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Kobayashi S, Kajiwara M, Cui Y, Sako T, Sasabe T, Hayashinaka E, Wada Y, Kobayashi M. Activation of multiple neuromodulatory systems in alert rats acquiring conditioned taste aversion revealed by positron emission tomography. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148617. [PMID: 37805008 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an essential ability for animals to consume food safely and is regulated by neuromodulatory systems including the dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, and acetylcholine systems. However, because few studies focused on a comprehensive understanding of whole-brain activities, how these neuromodulators contribute to the process of CTA remains an open issue. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) can visualize activated regions within the whole brain simultaneously and noninvasively. This study aimed to understand the mechanisms of CTA, especially focusing on the retrieval process after CTA acquisition by FDG-PET imaging. CTA was established in rats who received an intraoral application of saccharin solution (IOAS) on the first day (Day 1), a LiCl i.p. injection after an IOAS on Day 2, and an IOAS on Day 3 (CTA group). The subtraction images of Day 3 of the SHAM group, which received a 0.9 % NaCl (saline) injection instead of a LiCl on Day 2, from those of Day 3 of the CTA group revealed increases in FDG signals in multiple brain regions including the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, and nucleus basalis magnocellularis, in addition to the hippocampus and nociception-related regions, including the parabrachial nucleus and solitary nucleus. On the other hand, the visceral pain induced by the LiCl injection increased FDG signals in the primary and secondary somatosensory and insular cortices in addition to the parabrachial nucleus and solitary nucleus. These results suggest that the retrieval process of CTA induces brain regions producing neuromodulators and pain-related brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Mie Kajiwara
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yilong Cui
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeo Sako
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sasabe
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Emi Hayashinaka
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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Kikuchi E, Inui T, Su S, Sato Y, Funahashi M. Chemogenetic inhibition of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis suppresses the intake of a preferable and learned aversive sweet taste solution in male mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114253. [PMID: 36509179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is established by pairing a taste solution as a conditioned stimulus (CS) with visceral malaise as an unconditioned stimulus (US). CTA decreases the taste palatability of a CS. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) receives taste inputs from the brainstem. However, the involvement of the BNST in CTA remains unclear. Thus, this study examined the effects of chemogenetic inhibition of the BNST neurons on CS intake after CTA acquisition. An adeno-associated virus was microinjected into the BNST of male C57/BL6 mice to induce the inhibitory designer receptor hM4Di. The mice received a pairing of 0.2% saccharin solution (CS) with 0.3 M lithium chloride (2% BW, intraperitoneal). After conditioning, the administration of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO, 1 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the suppression of CS intake on the retrieval of CTA compared with its intake following saline administration (p < 0.01). We further assessed the effect of BNST neuron inhibition on the intake of water and taste solutions (saccharin, sucralose, sodium chloride, monosodium glutamate, quinine hydrochloride, and citric acid) using naïve (not learned CTA) mice. CNO administration significantly decreased the intake of saccharin and sucralose (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that BNST neurons mediate sweet taste and regulate sweet intake, regardless of whether sweets should be ingested or rejected. BNST neurons may be inhibited in the retrieval of CTA, thereby suppressing CS intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kikuchi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inui
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Shaoyi Su
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Funahashi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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3
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Moaddab M, Ray MH, McDannald MA. Ventral pallidum neurons dynamically signal relative threat. Commun Biol 2021; 4:43. [PMID: 33420332 PMCID: PMC7794503 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral pallidum (VP) is anatomically poised to contribute to threat behavior. Recent studies report a VP population that scales firing increases to reward but decreases firing to aversive cues. Here, we tested whether firing decreases in VP neurons serve as a neural signal for relative threat. Single-unit activity was recorded while male rats discriminated cues predicting unique foot shock probabilities. Rats' behavior and VP single-unit firing discriminated danger, uncertainty, and safety cues. Two populations of VP neurons dynamically signaled relative threat, decreasing firing according to foot shock probability during early cue presentation, but disproportionately decreasing firing to uncertain threat as foot shock drew near. One relative threat population increased firing to reward, consistent with a bi-directional signal for general value. The second population was unresponsive to reward, revealing a specific signal for relative threat. The results reinforce anatomy to reveal the VP as a neural source of a dynamic, relative threat signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Moaddab
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue 514 McGuinn Hall, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
| | - Madelyn H Ray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue 514 McGuinn Hall, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Michael A McDannald
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue 514 McGuinn Hall, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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The Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala Executes the Parallel Processes of Avoidance and Palatability in the Retrieval of Conditioned Taste Aversion in Male Rats. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0004-19.2019. [PMID: 31235467 PMCID: PMC6620391 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0004-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an essential behavior for animal survival. Conditioned animals show avoidance and decreased palatability to a conditioned stimulus (CS) on CTA retrieval. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is involved in CTA retrieval and whether avoidance and palatability in CTA retrieval are processed in the BLA. We developed an experimental chamber for time-course analysis of the behavior to approach a spout and lick a CS. In this experimental chamber, we analyzed the behavior of male rats following microinjections of GABAA receptor agonist muscimol or saline into the BLA. The rats showed two types of approach behavior: they either (1) approached and licked the spout or (2) approached but did not lick the spout. Muscimol injection into the BLA decreased the frequency of the latter type of approach behavior, indicating that BLA inactivation reduced avoidance to the CS. The muscimol injection into the BLA also significantly increased the consumption of the CS. Lick microstructure analysis demonstrated that intra-BLA muscimol significantly increased licking burst number and size, indicating that BLA inactivation attenuated aversion to the CS as large burst licking is an indicator of high palatability. These results suggest that the increase in CS consumption with intra-BLA muscimol injection was due to alterations in approach and aversive responses to the CS. Therefore, we conclude that the BLA plays an essential role in CTA retrieval by parallel processing of avoidance and palatability.
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Schier LA, Spector AC. The Functional and Neurobiological Properties of Bad Taste. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:605-663. [PMID: 30475657 PMCID: PMC6442928 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gustatory system serves as a critical line of defense against ingesting harmful substances. Technological advances have fostered the characterization of peripheral receptors and have created opportunities for more selective manipulations of the nervous system, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying taste-based avoidance and aversion remain poorly understood. One conceptual obstacle stems from a lack of recognition that taste signals subserve several behavioral and physiological functions which likely engage partially segregated neural circuits. Moreover, although the gustatory system evolved to respond expediently to broad classes of biologically relevant chemicals, innate repertoires are often not in register with the actual consequences of a food. The mammalian brain exhibits tremendous flexibility; responses to taste can be modified in a specific manner according to bodily needs and the learned consequences of ingestion. Therefore, experimental strategies that distinguish between the functional properties of various taste-guided behaviors and link them to specific neural circuits need to be applied. Given the close relationship between the gustatory and visceroceptive systems, a full reckoning of the neural architecture of bad taste requires an understanding of how these respective sensory signals are integrated in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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6
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Wulff AB, Tooley J, Marconi LJ, Creed MC. Ventral pallidal modulation of aversion processing. Brain Res 2018; 1713:62-69. [PMID: 30300634 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Responding to aversive and rewarding stimuli is essential to survival. The ventral pallidum (VP) is a critical node in the mesolimbic network, being the primary output of the nucleus accumbens and projecting to the lateral habenula (LHb) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). The VP is thus poised to modulate the habenula-tegmental circuitry and contribute to processing both rewarding and aversive stimuli. Here, we integrate human functional imaging, behavioral pharmacology in rodents, and recent optogenetic circuit dissection studies of the VP with a focus on the role of the neurochemically-distinct subpopulations in aversion processing. These recent results support a model in which glutamatergic VP neurons play a unique role in aversion processing, while canonical GABAergic VP neurons promote reinforcement and encode the hedonic value of reward. Genetic ablation of glutamatergic, but not GABAergic VP neurons abolishes devaluation of natural reward (sucrose) by pairing with an aversive stimulus (lithium chloride injection). Both of these populations modulate activity throughout the LHb and VTA, which is necessary for expression of adaptive behavior in response to rewarding or aversive stimuli. Future work will address how neuromodulators such as endogenous opioids or dopamine shape function and plasticity within these distinct populations of VP neurons, when these subpopulations are engaged during learning responses to rewarding and aversive stimuli, and how their activity is altered in models of reward-related disorders. Answering these questions will be necessary to understand the basis and ultimately develop targeted therapies for disorders of reward/aversion processing, such as affective, chronic pain and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B Wulff
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, United States
| | - Jessica Tooley
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Department of Anesthesiology, United States; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, United States
| | - Lauren J Marconi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, United States
| | - Meaghan C Creed
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Department of Anesthesiology, United States
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7
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Inui T, Shimura T. Activation of mu-opioid receptors in the ventral pallidum decreases the negative hedonic evaluation of a conditioned aversive taste in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 320:391-399. [PMID: 27825896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) causes a shift in the hedonic evaluation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) from positive to negative, and reduces the CS intake. Mu-opioid receptors (MORs) in the ventral pallidum (VP) are known to be involved in the hedonic evaluation of positive rewarding stimuli; however, their involvement in evaluation of a negative aversive stimulus is still unclear. To explore the neural mechanisms of the negative hedonic evaluation of the CS in CTA, we examined the effects of the activation of VP MORs on the behavioral responses of rats to a CS. Rats implanted with guide cannulae into the bilateral VP received a pairing of 5mM saccharin solution as a CS with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.15M lithium chloride as an unconditioned stimulus. On the test day, after microinjections of MOR agonist [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) into the VP, we observed the behavioral responses to the intraorally infused CS solution. The DAMGO injections caused a larger number of ingestive taste reactivity responses to the CS solution. We also measured the consumption of the CS solution in a separate group of rats, using a single-bottle test. The DAMGO injected rats drank a higher volume of the CS solution than the saline injected rats. These results indicate that the activation of MORs in the VP results in the attenuation of aversion to the CS solution, thereby inducing the larger CS intake. Therefore, it is likely that VP MORs are involved in not only positive but also negative hedonic evaluation.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Drinking/drug effects
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Globus Pallidus/drug effects
- Globus Pallidus/metabolism
- Lithium Chloride/pharmacology
- Male
- Microinjections
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Saccharin/administration & dosage
- Taste/drug effects
- Taste/physiology
- Taste Perception/drug effects
- Taste Perception/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Inui
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimura
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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Root DH, Melendez RI, Zaborszky L, Napier TC. The ventral pallidum: Subregion-specific functional anatomy and roles in motivated behaviors. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 130:29-70. [PMID: 25857550 PMCID: PMC4687907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in the processing and execution of motivated behaviors. Yet this brain region is often overlooked in published discussions of the neurobiology of mental health (e.g., addiction, depression). This contributes to a gap in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. This review is presented to help bridge the gap by providing a resource for current knowledge of VP anatomy, projection patterns and subregional circuits, and how this organization relates to the function of VP neurons and ultimately behavior. For example, ventromedial (VPvm) and dorsolateral (VPdl) VP subregions receive projections from nucleus accumbens shell and core, respectively. Inhibitory GABAergic neurons of the VPvm project to mediodorsal thalamus, lateral hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area, and this VP subregion helps discriminate the appropriate conditions to acquire natural rewards or drugs of abuse, consume preferred foods, and perform working memory tasks. GABAergic neurons of the VPdl project to subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata, and this VP subregion is modulated by, and is necessary for, drug-seeking behavior. Additional circuits arise from nonGABAergic neuronal phenotypes that are likely to excite rather than inhibit their targets. These subregional and neuronal phenotypic circuits place the VP in a unique position to process motivationally relevant stimuli and coherent adaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Root
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - Roberto I Melendez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00936, United States.
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, United States.
| | - T Celeste Napier
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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9
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Systemic mechanism of taste, flavour and palatability in brain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3133-47. [PMID: 25733187 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Taste is considered as one of the five traditional senses and has the ability to detect the flavour of food and certain minerals. Information of taste is transferred to the cortical gustatory area for identification and discrimination of taste quality. Animals have memory recognition power to maintain the familiar foods which are already encountered. Animal shows neophobic response when it encounters novel taste and shows no hesitation when the food is known to be safe. Palatability is the hedonic reward provided by foods and fluids. Palatability is closely related to neurochemicals, and this chemical influences the consumption of food and fluid. Even though, the food is palatable that can become aversive and avoided as a consequence of postingestional unpleasant experience such as malaise. This review presents the overall view on brain mechanisms of taste, flavour and palatability.
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Tsuboi H, Hirai Y, Maezawa H, Notani K, Inoue N, Funahashi M. Effects of treadmill exercise on the LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversion in rats. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:1-5. [PMID: 25447753 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that exercise can enhance learning and memory. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an avoidance behavior induced by associative memory of the taste sensation for something pleasant or neutral with a negative visceral reaction caused by the coincident action of a toxic substance that is tasteless or administered systemically. We sought to measure the effects of treadmill exercise on CTA in rats by investigating the effects of exercise on acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery of CTA. We made two groups of rats: an exercise group that ran on a treadmill, and a control group that did not have structured exercise periods. To condition rats to disfavor a sweet taste, consumption of a 0.1% saccharin solution in place of drinking water was paired with 0.15M LiCl (2% body weight, i.p.) to induce visceral discomfort. We measured changes of saccharin consumption during acquisition and extinction of CTA. The exercise and no-exercise groups both acquired CTA to similar levels and showed maximum extinction of CTA around 6 days after acquisition. This result indicates that exercise affects neither acquisition nor extinction of CTA. However, in testing for preservation of CTA after much longer extinction periods that included exercise or not during the intervening period, exercising animals showed a significantly lower saccharin intake, irrespective of having exercised or not during the conditioning phase of the trial. This result suggests that exercise may help to preserve aversive memory (taste aversion in this example) as evidence by the significant spontaneous recovery of aversion in exercising animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Tsuboi
- Department of Gerodontology, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; Department of Oral Physiology, Division of Oral Functional Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirai
- Department of Oral Physiology, Division of Oral Functional Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Maezawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, Division of Oral Functional Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Kenji Notani
- Department of Gerodontology, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Inoue
- Department of Gerodontology, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Makoto Funahashi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Division of Oral Functional Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
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11
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Inui T, Shimura T. Delta-opioid receptor blockade in the ventral pallidum increases perceived palatability and consumption of saccharin solution in rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Activation of efferents from the basolateral amygdala during the retrieval of conditioned taste aversion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Richard JM, Castro DC, Difeliceantonio AG, Robinson MJF, Berridge KC. Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: in the footsteps of Ann Kelley. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1919-31. [PMID: 23261404 PMCID: PMC3706488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ann Kelley was a scientific pioneer in reward neuroscience. Her many notable discoveries included demonstrations of accumbens/striatal circuitry roles in eating behavior and in food reward, explorations of limbic interactions with hypothalamic regulatory circuits, and additional interactions of motivation circuits with learning functions. Ann Kelley's accomplishments inspired other researchers to follow in her footsteps, including our own laboratory group. Here we describe results from several lines of our research that sprang in part from earlier findings by Kelley and colleagues. We describe hedonic hotspots for generating intense pleasure 'liking', separate identities of 'wanting' versus 'liking' systems, a novel role for dorsal neostriatum in generating motivation to eat, a limbic keyboard mechanism in nucleus accumbens for generating intense desire versus intense dread, and dynamic limbic transformations of learned memories into motivation. We describe how origins for each of these themes can be traced to fundamental contributions by Ann Kelley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Richard
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.
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14
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Kobayashi M, Cui Y, Sako T, Sasabe T, Mizoguchi N, Yamamoto K, Wada Y, Kataoka Y, Koshikawa N. Functional neuroimaging of aversive taste-related areas in the alert rat revealed by positron emission tomography. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1363-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yilong Cui
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science; Kobe; Japan
| | - Takeo Sako
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science; Kobe; Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science; Kobe; Japan
| | - Yosky Kataoka
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science; Kobe; Japan
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Fliegel S, Brand I, Spanagel R, Noori HR. Ethanol-induced alterations of amino acids measured by in vivo microdialysis in rats: a meta-analysis. In Silico Pharmacol 2013; 1:7. [PMID: 25505652 PMCID: PMC4230485 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years in vivo microdialysis has become an important method in research studies investigating the alterations of neurotransmitters in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Based on the major involvement of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mediating a variety of alcohol effects in the mammalian brain, numerous microdialysis studies have focused on the dynamical behavior of these systems in response to alcohol. METHODS Here we performed multiple meta-analyses on published datasets from the rat brain: (i) we studied basal extracellular concentrations of glutamate and GABA in brain regions that belong to a neurocircuitry involved in neuropsychiatric diseases, especially in alcoholism (Noori et al., Addict Biol 17:827-864, 2012); (ii) we examined the effect of acute ethanol administration on glutamate and GABA levels within this network and (iii) we studied alcohol withdrawal-induced alterations in glutamate and GABA levels within this neurocircuitry. RESULTS For extraction of basal concentrations of these neurotransmitters, datasets of 6932 rats were analyzed and the absolute basal glutamate and GABA levels were estimated for 18 different brain sites. In response to different doses of acute ethanol administration, datasets of 529 rats were analyzed and a non-linear dose response (glutamate and GABA release) relationship was observed in several brain sites. Specifically, glutamate in the nucleus accumbens shows a decreasing logarithmic dose response curve. Finally, regression analysis of 11 published reports employing brain microdialysis experiments in 104 alcohol-dependent rats reveals very consistent augmented extracellular glutamate and GABA levels in various brain sites that correlate with the intensity of the withdrawal response were identified. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results provide standardized basal values for future experimental and in silico studies on neurotransmitter release in the rat brain and may be helpful to understand the effect of ethanol on neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, this study illustrates the benefit of meta-analyses using the generalization of a wide range of preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fliegel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ines Brand
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hamid R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Wilson GN, Biesan OR, Remus JL, Mickley GA. Baclofen alters gustatory discrimination capabilities and induces a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:527. [PMID: 22152100 PMCID: PMC3253697 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies intending to measure drug-induced changes in learning and memory are challenged to parse out the effects of drugs on sensory, motor, and associative systems in the brain. In the context of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), drugs that alter the sensorium of subjects and affect their ability to taste and/or feel malaise may limit the ability of investigators to make conclusions about associative effects of these substances. Since the GABAergic system is implicated in inhibition, the authors were hopeful to use the GABA agonist, baclofen (BAC), to enhance extinction of a CTA, but first a preliminary evaluation of BAC's peripheral effects on animals' sensorium had to be completed due to a lack of published literature in this area. Findings Our first experiment aimed to evaluate the extent to which the GABAB agonist, BAC, altered the ability of rats to differentiate between 0.3% and 0.6% saccharin (SAC) in a two bottle preference test. Here we report that 2 or 3 mg/kg (i.p.) BAC, but not 1 mg/kg BAC, impaired animals' gustatory discrimination abilities in this task. Furthermore, when SAC consumption was preceded by 2 or 3 mg/kg (i.p.) BAC, rats depressed their subsequent SAC drinking. A second experiment evaluated if the suppression of SAC and water drinking (revealed in Experiment 1) was mediated by amnesiac effects of BAC or whether BAC possessed US properties in the context of the CTA paradigm. The time necessary to reach an asymptotic level of CTA extinction was not significantly different in those animals that received the 3 mg/kg dose of BAC compared to more conventionally SAC + lithium chloride (LiCl, 81 mg/kg) conditioned animals. Conclusions Our findings were not consistent with a simple amnesia-of-neophobia explanation. Instead, results indicated that 2 and 3 mg/kg (i.p.) BAC were capable of inducing a CTA, which was extinguishable via repeated presentations of SAC only. Our data indicate that, depending on the dose, BAC can alter SAC taste discrimination and act as a potent US in the context of a CTA paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina N Wilson
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Psychology, Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, OH 44017, USA.
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Enhanced GABAergic tone in the ventral pallidum: memory of unpleasant experiences? Neuroscience 2011; 196:131-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yamamoto T, Ueji K. Brain mechanisms of flavor learning. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:76. [PMID: 21922004 PMCID: PMC3166791 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the flavor of the ingested food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with a preferable (e.g., good taste or nutritive satisfaction) or aversive (e.g., malaise with displeasure) signal (unconditioned stimulus, US), animals react to its subsequent exposure by increasing or decreasing ingestion to the food. These two types of association learning (preference learning vs. aversion learning) are known as classical conditioned reactions which are basic learning and memory phenomena, leading selection of food and proper food intake. Since the perception of flavor is generated by interaction of taste and odor during food intake, taste and/or odor are mainly associated with bodily signals in the flavor learning. After briefly reviewing flavor learning in general, brain mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion is described in more detail. The CS-US association leading to long-term potentiation in the amygdala, especially in its basolateral nucleus, is the basis of establishment of conditioned taste aversion. The novelty of the CS detected by the cortical gustatory area may be supportive in CS-US association. After the association, CS input is conveyed through the amygdala to different brain regions including the hippocampus for contextual fear formation, to the supramammillary and thalamic paraventricular nuclei for stressful anxiety or memory dependent fearful or stressful emotion, to the reward system to induce aversive expression to the CS, or hedonic shift from positive to negative, and to the CS-responsive neurons in the gustatory system to enhance the responsiveness to facilitate to detect the harmful stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ueji
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
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Hernández L, Paredes D, Rada P. Feeding behavior as seen through the prism of brain microdialysis. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:47-56. [PMID: 21549733 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of feeding behavior mechanisms gained through brain microdialysis is reviewed. Most of the chemical changes so far reported concern to the limbic system in rodents. A picture showing increases and decreases of extracellular neurotransmitters correlating to different aspects of feeding behavior is gradually emerging. Depending on the region, the same neurotransmitter may signal opposite aspects of feeding. Dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) correlates with food reward, stimulus saliency, and goal directed hyperlocomotion but in the ventromedial hypothalamus DA correlates with satiety and hypolocomotion. The findings accumulated in the last 25 years suggest that the control of a particular function relies on the interaction of several neurotransmitters rather than on a single neurotransmitter. The poor sensitivity of most analytical techniques hinders time and spatial resolution of microdialysis. Therefore, neurochemical correlates of short lasting behaviors are hard to figure out. As new and more sensitive analytical techniques are applied, new neurochemical correlates of feeding show up. Sometimes the proper analytical techniques are simply not available. As a consequence, critical signals such as neuropeptides are not yet completely placed in the puzzle. Despite such limitations, brain microdialysis has yielded a great deal of knowledge on the neurochemical basis of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Hernández
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
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Inui T, Inui-Yamamoto C, Yoshioka Y, Ohzawa I, Shimura T. Activation of projective neurons from the nucleus accumbens to ventral pallidum by a learned aversive taste stimulus in rats: a manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience 2011; 177:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Inui-Yamamoto C, Yoshioka Y, Inui T, Sasaki KS, Ooi Y, Ueda K, Seiyama A, Ohzawa I. The brain mapping of the retrieval of conditioned taste aversion memory using manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in rats. Neuroscience 2010; 167:199-204. [PMID: 20167260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) is a newly developed noninvasive imaging technique of brain activities. The signal intensity of MEMRI reflects cumulative activities of the neurons. To validate the use of MEMRI technique to investigate the neural mechanisms of learning and memory, we tried to map brain areas involved in the retrieval of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) memory. CTAs were established to saccharin (conditioned stimulus: CS) by pairing its ingestion with an i.p. injection of LiCl (unconditioned stimulus: US). LiCl solutions (as a robust aversion chemical) of 0.15 M were injected i.p. 15 min after drinking the saccharine solution (CS). After the two times conditionings, these rats showed a robust aversion to the saccharine solution (CS). Rats of the control group were injected saline i.p. instead of LiCl solutions. The MRI signal intensities at the gustatory cortex (GC), the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens (NAcC), the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh), the ventral pallidum (VP), the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) of the conditioned group were higher than those of the control group. There were no significant differences between the conditioned and the control groups in the intensities for other regions, such as the striatum area, motor cortex, cingulate cortex, interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure and hippocampus. These indicate that the GC, NAcC, NAcSh, VP, CeA, LH and BLA have important roles in the memory retrieval of CTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Inui-Yamamoto
- High Performance Bioimaging Research Facility, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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