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Williams AV, Peña CJ, Ramos-Maciel S, Laman-Maharg A, Ordoñez-Sanchez E, Britton M, Durbin-Johnson B, Settles M, Hao R, Yokoyama S, Xu C, Luo PX, Dwyer T, Bhela S, Black AM, Labonté B, Serafini RA, Ruiz A, Neve RL, Zachariou V, Nestler EJ, Trainor BC. Comparative Transcriptional Analyses in the Nucleus Accumbens Identifies RGS2 as a Key Mediator of Depression-Related Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:942-951. [PMID: 36075764 PMCID: PMC9794384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental illnesses worldwide, with a higher prevalence in women than in men. Although currently available pharmacological therapeutics help many individuals, they are not effective for most. Animal models have been important for the discovery of molecular alterations in stress and depression, but difficulties in adapting animal models of depression for females has impeded progress in developing novel therapeutic treatments that may be more efficacious for women. METHODS Using the California mouse social defeat model, we took a multidisciplinary approach to identify stress-sensitive molecular targets that have translational relevance for women. We determined the impact of stress on transcriptional profiles in male and female California mouse nucleus accumbens (NAc) and compared these results with data from postmortem samples of the NAc from men and women diagnosed with major depressive disorder. RESULTS Our cross-species computational analyses identified Rgs2 (regulator of G protein signaling 2) as a transcript downregulated by social defeat stress in female California mice and in women with major depressive disorder. RGS2 plays a key role in signal regulation of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter receptors. Viral vector-mediated overexpression of Rgs2 in the NAc restored social approach and sucrose preference in stressed female California mice. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that Rgs2 acting in the NAc has functional properties that translate to changes in anxiety- and depression-related behavior. Future studies should investigate whether targeting Rgs2 represents a novel target for treatment-resistant depression in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia V Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Catherine J Peña
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Evelyn Ordoñez-Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monica Britton
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Matt Settles
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Rebecca Hao
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sae Yokoyama
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christine Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Pei X Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Tjien Dwyer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Shanu Bhela
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Alexis M Black
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Benoit Labonté
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Randal Alex Serafini
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Anne Ruiz
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rachael L Neve
- Gene Delivery Technology Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Brian C Trainor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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2
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Dhukhwa A, Al Aameri RFH, Sheth S, Mukherjea D, Rybak L, Ramkumar V. Regulator of G protein signaling 17 represents a novel target for treating cisplatin induced hearing loss. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8116. [PMID: 33854102 PMCID: PMC8046767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) accelerate the GTPase activity of G proteins to enable rapid termination of the signals triggered by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Activation of several GPCRs, including cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) and adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR), protects against noise and drug-induced ototoxicity. One such drug, cisplatin, an anticancer agent used to treat various solid tumors, produces permanent hearing loss in experimental animals and in a high percentage of cancer patients who undergo treatments. In this study we show that cisplatin induces the expression of the RGS17 gene and increases the levels of RGS17 protein which contributes to a significant proportion of the hearing loss. Knockdown of RGS17 suppressed cisplatin-induced hearing loss in male Wistar rats, while overexpression of RGS17 alone produced hearing loss in vivo. Furthermore, RGS17 and CB2R negatively regulate the expression of each other. These data suggest that RGS17 mediates cisplatin ototoxicity by uncoupling cytoprotective GPCRs from their normal G protein interactions, thereby mitigating the otoprotective contributions of endogenous ligands of these receptors. Thus, RGS17 represents a novel mediator of cisplatin ototoxicity and a potential therapeutic target for treating hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Dhukhwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - Raheem F H Al Aameri
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - Sandeep Sheth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Larkin University College of Pharmacy, Miami, FL, 33169, USA
| | - Debashree Mukherjea
- Department of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - Leonard Rybak
- Department of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - Vickram Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA.
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3
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Delva NC, Stanwood GD. Dysregulation of brain dopamine systems in major depressive disorder. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1084-1093. [PMID: 33593109 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221991830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD or depression) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome with genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributions. Depression is one of the largest contributors to chronic disease burden; it affects more than one in six individuals in the United States. A wide array of cellular and molecular modifications distributed across a variety of neuronal processes and circuits underlie the pathophysiology of depression-no established mechanism can explain all aspects of the disease. MDD suffers from a vast treatment gap worldwide, and large numbers of individuals who require treatment do not receive adequate care. This mini-review focuses on dysregulation of brain dopamine (DA) systems in the pathophysiology of MDD and describing new cellular targets for potential medication development focused on DA-modulated micro-circuits. We also explore how neurodevelopmental factors may modify risk for later emergence of MDD, possibly through dopaminergic substrates in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nella C Delva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.,Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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4
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Michaelides M, Miller ML, Egervari G, Primeaux SD, Gomez JL, Ellis RJ, Landry JA, Szutorisz H, Hoffman AF, Lupica CR, Loos RJF, Thanos PK, Bray GA, Neumaier JF, Zachariou V, Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Hurd YL. Striatal Rgs4 regulates feeding and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2058-2069. [PMID: 29955167 PMCID: PMC6310669 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of high fat, high sugar (western) diets is a major contributor to the current high levels of obesity. Here, we used a multidisciplinary approach to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying susceptibility to diet-induced obesity (DIO). Using positron emission tomography (PET), we identified the dorsal striatum as the brain area most altered in DIO-susceptible rats and molecular studies within this region highlighted regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (Rgs4) within laser-capture micro-dissected striatonigral (SN) and striatopallidal (SP) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) as playing a key role. Rgs4 is a GTPase accelerating enzyme implicated in plasticity mechanisms of SP MSNs, which are known to regulate feeding and disturbances of which are associated with obesity. Compared to DIO-resistant rats, DIO-susceptible rats exhibited increased striatal Rgs4 with mRNA expression levels enriched in SP MSNs. siRNA-mediated knockdown of striatal Rgs4 in DIO-susceptible rats decreased food intake to levels comparable to DIO-resistant animals. Finally, we demonstrated that the human Rgs4 gene locus is associated with increased body weight and obesity susceptibility phenotypes, and that overweight humans exhibit increased striatal Rgs4 protein. Our findings highlight a novel role for involvement of Rgs4 in SP MSNs in feeding and DIO-susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Michaelides
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Biobehavioral Imaging & Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Biobehavioral Imaging & Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michael L Miller
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gabor Egervari
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stefany D Primeaux
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Juan L Gomez
- Biobehavioral Imaging & Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Randall J Ellis
- Biobehavioral Imaging & Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Joseph A Landry
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Henrietta Szutorisz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alexander F Hoffman
- Electrophysiology Research Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Carl R Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - John F Neumaier
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Departments of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Departments of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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5
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Collins AL, Saunders BT. Heterogeneity in striatal dopamine circuits: Form and function in dynamic reward seeking. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1046-1069. [PMID: 32056298 PMCID: PMC7183907 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The striatal dopamine system has long been studied in the context of reward learning, motivation, and movement. Given the prominent role dopamine plays in a variety of adaptive behavioral states, as well as diseases like addiction, it is essential to understand the full complexity of dopamine neurons and the striatal systems they target. A growing number of studies are uncovering details of the heterogeneity in dopamine neuron subpopulations. Here, we review that work to synthesize current understanding of dopamine system heterogeneity across three levels, anatomical organization, functions in behavior, and modes of action, wherein we focus on signaling profiles and local mechanisms for modulation of dopamine release. Together, these studies reveal new and emerging dimensions of the striatal dopamine system, informing its contribution to dynamic motivational and decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. Collins
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Medical Discovery Team on Addiction, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Benjamin T. Saunders
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Medical Discovery Team on Addiction, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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6
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Sakloth F, Polizu C, Bertherat F, Zachariou V. Regulators of G Protein Signaling in Analgesia and Addiction. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:739-750. [PMID: 32474445 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are multifunctional proteins expressed in peripheral and neuronal cells, playing critical roles in development, physiologic processes, and pharmacological responses. RGS proteins primarily act as GTPase accelerators for activated Gα subunits of G-protein coupled receptors, but they may also modulate signal transduction by several other mechanisms. Over the last two decades, preclinical work identified members of the RGS family with unique and critical roles in intracellular responses to drugs of abuse. New information has emerged on the mechanisms by which RGS proteins modulate the efficacy of opioid analgesics in a brain region- and agonist-selective fashion. There has also been progress in the understanding of the protein complexes and signal transduction pathways regulated by RGS proteins in addiction and analgesia circuits. In this review, we summarize findings on the mechanisms by which RGS proteins modulate functional responses to opioids in models of analgesia and addiction. We also discuss reports on the regulation and function of RGS proteins in models of psychostimulant addiction. Using information from preclinical studies performed over the last 20 years, we highlight the diverse mechanisms by which RGS protein complexes control plasticity in response to opioid and psychostimulant drug exposure; we further discuss how the understanding of these pathways may lead to new opportunities for therapeutic interventions in G protein pathways. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are signal transduction modulators, expressed widely in various tissues, including brain regions mediating addiction and analgesia. Evidence from preclinical work suggests that members of the RGS family act by unique mechanisms in specific brain regions to control drug-induced plasticity. This review highlights interesting findings on the regulation and function of RGS proteins in models of analgesia and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Sakloth
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute (F.S., C.P., F.B., V.Z.) and Department of Pharmacological Sciences (V.Z.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Claire Polizu
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute (F.S., C.P., F.B., V.Z.) and Department of Pharmacological Sciences (V.Z.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Feodora Bertherat
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute (F.S., C.P., F.B., V.Z.) and Department of Pharmacological Sciences (V.Z.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute (F.S., C.P., F.B., V.Z.) and Department of Pharmacological Sciences (V.Z.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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7
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Blanchet PJ, Lévesque D. Time for a New Slate in Tardive Dyskinesia Research. Mov Disord 2020; 35:752-755. [PMID: 32067258 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Blanchet
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal Hospital Centre (CHU Montreal), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Cansler HL, Wright KN, Stetzik LA, Wesson DW. Neurochemical organization of the ventral striatum's olfactory tubercle. J Neurochem 2020; 152:425-448. [PMID: 31755104 PMCID: PMC7042089 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ventral striatum is a collection of brain structures, including the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum and the olfactory tubercle (OT). While much attention has been devoted to the nucleus accumbens, a comprehensive understanding of the ventral striatum and its contributions to neurological diseases requires an appreciation for the complex neurochemical makeup of the ventral striatum's other components. This review summarizes the rich neurochemical composition of the OT, including the neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones present. We also address the receptors and transporters involved in each system as well as their putative functional roles. Finally, we end with briefly reviewing select literature regarding neurochemical changes in the OT in the context of neurological disorders, specifically neurodegenerative disorders. By overviewing the vast literature on the neurochemical composition of the OT, this review will serve to aid future research into the neurobiology of the ventral striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Cansler
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Katherine N Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lucas A Stetzik
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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9
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Hayes MP, Roman DL. Regulator of G Protein Signaling 17 as a Negative Modulator of GPCR Signaling in Multiple Human Cancers. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:550-9. [PMID: 26928451 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins modulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling networks by terminating signals produced by active Gα subunits. RGS17, a member of the RZ subfamily of RGS proteins, is typically only expressed in appreciable amounts in the human central nervous system, but previous works have shown that RGS17 expression is selectively upregulated in a number of malignancies, including lung, breast, prostate, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, this upregulation of RGS17 is associated with a more aggressive cancer phenotype, as increased proliferation, migration, and invasion are observed. Conversely, decreased RGS17 expression diminishes the response of ovarian cancer cells to agents commonly used during chemotherapy. These somewhat contradictory roles of RGS17 in cancer highlight the need for selective, high-affinity inhibitors of RGS17 to use as chemical probes to further the understanding of RGS17 biology. Based on current evidence, these compounds could potentially have clinical utility as novel chemotherapeutics in the treatment of lung, prostate, breast, and liver cancers. Recent advances in screening technologies to identify potential inhibitors coupled with increasing knowledge of the structural requirements of RGS-Gα protein-protein interaction inhibitors make the future of drug discovery efforts targeting RGS17 promising. This review highlights recent findings related to RGS17 as both a canonical and atypical RGS protein, its role in various human disease states, and offers insights on small molecule inhibition of RGS17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hayes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David L Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. .,Cancer Signaling and Experimental Therapeutics Program, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. .,, 115 S. Grand Avenue, S327 PHAR, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
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10
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Woodard GE, Jardín I, Berna-Erro A, Salido GM, Rosado JA. Regulators of G-protein-signaling proteins: negative modulators of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 317:97-183. [PMID: 26008785 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G-protein-signaling (RGS) proteins are a category of intracellular proteins that have an inhibitory effect on the intracellular signaling produced by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). RGS along with RGS-like proteins switch on through direct contact G-alpha subunits providing a variety of intracellular functions through intracellular signaling. RGS proteins have a common RGS domain that binds to G alpha. RGS proteins accelerate GTPase and thus enhance guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis through the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. As a result, they inactivate the G protein and quickly turn off GPCR signaling thus terminating the resulting downstream signals. Activity and subcellular localization of RGS proteins can be changed through covalent molecular changes to the enzyme, differential gene splicing, and processing of the protein. Other roles of RGS proteins have shown them to not be solely committed to being inhibitors but behave more as modulators and integrators of signaling. RGS proteins modulate the duration and kinetics of slow calcium oscillations and rapid phototransduction and ion signaling events. In other cases, RGS proteins integrate G proteins with signaling pathways linked to such diverse cellular responses as cell growth and differentiation, cell motility, and intracellular trafficking. Human and animal studies have revealed that RGS proteins play a vital role in physiology and can be ideal targets for diseases such as those related to addiction where receptor signaling seems continuously switched on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E Woodard
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isaac Jardín
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - A Berna-Erro
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Gines M Salido
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Juan A Rosado
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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11
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Corradini BR, Iamashita P, Tampellini E, Farfel JM, Grinberg LT, Moreira-Filho CA. Complex network-driven view of genomic mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease: analyses in dorsal motor vagal nucleus, locus coeruleus, and substantia nigra. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:543673. [PMID: 25525598 PMCID: PMC4261556 DOI: 10.1155/2014/543673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD)—classically characterized by severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta—has a caudal-rostral progression, beginning in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus and, in a less extent, in the olfactory system, progressing to the midbrain and eventually to the basal forebrain and the neocortex. About 90% of the cases are idiopathic. To study the molecular mechanisms involved in idiopathic PD we conducted a comparative study of transcriptional interaction networks in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (VA), locus coeruleus (LC), and substantia nigra (SN) of idiopathic PD in Braak stages 4-5 (PD) and disease-free controls (CT) using postmortem samples. Gene coexpression networks (GCNs) for each brain region (patients and controls) were obtained to identify highly connected relevant genes (hubs) and densely interconnected gene sets (modules). GCN analyses showed differences in topology and module composition between CT and PD networks for each anatomic region. In CT networks, VA, LC, and SN hub modules are predominantly associated with neuroprotection and homeostasis in the ageing brain, whereas in the patient's group, for the three brain regions, hub modules are mostly related to stress response and neuron survival/degeneration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Raposo Corradini
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Iamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilaine Tampellini
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (BEHEEC), LIM 22, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 05652-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Marcelo Farfel
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 05652-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (BEHEEC), LIM 22, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carlos Alberto Moreira-Filho
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Dusonchet J, Li H, Guillily M, Liu M, Stafa K, Derada Troletti C, Boon JY, Saha S, Glauser L, Mamais A, Citro A, Youmans KL, Liu L, Schneider BL, Aebischer P, Yue Z, Bandopadhyay R, Glicksman MA, Moore DJ, Collins JJ, Wolozin B. A Parkinson's disease gene regulatory network identifies the signaling protein RGS2 as a modulator of LRRK2 activity and neuronal toxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4887-905. [PMID: 24794857 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 are one of the primary genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 contains a kinase and a GTPase domain, and familial PD mutations affect both enzymatic activities. However, the signaling mechanisms regulating LRRK2 and the pathogenic effects of familial mutations remain unknown. Identifying the signaling proteins that regulate LRRK2 function and toxicity remains a critical goal for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, we apply systems biology tools to human PD brain and blood transcriptomes to reverse-engineer a LRRK2-centered gene regulatory network. This network identifies several putative master regulators of LRRK2 function. In particular, the signaling gene RGS2, which encodes for a GTPase-activating protein (GAP), is a key regulatory hub connecting the familial PD-associated genes DJ-1 and PINK1 with LRRK2 in the network. RGS2 expression levels are reduced in the striata of LRRK2 and sporadic PD patients. We identify RGS2 as a novel interacting partner of LRRK2 in vivo. RGS2 regulates both the GTPase and kinase activities of LRRK2. We show in mammalian neurons that RGS2 regulates LRRK2 function in the control of neuronal process length. RGS2 is also protective against neuronal toxicity of the most prevalent mutation in LRRK2, G2019S. We find that RGS2 regulates LRRK2 function and neuronal toxicity through its effects on kinase activity and independently of GTPase activity, which reveals a novel mode of action for GAP proteins. This work identifies RGS2 as a promising target for interfering with neurodegeneration due to LRRK2 mutations in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dusonchet
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center of Synthetic Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Maria Guillily
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Min Liu
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Klodjan Stafa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegenerative Research, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Joon Y Boon
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Shamol Saha
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Liliane Glauser
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegenerative Research, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Allison Citro
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | | | - LiQun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Neurodegenerative Studies Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Aebischer
- Neurodegenerative Studies Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Marcie A Glicksman
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegenerative Research, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James J Collins
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center of Synthetic Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA,
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA,
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13
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Bodle CR, Mackie DI, Roman DL. RGS17: an emerging therapeutic target for lung and prostate cancers. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:995-1007. [PMID: 23734683 PMCID: PMC3865709 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligands for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent approximately 50% of currently marketed drugs. RGS proteins modulate heterotrimeric G proteins and, thus, GPCR signaling, by accelerating the intrinsic GTPase activity of the Gα subunit. Given the prevalence of GPCR targeted therapeutics and the role RGS proteins play in G protein signaling, some RGS proteins are emerging as targets in their own right. One such RGS protein is RGS17. Increased RGS17 expression in some prostate and lung cancers has been demonstrated to support cancer progression, while reduced expression of RGS17 can lead to development of chemotherapeutic resistance in ovarian cancer. High-throughput screening is a powerful tool for lead compound identification, and utilization of high-throughput technologies has led to the discovery of several RGS inhibitors, thus far. As screening technologies advance, the identification of novel lead compounds the subsequent development of targeted therapeutics appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Bodle
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Duncan I Mackie
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Cancer Signaling and Experimental Therapeutics Program, The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David L Roman
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Cancer Signaling and Experimental Therapeutics Program, The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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14
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Xie K, Martemyanov KA. Control of striatal signaling by g protein regulators. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:49. [PMID: 21852966 PMCID: PMC3151604 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling via heterotrimeric G proteins plays a crucial role in modulating the responses of striatal neurons that ultimately shape core behaviors mediated by the basal ganglia circuitry, such as reward valuation, habit formation, and movement coordination. Activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by extracellular signals activates heterotrimeric G proteins by promoting the binding of GTP to their α subunits. G proteins exert their effects by influencing the activity of key effector proteins in this region, including ion channels, second messenger enzymes, and protein kinases. Striatal neurons express a staggering number of GPCRs whose activation results in the engagement of downstream signaling pathways and cellular responses with unique profiles but common molecular mechanisms. Studies over the last decade have revealed that the extent and duration of GPCR signaling are controlled by a conserved protein family named regulator of G protein signaling (RGS). RGS proteins accelerate GTP hydrolysis by the α subunits of G proteins, thus promoting deactivation of GPCR signaling. In this review, we discuss the progress made in understanding the roles of RGS proteins in controlling striatal G protein signaling and providing integration and selectivity of signal transmission. We review evidence on the formation of a macromolecular complex between RGS proteins and other components of striatal signaling pathways, their molecular regulatory mechanisms and impacts on GPCR signaling in the striatum obtained from biochemical studies and experiments involving genetic mouse models. Special emphasis is placed on RGS9-2, a member of the RGS family that is highly enriched in the striatum and plays critical roles in drug addiction and motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Xie
- The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter, FL, USA
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15
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Hooks SB, Callihan P, Altman MK, Hurst JH, Ali MW, Murph MM. Regulators of G-Protein signaling RGS10 and RGS17 regulate chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:289. [PMID: 21044322 PMCID: PMC2988731 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A critical therapeutic challenge in epithelial ovarian carcinoma is the development of chemoresistance among tumor cells following exposure to first line chemotherapeutics. The molecular and genetic changes that drive the development of chemoresistance are unknown, and this lack of mechanistic insight is a major obstacle in preventing and predicting the occurrence of refractory disease. We have recently shown that Regulators of G-protein Signaling (RGS) proteins negatively regulate signaling by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor elevated in malignant ascites fluid that triggers oncogenic growth and survival signaling in ovarian cancer cells. The goal of this study was to determine the role of RGS protein expression in ovarian cancer chemoresistance. RESULTS In this study, we find that RGS2, RGS5, RGS10 and RGS17 transcripts are expressed at significantly lower levels in cells resistant to chemotherapy compared with parental, chemo-sensitive cells in gene expression datasets of multiple models of chemoresistance. Further, exposure of SKOV-3 cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy causes acute, persistent downregulation of RGS10 and RGS17 transcript expression. Direct inhibition of RGS10 or RGS17 expression using siRNA knock-down significantly reduces chemotherapy-induced cell toxicity. The effects of cisplatin, vincristine, and docetaxel are inhibited following RGS10 and RGS17 knock-down in cell viability assays and phosphatidyl serine externalization assays in SKOV-3 cells and MDR-HeyA8 cells. We further show that AKT activation is higher following RGS10 knock-down and RGS 10 and RGS17 overexpression blocked LPA mediated activation of AKT, suggesting that RGS proteins may blunt AKT survival pathways. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that chemotherapy exposure triggers loss of RGS10 and RGS17 expression in ovarian cancer cells, and that loss of expression contributes to the development of chemoresistance, possibly through amplification of endogenous AKT signals. Our results establish RGS10 and RGS17 as novel regulators of cell survival and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells and suggest that their reduced expression may be diagnostic of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley B Hooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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16
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Ren JQ, Jiang Y, Wang Z, McCarthy D, Rajadhyaksha AM, Tropea TF, Kosofsky BE, Bhide PG. Prenatal L-DOPA exposure produces lasting changes in brain dopamine content, cocaine-induced dopamine release and cocaine conditioned place preference. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:295-302. [PMID: 20854831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, its receptors and transporter are present in the brain beginning from early in the embryonic period. Dopamine receptor activation can influence developmental events including neurogenesis, neuronal migration and differentiation raising the possibility that dopamine imbalance in the fetal brain can alter development of the brain and behavior. We examined whether elevated dopamine levels during gestation can produce persisting changes in brain dopamine content and dopamine-mediated behaviors. We administered L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in drinking water to timed-pregnant CD1 mice from the 11th day of gestation until the day of parturition. The prenatal L-DOPA exposure led to significantly lower cocaine conditioned place preference, a behavioral test of reward, at postnatal day 60 (P60). However, in vivo microdialysis measurements showed significant increases in cocaine-induced dopamine release in the caudate putamen of P26 and P60 mice exposed to L-DOPA prenatally, ruling out attenuated dopamine release in the caudate putamen as a contributor to decreased conditioned place preference. Although dopamine release was induced in the nucleus accumbens of prenatally L-DOPA exposed mice at P60 by cocaine, the dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens was not significantly different between the L-DOPA and control groups. However, basal dopamine release was significantly higher in the prenatally L-DOPA exposed mice at P60 suggesting that the L-DOPA exposed mice may require a higher dose of cocaine for induction of cocaine place preference than the controls. The prenatal L-DOPA exposure did not alter cocaine-induced locomotor response, suggesting dissociation between the effects of prenatal L-DOPA exposure on conditioned place preference and locomotor activity. Tissue concentration of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum and ventral midbrain were significantly affected by the L-DOPA exposure as well as by developmental changes over the P14-P60 period. Thus, elevation of dopamine levels during gestation can produce persisting changes in brain dopamine content, cocaine-induced dopamine release and cocaine conditioned place preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qian Ren
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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17
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Frederick AL, Stanwood GD. Drugs, biogenic amine targets and the developing brain. Dev Neurosci 2009; 31:7-22. [PMID: 19372683 DOI: 10.1159/000207490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the development of the brain have a profound impact on mature brain functions and underlying psychopathology. Classical neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA, have pleiotropic effects during brain development. In other words, these molecules produce multiple diverse effects to serve as regulators of distinct cellular functions at different times in neurodevelopment. These systems are impacted upon by abuse of a variety of illicit drugs, neurotherapeutics and environmental contaminants. In this review, we describe the impact of drugs and chemicals on brain formation and function in animal models and in human populations, highlighting sensitive periods and effects that may not emerge until later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya L Frederick
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA
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18
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James MA, Lu Y, Liu Y, Vikis HG, You M. RGS17, an overexpressed gene in human lung and prostate cancer, induces tumor cell proliferation through the cyclic AMP-PKA-CREB pathway. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2108-16. [PMID: 19244110 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have identified RGS17 as a commonly induced gene in lung and prostate tumors. Through microarray and gene expression analysis, we show that expression of RGS17 is up-regulated in 80% of lung tumors, and also up-regulated in prostate tumors. Through knockdown and overexpression of RGS17 in tumor cells, we show that RGS17 confers a proliferative phenotype and is required for the maintenance of the proliferative potential of tumor cells. We show through exon microarray, transcript analysis, and functional assays that RGS17 promotes cyclic AMP (cAMP)-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-responsive gene expression, increases cAMP levels, and enhances forskolin-mediated cAMP production. Furthermore, inhibition of cAMP-dependent kinase prevents tumor cell proliferation, and proliferation is partially rescued by RGS17 overexpression. In the present study, we show a role for RGS17 in the maintenance of tumor cell proliferation through induction of cAMP signaling and CREB phosphorylation. The prevalence of the induction of RGS17 in tumor tissues of various types further implicates its importance in the maintenance of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A James
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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19
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Dopamine enhances fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the extended amygdala by a CRF-R1-dependent process. J Neurosci 2009; 28:13856-65. [PMID: 19091975 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4715-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A common feature of drugs of abuse is their ability to increase extracellular dopamine levels in key brain circuits. The actions of dopamine within these circuits are thought to be important in reward and addiction-related behaviors. Current theories of addiction also posit a central role for corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and an interaction between CRF and monoaminergic signaling. One region where drugs of abuse promote robust rises in extracellular dopamine levels is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a CRF-rich component of the extended amygdala. We find that dopamine rapidly enhances glutamatergic transmission in the BNST through activation of a combination of D(1)- and D(2)-like receptors. This enhancement is activity-dependent and requires the downstream action of CRF receptor 1 (CRF-R1), suggesting that dopamine induces CRF release through a local network mechanism. Furthermore, we found that both in vivo and ex vivo cocaine induced a dopamine receptor and CRF-R1-dependent enhancement of a form of NMDA receptor-dependent short-term potentiation in the BNST. These data highlight a direct and rapid interaction between dopamine and CRF systems that regulates excitatory transmission and plasticity in a brain region key to reinforcement and reinstatement. Because a rise in extracellular dopamine levels in the BNST is a shared consequence of multiple classes of drugs of abuse, this suggests that the CRF-R1-dependent enhancement of glutamatergic transmission in this region may be a common key feature of substances of abuse.
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20
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Kuntz-Melcavage KL, Freeman WM, Vrana KE. CNS genes implicated in relapse. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2008; 2:1-12. [PMID: 25922574 PMCID: PMC4395042 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse is a condition that impacts not only the individual drug user, but society as a whole. Although prevention of initial drug use is the most effective way to prevent addiction, avoiding relapse is a crucial component of drug addiction recovery. Recent studies suggest that there is a set of genes whose expression is robustly and stably altered following drug use and ensuing abstinence. Such stable changes in gene expression correlate with ultrastructural changes in brain as well as alterations in behavior. As persistent molecular changes, these genes may provide targets for the development of therapeutics. Developing a list of well-characterized candidate genes and examining the effect of manipulating these genes will contribute to the ultimate goal of developing effective treatments to prevent relapse to drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Kuntz-Melcavage
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, R130, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, R130, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
| | - Kent E Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, R130, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
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21
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Karlsson RM, Hefner KR, Sibley DR, Holmes A. Comparison of dopamine D1 and D5 receptor knockout mice for cocaine locomotor sensitization. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 200:117-27. [PMID: 18600316 PMCID: PMC2586326 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is compelling support for the contribution of dopamine and the D1R-like (D1R, D5R) receptor subfamily to the behavioral and neural effects of psychostimulant drugs of abuse. The relative roles of D1R and D5R subtypes in mediating these effects are not clear. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to directly compare (C57BL/6J congenic) D1R knockout (KO) and D5R KO mice for baseline locomotor exploration, acute locomotor responses to cocaine, and locomotor sensitization to repeated cocaine administration, and to examine cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in D5R KO. MATERIALS AND METHODS D1R KO, D5R KO, and wild-type (WT) were assessed for baseline open field exploration, locomotor-stimulating effects of 15 mg/kg acute cocaine and sensitized locomotor responses to cocaine after repeated home cage treatment with 20 or 30 mg/kg cocaine. D5R KO and WT were tested for CPP to 15 mg/kg cocaine. RESULTS D1R KO showed modest basal hyperactivity and increased center exploration relative to WT. Acute locomotor responses to cocaine were consistently absent in D1R KO, but intact in D5R KO. D5R KO showed normal locomotor sensitization to cocaine and normal cocaine CPP. D1R KO failed to show a sensitized locomotor response to 30 mg/kg cocaine. Failure to sensitize in D1R KO was not because of excessive stereotypies. Surprisingly, D1R KO showed a strong trend for sensitization to 20 mg/kg cocaine. CONCLUSIONS D5R KO does not alter acute or sensitized locomotor responses to cocaine or cocaine CPP. D1R KO abolishes acute locomotor response to cocaine, but does not fully prevent locomotor sensitization to cocaine at all doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Karlsson
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kathryn R. Hefner
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
- Corresponding author: Andrew Holmes, PhD Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 5625 Fishers Lane Rm 2N09 Rockville, MD 20852−9411 USA Telephone: 301−402−3519 Fax: 301−480−1952
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22
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Thompson BL, Stanwood GD. Pleiotropic effects of neurotransmission during development: modulators of modularity. J Autism Dev Disord 2008; 39:260-8. [PMID: 18648918 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation and function of the mammalian cerebral cortex relies on the complex interplay of a variety of genetic and environmental factors through protracted periods of gestational and postnatal development. Biogenic amine systems are important neuromodulators, both in the adult nervous system, and during critical epochs of brain development. Abnormalities in developmental programming likely contribute to developmental delays and multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders, often with symptom onset much later than the actual induction of pathology. We review several genetic and pharmacological models of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin modulation during development, each of which produces permanent changes in cerebral cortical structure and function. These models clearly illustrate the ability of these neurotransmitters to function beyond their classic roles and show their involvement in the development and modulation of fine brain circuitry that is sensitive to numerous effectors. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate the need to consider not only gene by environment interactions, but also gene by environment by developmental time interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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23
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Shuto T, Seeman P, Kuroiwa M, Nishi A. Repeated administration of a dopamine D1 receptor agonist reverses the increased proportions of striatal dopamine D1High and D2High receptors in methamphetamine-sensitized rats. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2551-7. [PMID: 18489579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Repeated administration of psychostimulants produces a behavioural sensitization. Amphetamine-sensitized animals are known to have a higher proportion of high-affinity states of dopamine D2 receptors (D2(High) receptors) in the striatum. We recently reported that repeated administration of a dopamine D1 receptor agonist, R-(+)-SKF38393, reverses the established behavioural sensitization to methamphetamine (MAP). To investigate the mechanisms for reversal of behavioural sensitization, we examined the effect of repeated administration of the dopamine D1 receptor agonist on the proportions of D2(High) receptors and the high-affinity states of dopamine D1 receptors (D1(High) receptors) in the striatum. In the striatum from the MAP-sensitized rats, the proportions of D1(High) and D2(High) receptors (28.5 +/- 1.96 and 57.5 +/- 3.58%) were higher than those in the saline-control rats (12.0 +/- 1.01 and 21.9 +/- 1.60%, respectively). Repeated administration of R-(+)-SKF38393 to the MAP-sensitized rats reduced the increased proportions of D1(High) and D2(High) receptors to 12.4 +/- 1.57 and 31.0 +/- 2.14%, respectively, which were similar to the proportions in the saline-control rats. The total densities of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were not altered in each treatment condition. The results demonstrate that the proportions of D1(High) and D2(High) receptors in the striatum are elevated in MAP-sensitized rats, and that repeated administration of the dopamine D1 receptor agonist to the MAP-sensitized rats reverses the increased proportions of D1(High) and D2(High) receptors. The findings reveal postsynaptic mechanisms for the development of behavioural sensitization to MAP and the reversal of established sensitization by repeated administration of the dopamine D1 receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Shuto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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Campbell DB, Lange LA, Skelly T, Lieberman J, Levitt P, Sullivan PF. Association of RGS2 and RGS5 variants with schizophrenia symptom severity. Schizophr Res 2008; 101:67-75. [PMID: 18262772 PMCID: PMC2486404 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence indicate that Regulator of G Protein Signaling 4 (RGS4) contributes to schizophrenia vulnerability. RGS4 is one of a family of molecules that modulate signaling via G-protein coupled receptors. Five genes encoding members of this family (RGS2, RGS4, RGS5, RGS8 and RGS16) map to chromosome 1q23.3-1q31. Due to overlapping cellular functions and chromosomal proximity, we hypothesized that multiple RGS genes may contribute to schizophrenia severity and treatment responsiveness. METHODS Subjects were 750 individuals with schizophrenia who participated in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE). Inferred ancestries were: 221 (30%) 'Africa only', 422 (56%) 'Europe only' and 107 (14%) 'Other'. Fifty-nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near the RGS5, RGS16, RGS8 and RGS2 genes were genotyped. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze association of markers with Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) total scores at baseline and throughout antipsychotic treatment. RESULTS RGS5 marker rs10799902 was associated with altered baseline PANSS total score in both the Africa only (P=0.0440) and Europe only (P=0.0143) strata, although neither association survived multiple comparisons correction. A common five-marker haplotype of the RGS2 gene was associated with more severe baseline PANSS total score in the Europe only strata (global P=0.0254; haplotype-specific P=0.0196). In contrast to RGS4, none of the markers showed association with antipsychotic treatment response. CONCLUSIONS RGS2 and RGS5 genotypes predicted severity of baseline symptoms in schizophrenia. Although these analyses are exploratory and replication is required, these data suggest a possible role for multiple RGS proteins in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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25
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Further evidence for association of the RGS2 gene with antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism: protective role of a functional polymorphism in the 3′-untranslated region. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2008; 9:103-10. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2008.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Maple AM, Perna MK, Parlaman JP, Stanwood GD, Brown RW. Ontogenetic quinpirole treatment produces long-lasting decreases in the expression of Rgs9, but increases Rgs17 in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:2532-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Diez D, Alvarez R, Dopazo A. Codelink: an R package for analysis of GE healthcare gene expression bioarrays. Bioinformatics 2007; 23:1168-9. [PMID: 17344240 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Microarray-based expression profiles have become a standard methodology in any high-throughput analysis. Several commercial platforms are available, each with its strengths and weaknesses. The R platform for statistical analysis and graphics is a powerful environment for the analysis of microarray data, because it has many integrated statistical methods available as well as the specialized microarray analysis project Bioconductor. Many packages have been added in the last few years increasing the range of possible analysis. Here, we report the availability of a package for reading and analyzing data from GE Healthcare Gene Expression Bioarrays within the R environment. AVAILABILITY The software is implemented in the R language, is open source and available for download free of charge through the Bioconductor (http://www.bioconductor.org) project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Diez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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28
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St-Hilaire M, Bourhis E, Lévesque D, Rouillard C. Impaired behavioural and molecular adaptations to dopamine denervation and repeated L‐DOPA treatment in Nur77‐knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:795-805. [PMID: 16930409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that dopamine (DA) denervation and repeated L-DOPA treatment modulate the pattern of Nur77 mRNA expression in the striatum. However, the exact role of this nuclear receptor in L-DOPA-induced molecular and behavioural adaptations observed in animal models of Parkinson's disease is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Nur77 gene deletion on the development of behavioural sensitization and on changes in the regulation of neuropeptides and DA D(3) receptor expression following DA denervation and repeated L-DOPA treatment in Nur77+/+ and Nur77-/- hemiparkinsonian mice. One week postsurgery, hemiparkinsonian mice were treated with L-DOPA (10 mg/kg) plus benserazide (3 mg/kg) once a day for 7 days. Despite similar extents of nigrostriatal denervation, L-DOPA-induced rotational response was exacerbated in Nur77-/- mice compared to Nur77+/+ ones. However, the rate of increase of the rotational behaviour after repeated L-DOPA injections was similar in the two mouse strains. Lesioning the nigrostriatal pathway increased enkephalin (ENK) and neurotensin (NT) mRNA levels in both mouse strains. However, the up-regulation of these neuropeptides was significantly reduced in Nur77-/- mice. There was no difference in the modulation of D3 receptor density and dynorphin (DYN) mRNA expression between the two mouse strains. The present results suggest that Nur77 is involved in setting the threshold level for L-DOPA-induced rotational behaviour, rather than controlling the development of behavioural sensitization. This specific behavioural change is associated with a selective regulation of neuropeptide expression specifically in the indirect striatal output pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Animals
- Antiparkinson Agents/pharmacology
- Benserazide/pharmacology
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Corpus Striatum/physiopathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Denervation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/deficiency
- Dopamine Agents
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- Enkephalins/genetics
- Levodopa/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Neural Pathways/injuries
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/physiopathology
- Neurotensin/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Parkinson Disease/drug therapy
- Parkinson Disease/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease/physiopathology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel St-Hilaire
- Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience, CHUL, RC-9800, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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29
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van den Top M, Nolan MF, Lee K, Richardson PJ, Buijs RM, Davies CH, Spanswick D. Orexins induce increased excitability and synchronisation of rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones. J Physiol 2003; 549:809-21. [PMID: 12702746 PMCID: PMC2342973 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.033290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2002] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptides orexin A and B are synthesised by perifornical and lateral hypothalamic (LH) neurones and exert a profound influence on autonomic sympathetic processes. LH neurones project to spinal areas containing sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) and therefore may directly modulate sympathetic output. In the present study we examined the possibility that orexinergic inputs from the LH influence SPN activity. Orexin-positive neurones in the LH were labelled with pseudorabies virus injected into the liver of parasympathetically denervated animals and orexin fibres were found adjacent to the soma and dendrites of SPNs. Orexin A or B (10-1000 nM) directly and reversibly depolarised SPNs in spinal cord slices. The response to orexin A was significantly reduced in the presence of the orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) antagonist SB334867A at concentrations of 1-10 micro M. Single cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed expression of mRNA for both OX1R and OX2R in the majority of orexin-sensitive SPNs. The orexin-induced depolarisation involved activation of pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins and closure of a K+ conductance via a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway that did not require an increase in intracellular Ca2+. Orexins also induced biphasic subthreshold membrane potential oscillations and synchronised activity between pairs of electrically coupled SPNs. Coupling coefficients and estimated junctional conductances between SPNs were not altered indicating synchronisation is due to activation of previously silent coupled neurones rather than modulation of gap junctions. These findings are consistent with a direct excitation and synchronisation of SPNs by orexinergic neurones that in vivo could increase the frequency and coherence of sympathetic nerve discharges and mediate LH effects on sympathetic components of energy homeostasis and cardiovascular control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van den Top
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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30
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Mauger C, Sivan B, Brockhaus M, Fuchs S, Civelli O, Monsma F. Development and characterization of antibodies directed against the mouse D4 dopamine receptor. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:529-37. [PMID: 9749715 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyclonal antibodies against the mouse D4 dopamine receptor have been developed in order to investigate the anatomical localization of this receptor in the mouse brain. Two antibodies were generated against specific peptides corresponding to predicted extracellular and intracellular regions of the D4 protein. Specificity of these antibodies was demonstrated on human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells transfected with different dopamine receptor subtypes; immunoreactivity was detected only in cells transfected with the mouse D4 dopamine receptor cDNA. Following in vitro transcription/translation of the mouse D4 cDNA, a single protein band of 36 kDa was selectively immunoprecipitated with the anti-D4 antibodies. The antibodies also detected a single protein of 36 kDa in Western blot of HEK 293 cells transiently transfected with the mouse D4 receptor. These antibodies were able to detect the D4 receptor in several regions of the mouse brain. In the regions examined, D4 immunoreactivity was found in neurones located in layers II-VI of the frontal and piriform cortices, with the highest concentration in layer II; in scattered neurones in the caudate putamen and in larger neurones in the globus pallidus. In all experiments, both antibodies exhibit the same specificity, and all immunoreactivity could be abolished by preincubation with the corresponding peptide antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mauger
- Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CNS preclinical research, Basel, Switzerland
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