cortex are less understood. To unravel long-term adaptations in the contralesional cortex, we developed a mouse model of TBI and used longitudinal optogenetic motor mapping to observe the function of contralesional corticospinal neurons (CSNs) projecting to the unilateral seventh cervical (C7) segment of the spinal cord. We injected a retrograde adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing channelrhodopsin-2 to optogenetically stimulate and map the functional connections of the motor-sensory cortex. We validated the effectiveness of transcranial optogenetic stimulation for functional mapping and observed a general increase in the control of the affected limb by the contralesional cortex over time. Using retrograde labeling techniques, we showed that TBI does not affect the distribution of C7-CSNs but alters their function, and the labeled CSNs are concentrated in the caudal and rostral forelimb areas. Our findings provide new insights into harnessing contralesional cortical plasticity to improve treatment for affected limbs. This study sheds light on the long-term adaptations in the contralesional cortex after TBI, paving the way for potential clinical applications of optogenetic stimulation to improve motor control and rehabilitation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjing Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyi Ma
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wendong Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University,226000 Nantong, China; Research Unit of Synergistic Reconstruction of Upper and Lower Limbs After Brain Injury, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Hart M, Blackwell AA, Whishaw IQ, Wallace DG, Cheatwood JL. Impairments and Compensation in String-pulling After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in the Rat. Behav Brain Res 2023; 450:114469. [PMID: 37146723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in humans, and it is frequently associated with impairments in the skilled use of the arms and hands. Many human upper limb impairments and compensatory changes have been successfully modeled in rodent studies of neocortical stroke, especially those that evaluate single limb use in tasks, such as reaching for food. Humans also use their hands for bilaterally coordinated movements, dependent upon interhemispheric cortical projections, which are also compromised by unilateral stroke. This study describes middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) dependent changes in the bilaterally dependent hand use behavior of string-pulling in the rat. The task involves making hand-over-hand movements to pull down a string that contains a food reward attached to its end. MCAO rats missed the string more often with both hands than Sham rats. When the string was missed on the contralateral to MCAO body side, rats continued to cycle through subcomponents of string-pulling behavior as if the string were grasped in the hand. Rats also failed to make a grasping motion with the contralateral to MCAO hand when the string was missed and instead, demonstrated an open-handed raking-like motions. Nevertheless, with repeated attempts, rats performed components of string-pulling well enough to obtain a reward on the end of the string. Thus, string-pulling behavior is sensitive to bilateral impairments but is achieved with compensatory adjustments following MCAO. These aspects of MCAO string-pulling provide a foundation for studies that investigate the efficacy of therapeutic intervention which might enhance neuroplasticity and recovery. DATA AVAILABILITY: The datasets generated during the current study are available upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Hart
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashley A Blackwell
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, Illinois, 60115 USA.
| | - Ian Q Whishaw
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas G Wallace
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, Illinois, 60115 USA
| | - Joseph L Cheatwood
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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4
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Calderazzo S, Covert M, Alba DD, Bowley BE, Pessina MA, Rosene DL, Buller B, Medalla M, Moore TL. Neural recovery after cortical injury: Effects of MSC derived extracellular vesicles on motor circuit remodeling in rhesus monkeys. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:243-254. [PMID: 36590089 PMCID: PMC9795302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of motor circuits in the cortex and corticospinal tract are thought to underlie functional recovery after cortical injury, but the mechanisms of neural plasticity that could be therapeutic targets remain unclear. Recent work from our group have shown that systemic treatment with mesenchymal stem cell derived (MSCd) extracellular vesicles (EVs) administered after cortical damage to the primary motor cortex (M1) of rhesus monkeys resulted in a robust recovery of fine motor function and reduced chronic inflammation. Here, we used immunohistochemistry for cfos, an activity-dependent intermediate early gene, to label task-related neurons in the surviving primary motor and premotor cortices, and markers of axonal and synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord. Compared to vehicle, EV treatment was associated with a greater density of cfos+ pyramidal neurons in the deep layers of M1, greater density of cfos+ inhibitory interneurons in premotor areas, and lower density of synapses on MAP2+ lower motor neurons in the cervical spinal cord. These data suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of EVs may reduce injury-related upper motor neuron damage and hyperexcitability, as well as aberrant compensatory re-organization in the cervical spinal cord to improve motor function.
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Key Words
- CB, Calbindin
- CR, Calretinin
- CSC, Cervical Spinal Cord
- Circuit Remodeling
- Cortical Injury
- DH, Dorsal Horn
- EVs, Extracellular Vesicles
- Extracellular Vesicles
- Ischemia
- LCST, Lateral Corticospinal Tract
- M1, Primary Motor Cortex
- MAP2, Microtubule Associated Protein 2
- MSCd, Mesenchymal Stem Cell derived
- Motor Cortex
- NHP, Non-Human Primate
- PV, Parvalbumin
- Plasticity
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- SYN, Synaptophysin
- Stem Cell-Based Treatments
- VH, Ventral Horn
- dPMC, dorsal Premotor Cortex
- miRNA, Micro RNA
- periM1, Perilesional Primary Motor Cortex
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Anatomy and Neurobiology Dept, BUSM, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, BU, USA
| | | | - Maria Medalla
- Anatomy and Neurobiology Dept, BUSM, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, BU, USA
| | - Tara L. Moore
- Anatomy and Neurobiology Dept, BUSM, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, BU, USA
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5
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Cao L, Ye L, Xie H, Zhang Y, Song W. Neural substrates in patients with visual-spatial neglect recovering from right-hemispheric stroke. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:974653. [PMID: 36061609 PMCID: PMC9434016 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.974653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual-spatial attention disorder after stroke seriously affects recovery and quality of life in stroke patients. Previous studies have shown that some patients recovery rapidly from visual-spatial neglect (VSN), but the brain networks underlying this recovery are not well understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to identify network differences between patients who rapidly recovered from VSN and those with persistent VSN. The study included 30 patients with VSN who suffered subacute stroke. Patients were examined 2–4 weeks after stroke onset and 4 weeks after the initial assessment. At the last evaluation, patients in the persistent VSN (n = 15) and rapid recovery (n = 15) groups underwent paper-and-pencil tests. We defined the bilateral frontal eye fields, bilateral intraparietal sulcus in the dorsal attention network, and right temporoparietal junction and ventral frontal cortex areas in the ventral attention network as regions of interest (ROI) and measured whole-brain ROI-based functional connectivity (FC) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in subacute right-hemisphere stroke patients. VSN recovery was associated with changes in the activation of multiple bilateral attentional brain regions. Specifically, persistent VSN was associated with lower FC in the right superior frontal gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, right medial orbitofrontal cortex, left precuneus, right inferior parietal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, right rectus gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, left middle cingulate gyrus, right superior temporal pole, right postcentral gyrus, and right posterior cingulate gyrus compared to that in those with rapid recovery, whereas ALFF in the left cerebellum were decreased in patients with persistent VSN. Our results demonstrate that the DAN rather than the VAN, plays a more important role in recovery from VSN, and that the cerebellum is involved in recovery. We believe that our results supplement those of previous studies on recovery from VSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linlin Ye,
| | - Huanxin Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqun Song
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Weiqun Song,
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6
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Ohno Y, Horikoshi A, Imamura K. Reaching Task in Rats: Quantitative Evaluation and Effects of 6-OHDA into the Striatum. J Mot Behav 2022; 54:648-655. [PMID: 35392775 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2061410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an evaluation method using image analysis for reaching tasks. Using this method, we studied forearm function during the reaching task in rats that received a unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the striatum. The success ratio of the reaching task reduced to 40.5% seven days after the injection. In addition, significant changes were observed in the pronation angle of the forearm, posture control, and targeting (i.e., the distance between all fingertips and the center of the target pellet). Thus, unilateral injection of 6-OHDA reduces dopaminergic function in the brain and causes deterioration of forearm function and posture control in the reaching task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ohno
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki Univ. Health and Welfare, Takasaki City, Gunma, Japan.,Department of System Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi City, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akinori Horikoshi
- Department of System Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi City, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Imamura
- Department of System Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi City, Gunma, Japan
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7
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Yao LL, Yuan S, Wu ZN, Luo JY, Tang XR, Tang CZ, Cui S, Xu NG. Contralateral S1 function is involved in electroacupuncture treatment-mediated recovery after focal unilateral M1 infarction. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1310-1317. [PMID: 34782576 PMCID: PMC8643050 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture at acupoints Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14) has been shown to promote functional recovery after stroke. However, the contribution of the contralateral primary sensory cortex (S1) to recovery remains unclear. In this study, unilateral local ischemic infarction of the primary motor cortex (M1) was induced by photothrombosis in a mouse model. Electroacupuncture (EA) was subsequently performed at acupoints GV20 and GV14 and neuronal activity and functional connectivity of contralateral S1 and M1 were detected using in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological recording techniques. Our results showed that blood perfusion and neuronal interaction between contralateral M1 and S1 is impaired after unilateral M1 infarction. Intrinsic neuronal excitability and activity were also disturbed, which was rescued by EA. Furthermore, the effectiveness of EA treatment was inhibited after virus-mediated neuronal ablation of the contralateral S1. We conclude that neuronal activity of the contralateral S1 is important for EA-mediated recovery after focal M1 infarction. Our study provides insight into how the S1–M1 circuit might be involved in the mechanism of EA treatment of unilateral cerebral infarction. The animal experiments were approved by the Committee for Care and Use of Research Animals of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (approval No. 20200407009) April 7, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Yao
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Si Yuan
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Wu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Yu Luo
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Tang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chun-Zhi Tang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuai Cui
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Neng-Gui Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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8
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Bowles S, Williamson WR, Nettles D, Hickman J, Welle CG. Closed-loop automated reaching apparatus (CLARA) for interrogating complex motor behaviors. J Neural Eng 2021; 18:10.1088/1741-2552/ac1ed1. [PMID: 34407518 PMCID: PMC8699662 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1ed1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Closed-loop neuromodulation technology is a rapidly expanding category of therapeutics for a broad range of indications. Development of these innovative neurological devices requires high-throughput systems for closed-loop stimulation of model organisms, while monitoring physiological signals and complex, naturalistic behaviors. To address this need, we developed CLARA, a closed-loop automated reaching apparatus.Approach.Using breakthroughs in computer vision, CLARA integrates fully-automated, markerless kinematic tracking of multiple features to classify animal behavior and precisely deliver neural stimulation based on behavioral outcomes. CLARA is compatible with advanced neurophysiological tools, enabling the testing of neurostimulation devices and identification of novel neurological biomarkers.Results.The CLARA system tracks unconstrained skilled reach behavior in 3D at 150 Hz without physical markers. The system fully automates trial initiation and pellet delivery and is capable of accurately delivering stimulation in response to trial outcome with short latency. Kinematic data from the CLARA system provided novel insights into the dynamics of reach consistency over the course of learning, suggesting that learning selectively improves reach failures but does not alter the kinematics of successful reaches. Additionally, using the closed-loop capabilities of CLARA, we demonstrate that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) improves skilled reach performance and increases reach trajectory consistency in healthy animals.Significance.The CLARA system is the first mouse behavior apparatus that uses markerless pose tracking to provide real-time closed-loop stimulation in response to the outcome of an unconstrained motor task. Additionally, we demonstrate that the CLARA system was essential for our investigating the role of closed-loop VNS stimulation on motor performance in healthy animals. This approach has high translational relevance for developing neurostimulation technology based on complex human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bowles
- Neurosurgery, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
- These authors contributed equally
| | - W R Williamson
- NeuroTechnology Center, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
- These authors contributed equally
| | - D Nettles
- Neurosurgery, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - J Hickman
- Neurosurgery, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - C G Welle
- Neurosurgery, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
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9
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Ogawa Y, Saino O, Okinaka Y, Kikuchi-Taura A, Takeuchi Y, Taguchi A. Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Transplantation and Training Increased Transplantation of Energy Source Transporters in Chronic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105932. [PMID: 34148020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) show a significant therapeutic effect in combination with training even in the chronic phase of stroke. However, the mechanism of this combination therapy has not been investigated. Here, we examined its effects on brain metabolism in chronic stroke mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS BM-MNC (1x105 cells in 100 µL of phosphate-buffered saline) were intravenously transplanted at 4 weeks (chronic stage) after the middle cerebral artery occlusion. At 3 h and 10 weeks after the administration of BM-MNC, we evaluated transcription changes of the metabolism-related genes, hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (Hif-1α), prolyl hydroxylase 3 (Phd3), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (Pdk1), Na+/K+-ATPase (Atp1α1‒3), connexins, glucose transporters, and monocarboxylate transporters, in the brain during chronic phase of stroke using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The results showed transcriptional activation of the metabolism-related genes in the contralateral cortex at 3 h after BM-MNC transplantation. Behavioral tests were performed after cell therapy, and the brain metabolism of mice with improved motor function was examined at 10 weeks after cell therapy. The therapeutic efficacy of the combination therapy with BM-MNC transplantation and training was evident in the form of transcriptional activation of ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery (ACA) cortex. CONCLUSIONS BM-MNC transplantation combined with training for chronic stroke activated gene expression in both the ipsilateral and the contralateral side.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Chronic Disease
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Connexins/genetics
- Connexins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/therapy
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Motor Activity
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Recovery of Function
- Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/genetics
- Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ogawa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Orie Saino
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Yuka Okinaka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Akie Kikuchi-Taura
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Takeuchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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10
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Unilateral traumatic brain injury of the left and right hemisphere produces the left hindlimb response in rats. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2221-2232. [PMID: 34021800 PMCID: PMC8282563 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury and stroke result in hemiplegia, hemiparesis, and asymmetry in posture. The effects are mostly contralateral; however, ipsilesional deficits may also develop. We here examined whether ablation brain injury and controlled cortical impact (CCI), a rat model of clinical focal traumatic brain injury, both centered over the left or right sensorimotor cortex, induced hindlimb postural asymmetry (HL-PA) with contralesional or ipsilesional limb flexion. The contralesional hindlimb was flexed after left or right side ablation injury. In contrast, both the left and right CCI unexpectedly produced HL-PA with flexion on left side. The flexion persisted after complete spinal cord transection suggesting that CCI triggered neuroplastic processes in lumbar neural circuits enabling asymmetric muscle contraction. Left limb flexion was exhibited under pentobarbital anesthesia. However, under ketamine anesthesia, the body of the left and right CCI rats bent laterally in the coronal plane to the ipsilesional side suggesting that the left and right injury engaged mirror-symmetrical motor pathways. Thus, the effects of the left and right CCI on HL-PA were not mirror-symmetrical in contrast to those of the ablation brain injury, and to the left and right CCI produced body bending. Ipsilateral effects of the left CCI on HL-PA may be mediated by a lateralized motor pathway that is not affected by the left ablation injury. Alternatively, the left-side-specific neurohormonal mechanism that signals from injured brain to spinal cord may be activated by both the left and right CCI but not by ablation injury.
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11
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Shen W, Jin L, Zhu A, Lin Y, Pan G, Zhou S, Cheng J, Zhang J, Tu F, Liu C, Xie Q, Chen X. Treadmill exercise enhances synaptic plasticity in the ischemic penumbra of MCAO mice by inducing the expression of Camk2a via CYFIP1 upregulation. Life Sci 2021; 270:119033. [PMID: 33497737 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Physical exercise is beneficial to the recovery of patients with ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism by which exercise promotes dendritic remodeling and synaptic plasticity is still obscure. This study explored the mechanism by which treadmill exercise enhances synaptic plasticity and dendritic remodeling in the ischemic penumbra. MAIN METHODS A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was generated in C57BL/6 mice, and lentivirus-mediated cytoplasmic FMRP-associated protein 1 (CYFIP1) shRNA expression was utilized to confirm the role of CYFIP1 in the exercise-induced increase in synaptic plasticity and dendritic remodeling. Neurological deficits were measured using the Zea Longa scale. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and Nissl staining were performed to assess cerebral ischemic injury. Golgi-Cox staining was used to observe changes in dendritic remodeling and synaptic plasticity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to observe the synaptic ultrastructure. Molecular mechanisms were explored using immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Treadmill training enhanced synaptic plasticity in the penumbra. Additionally, we observed significant increases in the expression of CYFIP1 and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2a (Camk2a); enhanced neurological recovery and a decreased infarct volume. However, the injection of a lentivirus containing CYFIP1 shRNA into the lateral ventricle exerted negative effects on synaptic plasticity. Moreover, the exercise-induced neuroprotective effects were abolished by lentivirus-mediated CYFIP1 shRNA expression, consistent with the downregulation of Camk2a expression and the deterioration of neurological function. SIGNIFICANCE Treadmill training enhances synaptic plasticity and dendritic remodeling in the ischemic penumbra by inducing the expression of Camk2a via upregulation of CYFIP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Shen
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingqin Jin
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anqi Zhu
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoyuan Pan
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyan Cheng
- The Second Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.300, Shouchun Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jieqiong Zhang
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengxia Tu
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chan Liu
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Takase H, Regenhardt RW. Motor tract reorganization after acute central nervous system injury: a translational perspective. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1144-1149. [PMID: 33269763 PMCID: PMC8224132 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injuries are among the most common causes of disability worldwide, with widespread social and economic implications. Motor tract injury accounts for the majority of this disability; therefore, there is impetus to understand mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of injury and subsequent reorganization of the motor tract that may lead to recovery. After acute central nervous system injury, there are changes in the microenvironment and structure of the motor tract. For example, ischemic stroke involves decreased local blood flow and tissue death from lack of oxygen and nutrients. Traumatic injury, in contrast, causes stretching and shearing injury to microstructures, including myelinated axons and their surrounding vessels. Both involve blood-brain barrier dysfunction, which is an important initial event. After acute central nervous system injury, motor tract reorganization occurs in the form of cortical remapping in the gray matter and axonal regeneration and rewiring in the white matter. Cortical remapping involves one cortical region taking on the role of another. cAMP-response-element binding protein is a key transcription factor that can enhance plasticity in the peri-infarct cortex. Axonal regeneration and rewiring depend on complex cell-cell interactions between axons, oligodendrocytes, and other cells. The RhoA/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase signaling pathway plays a central role in axon growth/regeneration through interactions with myelin-derived axonal growth inhibitors and regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Oligodendrocytes and their precursors play a role in myelination, and neurons are involved through their voltage-gated calcium channels. Understanding the pathophysiology of injury and the biology of motor tract reorganization may allow the development of therapies to enhance recovery after acute central nervous system injury. These include targeted rehabilitation, novel pharmacotherapies, such as growth factors and axonal growth inhibitor blockade, and the implementation of neurotechnologies, such as central nervous system stimulators and robotics. The translation of these advances depends on careful alignment of preclinical studies and human clinical trials. As experimental data mount, the future is one of optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Robert W Regenhardt
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Spontaneous Neuronal Plasticity in the Contralateral Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract after Focal Cortical Infarction in Hypertensive Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105235. [PMID: 32992200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the spontaneous neural plasticity on the contralateral side in hypertensive rats, including the expression of nerve growth factors (synaptophysin [SYN] and growth-associated protein 43 [GAP-43]), and the association between nerve fiber sprouting and redistribution, and the recovery of motor functions following sensorimotor cortical infarction. METHODS Initially, Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with renal hypertension by the bilateral renal arteries clips method. Further, they were induced with cerebral ischemia by the middle cerebral artery electrocoagulation method; 70 male rats completed the study. We compared the changes in the corticospinal tract (CST) and the expressions of SYN and GAP-43 on the contralateral side in rats with cerebral infarction using immunohistochemical staining, western blot, and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracing analyses. The recovery of motor function in rats after cortical infarction was evaluated by the foot-fault and beam-walk tests. RESULTS The motor behavior tests revealed that the motor function of rats could recover to various degrees after focal cortical infarction. Compared with the sham-operated group, the SYN and GAP-43 levels increased in the motor cortex of the opposite hemisphere within 28 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The increase in SYN and GAP-43 expressions presented differently in layers Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅴ. The amount of BDA-positive fibers also increased significantly in the denervated cervical spinal gray matter on day 56 post-MCAO. CONCLUSIONS The increases in SYN and GAP-43 on the contralateral side of the motor cortex could promote CST sprouting and rewiring in the spinal cord gray matter and also spontaneous motor function recovery after cortical infarction.
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Touvykine B, Elgbeili G, Quessy S, Dancause N. Interhemispheric modulations of motor outputs by the rostral and caudal forelimb areas in rats. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1355-1368. [PMID: 32130080 PMCID: PMC7191520 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00591.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats, forelimb movements are evoked from two cortical regions, the caudal and rostral forelimb areas (CFA and RFA, respectively). These areas are densely interconnected and RFA induces complex and powerful modulations of CFA outputs. CFA and RFA also have interhemispheric connections, and these areas from both hemispheres send projections to common targets along the motor axis, providing multiple potential sites of interactions for movement production. Our objective was to characterize how CFA and RFA in one hemisphere can modulate motor outputs of the opposite hemisphere. To do so, we used paired-pulse protocols with intracortical microstimulation techniques (ICMS), while recording electromyographic (EMG) activity of forelimb muscles in sedated rats. A subthreshold conditioning stimulation was applied in either CFA or RFA in one hemisphere simultaneously or before a suprathreshold test stimulation in either CFA or RFA in the opposite hemisphere. Both CFA and RFA tended to facilitate motor outputs with short (0–2.5 ms) or long (20–35 ms) delays between the conditioning and test stimuli. In contrast, they tended to inhibit motor outputs with intermediate delays, in particular 10 ms. When comparing the two areas, we found that facilitatory effects from RFA were more frequent and powerful than the ones from CFA. In contrast, inhibitory effects from CFA on its homolog were more frequent and powerful than the ones from RFA. Our results demonstrate that interhemispheric modulations from CFA and RFA share some similarities but also have clear differences that could sustain specific functions these cortical areas carry for the generation of forelimb movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that caudal and rostral forelimb areas (CFA and RFA) have distinct effects on motor outputs from the opposite hemisphere, supporting that they are distinct nodes in the motor network of rats. However, the pattern of interhemispheric modulations from RFA has no clear equivalent among premotor areas in nonhuman primates, suggesting they contribute differently to the generation of ipsilateral hand movements. Understanding these interspecies differences is important given the common use of rodent models in motor control and recovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Touvykine
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Elgbeili
- Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Institute Research Centre, Verdun, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephan Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Darling WG, Pizzimenti MA, Rotella DL, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Morecraft RJ. Changes in ipsilesional hand motor function differ after unilateral injury to frontal versus frontoparietal cortices in Macaca mulatta. Exp Brain Res 2019; 238:205-220. [PMID: 31834452 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that injury to frontoparietal sensorimotor areas causes greater initial impairments in performance and poorer recovery of ipsilesional dexterous hand/finger movements than lesions limited to frontal motor areas in rhesus monkeys. Reaching and grasping/manipulation of small targets with the ipsilesional hand were assessed for 6-12 months post-injury using two motor tests. Initial post-lesion motor skill and long-term recovery of motor skill were compared in two groups of monkeys: (1) F2 group-five cases with lesions of arm areas of primary motor cortex (M1) and lateral premotor cortex (LPMC) and (2) F2P2 group-five cases with F2 lesions + lesions of arm areas of primary somatosensory cortex and the anterior portion of area 5. Initial post-lesion reach and manipulation skills were similar to or better than pre-lesion skills in most F2 lesion cases in a difficult fine motor task but worse than pre-lesion skill in most F2P2 lesion cases in all tasks. Subsequently, reaching and manipulation skills improved over the post-lesion period to higher than pre-lesion skills in both groups, but improvements were greater in the F2 lesion group, perhaps due to additional task practice and greater ipsilesional limb use for daily activities. Poorer and slower post-lesion improvement of ipsilesional upper limb motor skill in the F2P2 cases may be due to impaired somatosensory processing. The persistent ipsilesional upper limb motor deficits frequently observed in humans after stroke are probably caused by greater subcortical white and gray matter damage than in the localized surgical injuries studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Darling
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Marc A Pizzimenti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Diane L Rotella
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jizhi Ge
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Kimberly S Stilwell-Morecraft
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Robert J Morecraft
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
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Hwang EJ, Dahlen JE, Hu YY, Aguilar K, Yu B, Mukundan M, Mitani A, Komiyama T. Disengagement of motor cortex from movement control during long-term learning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay0001. [PMID: 31693007 PMCID: PMC6821459 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Motor learning involves reorganization of the primary motor cortex (M1). However, it remains unclear how the involvement of M1 in movement control changes during long-term learning. To address this, we trained mice in a forelimb-based motor task over months and performed optogenetic inactivation and two-photon calcium imaging in M1 during the long-term training. We found that M1 inactivation impaired the forelimb movements in the early and middle stages, but not in the late stage, indicating that the movements that initially required M1 became independent of M1. As previously shown, M1 population activity became more consistent across trials from the early to middle stage while task performance rapidly improved. However, from the middle to late stage, M1 population activity became again variable despite consistent expert behaviors. This later decline in activity consistency suggests dissociation between M1 and movements. These findings suggest that long-term motor learning can disengage M1 from movement control.
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17
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Maenza C, Good DC, Winstein CJ, Wagstaff DA, Sainburg RL. Functional Deficits in the Less-Impaired Arm of Stroke Survivors Depend on Hemisphere of Damage and Extent of Paretic Arm Impairment. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2019; 34:39-50. [PMID: 31538852 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319875951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. Previous research has detailed the hemisphere dependence and specific kinematic deficits observed for the less-affected arm of patients with unilateral stroke. Objective. We now examine whether functional motor deficits in the less-affected arm, measured by standardized clinical measures of motor function, also depend on the hemisphere that was damaged and on the severity of contralesional impairment. Methods. We recruited 48 left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD) participants, 62 right-hemisphere-damaged participants, and 54 age-matched control participants. Measures of motor function included the following: (1) Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JHFT), (2) Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT), and (3) grip strength. We measured the extent of contralesional arm impairment with the upper-extremity component of the Fugl-Meyer (UEFM) assessment of motor impairment. Results. Ipsilesional limb functional performance deficits (JHFT) varied with both the damaged hemisphere and severity of contralesional arm impairment, with the most severe deficits expressed in LHD participants with severe contralesional impairment (UEFM). GPT and grip strength varied with severity of contralesional impairment but not with hemisphere. Conclusions. Stroke survivors with the most severe paretic arm impairment, who must rely on their ipsilesional arm for performing daily activities, have the greatest motor deficit in the less-affected arm. We recommend remediation of this arm to improve functional independence in this group of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Maenza
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David C Good
- Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert L Sainburg
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Treadmill exercise ameliorates focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neurological deficit by promoting dendritic modification and synaptic plasticity via upregulating caveolin-1/VEGF signaling pathways. Exp Neurol 2019; 313:60-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Use of the parallel beam task for skilled walking in a rat model of cerebral ischemia: A qualitative approach. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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Klahr AC, Fagan K, Aziz JR, John R, Colbourne F. Mild Contralesional Hypothermia Reduces Use of the Unimpaired Forelimb in a Skilled Reaching Task After Motor Cortex Injury in Rats. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2018; 8:90-98. [PMID: 29298129 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) mitigates neuronal injury in models of ischemic stroke. Although this therapy is meant for injured tissue, most protocols cool the whole body, including the contralesional hemisphere. Neuroplasticity responses within this hemisphere can affect functional outcome. Thus, cooling the contralesional hemisphere serves no clear neuroprotective function and may instead be detrimental. In this study, we cooled the contralesional hemisphere to determine whether this harms behavioral recovery after cortical injury in rats. All rats were trained on skilled reaching and walking tasks. Rats then received a motor cortex insult contralateral to their dominant paw after which they were randomly assigned to focal contralesional TH (∼33°C) for 1-48, 1-97, or 48-96 hours postinjury, or to a normothermic control group. Contralesional cooling did not impact lesion volume (p = 0.371) and had minimal impact on neurological outcome of the impaired limb. However, rats cooled early were significantly less likely to shift paw preference to the unimpaired paw (p ≤ 0.043), suggesting that cooling reduced learned nonuse. In a second experiment, we tested whether cooling impaired learning of the skilled reaching task in naive rats. Localized TH applied to the hemisphere contralateral or ipsilateral to the preferred paw did not impair learning (p ≥ 0.677) or dendritic branching/length in the motor cortex (p ≥ 0.105). In conclusion, localized TH did not impair learning or plasticity in the absence of neural injury, but contralesional TH may reduce unwanted shifts in limb preference after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Klahr
- 1 Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton , Canada
| | - Kelly Fagan
- 2 Department of Psychology, MacEwan University , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jasmine R Aziz
- 3 Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Roseleen John
- 1 Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton , Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- 1 Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton , Canada .,3 Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Functional Activation-Informed Structural Changes during Stroke Recovery: A Longitudinal MRI Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4345205. [PMID: 29204440 PMCID: PMC5674725 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4345205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective Neuroimaging studies revealed the functional reorganization or the structural changes during stroke recovery. However, previous studies did not combine the functional and structural information and the results might be affected by heterogeneous lesion. This study aimed to investigate functional activation-informed structural changes during stroke recovery. Methods MRI data of twelve stroke patients were collected at four consecutive time points during the first 3 months after stroke onset. Functional activation during finger-tapping task was used to inform the analysis of structural changes of activated brain regions. Correlation between structural changes in motor-related activated brain regions and motor function recovery was estimated. Results The averaged gray matter volume (aGMV) of contralesional activated brain regions and laterality index of gray matter volume (LIGMV) increased during stroke recovery, and LIGMV was positively correlated with Fugl-Meyer Index (FMI) at initial stage after stroke. The aGMV of bilateral activated brain regions was negatively correlated with FMI during the stroke recovery. Conclusion This study demonstrated that combining the stroke-induced functional reorganization and structural change provided new insights into the underlying innate plasticity process during stroke recovery. Significance This study proposed a new approach to integrate functional and structural information for investigating the innate plasticity after stroke.
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22
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Hao P, Duan H, Hao F, Chen L, Sun M, Fan KS, Sun YE, Williams D, Yang Z, Li X. Neural repair by NT3-chitosan via enhancement of endogenous neurogenesis after adult focal aspiration brain injury. Biomaterials 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Preclinical and Clinical Evidence on Ipsilateral Corticospinal Projections: Implication for Motor Recovery. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:529-540. [PMID: 28691140 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor impairment is the most common complication after stroke, and recovery of motor function has been shown to be dependent on the extent of lesion in the ipsilesional corticospinal tract (iCST) and activity within ipsilesional primary and secondary motor cortices. However, work from neuroimaging research has suggested a role of the contralesional hemisphere in promoting recovery after stroke potentially through the ipsilateral uncrossed CST fibers descending to ipsilateral spinal segments. These ipsilateral fibers, sometimes referred to as "latent" projections, are thought to contribute to motor recovery independent of the crossed CST. The aim of this paper is to evaluate using cumulative evidence from animal models and human patients on whether an uncrossed CST component is present in mammals and conserved through primates and humans, and whether iCST fibers have a functional role in hemiparetic/hemiplegic human conditions. This review highlights that an ipsilateral uncrossed CST exists in human during development, but the evidence on a functionally relevant iCST component in adult humans is still elusive. In addition, this review argues that whereas activity within the ipsilesional cortex is essential for enhancing motor recovery after stroke, the role of iCST projections specifically is still controversial. Finally, conclusions from current literature emphasize the importance of activity in the ipsilesional cortex and the integrity of crossed CST fibers as major determinants of motor recovery after brain injury.
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Savidan J, Kaeser M, Belhaj-Saïf A, Schmidlin E, Rouiller EM. Role of primary motor cortex in the control of manual dexterity assessed via sequential bilateral lesion in the adult macaque monkey: A case study. Neuroscience 2017. [PMID: 28629845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From a case study, we describe the impact of unilateral lesion of the hand area in the primary motor cortex (M1) on manual dexterity and the role of the intact contralesional M1 in long-term functional recovery. An adult macaque monkey performed two manual dexterity tasks: (i) "modified Brinkman board" task, assessed simple precision grip versus complex precision grip, the latter involved a hand postural adjustment; (ii) "modified Klüver board" task, assessed movements ranging from power grip to precision grip, pre-shaping and grasping. Two consecutive unilateral M1 lesions targeted the hand area of each hemisphere, the second lesion was performed after stable, though incomplete, functional recovery from the primary lesion. Following each lesion, the manual dexterity of the contralesional hand was affected in a comparable manner, effects being progressively more deleterious from power grip to simple and then complex precision grips. Both tasks yielded consistent data, namely that the secondary M1 lesion did not have a significant impact on the recovered performance from the primary M1 lesion, which took place 5months earlier. In conclusion, the intact contralesional M1 did not play a major role in the long-term functional recovery from a primary M1 lesion targeted to the hand area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Savidan
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Mélanie Kaeser
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Abderraouf Belhaj-Saïf
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Schmidlin
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Eric M Rouiller
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Yong MS, Kim SG, Cheon SH. Effects of skilled reach training with affected forelimb and treadmill exercise on the expression of neurotrophic factor following ischemia-induced brain injury in rats. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:647-650. [PMID: 28533602 PMCID: PMC5430265 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of skilled reach
training with affected forelimb and treadmill exercise on the expression of neurotrophic
factor following ischemia-induced brain injury in rats. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty male
Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups randomly: namely, the control sacrified 2
weeks after surgery, skilled reach training with forepaw contralateral to brain injury for
2 weeks, and treadmill exercise for 2 weeks. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced
by intraluminal occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. After that, skilled reach
training and treadmill exercise were conducted. Western blot analysis was performed to
investigate expressions of neurotrophic factors. [Results] There were significant
differences in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor expression
between the control group and the experimental group. There were no significant
differences in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor expression
between the skilled reach training group and the treadmill exercise group. [Conclusion]
Skilled reach training and treadmill exercise can affect the expression of neurotrophic
factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sik Yong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Youngsan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gil Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Uiduk University, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Hee Cheon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Youngsan University, Republic of Korea
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Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Lamola G, Bertolucci F, Vallone F, Di Garbo A, Chisari C, Micera S, Caleo M. Neuroplastic Changes Following Brain Ischemia and their Contribution to Stroke Recovery: Novel Approaches in Neurorehabilitation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:76. [PMID: 28360842 PMCID: PMC5352696 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the brain triggers substantial reorganization of spared areas and pathways, which is associated with limited, spontaneous restoration of function. A better understanding of this plastic remodeling is crucial to develop more effective strategies for stroke rehabilitation. In this review article, we discuss advances in the comprehension of post-stroke network reorganization in patients and animal models. We first focus on rodent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms underlying neuronal remodeling in the perilesional area and contralesional hemisphere after motor cortex infarcts. Analysis of electrophysiological data has demonstrated brain-wide alterations in functional connectivity in both hemispheres, well beyond the infarcted area. We then illustrate the potential use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques to boost recovery. We finally discuss rehabilitative protocols based on robotic devices as a tool to promote endogenous plasticity and functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamola
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Bertolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Vallone
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Italian institute of Technology (IIT)Rovereto, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Garbo
- CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelo Chisari
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of BioengineeringLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
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Diao Q, Liu J, Wang C, Cao C, Guo J, Han T, Cheng J, Zhang X, Yu C. Gray matter volume changes in chronic subcortical stroke: A cross-sectional study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 14:679-684. [PMID: 28377881 PMCID: PMC5369868 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of lesion side and degree of motor recovery on gray matter volume (GMV) difference relative to healthy controls in right-handed subcortical stroke. Structural MRI data were collected in 97 patients with chronic subcortical ischemic stroke and 79 healthy controls. Voxel-wise GMV analysis was used to investigate the effects of lesion side and degree of motor recovery on GMV difference in right-handed chronic subcortical stroke patients. Compared with healthy controls, right-lesion patients demonstrated GMV increase (P < 0.05, voxel-wise false discovery rate correction) in the bilateral paracentral lobule (PCL) and supplementary motor area (SMA) and the right middle occipital gyrus (MOG); while left-lesion patients did not exhibit GMV difference under the same threshold. Patients with complete and partial motor recovery showed similar degree of GMV increase in right-lesion patients. However, the motor recovery was correlated with the GMV increase in the bilateral SMA in right-lesion patients. These findings suggest that there exists a lesion-side effect on GMV difference relative to healthy controls in right-handed patients with chronic subcortical stroke. The GMV increase in the SMA may facilitate motor recovery in subcortical stroke patients. There is a lesion-side effect on gray matter volume in subcortical stroke patients. Right-sided stroke patients show more extensive GMV changes than left-sided ones. GMV increase in the SMA may facilitate to motor recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Diao
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chen Cao
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, ,Tianjin 300350,China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, ,Tianjin 300350,China
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, ,Tianjin 300350,China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, ,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Abstract
In this review, we examine how tactile misperceptions provide evidence regarding body representations. First, we propose that tactile detection and localization are serial processes, in contrast to parallel processing hypotheses based on patients with numbsense. Second, we discuss how information in primary somatosensory maps projects to body size and shape representations to localize touch on the skin surface, and how responses after use-dependent plasticity reflect changes in this mapping. Third, we review situations in which our body representations are inconsistent with our actual body shape, specifically discussing phantom limb phenomena and anesthetization. We discuss problems with the traditional remapping hypothesis in amputees, factors that modulate perceived body size and shape, and how changes in perceived body form influence tactile localization. Finally, we review studies in which brain-damaged individuals perceive touch on the opposite side of the body, and demonstrate how interhemispheric mechanisms can give rise to these anomalous percepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Medina
- a Department of Psychology , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - H Branch Coslett
- b Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Pruitt DT, Schmid AN, Danaphongse TT, Flanagan KE, Morrison RA, Kilgard MP, Rennaker RL, Hays SA. Forelimb training drives transient map reorganization in ipsilateral motor cortex. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:10-16. [PMID: 27392641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skilled motor training results in reorganization of contralateral motor cortex movement representations. The ipsilateral motor cortex is believed to play a role in skilled motor control, but little is known about how training influences reorganization of ipsilateral motor representations of the trained limb. To determine whether training results in reorganization of ipsilateral motor cortex maps, rats were trained to perform the isometric pull task, an automated motor task that requires skilled forelimb use. After either 3 or 6 months of training, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping was performed to document motor representations of the trained forelimb in the hemisphere ipsilateral to that limb. Motor training for 3 months resulted in a robust expansion of right forelimb representation in the right motor cortex, demonstrating that skilled motor training drives map plasticity ipsilateral to the trained limb. After 6 months of training, the right forelimb representation in the right motor cortex was significantly smaller than the representation observed in rats trained for 3 months and similar to untrained controls, consistent with a normalization of motor cortex maps. Forelimb map area was not correlated with performance on the trained task, suggesting that task performance is maintained despite normalization of cortical maps. This study provides new insights into how the ipsilateral cortex changes in response to skilled learning and may inform rehabilitative strategies to enhance cortical plasticity to support recovery after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Pruitt
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States.
| | - Ariel N Schmid
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Tanya T Danaphongse
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Kate E Flanagan
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Robert A Morrison
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Michael P Kilgard
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Robert L Rennaker
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Seth A Hays
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
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Zhu H, Wang Z, Jin J, Pei X, Zhao Y, Wu H, Lin W, Tao J, Ji Y. Parkinson’s disease-like forelimb akinesia induced by BmK I, a sodium channel modulator. Behav Brain Res 2016; 308:166-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Umarova RM, Nitschke K, Kaller CP, Klöppel S, Beume L, Mader I, Martin M, Hennig J, Weiller C. Predictors and signatures of recovery from neglect in acute stroke. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:673-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roza M. Umarova
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Kai Nitschke
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Christoph P. Kaller
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Lena Beume
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Irina Mader
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Markus Martin
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Hennig
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Medical Physics, Department of Radiology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Cornelius Weiller
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
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Daidzein Augments Cholesterol Homeostasis via ApoE to Promote Functional Recovery in Chronic Stroke. J Neurosci 2016; 35:15113-26. [PMID: 26558782 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2890-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stroke is the world's leading cause of physiological disability, but there are currently no available agents that can be delivered early after stroke to enhance recovery. Daidzein, a soy isoflavone, is a clinically approved agent that has a neuroprotective effect in vitro, and it promotes axon growth in an animal model of optic nerve crush. The current study investigates the efficacy of daidzein on neuroprotection and functional recovery in a clinically relevant mouse model of stroke recovery. In light of the fact that cholesterols are essential lipid substrates in injury-induced synaptic remodeling, we found that daidzein enhanced the cholesterol homeostasis genetic program, including Lxr and downstream transporters, Apoe, Abca1, and Abcg1 genes in vitro. Daidzein also elevated the cholesterol homeostasis genes in the poststroke brain with Apoe, the highest expressing transporter, but did not affect infarct volume or hemispheric swelling. Despite the absence of neuroprotection, daidzein improved motor/gait function in chronic stroke and elevated synaptophysin expression. However, the daidzein-enhanced functional benefits and synaptophysin expression were abolished in Apoe-knock-out mice, suggesting the importance of daidzein-induced ApoE upregulation in fostering stroke recovery. Dissociation between daidzein-induced functional benefits and the absence of neuroprotection further suggest the presence of nonoverlapping mechanisms underlying recovery processes versus acute pathology. With its known safety in humans, early and chronic use of daidzein aimed at augmenting ApoE may serve as a novel, translatable strategy to promote functional recovery in stroke patients without adverse acute effect. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There have been recurring translational failures in treatment strategies for stroke. One underlying issue is the disparity in outcome analysis between animal and clinical studies. The former mainly depends on acute infarct size, whereas long-term functional recovery is an important outcome in patients. In an attempt to identify agents that promote functional recovery, we discovered that an FDA-approved soy isoflavone, daidzein, improved stroke-induced behavioral deficits via enhancing cholesterol homeostasis in chronic stroke, and this occurs without causing adverse effects in the acute phase. With its known safety in humans, the study suggests that the early and chronic use of daidzein serves as a potential strategy to promote functional recovery in stroke patients.
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O'Bryant AJ, Adkins DL, Sitko AA, Combs HL, Nordquist SK, Jones TA. Enduring Poststroke Motor Functional Improvements by a Well-Timed Combination of Motor Rehabilitative Training and Cortical Stimulation in Rats. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 30:143-54. [PMID: 25527486 PMCID: PMC4474792 DOI: 10.1177/1545968314562112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In animal stroke models, peri-infarct cortical stimulation (CS) combined with rehabilitative reach training (RT) enhances motor functional outcome and cortical reorganization, compared with RT alone. It was unknown whether the effects of CS + RT (a) persist long after treatment, (b) can be enhanced by forcing greater use of the paretic limb, and (C) vary with treatment onset time. OBJECTIVE To test the endurance, time sensitivity, and the potential for augmentation by forced forelimb use of CS + RT treatment effects following ischemic stroke. METHODS Adult rats that were proficient in skilled reaching received unilateral ischemic motor cortical lesions. RT was delivered for 3 weeks alone or concurrently with 100-Hz cathodal epidural CS, delivered at 50% of movement thresholds. In study 1, this treatment was initiated at 14 days postinfarct, with some subgroups receiving an overlapping period of continuous constraint of the nonparetic forelimb to force use of the paretic limb. The function of the paretic limb was assessed weekly for 9 to 10 months posttreatment. In study 2, rats underwent CS, RT, and the combination during the chronic postinfarct period. RESULTS Early onset CS + RT resulted in greater functional improvements than RT alone. The CS-related gains persisted for 9 to 10 months posttreatment and were not significantly influenced by forced use of the paretic limb. When treatment onset was delayed until 3 months post-infarct, RT alone improved function, but CS + RT was no more effective than RT alone. CONCLUSION CS can enhance the persistence, as well as the magnitude of RT-driven functional improvements, but its effectiveness in doing so may vary with time postinfarct.
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Lin JB, Zheng CJ, Zhang X, Chen J, Liao WJ, Wan Q. Effects of Tetramethylpyrazine on Functional Recovery and Neuronal Dendritic Plasticity after Experimental Stroke. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:394926. [PMID: 26379744 PMCID: PMC4563062 DOI: 10.1155/2015/394926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been widely used in the treatment of ischemic stroke by Chinese doctors. Here, we report the effects of TMP on functional recovery and dendritic plasticity after ischemic stroke. A classical model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established in this study. The rats were assigned into 3 groups: sham group (sham operated rats treated with saline), model group (MCAO rats treated with saline) and TMP group (MCAO rats treated with 20 mg/kg/d TMP). The neurological function test of animals was evaluated using the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) at 3 d, 7 d, and 14 d after MCAO. Animals were euthanized for immunohistochemical labeling to measure MAP-2 levels in the peri-infarct area. Golgi-Cox staining was performed to test effect of TMP on dendritic plasticity at 14 d after MCAO. TMP significantly improved neurological function at 7 d and 14 d after ischemia, increased MAP-2 level at 14 d after ischemia, and enhanced spine density of basilar dendrites. TMP failed to affect the spine density of apical dendrites and the total dendritic length. Data analyses indicate that there was significant negative correlation between mNSS and plasticity measured at 14 d after MCAO. Thus, enhanced dendritic plasticity contributes to TMP-elicited functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chan-Juan Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Brain Department, Hubei Xinhua Hospital, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei-Jing Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Ganguly K, Byl NN, Abrams GM. Neurorehabilitation: motor recovery after stroke as an example. Ann Neurol 2015; 74:373-81. [PMID: 25813243 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of neurorehabilitation aims to translate neuroscience research toward the goal of maximizing functional recovery after neurological injury. A growing body of research indicates that the fundamental principles of neurological rehabilitation are applicable to a broad range of congenital, degenerative, and acquired neurological disorders. In this perspective, we will focus on motor recovery after acquired brain injuries such as stroke. Over the past few decades, a large body of basic and clinical research has created an experimental and theoretical foundation for approaches to neurorehabilitation. Recent randomized clinical trials all emphasize the requirement for intense progressive rehabilitation programs to optimally enhance recovery. Moreover, advances in multimodal assessment of patients with neuroimaging and neurophysiological tools suggest the possibility of individualized treatment plans based on recovery potential. There are also promising indications for medical as well as noninvasive brain stimulation paradigms to facilitate recovery. Ongoing or planned clinical studies should provide more definitive evidence. We also highlight unmet needs and potential areas of research. Continued research built upon a robust experimental and theoretical foundation should help to develop novel treatments to improve recovery after neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunesh Ganguly
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Departments of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Touvykine B, Mansoori BK, Jean-Charles L, Deffeyes J, Quessy S, Dancause N. The Effect of Lesion Size on the Organization of the Ipsilesional and Contralesional Motor Cortex. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 30:280-92. [PMID: 25967757 PMCID: PMC4766967 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315585356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of hand function following lesions in the primary motor cortex (M1) is associated with a reorganization of premotor areas in the ipsilesional hemisphere, and this reorganization depends on the size of the lesion. It is not clear how lesion size affects motor representations in the contralesional hemisphere and how the effects in the 2 hemispheres compare. Our goal was to study how lesion size affects motor representations in the ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres. In rats, we induced lesions of different sizes in the caudal forelimb area (CFA), the equivalent of M1. The effective lesion volume in each animal was quantified histologically. Behavioral recovery was evaluated with the Montoya Staircase task for 28 days after the lesion. Then, the organization of the CFA and the rostral forelimb area (RFA)—the putative premotor area in rats—in the 2 cerebral hemispheres was studied with intracortical microstimulation mapping techniques. The distal forelimb representation in the RFA of both the ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres was positively correlated with the size of the lesion. In contrast, lesion size had no effect on the contralesional CFA, and there was no relationship between movement representations in the 2 hemispheres. Finally, only the contralesional RFA was negatively correlated with chronic motor deficits of the paretic forelimb. Our data show that lesion size has comparable effects on motor representations in premotor areas of both hemispheres and suggest that the contralesional premotor cortex may play a greater role in the recovery of the paretic forelimb following large lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Touvykine
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Babak K Mansoori
- Département de Biologie moléculaire, Biochimie médicale et pathologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Loyda Jean-Charles
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joan Deffeyes
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephan Quessy
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Kunimatsu J, Miyamoto N, Ishikawa M, Shirato H, Tanaka M. Application of radiosurgical techniques to produce a primate model of brain lesions. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:67. [PMID: 25964746 PMCID: PMC4408846 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral analysis of subjects with discrete brain lesions provides important information about the mechanisms of various brain functions. However, it is generally difficult to experimentally produce discrete lesions in deep brain structures. Here we show that a radiosurgical technique, which is used as an alternative treatment for brain tumors and vascular malformations, is applicable to create non-invasive lesions in experimental animals for the research in systems neuroscience. We delivered highly focused radiation (130-150 Gy at ISO center) to the frontal eye field (FEF) of macaque monkeys using a clinical linear accelerator (LINAC). The effects of irradiation were assessed by analyzing oculomotor performance along with magnetic resonance (MR) images before and up to 8 months following irradiation. In parallel with tissue edema indicated by MR images, deficits in saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements were observed during several days following irradiation. Although initial signs of oculomotor deficits disappeared within a month, damage to the tissue and impaired eye movements gradually developed during the course of the subsequent 6 months. Postmortem histological examinations showed necrosis and hemorrhages within a large area of the white matter and, to a lesser extent, in the adjacent gray matter, which was centered at the irradiated target. These results indicated that the LINAC system was useful for making brain lesions in experimental animals, while the suitable radiation parameters to generate more focused lesions need to be further explored. We propose the use of a radiosurgical technique for establishing animal models of brain lesions, and discuss the possible uses of this technique for functional neurosurgical treatments in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kunimatsu
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of MedicineSapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyamoto
- Department of Medical Physics, Hokkaido University School of MedicineSapporo, Japan
| | - Masayori Ishikawa
- Department of Medical Physics, Hokkaido University School of MedicineSapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hokkaido University School of MedicineSapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of MedicineSapporo, Japan
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Berman RF, Schwartzer JJ, Hunsaker MR. Mouse Models of the Fragile X Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) and the Fragile X Premutation. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hwang DW, Jin Y, Lee DH, Kim HY, Cho HN, Chung HJ, Park Y, Youn H, Lee SJ, Lee HJ, Kim SU, Wang KC, Lee DS. In vivo bioluminescence imaging for prolonged survival of transplanted human neural stem cells using 3D biocompatible scaffold in corticectomized rat model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105129. [PMID: 25198726 PMCID: PMC4157740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based treatment of traumatic brain injury has been limited in its capacity to bring about complete functional recovery, because of the poor survival rate of the implanted stem cells. It is known that biocompatible biomaterials play a critical role in enhancing survival and proliferation of transplanted stem cells via provision of mechanical support. In this study, we noninvasively monitored in vivo behavior of implanted neural stem cells embedded within poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold, and showed that they survived over prolonged periods in corticectomized rat model. Corticectomized rat models were established by motor-cortex ablation of the rat. F3 cells expressing enhanced firefly luciferase (F3-effLuc) were established through retroviral infection. The F3-effLuc within PLLA was monitored using IVIS-100 imaging system 7 days after corticectomized surgery. F3-effLuc within PLLA robustly adhered, and gradually increased luciferase signals of F3-effLuc within PLLA were detected in a day dependent manner. The implantation of F3-effLuc cells/PLLA complex into corticectomized rats showed longer-lasting luciferase activity than F3-effLuc cells alone. The bioluminescence signals from the PLLA-encapsulated cells were maintained for 14 days, compared with 8 days for the non-encapsulated cells. Immunostaining results revealed expression of the early neuronal marker, Tuj-1, in PLLA-F3-effLuc cells in the motor-cortex-ablated area. We observed noninvasively that the mechanical support by PLLA scaffold increased the survival of implanted neural stem cells in the corticectomized rat. The image-guided approach easily proved that scaffolds could provide supportive effect to implanted cells, increasing their viability in terms of enhancing therapeutic efficacy of stem-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Won Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, WCU Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeona Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Hun Lee
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Han Young Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, WCU Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Na Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunwoong Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyewon Youn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong J. Lee
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung U. Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Chang Wang
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (DSL); (K-CW)
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, WCU Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (DSL); (K-CW)
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40
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Liao LD, Bandla A, Ling JM, Liu YH, Kuo LW, Chen YY, King NKK, Lai HY, Lin YR, Thakor NV. Improving neurovascular outcomes with bilateral forepaw stimulation in a rat photothrombotic ischemic stroke model. NEUROPHOTONICS 2014; 1:011007. [PMID: 26157965 PMCID: PMC4478786 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.1.1.011007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Restoring perfusion to the penumbra during the hyperacute phase of ischemic stroke is a key goal of neuroprotection. Thrombolysis is currently the only approved treatment for ischemic stroke. However, its use is limited by the narrow therapeutic window and side effect of bleeding. Therefore, other interventions are desired that could potentially increase the perfusion of the penumbra. Here, we hypothesized that bilateral peripheral electrical stimulation will improve cerebral perfusion and restore cortical neurovascular response. We assess the outcomes of bilateral forepaw electrical stimulation at intensities of 2 and 4 mA, administered either unilaterally or bilaterally. We developed a combined electrocorticogram (ECoG)-functional photoacoustic microscopy (fPAM) system to evaluate the relative changes in cerebral hemodynamic function and electrophysiologic response to acute, focal stroke. The fPAM system is used for cerebral blood volume (CBV) and hemoglobin oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]) and the ECoG for neural activity, namely somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP), interhemispheric coherence, and alpha-delta ratio (ADR) in response to forepaw stimulation. Our results confirmed the neuroprotective effect of bilateral forepaw stimulation at 2 mA as indicated by the 82% recovery of ADR and 95% improvement in perfusion into the region of penumbra. This experimental model can be used to study other potential interventions such as therapeutic hypertension and hypercarbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-De Liao
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Address all correspondence to: Lun-De Liao, E-mail: or
| | - Aishwarya Bandla
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Ji Min Ling
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Yu-Hang Liu
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Block E4, Level 5, Room 45, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei, Taiwan 112
| | - Nicolas KK King
- National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Hsin-Yi Lai
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ren Lin
- Changhua Christian Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, 135 Nanshsiao Street, Changhua, Taiwan 500
| | - Nitish V. Thakor
- National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Block E4, Level 5, Room 45, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Traylor 701/720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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41
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Jiang XF, Zhang T, Sy C, Nie BB, Hu XY, Ding Y. Dynamic metabolic changes after permanent cerebral ischemia in rats with/without post-stroke exercise: a positron emission tomography (PET) study. Neurol Res 2014; 36:475-82. [PMID: 24649810 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have suggested that rehabilitation therapy can accelerate functional recovery after a stroke. Although often overlooked, the cortical hemisphere contralateral to an infarction plays an important role. This study investigates alterations in metabolism of both the damaged ('ipsilateral') as well as the undamaged ('contralateral') hemisphere using (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-micro-positron emission tomography (PET) in a rat permanent stroke model (with or without post-injury exercise) in order to elucidate the relative importance of either hemisphere to the recovery process following stroke. METHODS Thirty-six adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups before subsequent surgery: sham controls with or without exercise, and ischemic ('stroke') groups with or without exercise. Fluorodeoxyglucose micro-PET imaging was performed at 7, 14, and 21 days after the designated procedure according to group assignment. The imaging data was analyzed by ANOVA using SPMratIHEP software. RESULTS Both exercise and ischemia have measurable effects on the motor cortex as well as on the striatum, the effects of which notably include the contralateral hemisphere. To that end, regions of the contralateral motor cortex and striatum have been found to be in a hypermetabolic state following exercise. We further observed that exercise reversed the hypometabolism caused by ischemia back to control levels from day 7 through day 21 on the ipsilateral side. Its effect on the contralateral hemisphere, notably, bolsters an already vigorous response observed after ischemic insult. Thus, the beneficial effect of exercise, as inferred by an increase in metabolic activity, is evident in both hemispheres. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that the contralateral hemisphere can compensate for the damaged cortex by remodeling neuronal activity. Thus, clinical treatments specifically targeted to the 'intact' hemisphere following stroke may provide a complimentary strategy for promoting recovery of functional deficits and for improving quality of life in stroke patients.
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42
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Qin L, Jing D, Parauda S, Carmel J, Ratan RR, Lee FS, Cho S. An adaptive role for BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in motor recovery in chronic stroke. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2493-502. [PMID: 24523540 PMCID: PMC3921423 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4140-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the influence of genetic diversity on stroke recovery. One exception is the polymorphism in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a critical neurotrophin for brain repair and plasticity. Humans have a high-frequency single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the prodomain of the BDNF gene. Previous studies show that the BDNF Val66Met variant negatively affects motor learning and severity of acute stroke. To investigate the impact of this common BDNF SNP on stroke recovery, we used a mouse model that contains the human BDNF Val66Met variant in both alleles (BDNF(M/M)). Male BDNF(+/+) and BDNF(M/M) littermates received sham or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We assessed motor function regularly for 6 months after stroke and then performed anatomical analyses. Despite reported negative association of the SNP with motor learning and acute deficits, we unexpectedly found that BDNF(M/M) mice displayed significantly enhanced motor/kinematic performance in the chronic phase of motor recovery, especially in ipsilesional hindlimb. The enhanced recovery was associated with significant increases in striatum volume, dendritic arbor, and elevated excitatory synaptic markers in the contralesional striatum. Transient inactivation of the contralateral striatum during recovery transiently abolished the enhanced function. This study showed an unexpected benefit of the BDNFVal66Met carriers for functional recovery, involving structural and molecular plasticity in the nonstroked hemisphere. Clinically, this study suggests a role for BDNF genotype in predicting stroke recovery and identifies a novel systems-level mechanism for enhanced motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luye Qin
- Weill Cornell Medical College at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, and
| | - Deqiang Jing
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Sarah Parauda
- Weill Cornell Medical College at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, and
| | - Jason Carmel
- Weill Cornell Medical College at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, and
| | - Rajiv R. Ratan
- Weill Cornell Medical College at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, and
| | | | - Sunghee Cho
- Weill Cornell Medical College at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, and
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43
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Abd El-Kafy EM, Elshemy SA, Alghamdi MS. Effect of constraint-induced therapy on upper limb functions: a randomized control trial. Scand J Occup Ther 2013; 21:11-23. [PMID: 24325594 DOI: 10.3109/11038128.2013.837505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Children with congenital hemiparesis have unilateral upper extremity involvement, limiting their ability in unilateral or bilateral manual tasks, thus negatively influencing their participation in daily activities. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has been shown to be promising for improving upper-limb functions in children with cerebral palsy. Clinical assessments may be needed to quantify and qualify changes in children's performance following its application. METHODS This study investigated the effectiveness of a child-friendly form of CIMT to improve upper extremity functional performance. Thirty congenitally hemiparetic children aged 4-8 years were randomly assigned to receive either a CIMT program (study group) or a conventional non-structured therapy program (control group). The programs were applied for both groups for six hours daily, five days weekly for four successive weeks. The Pediatric Arm Function Test, Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test, and isokinetic muscular performances of shoulder flexors, extensors, and abductors expressed as peak torque were used to evaluate immediate and long-lasting efficacy of CIMT. RESULTS The results showed improvement in the involved upper extremity performances in different evaluated tasks immediately post-CIMT program application compared with the control group. These improvements continued three months later. CONCLUSION Pediatric CIMT with shaping produced considerable and sustained improvement in the involved upper extremity movements and functions in children with congenital hemiparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mohamed Abd El-Kafy
- Department of Physical Therapy for Disturbances of Growth and Developmental Disorders in Children and its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
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44
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Dang C, Liu G, Xing S, Xie C, Peng K, Li C, Li J, Zhang J, Chen L, Pei Z, Zeng J. Longitudinal Cortical Volume Changes Correlate With Motor Recovery in Patients After Acute Local Subcortical Infarction. Stroke 2013; 44:2795-801. [PMID: 23929747 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Secondary changes in the volume of motor-related cortical regions and the relationship with functional recovery during the acute stage after cerebral infarction have not been determined. In the present study, we quantified changes in gray matter (GM) volume in motor-related cortical regions and analyzed their correlations to clinical scores in patients with focal cerebral infarct.
Methods—
Fifteen patients with acute subcortical infarct underwent longitudinal high-resolution structural MRI and clinical assessment 3 times during a 12-week period (weeks 1, 4, and 12). Fourteen age- and sex-matched controls underwent MRI examination. Voxel-based morphometry was used to quantify changes in global GM volume; in addition, relationships between GM volume changes in volumes of interest and clinical scores were analyzed.
Results—
In patients with cerebral infarction, GM volumes detected by voxel-based morphometry both decreased and increased significantly in diffuse cortical regions during the observation period (
P
<0.001). GM volumes within volumes of interest decreased significantly in the ipsilateral supplementary motor area and contralateral insula, but they increased in the contralateral supplementary motor area over time (all
P
<0.017). The changes of GM volumes in the ipsilesional and contralesional supplementary motor area correlated with the changes in the Fugl–Meyer scale scores (ipsilesional,
r
s
=0.52;
P
=0.048; contralesional,
r
s
=0.74;
P
=0.002) and Barthel Index (ipsilesional,
r
s
=0.56;
P
=0.030; contralesional,
r
s
=0.65;
P
=0.009).
Conclusions—
These results suggest that secondary GM changes occur in diffuse areas and structural changes in some specific motor-related cortex may inhibit or promote functional recovery after an acute subcortical cerebral infarct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dang
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Gang Liu
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Shihui Xing
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Chuanmiao Xie
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Kangqiang Peng
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Chuo Li
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Jingjing Li
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Li Chen
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Zhong Pei
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.D., G.L., S.X., J.L., J.Z., L.C., Z.P., J.Z.); State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (C.X., K.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China (C.L.)
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Takatsuru Y, Nabekura J, Koibuchi N. Contribution of neuronal and glial circuit in intact hemisphere for functional remodeling after focal ischemia. Neurosci Res 2013; 78:38-44. [PMID: 23896202 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of people who suffer from disabilities such as aphasia and/or paralysis after a focal brain stroke has not markedly decreased even in countries with established medical care systems. Functions such as speech can be lost following a stroke; however, such functions can sometimes be recovered. In this review, we focus on functional compensation that was achieved by the intact region contralateral to the stroke region. Using a mice stroke model, we used in vivo imaging techniques in combination with conventional electrophysiology and behavior tests, which showed that functional recovery was achieved through the specific synaptic (neuronal circuit) remodeling at the region contralateral to the focal stroke region 1 week after the stroke. During this period, astrocytes play a critical role in reducing the accumulation of synaptically released glutamate in the extracellular space, which would otherwise cause excitotoxicity. These findings indicate that the hemisphere that was intact after a stroke can potentially achieve bilateral functions even in adults when proper remodeling of neuronal circuits occurs. Activating the intact hemisphere may become a new therapeutic strategy for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan; The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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A behavioral method for identifying recovery and compensation: Hand use in a preclinical stroke model using the single pellet reaching task. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:950-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Lee DH, Lee JY, Oh BM, Phi JH, Kim SK, Bang MS, Kim SU, Wang KC. Functional recovery after injury of motor cortex in rats: effects of rehabilitation and stem cell transplantation in a traumatic brain injury model of cortical resection. Childs Nerv Syst 2013. [PMID: 23180314 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Experimental studies and clinical trials designed to help patients recover from various brain injuries, such as stroke or trauma, have been attempted. Rehabilitation has shown reliable, positive clinical outcome in patients with various brain injuries. Transplantation of exogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) to repair the injured brain is a potential tool to help patient recovery. METHODS This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a combination therapy consisting of rehabilitation and NSC transplantation compared to using only one modality. A model of motor cortex resection in rats was used to create brain injury in order to obtain consistent and prolonged functional deficits. The therapeutic results were evaluated using three methods during an 8-week period with a behavioral test, motor-evoked potential (MEP) measurement, and measurement of the degree of endogenous NSC production. RESULTS All three treatment groups showed the effects of treatment in the behavioral test, although the NSC transplantation alone group (CN) exhibited slightly worse results than the rehabilitation alone group (CR) or the combination therapy group (CNR). The latency on MEP was shortened to a similar extent in all three groups compared to the untreated group (CO). However, the enhancement of endogenous NSC proliferation was dramatically reduced in the CN group compared not only to the CR and CNR groups but also to the CO group. The CR and CNR groups seemed to prolong the duration of endogenous NSC proliferation compared to the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS A combination of rehabilitation and NSC transplantation appears to induce treatment outcomes that are similar to rehabilitation alone. Further studies are needed to evaluate the electrophysiological outcome of recovery and the possible effect of prolonging endogenous NSC proliferation in response to NSC transplantation and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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48
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Moore TL, Killiany RJ, Pessina MA, Moss MB, Finklestein SP, Rosene DL. Recovery from ischemia in the middle-aged brain: a nonhuman primate model. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:619.e9-619.e24. [PMID: 21458887 PMCID: PMC3145025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies of recovery from stroke mainly utilize rodent models and focus primarily on young subjects despite the increased prevalence of stroke with age and the fact that recovery of function is more limited in the aged brain. In the present study, a nonhuman primate model of cortical ischemia was developed to allow the comparison of impairments in young and middle-aged monkeys. Animals were pretrained on a fine motor task of the hand and digits and then underwent a surgical procedure to map and lesion the hand-digit representation in the dominant motor cortex. Animals were retested until performance returned to preoperative levels. To assess the recovery of grasp patterns, performance was videotaped and rated using a scale adapted from human occupational therapy. Results demonstrated that the impaired hand recovers to baseline in young animals in 65-80 days and in middle-aged animals in 130-150 days. However, analysis of grasp patterns revealed that neither group recover preoperative finger thumb grasp patterns, rather they develop compensatory movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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49
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Borchers S, Hauser TK, Himmelbach M. Bilateral hand representations in human primary proprioceptive areas. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:3383-91. [PMID: 21864551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sensory representations in the postcentral gyrus are supposed to be strictly lateralised and to provide spatially unbiased representations of limb positions. However, electrophysiological and behavioural measurements in humans and non-human primates tentatively suggested some degree of bilateral processing even in early somatosensory areas. We report a patient who suffered a small and confined lesion of the hand area in the postcentral gyrus that resulted in a proprioceptive deficit without any concomitant primary motor impairment. We performed a finger position-matching task with target locations being defined proprioceptively. Without visual feedback of either hand, the patient demonstrated a significant leftward shift of perceived locations when reaching with the ipsilesional right hand to her contralesional left hand and an opposite rightward shift when reaching with the left hand to the position of the right hand. Although these directional errors improved when vision of the active hand was allowed, errors were still significantly larger than those of age-matched healthy controls with unconstrained view of the active contralesional hand. Reaching to visual targets without visual online feedback the patient revealed comparable errors with both hands. Reaching to visual targets with full visual feedback, she was as accurate as controls with either hand. In summary, our data demonstrate an effect of the right postcentral lesion on proprioceptive information processing for both hands. The results suggest an integration of contralateral and ipsilateral proprioceptive information already at this early processing stage possibly mediated by callosal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Borchers
- Division of Neuropsychology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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Darling WG, Pizzimenti MA, Hynes SM, Rotella DL, Headley G, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, McNeal DW, Solon-Cline KM, Morecraft RJ. Volumetric effects of motor cortex injury on recovery of ipsilesional dexterous movements. Exp Neurol 2011; 231:56-71. [PMID: 21703261 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the motor cortex of one hemisphere has classically been associated with contralateral upper limb paresis, but recent patient studies have identified deficits in both upper limbs. In non-human primates, we tested the hypothesis that the severity of ipsilesional upper limb motor impairment in the early post-injury phase depends on the volume of gray and white matter damage of the motor areas of the frontal lobe. We also postulated that substantial recovery would accompany minimal task practice and that ipsilesional limb recovery would be correlated with recovery of the contralesional limb. Gross (reaching) and fine hand motor functions were assessed for 3-12 months post-injury using two motor tests. Volumes of white and gray matter lesions were assessed using quantitative histology. Early changes in post-lesion motor performance were inversely correlated with white matter lesion volume indicating that larger lesions produced greater decreases in ipsilesional hand movement control. All monkeys showed improvements in ipsilesional hand motor skill during the post-lesion period, with reaching skill improvements being positively correlated with total lesion volume indicating that larger lesions were associated with greater ipsilesional motor skill recovery. We suggest that reduced trans-callosal inhibition from the lesioned hemisphere may play a role in the observed skill improvements. Our findings show that significant ipsilesional hand motor recovery is likely to accompany injury limited to frontal motor areas. In humans, more pronounced ipsilesional motor deficits that invariably develop after stroke may, in part, be a consequence of more extensive subcortical white and gray matter damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Darling
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Motor Control Laboratory, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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