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Lange J, Gillham O, Flower M, Ging H, Eaton S, Kapadia S, Neueder A, Duchen MR, Ferretti P, Tabrizi SJ. PolyQ length-dependent metabolic alterations and DNA damage drive human astrocyte dysfunction in Huntington’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 225:102448. [PMID: 37023937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the Huntingtin gene. Astrocyte dysfunction is known to contribute to HD pathology, however our understanding of the molecular pathways involved is limited. Transcriptomic analysis of patient-derived PSC (pluripotent stem cells) astrocyte lines revealed that astrocytes with similar polyQ lengths shared a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Notably, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) modules from iPSC derived astrocytes showed significant overlap with WGCNA modules from two post-mortem HD cohorts. Further experiments revealed two key elements of astrocyte dysfunction. Firstly, expression of genes linked to astrocyte reactivity, as well as metabolic changes were polyQ length-dependent. Hypermetabolism was observed in shorter polyQ length astrocytes compared to controls, whereas metabolic activity and release of metabolites were significantly reduced in astrocytes with increasing polyQ lengths. Secondly, all HD astrocytes showed increased DNA damage, DNA damage response and upregulation of mismatch repair genes and proteins. Together our study shows for the first time polyQ-dependent phenotypes and functional changes in HD astrocytes providing evidence that increased DNA damage and DNA damage response could contribute to HD astrocyte dysfunction.
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Simmons DA, Belichenko NP, Longo FM. Pharmacological Co-Activation of TrkB and TrkC Receptor Signaling Ameliorates Striatal Neuropathology and Motor Deficits in Mouse Models of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2023; 12:215-239. [PMID: 37638447 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-230589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of neurotrophic support in the striatum, particularly reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, contributes importantly to Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis. Another neurotrophin (NT), NT-3, is reduced in the cortex of HD patients; however, its role in HD is unknown. BDNF and NT-3 bind with high affinity to the tropomyosin receptor-kinases (Trk) B and TrkC, respectively. Targeting TrkB/TrkC may be an effective HD therapeutic strategy, as multiple links exist between their signaling pathways and HD degenerative mechanisms. We developed a small molecule ligand, LM22B-10, that activates TrkB and TrkC to promote cell survival. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if upregulating TrkB/TrkC signaling with LM22B-10 would alleviate the HD phenotype in R6/2 and Q140 mice. METHODS LM22B-10 was delivered by concomitant intranasal-intraperitoneal routes to R6/2 and Q140 mice and then motor performance and striatal pathology were evaluated. RESULTS NT-3 levels, TrkB/TrkC phosphorylation, and AKT signaling were reduced in the R6/2 striatum; LM22B-10 counteracted these deficits. LM22B-10 also reduced intranuclear huntingtin aggregates, dendritic spine loss, microglial activation, and degeneration of dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein with a molecular weight of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and parvalbumin-containing neurons in the R6/2 and/or Q140 striatum. Moreover, both HD mouse models showed improved motor performance after LM22B-10 treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal an NT-3/TrkC signaling deficiency in the striatum of R6/2 mice, support the idea that targeting TrkB/TrkC alleviates HD-related neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction, and suggest a novel, disease-modifying, multi-target strategy for treating HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Simmons
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nadia P Belichenko
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Alteration of Autophagy and Glial Activity in Nilotinib-Treated Huntington's Disease Patients. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121225. [PMID: 36557263 PMCID: PMC9781133 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nilotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is safe and tolerated in neurodegeneration, it achieves CSF concentration that is adequate to inhibit discoidin domain receptor (DDR)-1. Nilotinib significantly affects dopamine metabolites, including Homovanillic acid (HVA), resulting in an increase in brain dopamine. HD is a hereditary disease caused by mutations in the Huntingtin's (HTT) gene and characterized by neurodegeneration and motor and behavioral symptoms that are associated with activation of dopamine receptors. We explored the effects of a low dose of nilotinib (150 mg) on behavioral changes and motor symptoms in manifest HD patients and examined the effects of nilotinib on several brain mechanisms, including dopamine transmission and gene expression via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) miRNA sequencing. Nilotinib, 150 mg, did not result in any behavioral changes, although it significantly attenuated HVA levels, suggesting reduction of dopamine catabolism. There was no significant change in HTT, phosphorylated neuro-filament and inflammatory markers in the CSF and plasma via immunoassays. Whole miRNA genome sequencing of the CSF revealed significant longitudinal changes in miRNAs that control specific genes associated with autophagy, inflammation, microglial activity and basal ganglia neurotransmitters, including dopamine and serotonin.
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Emerging roles of PHLPP phosphatases in the nervous system. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 123:103789. [PMID: 36343848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been more than a decade since the discovery of a novel class of phosphatase, the Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain Leucine-rich repeat Protein Phosphatases (PHLPP). Over time, they have been recognized as crucial regulators of various cellular processes, such as memory formation, cellular survival and proliferation, maintenance of circadian rhythm, and others, with any deregulation in their expression or cellular localization causing havoc in any cellular system. With the ever-growing number of downstream substrates across multiple tissue systems, a web is emerging wherein the central point is PHLPP. A slight nick in the normal signaling cascade of the two isoforms of PHLPP, namely PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, has been recently found to invoke a variety of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, epileptic seizures, Parkinson's disease, and others, in the neuronal system. Improper regulation of the two isoforms has also been associated with various disease pathologies such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, musculoskeletal disorders, etc. In this review, we have summarized all the current knowledge about PHLPP1 (PHLPP1α and PHLPP1β) and PHLPP2 and their emerging roles in regulating various neuronal signaling pathways to pave the way for a better understanding of the complexities. This would in turn aid in providing context for the development of possible future therapeutic strategies.
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Ramasubbu K, Devi Rajeswari V. Impairment of insulin signaling pathway PI3K/Akt/mTOR and insulin resistance induced AGEs on diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases: a perspective review. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1307-1324. [PMID: 36308670 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Impairment in insulin signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, would lead to insulin resistance. It might induce the synthesis and deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species, resulting in stress, protein misfolding, protein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reticulum function, and metabolic syndrome dysregulation, inflammation, and apoptosis. It plays a huge role in various neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyloid lateral sclerosis. In this review, we intend to focus on the possible effect of insulin resistance in the progression of neurodegeneration via the impaired P13K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, AGEs, and receptors for AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagavalli Ramasubbu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - V Devi Rajeswari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India.
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de Oliveira Furlam T, Roque IG, Machado da Silva EW, Vianna PP, Costa Valadão PA, Guatimosim C, Teixeira AL, de Miranda AS. Inflammasome activation and assembly in Huntington's disease. Mol Immunol 2022; 151:134-142. [PMID: 36126501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes capable of sensing pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns, triggering innate immune pathways. Activation of inflammasomes results in a pro-inflammatory cascade involving, among other molecules, caspases and interleukins. NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3) is the most studied inflammasome complex, and its activation results in caspase-1 mediated cleavage of the pro-interleukins IL-1β and IL-18 into their mature forms, also inducing a gasdermin D mediated form of pro-inflammatory cell death, i.e. pyroptosis. Accumulating evidence has implicated NLRP3 inflammasome complex in neurodegenerative diseases. The evidence in HD is still scant and mostly derived from pre-clinical studies. This review aims to present the available evidence on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HD and to discuss whether targeting this innate immune system complex might be a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate its symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro Parenti Vianna
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Department of Morphology - Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Department of Morphology - Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Solés-Tarrés I, Cabezas-Llobet N, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Alberch J, Vaudry D, Xifró X. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Protects Striatal Cells and Improves Motor Function in Huntington’s Disease Models: Role of PAC1 Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797541. [PMID: 35153755 PMCID: PMC8832515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expression of mutant huntingtin (mHtt). One of the main features of HD is the degeneration of the striatum that leads to motor discoordination. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that acts through three receptors named PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R. In the present study, we first investigated the effect of PACAP on STHdhQ7/Q7 and STHdhQ111/Q111 cells that express wild-type Htt with 7 and mHtt with 111 glutamines, respectively. Then we explored the capacity of PACAP to rescue motor symptoms in the R6/1, a murine model of HD. We found that PACAP treatment (10–7 M) for 24 h protects STHdhQ111/Q111 cells from mHtt-induced apoptosis. This effect is associated with an increase in PAC1R transcription, phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, and an increase of intracellular c-fos, egr1, CBP, and BDNF protein content. Moreover, the use of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that activation of ERK and Akt mediates these antiapoptotic and neurotrophic effects of PACAP. To find out PAC1R implication, we treated STHdh cells with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which exhibits equal affinity for VPAC1R and VPAC2R, but lower affinity for PAC1R, in contrast to PACAP which has same affinity for the three receptors. VIP reduced cleaved caspase-3 protein level, without promoting the expression of c-fos, egr1, CBP, and the neurotrophin BDNF. We next measured the protein level of PACAP receptors in the striatum and cortex of R6/1 mice. We observed a specific reduction of PAC1R at the onset of motor symptoms. Importantly, the intranasal administration of PACAP to R6/1 animals restored the motor function and increased the striatal levels of PAC1R, CBP, and BDNF. In conclusion, PACAP exerts antiapoptotic and neurotrophic effects in striatal neurons mainly through PAC1R. This effect in HD striatum allows the recovery of motor function and point out PAC1R as a therapeutic target for treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Solés-Tarrés
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Cabezas-Llobet
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Normandie University, Rouen, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Normandie University, Rouen, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Normandie University, Rouen, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Xifró
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Xavier Xifró,
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8
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Querfurth H, Marshall J, Parang K, Rioult-Pedotti MS, Tiwari R, Kwon B, Reisinger S, Lee HK. A PDK-1 allosteric agonist neutralizes insulin signaling derangements and beta-amyloid toxicity in neuronal cells and in vitro. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261696. [PMID: 35061720 PMCID: PMC8782417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Alzheimer's brain is affected by multiple pathophysiological processes, which include a unique, organ-specific form of insulin resistance that begins early in its course. An additional complexity arises from the four-fold risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in type 2 diabetics, however there is no definitive proof of causation. Several strategies to improve brain insulin signaling have been proposed and some have been clinically tested. We report findings on a small allosteric molecule that reverses several indices of insulin insensitivity in both cell culture and in vitro models of AD that emphasize the intracellular accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβi). PS48, a chlorophenyl pentenoic acid, is an allosteric activator of PDK-1, which is an Akt-kinase in the insulin/PI3K pathway. PS48 was active at 10 nM to 1 μM in restoring normal insulin-dependent Akt activation and in mitigating Aβi peptide toxicity. Synaptic plasticity (LTP) in prefrontal cortical slices from normal rat exposed to Aβ oligomers also benefited from PS48. During these experiments, neither overstimulation of PI3K/Akt signaling nor toxic effects on cells was observed. Another neurotoxicity model producing insulin insensitivity, utilizing palmitic acid, also responded to PS48 treatment, thus validating the target and indicating that its therapeutic potential may extend outside of β-amyloid reliance. The described in vitro and cell based-in vitro coupled enzymatic assay systems proved suitable platforms to screen a preliminary library of new analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, School of Pharmacology, Irvine, CA United States of America
| | - Mengia S. Rioult-Pedotti
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurorehabilitation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rakesh Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, School of Pharmacology, Irvine, CA United States of America
| | - Bumsup Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | | | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Blázquez E, Hurtado-Carneiro V, LeBaut-Ayuso Y, Velázquez E, García-García L, Gómez-Oliver F, Ruiz-Albusac J, Ávila J, Pozo MÁ. Significance of Brain Glucose Hypometabolism, Altered Insulin Signal Transduction, and Insulin Resistance in Several Neurological Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873301. [PMID: 35615716 PMCID: PMC9125423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurological diseases share pathological alterations, even though they differ in their etiology. Neuroinflammation, altered brain glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and amyloidosis are biological events found in those neurological disorders. Altered insulin-mediated signaling and brain glucose hypometabolism are characteristic signs observed in the brains of patients with certain neurological diseases, but also others such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular diseases. Thus, significant reductions in insulin receptor autophosphorylation and Akt kinase activity, and increased GSK-3 activity and insulin resistance, have been reported in these neurological diseases as contributing to the decline in cognitive function. Supporting this relationship is the fact that nasal and hippocampal insulin administration has been found to improve cognitive function. Additionally, brain glucose hypometabolism precedes the unmistakable clinical manifestations of some of these diseases by years, which may become a useful early biomarker. Deficiencies in the major pathways of oxidative energy metabolism have been reported in patients with several of these neurological diseases, which supports the hypothesis of their metabolic background. This review remarks on the significance of insulin and brain glucose metabolism alterations as keystone common pathogenic substrates for certain neurological diseases, highlighting new potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Blázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Enrique Blázquez,
| | | | - Yannick LeBaut-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Velázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis García-García
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Gómez-Oliver
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Ruiz-Albusac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pozo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
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Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Hibbs ML, Semple BD. Dysregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in microglia: shaping chronic neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:276. [PMID: 34838047 PMCID: PMC8627624 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are integral mediators of innate immunity within the mammalian central nervous system. Typical microglial responses are transient, intending to restore homeostasis by orchestrating the removal of pathogens and debris and the regeneration of damaged neurons. However, prolonged and persistent microglial activation can drive chronic neuroinflammation and is associated with neurodegenerative disease. Recent evidence has revealed that abnormalities in microglial signaling pathways involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) may contribute to altered microglial activity and exacerbated neuroimmune responses. In this scoping review, the known and suspected roles of PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia, both during health and pathological states, will be examined, and the key microglial receptors that induce PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia will be described. Since aberrant signaling is correlated with neurodegenerative disease onset, the relationship between maladapted PI3K-AKT signaling and the development of neurodegenerative disease will also be explored. Finally, studies in which microglial PI3K-AKT signaling has been modulated will be highlighted, as this may prove to be a promising therapeutic approach for the future treatment of a range of neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia.
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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Cinkir U, Bir LS, Topsakal S, Avci Cicek E, Tekin S. Investigation of blood leptin and adropin levels in patients with multiple sclerosis: A CONSORT-clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27247. [PMID: 34664869 PMCID: PMC8448068 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of adipokines have been investigated in multiple sclerosis (MS) in the literature. Results are uncertain, and subgroups like adropin have not been previously studied. We primarily aimed to determine leptin and adropin levels in MS and their potential use as a biomarker. METHODS This study was an experimental research. While 44 MS patients diagnosed according to McDonald criteria were included in the patient group, 40 people without MS diagnosis and risk factors took part in the control group. Demographic data, height, weight, body mass index, blood glucose, thyroid-stimulating hormone, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein, leptin, adropin levels, presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease were recorded. Expanded disability status scale and disease duration were also evaluated in the patient group. Our data were presented as mean ± standard deviations. RESULTS The mean blood leptin value of the patient group (6.12 ± 5.34 ng/mL) was significantly lower than the value of the control group (13.02 ± 8.25 ng/mL) (P < .001). The patient group had a mean adropin level of 504.12 ± 311.17 ng/mL, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (747.0 ± 309.42 ng/mL) (P < .001). Statistically insignificant differences were found between their body mass index, glucose, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, thyroid-stimulating hormone, low-density lipoprotein levels (P > .001). CONCLUSION This is the first study that has evaluated adropin levels in patients with MS. The relationship between MS and leptin levels is still unclear. Therefore, our study might be helpful to elucidate MS pathogenesis and provide supportive criteria for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Cinkir
- Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Senay Topsakal
- Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Selma Tekin
- Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
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12
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Sharma A, Mehan S. Targeting PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling in the prevention of autism. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105067. [PMID: 33992742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway represents an essential signaling mechanism for mammalian enzyme-related receptors in transducing signals or biological processes such as cell development, differentiation, cell survival, protein synthesis, and metabolism. Upregulation of the PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway involves many human brain abnormalities, including autism and other neurological dysfunctions. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with behavior and psychiatric illness. This research-based review discusses the functional relationship between the neuropathogenic factors associated with PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Ultimately causes autism-like conditions associated with genetic alterations, neuronal apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, inhibition of the PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may have an effective therapeutic value for autism treatment. The current review also summarizes the involvement of PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors in the treatment of autism and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
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Bergonzoni G, Döring J, Biagioli M. D1R- and D2R-Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons Diversity: Insights Into Striatal Vulnerability to Huntington's Disease Mutation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:628010. [PMID: 33642998 PMCID: PMC7902492 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.628010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by an aberrant expansion of the CAG tract within the exon 1 of the HD gene, HTT. HD progressively impairs motor and cognitive capabilities, leading to a total loss of autonomy and ultimate death. Currently, no cure or effective treatment is available to halt the disease. Although the HTT gene is ubiquitously expressed, the striatum appears to be the most susceptible district to the HD mutation with Medium-sized Spiny Neurons (MSNs) (D1R and D2R) representing 95% of the striatal neuronal population. Why are striatal MSNs so vulnerable to the HD mutation? Particularly, why do D1R- and D2R-MSNs display different susceptibility to HD? Here, we highlight significant differences between D1R- and D2R-MSNs subpopulations, such as morphology, electrophysiology, transcriptomic, functionality, and localization in the striatum. We discuss possible reasons for their selective degeneration in the context of HD. Our review suggests that a better understanding of cell type-specific gene expression dysregulation within the striatum might reveal new paths to therapeutic intervention or prevention to ameliorate HD patients' life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Biagioli
- NeuroEpigenetics Laboratory, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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14
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Yu J, Cho E, Kwon H, Jeon J, Seong Sin J, Kwon Park J, Kim JS, Woong Choi J, Jin Park S, Jun M, Choon Lee Y, Hoon Ryu J, Lee J, Moon M, Lee S, Hyun Cho J, Hyun Kim D. Akt and calcium-permeable AMPA receptor are involved in the effect of pinoresinol on amyloid β-induced synaptic plasticity and memory deficits. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 184:114366. [PMID: 33310049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders characterized by memory deficits. Although no drug has given promising results, synaptic dysfunction-modulating agents might be considered potential candidates for alleviating this disorder. Pinoresinol, a lignan found in Forsythia suspensa, is a memory-enhancing agent with excitatory synaptic activation. In the present study, we tested whether pinoresinol reduces learning and memory and excitatory synaptic deficits in an amyloid β (Aβ)-induced AD-like mouse model. Pinoresinol enhanced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) through calcium-permeable AMPA receptor, which was mediated by Akt activation. Moreover, pinoresinol ameliorated LTP deficits in amyloid β (Aβ)-treated hippocampal slices via Akt signaling. Oral administration of pinoresinol ameliorated Aβ-induced memory deficits without sensory dysfunction. Moreover, AD-like pathology, including neuroinflammation and synaptic deficit, were ameliorated by pinoresinol administration. Collectively, pinoresinol may be a good candidate for AD therapy by modulating synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yu
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Cho
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiyoung Kwon
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Jeon
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seong Sin
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kwon Park
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56216, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Choon Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Anti-viral Drug Discovery, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Anti-viral Drug Discovery, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Karaaslan Z, Kahraman ÖT, Şanlı E, Ergen HA, Ulusoy C, Bilgiç B, Yılmaz V, Tüzün E, Hanağası HA, Küçükali Cİ. Inflammation and regulatory T cell genes are differentially expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson's disease patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2316. [PMID: 33504893 PMCID: PMC7841172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and healthy controls by microarray technology and analysis of related molecular pathways by functional annotation. Thirty PD patients and 30 controls were enrolled. Agilent Human 8X60 K Oligo Microarray was used for gene level expression identification. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were used for functional annotation of DEGs. Protein–protein interaction analyses were performed with STRING. Expression levels of randomly selected DEGs were quantified by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for validation. Flow cytometry was done to determine frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in PBMC. A total of 361 DEGs (143 upregulated and 218 downregulated) were identified after GeneSpring analysis. DEGs were involved in 28 biological processes, 12 cellular components and 26 molecular functions. Pathway analyses demonstrated that upregulated genes mainly enriched in p53 (CASP3, TSC2, ATR, MDM4, CCNG1) and PI3K/Akt (IL2RA, IL4R, TSC2, VEGFA, PKN2, PIK3CA, ITGA4, BCL2L11) signaling pathways. TP53 and PIK3CA were identified as most significant hub proteins. Expression profiles obtained by RT-PCR were consistent with microarray findings. PD patients showed increased proportions of CD49d+ Tregs, which correlated with disability scores. Survival pathway genes were upregulated putatively to compensate neuronal degeneration. Bioinformatics analysis showed an association between survival and inflammation genes. Increased CD49d+ Treg ratios might signify the effort of the immune system to suppress ongoing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerrin Karaaslan
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Timirci Kahraman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Şanlı
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Arzu Ergen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Ulusoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Başar Bilgiç
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vuslat Yılmaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haşmet Ayhan Hanağası
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem İsmail Küçükali
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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16
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Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Ameliorates HAP40 Depletion-Induced Toxicity and Proteasomal Defect in Huntington's Disease Model. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2704-2723. [PMID: 33492644 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of polyglutamine stretch (polyQ) at the N-terminus of huntingtin (Htt) protein. The abnormally expanded polyQ stretch of mutant Htt makes it prone to aggregate, leading to neuropathology. HAP40 is a 40-kDa huntingtin-associated protein with undefined functions. HAP40 protein has been shown to increase in HD patients and HD mouse model cells. However, recent proteomic analysis provides new evidence that HAP40 protein is decreased in the striatum of HD knockin model mice. In this study, we developed HAP40-specific antibody and showed that both HAP40 mRNA and its encoded protein were reduced in HD striatal neuronal STHDHQ111/Q111 cells. Depletion of endogenous HAP40 led to cytotoxicity that was linked to increased accumulation of aggregated and soluble forms of mutant Htt, which recapitulates HD pathology. Moreover, we found that HAP40 depletion reduced the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity and increased the autophagic flux. Importantly, inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway by PD169316 increased chymotrypsin-like activity and reduced accumulation of aggregated and soluble forms of mutant Htt in HAP40-depleted cells to alleviate HAP40-depletion induced cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results suggest that modulation of p38 MAPK-mediated proteasomal peptidase activity may provide a new therapeutic target to restore proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases.
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17
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Martín-Flores N, Pérez-Sisqués L, Creus-Muncunill J, Masana M, Ginés S, Alberch J, Pérez-Navarro E, Malagelada C. Synaptic RTP801 contributes to motor-learning dysfunction in Huntington's disease. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:569. [PMID: 32732871 PMCID: PMC7392897 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RTP801/REDD1 is a stress-responsive protein that mediates mutant huntingtin (mhtt) toxicity in cellular models and is up regulated in Huntington's disease (HD) patients' putamen. Here, we investigated whether RTP801 is involved in motor impairment in HD by affecting striatal synaptic plasticity. To explore this hypothesis, ectopic mhtt was over expressed in cultured rat primary neurons. Moreover, the protein levels of RTP801 were assessed in homogenates and crude synaptic fractions from human postmortem HD brains and mouse models of HD. Finally, striatal RTP801 expression was knocked down with adeno-associated viral particles containing a shRNA in the R6/1 mouse model of HD and motor learning was then tested. Ectopic mhtt elevated RTP801 in synapses of cultured neurons. RTP801 was also up regulated in striatal synapses from HD patients and mouse models. Knocking down RTP801 in the R6/1 mouse striatum prevented motor-learning impairment. RTP801 silencing normalized the Ser473 Akt hyperphosphorylation by downregulating Rictor and it induced synaptic elevation of calcium permeable GluA1 subunit and TrkB receptor levels, suggesting an enhancement in synaptic plasticity. These results indicate that mhtt-induced RTP801 mediates motor dysfunction in a HD murine model, revealing a potential role in the human disease. These findings open a new therapeutic framework focused on the RTP801/Akt/mTOR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Martín-Flores
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Leticia Pérez-Sisqués
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Creus-Muncunill
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Masana
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Ginés
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Pérez-Navarro
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Malagelada
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Lontay B, Kiss A, Virág L, Tar K. How Do Post-Translational Modifications Influence the Pathomechanistic Landscape of Huntington's Disease? A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124282. [PMID: 32560122 PMCID: PMC7349273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of motor control and cognitive ability, which eventually leads to death. The mutant huntingtin protein (HTT) exhibits an expansion of a polyglutamine repeat. The mechanism of pathogenesis is still not fully characterized; however, evidence suggests that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of HTT and upstream and downstream proteins of neuronal signaling pathways are involved. The determination and characterization of PTMs are essential to understand the mechanisms at work in HD, to define possible therapeutic targets better, and to challenge the scientific community to develop new approaches and methods. The discovery and characterization of a panoply of PTMs in HTT aggregation and cellular events in HD will bring us closer to understanding how the expression of mutant polyglutamine-containing HTT affects cellular homeostasis that leads to the perturbation of cell functions, neurotoxicity, and finally, cell death. Hence, here we review the current knowledge on recently identified PTMs of HD-related proteins and their pathophysiological relevance in the formation of abnormal protein aggregates, proteolytic dysfunction, and alterations of mitochondrial and metabolic pathways, neuroinflammatory regulation, excitotoxicity, and abnormal regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Andrea Kiss
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Tar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-412345
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19
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Rea S, Della-Morte D, Pacifici F, Capuani B, Pastore D, Coppola A, Arriga R, Andreadi A, Donadel G, Di Daniele N, Bellia A, Lauro D. Insulin and Exendin-4 Reduced Mutated Huntingtin Accumulation in Neuronal Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:779. [PMID: 32547392 PMCID: PMC7270204 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are more prone to develop cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. A pathological association between an autosomal dominant neurological disorder caused by brain accumulation in mutated huntingtin (mHTT), known as Huntington disease (HD), and DM, has been reported. By using a diabetic mouse model, we previously suggested a central role of the metabolic pathways of HTT, further suggesting the relevance of this protein in the pathology of DM. Furthermore, it has also been reported that intranasal insulin (Ins) administration improved cognitive function in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease, and that exendin-4 (Ex-4) enhanced lifespan and ameliorated glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of HD. Although antioxidant properties have been proposed, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still missing. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the intracellular pathways leading to neuroprotective effect of Ins and Ex-4 hypoglycemic drugs by using an in vitro model of HD, developed by differentiated dopaminergic neurons treated with the pro-oxidant neurotoxic compound 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ohda). Our results showed that 6-ohda increased mHTT expression and reduced HTT phosphorylation at Ser421, a post-translational modification, which protects against mHTT accumulation. Pre-treatment with Ins or Ex-4 reverted the harmful effect induced by 6-ohda by activating AKT1 and SGK1 kinases, and by reducing the phosphatase PP2B. AKT1 and SGK1 are crucial nodes on the Ins activation pathway and powerful antioxidants, while PP2B dephosphorylates HTT contributing to mHTT neurotoxic effect. In conclusion, present results highlight that Ins and Ex-4 may counteract the neurotoxic effect induced by mHTT, opening novel pharmacological therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative disorders, with the main focus on HD, still considered an orphan illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rea
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Francesca Pacifici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Capuani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Pastore
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Coppola
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Arriga
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Donadel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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20
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Bruyère J, Abada YS, Vitet H, Fontaine G, Deloulme JC, Cès A, Denarier E, Pernet-Gallay K, Andrieux A, Humbert S, Potier MC, Delatour B, Saudou F. Presynaptic APP levels and synaptic homeostasis are regulated by Akt phosphorylation of huntingtin. eLife 2020; 9:56371. [PMID: 32452382 PMCID: PMC7269668 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested that amyloid precursor protein (APP) regulates synaptic homeostasis, but the evidence has not been consistent. In particular, signaling pathways controlling APP transport to the synapse in axons and dendrites remain to be identified. Having previously shown that Huntingtin (HTT), the scaffolding protein involved in Huntington’s disease, regulates neuritic transport of APP, we used a microfluidic corticocortical neuronal network-on-a-chip to examine APP transport and localization to the pre- and post-synaptic compartments. We found that HTT, upon phosphorylation by the Ser/Thr kinase Akt, regulates APP transport in axons but not dendrites. Expression of an unphosphorylatable HTT decreased axonal anterograde transport of APP, reduced presynaptic APP levels, and increased synaptic density. Ablating in vivo HTT phosphorylation in APPPS1 mice, which overexpress APP, reduced presynaptic APP levels, restored synapse number and improved learning and memory. The Akt-HTT pathway and axonal transport of APP thus regulate APP presynaptic levels and synapse homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bruyère
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Yah-Se Abada
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Vitet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Gaëlle Fontaine
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Deloulme
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélia Cès
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Eric Denarier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Karin Pernet-Gallay
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Humbert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Delatour
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Saudou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
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21
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Pennuto M, Pandey UB, Polanco MJ. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in motor neuron and polyglutamine diseases: From molecular pathogenesis to therapeutic perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100821. [PMID: 32006533 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic peptide insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) regulates human body homeostasis and cell growth. IGF-I activates two major signaling pathways, namely phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which contribute to brain development, metabolism and function as well as to neuronal maintenance and survival. In this review, we discuss the general and tissue-specific effects of the IGF-I pathways. In addition, we present a comprehensive overview examining the role of IGF-I in neurodegenerative diseases, such as spinal and muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and polyglutamine diseases. In each disease, we analyze the disturbances of the IGF-I pathway, the modification of the disease protein by IGF-I signaling, and the therapeutic strategies based on the use of IGF-I developed to date. Lastly, we highlight present and future considerations in the use of IGF-I for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DBS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), 35131 Padova, Italy; Myology Center (CIR-Myo), 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - María José Polanco
- Department of Pharmaceutic and Health Science, University San Pablo CEU, Campus Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Neuroinflammation in CNS diseases: Molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of plant derived bioactive molecules. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Starr CR, Nyankerh CNA, Qi X, Hu Y, Gorbatyuk OS, Sonenberg N, Boulton ME, Gorbatyuk MS. Role of Translational Attenuation in Inherited Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4849-4857. [PMID: 31747684 PMCID: PMC6871337 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We reported previously that retinas of mice with inherited retinal degeneration make less protein than retinas of normal mice. Despite recent studies suggesting that diminished protein synthesis rates may contribute to neurologic disorders, a direct link between protein synthesis rates and the progression of neurodegeneration has not been established. Moreover, it remains unclear whether reduced protein synthesis could be involved in retinal pathogenesis. Dysregulation of AKT/mTOR signaling has been reported in the retina during retinal degeneration, but to what extent this signaling contributes to translational attenuation in these mice remains uncertain. Methods C57BL/6J and rd16 mice were subcutaneously injected with anisomycin to chronically inhibit protein synthesis rates. An AAV2 construct encoding constitutively active 4ebp1 was subretinally delivered in wildtype animals to lower protein synthesis rates. 4ebp1/2 were knocked out in rd16 mice. Results Anisomycin treatment lowered retinal translation rates, accelerated retinal degeneration in rd16 mice, and initiated cell death in the retinas of C57BL/6J mice. AAV-mediated transfer of constitutively active 4ebp1-4A into the subretinal space of wildtype animals inhibited protein synthesis, and led to reduced electroretinography amplitudes and fewer ONL nuclei. Finally, we report that restoring protein synthesis rates by knocking out 4ebp1/2 was associated with an approximately 2-fold increase in rhodopsin levels and a delay in retinal degeneration in rd16 mice. Conclusions Our study indicates that protein synthesis inhibition is likely not a cell defense mechanism in the retina by which deteriorating photoreceptors survive, but may be harmful to degenerating retinas, and that restoring protein synthesis may have therapeutic potential in delaying the progression of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Starr
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Cyril N A Nyankerh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Xiaoping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Vision Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Oleg S Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael E Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Vision Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Marina S Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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24
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Treadmill exercise rescues mitochondrial function and motor behavior in the CAG140 knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 315:108907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Manganese Acts upon Insulin/IGF Receptors to Phosphorylate AKT and Increase Glucose Uptake in Huntington's Disease Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1570-1593. [PMID: 31797328 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in insulin/IGF signaling and manganese (Mn2+) uptake and signaling have been separately reported in Huntington's disease (HD) models. Insulin/IGF supplementation ameliorates HD phenotypes via upregulation of AKT, a known Mn2+-responsive kinase. Limited evidence both in vivo and in purified biochemical systems suggest Mn2+ enhances insulin/IGF receptor (IR/IGFR), an upstream tyrosine kinase of AKT. Conversely, Mn2+ deficiency impairs insulin release and associated glucose tolerance in vivo. Here, we test the hypothesis that Mn2+-dependent AKT signaling is predominantly mediated by direct Mn2+ activation of the insulin/IGF receptors, and HD-related impairments in insulin/IGF signaling are due to HD genotype-associated deficits in Mn2+ bioavailability. We examined the combined effects of IGF-1 and/or Mn2+ treatments on AKT signaling in multiple HD cellular models. Mn2+ treatment potentiates p-IGFR/IR-dependent AKT phosphorylation under physiological (1 nM) or saturating (10 nM) concentrations of IGF-1 directly at the level of intracellular activation of IGFR/IR. Using a multi-pharmacological approach, we find that > 70-80% of Mn2+-associated AKT signaling across rodent and human neuronal cell models is specifically dependent on IR/IGFR, versus other signaling pathways upstream of AKT activation. Mn2+-induced p-IGFR and p-AKT were diminished in HD cell models, and, consistent with our hypothesis, were rescued by co-treatment of Mn2+ and IGF-1. Lastly, Mn2+-induced IGF signaling can modulate HD-relevant biological processes, as the reduced glucose uptake in HD STHdh cells was partially reversed by Mn2+ supplementation. Our data demonstrate that Mn2+ supplementation increases peak IGFR/IR-induced p-AKT likely via direct effects on IGFR/IR, consistent with its role as a cofactor, and suggests reduced Mn2+ bioavailability contributes to impaired IGF signaling and glucose uptake in HD models.
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26
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Gracia L, Lora G, Blair LJ, Jinwal UK. Therapeutic Potential of the Hsp90/Cdc37 Interaction in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1263. [PMID: 31824256 PMCID: PMC6882380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's are devastating neurodegenerative diseases that are prevalent in the aging population. Patient care costs continue to rise each year, because there is currently no cure or disease modifying treatments for these diseases. Numerous efforts have been made to understand the molecular interactions governing the disease development. These efforts have revealed that the phosphorylation of proteins by kinases may play a critical role in the aggregation of disease-associated proteins, which is thought to contribute to neurodegeneration. Interestingly, a molecular chaperone complex consisting of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) and Cell Division Cycle 37 (Cdc37) has been shown to regulate the maturation of many of these kinases as well as regulate some disease-associated proteins directly. Thus, the Hsp90/Cdc37 complex may represent a potential drug target for regulating proteins linked to neurodegenerative diseases, through both direct and indirect interactions. Herein, we discuss the broad understanding of many Hsp90/Cdc37 pathways and how this protein complex may be a useful target to regulate the progression of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Gracia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida-Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Gabriella Lora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida-Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Laura J. Blair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Umesh K. Jinwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida-Health, Tampa, FL, United States
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27
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Kesharwani R, Sarmah D, Kaur H, Mounika L, Verma G, Pabbala V, Kotian V, Kalia K, Borah A, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Interplay between Mitophagy and Inflammasomes in Neurological Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2195-2208. [PMID: 30917655 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy and inflammasomes have a pivotal role in the development of neuropathology. Molecular mechanisms behind mitophagy and inflammasomes are well-understood, but lacunae prevail in understanding the crosstalk between them in various neurological disorders. As mitochondrial dysfunction is the prime event in neurodegeneration, the clearance of impaired mitochondria is one of the main tasks for maintaining cell integrity in the majority of neuropathologies. Along with it, inflammasome activation also plays a major role, which is usually followed by mitochondrial dysfunction. The present review highlights basics of autophagy, mitophagy, and inflammasomes and the molecular mechanisms involved, and more importantly, it tries to elaborate the interplay between mitophagy and inflammasomes in various neurological disorders. This will help in upgrading the reader's understanding in exploring the link between mitophagy and inflammasomes, which has dealt with limitations in past studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382 355, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382 355, Gujarat, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382 355, Gujarat, India
| | - Leela Mounika
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382 355, Gujarat, India
| | - Geetesh Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382 355, Gujarat, India
| | - Veeresh Pabbala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382 355, Gujarat, India
| | - Vignesh Kotian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382 355, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382 355, Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar-788 011, Assam, India
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382 355, Gujarat, India
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Di Pardo A, Castaldo S, Amico E, Pepe G, Marracino F, Capocci L, Giovannelli A, Madonna M, van Bergeijk J, Buttari F, van der Kam E, Maglione V. Stimulation of S1PR5 with A-971432, a selective agonist, preserves blood-brain barrier integrity and exerts therapeutic effect in an animal model of Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2490-2501. [PMID: 29688337 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder for which no effective cure is yet available. Although several agents have been identified to provide benefits so far, the number of therapeutic options remains limited with only symptomatic treatment available. Over the past few years, we have demonstrated that sphingolipid-based approaches may open the door to new and more targeted treatments for the disease. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of stimulating sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 5 by the new selective agonist A-971432 (provided by AbbVie) in R6/2 mice, a widely used HD animal model. Chronic administration of low-dose (0.1 mg/kg) A-971432 slowed down the progression of the disease and significantly prolonged lifespan in symptomatic R6/2 mice. Such beneficial effects were associated with activation of pro-survival pathways (BDNF, AKT and ERK) and with reduction of mutant huntingtin aggregation. A-971432 also protected blood-brain barrier (BBB) homeostasis in the same mice. Interestingly, when administered early in the disease, before any overt symptoms, A-971432 completely protected HD mice from the classic progressive motor deficit and preserved BBB integrity. Beside representing a promising strategy to take into consideration for the development of alternative therapeutic options for HD, selective stimulation of S1P receptor 5 may be also seen as an effective approach to target brain vasculature defects in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Di Pardo
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Enrico Amico
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pepe
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Luca Capocci
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Buttari
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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Kwakye GF, Jiménez JA, Thomas MG, Kingsley BA, McIIvin M, Saito MA, Korley EM. Heterozygous huntingtin promotes cadmium neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration in striatal cells via altered metal transport and protein kinase C delta dependent oxidative stress and apoptosis signaling mechanisms. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:48-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Zhang Y, Gong XG, Sun HM, Guo ZY, Hu JH, Wang YY, Feng WD, Li L, Li P, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Da-Bu-Yin-Wan Improves the Ameliorative Effect of DJ-1 on Mitochondrial Dysfunction Through Augmenting the Akt Phosphorylation in a Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1206. [PMID: 30405418 PMCID: PMC6200911 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Da-Bu-Yin-Wan (DBYW) is recorded originally in China over six centuries ago, and it is used to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD) clinically in recent decades. DJ-1 is a homodimeric protein linked to early-onset PD, and found in the mitochondria. In addition, DJ-1 could protect the cells by regulating gene transcription and modulating the Akt signal pathways. Therefore, in this research, we aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of DBYW on mitochondria in the view of the DJ-1 and Akt signaling. Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line PC-12 was transfected with the plasmid pcDNA3-Flag-DJ-1 (pDJ-1). Subsequently, PC-12 cells were exposed to the PD-related mitochondrial toxin (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) without/with the DBYW. After transfected with the plasmid pDJ-1, the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced toxicity was decreased, and the DJ-1 expression in protein level was increased. DJ-1 overexpression not only increased the mitochondrial mass, but also improved the total ATP content. Moreover, Akt phosphorylation was augmented by DJ-1 overexpression. Additionally, DBYW enhanced the above effects. Conclusively, these findings indicate that DBYW promotes the ameliorative effects of DJ-1 on mitochondrial dysfunction at least through augmenting the Akt phosphorylation in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-treated PC-12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Gong
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,College of Special Education, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Hong Hu
- Center for Scientific Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Di Feng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Neuroscience Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Neuroscience Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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31
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Simmons DA. Modulating Neurotrophin Receptor Signaling as a Therapeutic Strategy for Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2018; 6:303-325. [PMID: 29254102 PMCID: PMC5757655 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansions in the IT15 gene which encodes the huntingtin (HTT) protein. Currently, no treatments capable of preventing or slowing disease progression exist. Disease modifying therapeutics for HD would be expected to target a comprehensive set of degenerative processes given the diverse mechanisms contributing to HD pathogenesis including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and transcription dysregulation. A major contributor to HD-related degeneration is mutant HTT-induced loss of neurotrophic support. Thus, neurotrophin (NT) receptors have emerged as therapeutic targets in HD. The considerable overlap between NT signaling networks and those dysregulated by mutant HTT provides strong theoretical support for this approach. This review will focus on the contributions of disrupted NT signaling in HD-related neurodegeneration and how targeting NT receptors to augment pro-survival signaling and/or to inhibit degenerative signaling may combat HD pathologies. Therapeutic strategies involving NT delivery, peptidomimetics, and the targeting of specific NT receptors (e.g., Trks or p75NTR), particularly with small molecule ligands, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Simmons
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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32
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Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 30072954 PMCID: PMC6060268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for treatments for neurodegenerative diseases is a major concern in light of today's aging population and an increasing burden on individuals, families, and society. Although great advances have been made in the last decades to understand the underlying genetic and biological cause of these diseases, only some symptomatic treatments are available. Metformin has long since been used to treat Type 2 Diabetes and has been shown to be beneficial in several other conditions. Metformin is well-tested in vitro and in vivo and an approved compound that targets diverse pathways including mitochondrial energy production and insulin signaling. There is growing evidence for the benefits of metformin to counteract age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss evidence showing that certain neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes are explicitly linked and that metformin along with other diabetes drugs can reduce neurological symptoms in some patients and reduce disease phenotypes in animal and cell models. An interesting therapeutic factor might be how metformin is able to balance survival and death signaling in cells through pathways that are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy neurons, these overarching signals keep energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and proteostasis in check, avoiding the dysfunction and neuronal death that defines neurodegenerative disease. We will discuss the biological mechanisms involved and the relevance of neuronal vulnerability and potential difficulties for future trials and development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia C. Fitzgerald
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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33
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Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 30072954 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00400/xml/nlm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for treatments for neurodegenerative diseases is a major concern in light of today's aging population and an increasing burden on individuals, families, and society. Although great advances have been made in the last decades to understand the underlying genetic and biological cause of these diseases, only some symptomatic treatments are available. Metformin has long since been used to treat Type 2 Diabetes and has been shown to be beneficial in several other conditions. Metformin is well-tested in vitro and in vivo and an approved compound that targets diverse pathways including mitochondrial energy production and insulin signaling. There is growing evidence for the benefits of metformin to counteract age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss evidence showing that certain neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes are explicitly linked and that metformin along with other diabetes drugs can reduce neurological symptoms in some patients and reduce disease phenotypes in animal and cell models. An interesting therapeutic factor might be how metformin is able to balance survival and death signaling in cells through pathways that are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy neurons, these overarching signals keep energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and proteostasis in check, avoiding the dysfunction and neuronal death that defines neurodegenerative disease. We will discuss the biological mechanisms involved and the relevance of neuronal vulnerability and potential difficulties for future trials and development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia C Fitzgerald
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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34
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Liu Y, Qiao F, Leiferman PC, Ross A, Schlenker EH, Wang H. FOXOs modulate proteasome activity in human-induced pluripotent stem cells of Huntington's disease and their derived neural cells. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4416-4428. [PMID: 28973411 PMCID: PMC6075623 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been speculated that proteasome dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, how proteasome activity is regulated in HD affected stem cells and somatic cells remains largely unclear. To better understand the pathogenesis of HD, we analyzed proteasome activity and the expression of FOXO transcription factors in three wild-type (WT) and three HD induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. HD iPSCs exhibited elevated proteasome activity and higher levels of FOXO1 and FOXO4 proteins. Knockdown of FOXO4 but not FOXO1 expression decreased proteasome activity. Following neural differentiation, the HD-iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) demonstrated lower levels of proteasome activity and FOXO expressions than their WT counterparts. More importantly, overexpression of FOXO4 but not FOXO1 in HD NPCs dramatically enhanced proteasome activity. When HD NPCs were further differentiated into DARPP32-positive neurons, these HD neurons were more susceptible to death than WT neurons and formed Htt aggregates under the condition of oxidative stress. Similar to HD NPCs, HD-iPSC-derived neurons showed reduced proteasome activity and diminished FOXO4 expression compared to WT-iPSC-derived neurons. Furthermore, HD iPSCs had lower AKT activities than WT iPSCs, whereas the neurons derived from HD iPSC had higher AKT activities than their WT counterparts. Inhibiting AKT activity increased both FOXO4 level and proteasome activity, indicating a potential role of AKT in regulating FOXO levels. These data suggest that FOXOs modulate proteasome activity, and thus represents a potentially valuable therapeutic target for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Liu
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Fangfang Qiao
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | | | - Alan Ross
- Sanford Medical Genetics Laboratory, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Evelyn H Schlenker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Hongmin Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Caterino M, Squillaro T, Montesarchio D, Giordano A, Giancola C, Melone MAB. Huntingtin protein: A new option for fixing the Huntington's disease countdown clock. Neuropharmacology 2018. [PMID: 29526547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a dreadful, incurable disorder. It springs from the autosomal dominant mutation in the first exon of the HTT gene, which encodes for the huntingtin protein (HTT) and results in progressive neurodegeneration. Thus far, all the attempted approaches to tackle the mutant HTT-induced toxicity causing this disease have failed. The mutant protein comes with the aberrantly expanded poly-glutamine tract. It is primarily to blame for the build-up of β-amyloid-like HTT aggregates, deleterious once broadened beyond the critical ∼35-37 repeats threshold. Recent experimental findings have provided valuable information on the molecular basis underlying this HTT-driven neurodegeneration. These findings indicate that the poly-glutamine siding regions and many post-translation modifications either abet or counter the poly-glutamine tract. This review provides an overall, up-to-date insight into HTT biophysics and structural biology, particularly discussing novel pharmacological options to specifically target the mutated protein and thus inhibit its functions and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caterino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Tiziana Squillaro
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences, and Aging, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy; InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Concetta Giancola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.
| | - Mariarosa A B Melone
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences, and Aging, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy; InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Chang KH, Wu YR, Chen CM. Down-regulation of miR-9* in the peripheral leukocytes of Huntington's disease patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:185. [PMID: 29258536 PMCID: PMC5737985 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington’s disease (HD), caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract within HUNTINGTIN (HTT) protein, is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease associated with a progressive neurodegeneration of striatum and cerebral cortex. Although a few studies have identified substantial microRNA (miRNA) alterations in central nervous tissues from HD patients, it will be more accessible to employ these molecular changes in peripheral tissues as biomarkers for HD. Methods We examined the expression levels of 13 miRNAs (miR-1, mirR-9, miR-9*, miR-10b, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-124a, miR-132, miR-155, miR-196a, miR-196b, miR-330 and miR-615), 10 of which previously demonstrated alterations and 3 of which are potential regulators of differentially-expressed genes in brains of HD patients, in the peripheral leukocytes of 36 HD patients, 8 pre-symptomatic HD carriers and 28 healthy controls. Results We found expression levels of miR-9* was significantly lower in HD patients compared with those in healthy controls, while other miRNAs did not show significant difference between these two groups. However, there was no significant correlation between Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scales (UHDRS) and levels of miR-9* in peripheral leukocytes of HD patients. Conclusion Our findings indicate the potential of miR-9* in peripheral leukocyte as a signature of neurodegeneration in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Altered Aconitase 2 Activity in Huntington's Disease Peripheral Blood Cells and Mouse Model Striatum. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112480. [PMID: 29160844 PMCID: PMC5713446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by an unstable cytosine adenine guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat expansion encoding a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Previously, we identified several up- and down-regulated protein molecules in the striatum of the Hdh(CAG)150 knock-in mice at 16 months of age, a mouse model which is modeling the early human HD stage. Among those molecules, aconitase 2 (Aco2) located in the mitochondrial matrix is involved in the energy generation and susceptible to increased oxidative stress that would lead to inactivation of Aco2 activity. In this study, we demonstrate decreased Aco2 protein level and activity in the brain of both Hdh(CAG)150 and R6/2 mice. Aco2 activity was decreased in striatum of Hdh(CAG)150 mice at 16 months of age as well as R6/2 mice at 7 to 13 weeks of age. Aco2 activity in the striatum of R6/2 mice could be restored by the anti-oxidant, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, supporting that decreased Aco2 activity in HD is probably caused by increased oxidative damage. Decreased Aco2 activity was further found in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of both HD patients and pre-symptomatic HD mutation (PreHD) carriers, while the decreased Aco2 protein level of PBMC was only present in HD patients. Aco2 activity correlated significantly with motor score, independence scale, and functional capacity of the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale as well as disease duration. Our study provides a potential biomarker to assess the disease status of HD patients and PreHD carriers.
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Arbez N, Ratovitski T, Roby E, Chighladze E, Stewart JC, Ren M, Wang X, Lavery DJ, Ross CA. Post-translational modifications clustering within proteolytic domains decrease mutant huntingtin toxicity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19238-19249. [PMID: 28972180 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.782300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused in large part by a polyglutamine expansion within the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) control and regulate many protein functions and cellular pathways, and PTMs of mutant Htt are likely important modulators of HD pathogenesis. Alterations of selected numbers of PTMs of Htt fragments have been shown to modulate Htt cellular localization and toxicity. In this study, we systematically introduced site-directed alterations in individual phosphorylation and acetylation sites in full-length Htt constructs. The effects of each of these PTM alteration constructs were tested on cell toxicity using our nuclear condensation assay and on mitochondrial viability by measuring mitochondrial potential and size. Using these functional assays in primary neurons, we identified several PTMs whose alteration can block neuronal toxicity and prevent potential loss and swelling of the mitochondria caused by mutant Htt. These PTMs included previously described sites such as serine 116 and newly found sites such as serine 2652 throughout the protein. We found that these functionally relevant sites are clustered in protease-sensitive domains throughout full-length Htt. These findings advance our understanding of the Htt PTM code and its role in HD pathogenesis. Because PTMs are catalyzed by enzymes, the toxicity-modulating Htt PTMs identified here may be promising therapeutic targets for managing HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Arbez
- From the Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
| | - Tamara Ratovitski
- From the Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Elaine Roby
- From the Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Ekaterine Chighladze
- From the Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Jacqueline C Stewart
- From the Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Mark Ren
- the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- From the Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Daniel J Lavery
- the CHDI Foundation/CHDI Management Inc., Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Christopher A Ross
- From the Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, .,the Department of Neurology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and.,the Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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Davis SM, Pennypacker KR. The role of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in neuroprotective signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:50-57. [PMID: 28827150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several neurotropic cytokines relay their signaling through the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor. This 190kDa subunit couples with the 130kDa gp130 subunit to transduce intracellular signaling in neurons and oligodendrocytes that leads to expression of genes associated with neurosurvival. Moreover, activation of this receptor alters the phenotype of immune cells to an anti-inflammatory one. Although cytokines that activate the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor have been studied in the context of neurodegenerative disease, therapeutic targeting of the specific receptor subunit has been understudied in by comparison. This review examines the role of this receptor in the CNS and immune system, and its application in the treatment in stroke and other brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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Kim E, Ahn H, Kim MG, Lee H, Kim S. The Expanding Significance of Inositol Polyphosphate Multikinase as a Signaling Hub. Mol Cells 2017; 40:315-321. [PMID: 28554203 PMCID: PMC5463039 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inositol polyphosphates are a group of multifunctional signaling metabolites whose synthesis is catalyzed by a family of inositol kinases that are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) was first identified as a subunit of the arginine-responsive transcription complex in budding yeast. In addition to its role in the production of inositol tetrakis- and pentakisphosphates (IP4 and IP5), IPMK also exhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) activity. Through its PI3-kinase activity, IPMK activates Akt/PKB and its downstream signaling pathways. IPMK also regulates several protein targets non-catalytically via protein-protein interactions. These non-catalytic targets include cytosolic signaling factors and transcription factors in the nucleus. In this review, we highlight the many known functions of mammalian IPMK in controlling cellular signaling networks and discuss future challenges related to clarifying the unknown roles IPMK plays in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Hyoungjoon Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Min Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Haein Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
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Coarelli G, Diallo A, Thion MS, Rinaldi D, Calvas F, Boukbiza OL, Tataru A, Charles P, Tranchant C, Marelli C, Ewenczyk C, Tchikviladzé M, Monin ML, Carlander B, Anheim M, Brice A, Mochel F, Tezenas du Montcel S, Humbert S, Durr A. Low cancer prevalence in polyglutamine expansion diseases. Neurology 2017; 88:1114-1119. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases are dominantly transmitted neurologic disorders, caused by coding and expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats. Cancer was reported retrospectively to be rare in patients with PolyQ diseases and we aimed to investigate its prevalence in France.Methods:Consecutive patients with Huntington disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) were questioned about cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and related risk factors in 4 university hospitals in Paris, Toulouse, Strasbourg, and Montpellier. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR), based on age- and sex-adjusted rate of the French population, were assessed for different types of cancer.Results:We questioned 372 patients with HD and 134 patients with SCA. SIR showed significantly reduced risk of cancer in HD: 23 observed cases vs 111.05 expected ones (SIR 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13–0.31), as well as in SCA: 7 observed cases vs 34.73 expected (SIR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08–0.42). This was surprising since risk behavior for cancer was increased in these patients, with significantly greater tobacco and alcohol consumption in patients with HD vs patients with SCA (p < 0.0056). There was no association between CAG repeat size and cancer or cardiovascular disease. However, in patients with HD, skin cancers were more frequent than expected (5 vs 0.98, SIR 5.11, 95% CI 1.65–11.95).Conclusions:There was a decreased cancer rate in PolyQ diseases despite high incidence of risk factors. Intriguingly, skin cancer incidence was higher, suggesting a crosstalk between neurodegeneration and skin tumorigenesis.
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Tejeda GS, Díaz-Guerra M. Integral Characterization of Defective BDNF/TrkB Signalling in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders Leads the Way to New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020268. [PMID: 28134845 PMCID: PMC5343804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling has great potential in therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders. This neurotrophin not only attenuates cell death but also promotes neuronal plasticity and function. However, an important challenge to this approach is the persistence of aberrant neurotrophic signalling due to a defective function of the BDNF high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), or downstream effectors. Such changes have been already described in several disorders, but their importance as pathological mechanisms has been frequently underestimated. This review highlights the relevance of an integrative characterization of aberrant BDNF/TrkB pathways for the rational design of therapies that by combining BDNF and TrkB targets could efficiently promote neurotrophic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo S Tejeda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Margarita Díaz-Guerra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Huntingtin polyQ Mutation Impairs the 17β-Estradiol/Neuroglobin Pathway Devoted to Neuron Survival. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6634-6646. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yeung PKK, Lai AKW, Son HJ, Zhang X, Hwang O, Chung SSM, Chung SK. Aldose reductase deficiency leads to oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss and autophagic abnormality in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 50:119-133. [PMID: 27960106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungicide exposure causes degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and contributes to Parkinson's disease (PD). Benomyl inhibits enzymes responsible for detoxifying the reactive dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Aldose reductase (AR) is known as tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) reductase that generates BH4, a cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) involved in dopamine synthesis. AR also acts as an aldehyde reductase involved in detoxifying 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. In PD patients, the level of AR is significantly lower in the cerebellum. To determine if AR deficiency contributes to PD, AR wild-type (AR+/+) and knockout (AR-/-) mice were administrated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl -1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The MPTP-treated AR-/- mice showed more severe behavioral deficits and brain damage than that of AR+/+ mice. Contrary to expectation, under normal or MPTP-treated condition, AR-/- mice showed a significant elevation of BH4 and dopamine in the midbrain, suggesting that either AR does not contribute to BH4 production, or other BH4 synthetic pathways are induced. The AR-/- brain showed upregulation of peroxynitrite, inducible nitric oxide synthase and downregulation of antioxidant enzymes, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), which indicate an increase in oxidative stress. In line with the animal data, pretreating the SH-SY5Y cells with AR inhibitors (Fidarestat or Epalrestat) before MPP+ treatment, increased severe cell death and mitochondrial fragmentation with downregulation of SOD were observed when compared to the MPP+ treatment alone. Cycloxygenase 2 (COX2), which can lead to the oxidation of dopamine, was upregulated in AR-/- brains. Autophagic proteins, beclin-1 and LC3B were also downregulated. The loss of dopaminergic neurons was associated with activation of p-ERK1/2. These findings suggest that AR plays an important role in protecting dopaminergic neuron against neurotoxic metabolites in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K K Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Angela K W Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hyo Jin Son
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Onyou Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Stephen S M Chung
- Division of Science and Technology, United International College, Zhuhai, Guandong, China
| | - Sookja K Chung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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45
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Simmons DA, Belichenko NP, Ford EC, Semaan S, Monbureau M, Aiyaswamy S, Holman CM, Condon C, Shamloo M, Massa SM, Longo FM. A small molecule p75NTR ligand normalizes signalling and reduces Huntington's disease phenotypes in R6/2 and BACHD mice. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4920-4938. [PMID: 28171570 PMCID: PMC5418739 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreases in the ratio of neurotrophic versus neurodegenerative signalling play a critical role in Huntington’s disease (HD) pathogenesis and recent evidence suggests that the p75 neurotrophin receptor (NTR) contributes significantly to disease progression. p75NTR signalling intermediates substantially overlap with those promoting neuronal survival and synapse integrity and with those affected by the mutant huntingtin (muHtt) protein. MuHtt increases p75NTR-associated deleterious signalling and decreases survival signalling suggesting that p75NTR could be a valuable therapeutic target. This hypothesis was investigated by examining the effects of an orally bioavailable, small molecule p75NTR ligand, LM11A-31, on HD-related neuropathology in HD mouse models (R6/2, BACHD). LM11A-31 restored striatal AKT and other pro-survival signalling while inhibiting c-Jun kinase (JNK) and other degenerative signalling. Normalizing p75NTR signalling with LM11A-31 was accompanied by reduced Htt aggregates and striatal cholinergic interneuron degeneration as well as extended survival in R6/2 mice. The p75NTR ligand also decreased inflammation, increased striatal and hippocampal dendritic spine density, and improved motor performance and cognition in R6/2 and BACHD mice. These results support small molecule modulation of p75NTR as an effective HD therapeutic strategy. LM11A-31 has successfully completed Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic clinical trials and is therefore a viable candidate for clinical studies in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Simmons
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Nadia P. Belichenko
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Ellen C. Ford
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Sarah Semaan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Marie Monbureau
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences
| | - Sruti Aiyaswamy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Cameron M. Holman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Christina Condon
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M. Massa
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory for Computational Neurochemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frank M. Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
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Procaccini C, Santopaolo M, Faicchia D, Colamatteo A, Formisano L, de Candia P, Galgani M, De Rosa V, Matarese G. Role of metabolism in neurodegenerative disorders. Metabolism 2016; 65:1376-90. [PMID: 27506744 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increase in life expectancy over the last century, the prevalence of age-related disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases continues to rise. This is the case of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases and Multiple sclerosis, which are chronic disorders characterized by neuronal loss in motor, sensory or cognitive systems. Accumulating evidence has suggested the presence of a strong correlation between metabolic changes and neurodegeneration. Indeed epidemiologic studies have shown strong associations between obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration, while animal models have provided insights into the complex relationships between these conditions. In this context, hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, insulin and IGF-1 seem to play a key role in the regulation of neuronal damage, toxic insults and several other neurodegenerative processes. This review aims to presenting the most recent evidence supporting the crosstalk linking energy metabolism and neurodegeneration, and will focus on metabolic manipulation as a possible therapeutic tool in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marianna Santopaolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Deriggio Faicchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Unità di NeuroImmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Divisione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131, Napoli, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes - Beneficial effects of glatiramer acetate in the R6/2 and YAC128 mouse models of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 285:12-23. [PMID: 27587303 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a FDA-approved drug which is licensed for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and which may exert neuroprotective effects via brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In this study, we investigate effects of GA on BDNF expression especially in astrocytes in vitro and in vivo in brains of R6/2 and YAC128 transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) where a pathogenic role of astroglial cells has recently been shown. We show that GA increases the expression of functionally active BDNF in astrocyte culture and in astrocytes of GA treated HD mice. In the brains of these mice, GA decreases neurodegeneration and restores BDNF levels. The beneficial effect of GA in R6/2 mice also comprises reduced weight loss and prolonged life span and, for both models, also improved motor performance. Further studies with this safe and effective drug in HD are warranted.
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Neuroimmunology of Huntington's Disease: Revisiting Evidence from Human Studies. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8653132. [PMID: 27578922 PMCID: PMC4992798 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8653132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, which leads to progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disorders. Although the cause of HD is well described—HD is a genetic disorder caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion in the gene encoding for huntingtin (HTT) on chromosome 4p16.3—the ultimate cause of neuronal death is still uncertain. Apart from impairment in systems for handling abnormal proteins, other metabolic pathways and mechanisms might contribute to neurodegeneration and progression of HD. Among these, inflammation seems to play a role in HD pathogenesis. The current review summarizes the available evidence about immune and/or inflammatory changes in HD. HD is associated with increased inflammatory mediators in both the central nervous system and periphery. Accordingly, there have been some attempts to slow HD progression targeting the immune system.
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Geva M, Kusko R, Soares H, Fowler KD, Birnberg T, Barash S, -Wagner AM, Fine T, Lysaght A, Weiner B, Cha Y, Kolitz S, Towfic F, Orbach A, Laufer R, Zeskind B, Grossman I, Hayden MR. Pridopidine activates neuroprotective pathways impaired in Huntington Disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3975-3987. [PMID: 27466197 PMCID: PMC5291233 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pridopidine has demonstrated improvement in Huntington Disease (HD) motor symptoms as measured by secondary endpoints in clinical trials. Originally described as a dopamine stabilizer, this mechanism is insufficient to explain the clinical and preclinical effects of pridopidine. This study therefore explored pridopidine’s potential mechanisms of action. The effect of pridopidine versus sham treatment on genome-wide expression profiling in the rat striatum was analysed and compared to the pathological expression profile in Q175 knock-in (Q175 KI) vs Q25 WT mouse models. A broad, unbiased pathway analysis was conducted, followed by testing the enrichment of relevant pathways. Pridopidine upregulated the BDNF pathway (P = 1.73E-10), and its effect on BDNF secretion was sigma 1 receptor (S1R) dependent. Many of the same genes were independently found to be downregulated in Q175 KI mice compared to WT (5.2e-7 < P < 0.04). In addition, pridopidine treatment upregulated the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) response, D1R-associated genes and the AKT/PI3K pathway (P = 1E-10, P = 0.001, P = 0.004, respectively). Pridopidine upregulates expression of BDNF, D1R, GR and AKT/PI3K pathways, known to promote neuronal plasticity and survival, as well as reported to demonstrate therapeutic benefit in HD animal models. Activation of S1R, necessary for its effect on the BDNF pathway, represents a core component of the mode of action of pridopidine. Since the newly identified pathways are downregulated in neurodegenerative diseases, including HD, these findings suggest that pridopidine may exert neuroprotective effects beyond its role in alleviating some symptoms of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Geva
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Holly Soares
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Tal Birnberg
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Steve Barash
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Tania Fine
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aric Orbach
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Ralph Laufer
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Iris Grossman
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Shahjouei S, Ansari S, Pourmotabbed T, Zand R. Potential Roles of Adropin in Central Nervous System: Review of Current Literature. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:25. [PMID: 27446928 PMCID: PMC4921473 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adropin is a 4.9 kDa peptide that is important for maintenance of metabolic and non-metabolic homeostasis. It regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism and is involved in endothelial cell function and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase bioactivity as well as physical activity and motor coordination. Adropin is expressed in many tissues and organs including central nervous system (CNS). This peptide plays a crucial role in the development of various CNS disorders such as stroke, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder as well as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. In this comprehensive review, the potential roles of adropin in cellular signaling pathways that lead to pathogenesis and/or treatment of CNS disorders will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shahjouei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Ansari
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tayebeh Pourmotabbed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ramin Zand
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA; Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
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