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He H, Liu Z, Li D, Liu X, Han Y, Sun H, Zhao M, Shao M, Shi L, Hao P, Lai C. Effects of carbon limitation and carbon fertilization on karst lake-reservoir productivity. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 261:122036. [PMID: 38981350 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen and phosphorus are universally recognized as limiting elements in the eutrophication processes affecting the majority of the world's lakes, reservoirs, and coastal ecosystems. However, despite extensive research spanning several decades, critical questions in eutrophication science remain unanswered. For example, there is still much to understand about the interactions between carbon limitation and ecosystem stability, and the availability of carbon components adds significant complexity to aquatic resource management. Mounting evidence suggests that aqueous CO2 could be a limiting factor, influencing the structure and succession of aquatic plant communities, especially in karstic lake and reservoir ecosystems. Moreover, the fertilization effect of aqueous CO2 has the potential to enhance carbon sequestration and phosphorus removal. Therefore, it is important to address these uncertainties to achieve multiple positive outcomes, including improved water quality and increased carbon sinks in karst lakes and reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Zaihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Dongli Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hailong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Mingyu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Liangxing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaowei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
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Fu X, Qin J, Ding C, Wei Y, Sun J. Effect of increased pCO 2 and temperature on the phytoplankton community in the coastal of Yellow Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170520. [PMID: 38309353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
In order to study the dynamics of marine phytoplankton communities in response to anticipated in temperature and CO2, a shipboard continuous culture experiment (Ecostat) was conducted. The experiment involved simulations under current atmospheric CO2 concentrations (400 ppm) and projected year-2100 CO2 levels (1000 ppm), as well as varying temperature under present (22 °C) versus increased temperature (26 °C) in the Yellow Sea during the summer of 2020. The results showed that both the increased pCO2 and temperature had significant effects on microphytoplankton and picophytoplankton, with the warming effect proving to be more significant. The different responses of various species to acidification and warming and their coupling effect led to the changes in microphytoplankton and picophytoplankton community structure. Elevated temperature and greenhouse treatments promoted the growth of dominant diatoms and Synechococcus, such as Guinardia flaccida and Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima. This phenomenons widened the ecological niche, and the changes in the growth patterns of dominant species consequently influenced the content of cellular elements. Mantel's analysis further demonstrated that both warming and greenhouse promoted the growth of diatoms and Synechococcus. Projections of marine phytoplankton community trends by the end of the century based on Growth Rate Ratio (GRR), indicated that not only would species with GRR < 1 decrease, but also numerous species with growth rates >1 at elevated pCO2 levels would be ousted from competition. This experiment demonstrates the need to investigate whether extended exposure to increased pCO2 and temperature over more extended time scales would similarly induce shifts in the biological and biogeochemical dynamics of the Yellow Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Fu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiahui Qin
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Changling Ding
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yuqiu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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3
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Mao Y, Lin T, Li H, He R, Ye K, Yu W, He Q. Aerobic methane production by phytoplankton as an important methane source of aquatic ecosystems: Reconsidering the global methane budget. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167864. [PMID: 37866611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Biological methane, a major source of global methane budget, is traditionally thought to be produced in anaerobic environments. However, the recent reports about methane supersaturation occurring in oxygenated water layer, termed as "methane paradox", have challenged this prevailing paradigm. Significantly, growing evidence has indicated that phytoplankton including prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae are capable of generating methane under aerobic conditions. In this regard, a systematic review of aerobic methane production by phytoplankton is expected to arouse the public attention, contributing to the understanding of methane paradox. Here, we comprehensively summarize the widespread phenomena of methane supersaturation in oxic layers. The remarkable correlation relationships between methane concentration and several key indicators (depth, chlorophyll a level and organic sulfide concentration) indicate the significance of phytoplankton in in-situ methane accumulation. Subsequently, four mechanisms of aerobic methane production by phytoplankton are illustrated in detail, including photosynthesis-driven metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven demethylation of methyl donors, methanogenesis catalyzed by nitrogenase and demethylation of phosphonates catalyzed by CP lyase. The first two pathways occur in various phytoplankton, while the latter two have been specially discovered in cyanobacteria. Additionally, the effects of four crucial factors on aerobic methane production by phytoplankton are also discussed, including phytoplankton species, light, temperature and crucial nutrients. Finally, the measures to control global methane emissions from phytoplankton, the precise intracellular mechanisms of methane production and a more complete global methane budget model are definitely required in the future research on methane production by phytoplankton. This review would provide guidance for future studies of aerobic methane production by phytoplankton and emphasize the potential contribution of aquatic ecosystems to global methane budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China; Lingzhi Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Wuxi 214200, China
| | - Tong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ruixu He
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Kailai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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4
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Qin H, Sandrini G, Piel T, Slot PC, Huisman J, Visser PM. The harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 is more resistant to hydrogen peroxide at elevated CO 2. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 128:102482. [PMID: 37714576 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 can intensify harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic lakes. Worldwide, these blooms are an increasing environmental concern. Low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been proposed as a short-term but eco-friendly approach to selectively mitigate cyanobacterial blooms. However, sensitivity of cyanobacteria to H2O2 can vary depending on the available resources. To find out how cyanobacteria respond to H2O2 under elevated CO2, Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 was cultured in chemostats with nutrient-replete medium under C-limiting and C-replete conditions (150 ppm and 1500 ppm CO2, respectively). Microcystis chemostats exposed to high CO2 showed higher cell densities, biovolumes, and microcystin contents, but a lower photosynthetic efficiency and pH compared to the cultures grown under low CO2. Subsamples of the chemostats were treated with different concentrations of H2O2 (0-10 mg·L-1 H2O2) in batch cultures under two different light intensities (15 and 100 μmol photons m-2·s-1) and the response in photosynthetic vitality was monitored during 24 h. Results showed that Microcystis was more resistant to H2O2 at elevated CO2 than under carbon-limited conditions. Both low and high CO2-adapted cells were more sensitive to H2O2 at high light than at low light. Microcystins (MCs) leaked out of the cells of cultures exposed to 2-10 mg·L-1 H2O2, while the sum of intra- and extracellular MCs decreased. Although both H2O2 and CO2 concentrations in lakes vary in response to many factors, these results imply that it may become more difficult to suppress cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic lakes when atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Giovanni Sandrini
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Technology & Sources, Evides Water Company, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Piel
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C Slot
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M Visser
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ocean warming and acidification affect the transitional C:N:P ratio and macromolecular accumulation in the harmful raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo. Commun Biol 2023; 6:151. [PMID: 36747020 PMCID: PMC9902392 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an increase in ocean warming and acidification that is expected to increase the number of harmful algal species worldwide, the population of the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo has been reported to be reduced. However, how this species physically and metabolically modifies transitional C:N:P ratio and macromolecule accumulation is unknown. Considering 1st, 10th, and 20th culture generations under present (low-temperature; low-carbon-dioxide [LTLC] 21 °C; pCO2 400 ppm) and future (high-temperature; high-carbon-dioxide [HTHC] 25 °C; pCO2 1000 ppm) ocean conditions, we examined transitional C:N:P ratio and macromolecule level changes and performed transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that compared to 1st generation cells, 20th generation cells under HTHC conditions showed a large decrease in carbon quota (QC: 34%), nitrogen quota (QN: 36%), and phosphorus quota (QP: 32%), which were reflected in an overall reduction in DNA and RNA quantity. Decreased activation of photosynthetic, carbon fixation and lipid metabolic pathways coincided with changes in photosynthetic efficiency, carbon concentration, and lipid accumulation after long-term (20th generation) exposure to HTHC conditions. We observed that these variations in internal metabolic pathways were caused by external changes in temperature, which activated the (Ca+) signaling pathway, and external changes in pCO2, which altered proton exchange pathways. Our results suggest that H. akashiwo in a temperate environment will undergo profound changes in C:N:P ratio and macromolecular properties, leading to programmed cell death, in the future.
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Wang R, Meng L, Hu S, Gao P, Wang C, Chen J, Wang Y, Liu C, Song Y, Ding N. Acidification of seawater attenuates the allelopathic effects of Ulva pertusa on Karenia mikimotoi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:5973-5982. [PMID: 35986112 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acidification of seawater resulting from absorption of excessive carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is posing a serious threat to marine ecosystem. In this study, we hypothesized that acidified seawater attenuates allelopathic effects of macroalgae on red tide algae because the increase of dissolved carbon dioxide benefits algal growth, and investigated the allelopathic effects of Ulva pertusa on Karenia mikimotoi in response to seawater acidification by determining cell density, photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and chloroplast structure of K. mikimotoi under U. pertusa stress in original (pH=8.2) and acidified (pH=7.8) seawater. U. pertusa inhibited the growth of K. mikimotoi in the original and acidizing seawater, and the inhibition rate was positively correlated with treatment time and concentration of U. pertusa. However, acidizing condition significantly weakened the inhibition degree of U. pertusa on K. mikimotoi (P < 0.05), with the inhibition rates decreased from 51.85 to 43.16% at 10 gFW/L U. pertusa for 96 h. U. pertusa reduced contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and carotenoid, maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield, maximum relative electron transfer efficiency (rETRmax) of PSII, real-time fluorescence value (F), and maximum fluorescence value (Fm') of PSII of K. mikimotoi under original and acidified conditions. And, the inhibition degree of U. pertusa under acidizing condition was significantly lower than that of original seawater group. Furthermore, the damage degree of chloroplast structure of K. mikimotoi under U. pertusa stress was more serious under original seawater condition. These results indicate that acidification of seawater attenuates the allelopathic effects of U. pertusa on K. mikimotoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingna Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxin Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Song
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
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Begum M, Masud MM, Alam L, Mokhtar MB, Amir AA. The impact of climate variables on marine fish production: an empirical evidence from Bangladesh based on autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87923-87937. [PMID: 35819668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the significant impact of climate change on agriculture. However, there have been little empirical enquiries into the impact of climate change on marine fish production, particularly in Bangladesh. Hence, this study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on marine fish production in Bangladesh using data from 1961 to 2019. Data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization, Bangladesh Meteorological Department, the World Development Indicators, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to describe the dynamic link between CO2 emissions, average temperature, Sea Surface Temperature (SST), rainfall, sunshine, wind and marine fish production. The ARDL approach to cointegration revealed that SST (β = 0.258), rainfall (β =0.297), and sunshine (β =0.663) significantly influence marine fish production at 1% and 10% levels in the short run and at 1% level in the long run. The results also found that average temperature has a significant negative impact on fish production in both short and long runs. On the other hand, CO2 emissions have a negative impact on marine fish production in the short run. Specifically, for every 1% rise in CO2 emissions, marine fish production will decline by 0.11%. The findings of this study suggest that policymakers formulate better policy frameworks for climate change adaptation and sustainable management of marine fisheries at the national level. Research and development in Bangladesh's fisheries sector should also focus on marine fish species that can resist high sea surface temperatures, CO2 emissions, and average temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuza Begum
- The Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Mehedi Masud
- Department of Development Studies, Faculty of Business and Economics, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lubna Alam
- The Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mazlin Bin Mokhtar
- The Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Aldrie Amir
- The Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nour A, Nina L, Frederik G, Fabienne H, Zouher A, Amandine C. Impacts of ocean acidification on growth and toxin content of the marine diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis and P. fraudulenta. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 169:105380. [PMID: 34146891 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper present the effects of ocean acidification on growth and domoic acid (DA) content of several strains of the toxic Pseudo-nitzschia australis and the non-toxic P. fraudulenta. Three strains of each species (plus two subclones of P. australis) were acclimated and grown in semi-continuous cultures at three pH levels: 8.07, 7.77, and 7.40, in order to simulate changes of seawater pH from present to plausible future levels. Our results showed that lowering pH from current level (8.07) to predicted pH level in 2100 (7.77) did not affect the mean growth rates of some of the P. australis strains (FR-PAU-17 and L3-100), but affected other strains either negatively (L3-30) or positively (L3.4). However, the growth rates significantly decreased with pH lowered to 7.40 (by 13% for L3-100, 43% for L3-30 and 16% for IFR-PAU-17 compared to the rates at pH 8.07). In contrast, growth rates of the non-toxic P. fraudulenta strains were not affected by pH changing from 8.07 to 7.40. The P. australis strains produced DA at all pH levels tested, and the highest particulate DA concentration normalized to cell abundance (pDA) was found at pH 8.07. Total DA content (pDA and dissolved DA) was significantly higher at current pH (8.07) compared to pH (7.77), exept for one strain (L 3.4) where no difference was found. At lower pH levels 7.77-7.40, total DA content was similar, except for strains IFR-PAU-17 and L3-100 which had the lowest content at the pH 7.77. The diversity in the responses in growth and DA content highlights the inter- and intra-specific variation in Pseudo-nitzschia species in response to ocean acidification. When exploring environmental responses of Pseudo-nitzschia using cultured cells, not only strain-specific variation but also culturing history should be taken into consideration, as the light levels under which the subclones were cultured, afterwards affected both maximum growth rates and DA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayache Nour
- Institut Francaise de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de La Mer: Ifremer, Phycotoxin Laboratory, F-44311, Nantes, France.
| | - Lundholm Nina
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gai Frederik
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hervé Fabienne
- Institut Francaise de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de La Mer: Ifremer, Phycotoxin Laboratory, F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Amzil Zouher
- Institut Francaise de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de La Mer: Ifremer, Phycotoxin Laboratory, F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Caruana Amandine
- Institut Francaise de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de La Mer: Ifremer, Phycotoxin Laboratory, F-44311, Nantes, France
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Zhang L, Sun Y, Cheng J, Cui G, Huang Y, Yang Z. Warming mitigates the enhancement effect of elevated air CO 2 on anti-grazer morphological defense in Scenedesmus obliquus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145341. [PMID: 33517020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 and temperature are increasing, which will have substantial impacts on interactions among organisms. While each stressor in isolation has been studied extensively, there has been less focus on their combined effects on the interspecies interaction. In order to reveal how warming and elevated CO2 interact on the induced defense of phytoplankton, we investigated the combined influences of elevated CO2 (750 ppm vs 390 ppm) and high temperature (28 °C and 31 °C vs 25 °C) on grazer Daphnia-induced morphological defense in Scenedesmus obliquus. Results showed that S. obliquus formed big-sized colonies (e.g., four- and eight-celled colonies) as response to Daphnia infochemicals, resulting in an increase in the number of cells per particle. Elevated CO2 further decreased the proportion of unicells from >40% in the populations growing at 390 ppm CO2 without Daphnia filtrate to <7% in the populations growing at 750 ppm CO2 with Daphnia filtrate, with the formation of more than 90% colonies, thus enhancing this morphological defense in S. obliquus. However, under elevated CO2, increasing temperature up to 31 °C remarkably increased the four-celled colonies by at least 159% but decreased the eight-celled colonies by 37% compared with 25 °C. As a result, the maximum cells per particle were significantly decreased to the 390 ppm CO2-grown level at high temperature. The time to reach the maximum cells per particle was also shortened by high temperature under elevated CO2. These results suggest that high temperature has an overwhelming inhibitory effect on the enhanced anti-grazer defense by elevated CO2, which provides significant implications for forecasting the predator-prey interaction changes in freshwater ecosystem under future climate regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiahui Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guilian Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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10
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Ma J, Wang P. Effects of rising atmospheric CO 2 levels on physiological response of cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial bloom development: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:141889. [PMID: 32920383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration negatively impacts aquatic ecosystems and may exacerbate the problem of undesirable cyanobacterial bloom development in freshwater ecosystems. Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 may increase the levels of dissolved CO2 in freshwater systems, via air-water exchanges, enhancing primary production in the water and catchments. Although high CO2 levels improve cyanobacterial growth and increase cyanobacterial biomass, the impacts on their internal physiological processes can be more complex. Here, we have reviewed previous studies to evaluate the physiological responses of cyanobacteria to high concentrations of CO2. In response to high CO2 concentrations, the pressures of inorganic carbon absorption are reduced, and carbon concentration mechanisms are downregulated, affecting the intracellular metabolic processes and competitiveness of the cyanobacteria. Nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism and light utilization are closely related to CO2 assimilation, and these processes are likely to be affected by resource and energy reallocation when CO2 levels are high. Additionally, the responses of diazotrophic and toxic cyanobacteria to elevated CO2 levels were specifically reviewed. The responses of diazotrophic cyanobacteria to elevated CO2 concentrations were found to be inconsistent, probably because of differences in other factors in experimental designs. Toxic cyanobacteria tended to be superior to non-toxic strains at low levels of CO2; however, the specific effects of microcystin on the regulation require further investigation. Furthermore, the effects of increasing CO2 levels on cyanobacterial competitiveness in phytoplankton communities and nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems were reviewed. High CO2 concentrations may make cyanobacteria less competitive relative to other algal taxa; however, due to the complexity of natural systems and the specificity of algal species, the dominant positions of the cyanobacteria do not seems to be changed. To better understand cyanobacterial responses to elevated CO2 levels and help control cyanobacterial bloom developments, this review has identified key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China.
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Lines T, Orr P, Beardall J. Elevated co 2 has Differential Effects on Five Species of Microalgae from a Subtropical Freshwater Lake: Possible Implications for Phytoplankton Species Composition. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:324-334. [PMID: 33191502 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to have a significant impact on global phytoplankton populations. Of particular interest in freshwater systems are those species that produce toxins or impact water quality, though evidence for how these species, and many others, will respond is limited. This study investigated the effects of elevated CO2 (1,000 ppm) relative to current atmospheric CO2 partial pressures (400 ppm), on growth, cell size, carbon acquisition, and photophysiology of five freshwater phytoplankton species including a toxic cyanophyte, Raphidiopsis raciborskii, from Lake Wivenhoe, Australia. Effects of elevated CO2 on growth rate varied between species; notably growth rate was considerably higher for Staurastrum sp. and significantly lower for Stichococcus sp. with a trend to lower growth rate for R. raciborskii. Surface area to volume ratio was significantly lower with elevated CO2 , for all species except Cyclotella sp. Timing of maximum cell concentrations of those genera studied in monoculture occurred in the lake in order of CO2 affinity when free CO2 concentrations dropped below air equilibrium. The results presented here suggest that as atmospheric levels of CO2 rise, R. raciborskii may become less of a problem to water quality, while some species of chlorophytes may become more dominant. This has implications for stakeholders of many freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lines
- The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Philip Orr
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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12
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Longo S, Sibat M, Darius HT, Hess P, Chinain M. Effects of pH and Nutrients (Nitrogen) on Growth and Toxin Profile of the Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E767. [PMID: 33291542 PMCID: PMC7761829 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Ciguatera outbreaks are expected to increase worldwide with global change, in particular as a function of its main drivers, including changes in sea surface temperature, acidification, and coastal eutrophication. In French Polynesia, G. polynesiensis is regarded as the dominant source of CTXs entering the food web. The effects of pH (8.4, 8.2, and 7.9), Nitrogen:Phosphorus ratios (24N:1P vs. 48N:1P), and nitrogen source (nitrates vs. urea) on growth rate, biomass, CTX levels, and profiles were examined in four clones of G. polynesiensis at different culture age (D10, D21, and D30). Results highlight a decrease in growth rate and cellular biomass at low pH when urea is used as a N source. No significant effect of pH, N:P ratio, and N source on the overall CTX content was observed. Up to ten distinct analogs of Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) could be detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in clone NHA4 grown in urea, at D21. Amounts of more oxidized P-CTX analogs also increased under the lowest pH condition. These data provide interesting leads for the custom production of CTX standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Longo
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, Rue de I’lle d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, Rue de I’lle d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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13
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The Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming on Growth of a Natural Community of Coastal Phytoplankton. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An in situ mesocosm experiment was performed to investigate the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on the coastal phytoplankton standing stock and species composition of a eutrophic coastal area in the temperate-subtropical region. Experimental treatments of natural seawater included three CO2 and two temperature conditions (present control: ~400 μatm CO2 and ambient temperature, acidification conditions: ~900 μatm CO2 and ambient temperature, and greenhouse conditions: ~900 μatm CO2 and ambient temperature +3 °C). We found that increased CO2 concentration benefited the growth of small autotrophic phytoplankton groups: picophytoplankton (PP), autotrophic nanoflagellates (ANF), and small chain-forming diatoms (DT). However, in the greenhouse conditions, ANF and DT abundances were lower compared with those in the acidification conditions. The proliferation of small autotrophic phytoplankton in future oceanic conditions (acidification and greenhouse) also increased the abundance of heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HDF). These responses suggest that a combination of acidification and warming will not only increase the small autotrophic phytoplankton standing stock but, also, lead to a shift in the diatom and dinoflagellate species composition, with potential biogeochemical element cycling feedback and an increased frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms.
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Shi M, Li J, Zhou Q, Wang G, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Yan S. Interactions between elevated CO 2 levels and floating aquatic plants on the alteration of bacterial function in carbon assimilation and decomposition in eutrophic waters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115398. [PMID: 31874391 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) may have different effects on the bacterial community with regard to C assimilation and decomposition in eutrophic waters compared to that in fresh waters with intermediate levels of nutrients and oceans. Aquatic plant growth under eCO2 could further modify microbial activities associated with the C cycle in eutrophic waters. Therefore, there is an urgent need to further study how eCO2 and its interactions with the growth of aquatic plants affect the composition and function of the bacterial community involved in mediating the C cycle in eutrophic waters. Accordingly, we designed a microcosm experiment to investigate the effects of ambient and high CO2 concentrations on bacterial community composition and function in eutrophic waters with and without the growth of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. The results from 16S rRNA gene sequencing, function prediction, and q-PCR showed that eCO2 significantly increased the abundance of bacterial and functional genes involved in CO2 assimilation (photosynthetic bacteria; cbbL IA & IC, cbbL ID, cbbM, pufM) and C decomposition (Acidimicrobiia, Thermoleophilia, Gaiellales; ChiA), illustrating the functional enrichment with photoautotrophy, hydrocarbon degradation, cellulolysis, and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. However, eCO2 decreased the abundance of some chemoautotrophic bacteria, including nitrifying bacteria (Nitrospirae, Nitrosomonadaceae). In contrast, the cultivation of E. crassipes decreased the abundance of photosynthetic bacteria but increased the abundance of bacteria involved in complex C decomposition associated with root exudates and degradation, e.g. Fibrobacteres, Sphingobacteriales, Sphingomonadales, and Rhizobiales. eCO2 and growth of E. crassipes had opposite effects on algal density in eutrophic waters, creating interactive effects that further decreased the diversity of the bacterial community and abundance of some CO2-assimilating bacteria with nitrifying characteristics (Nitrosomonadaceae) and some C-degrading bacteria (Fibrobacteres) with denitrifying properties (Flavobacteriaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Gemmobacter). Therefore, the interactions between aquatic plants and the bacterial community in eutrophic waters under eCO2 would be beneficial to the environment and help alleviate the greenhouse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Shi
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jiangye Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment on the Lower Yangtze River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment on the Lower Yangtze River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shaohua Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment on the Lower Yangtze River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Tester PA, Litaker RW, Berdalet E. Climate change and harmful benthic microalgae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101655. [PMID: 32057343 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sea surface temperatures in the world's oceans are projected to warm by 0.4-1.4 °C by mid twenty-first century causing many tropical and sub-tropical harmful dinoflagellate genera like Gambierdiscus, Fukuyoa and Ostreopsis (benthic harmful algal bloom species, BHABs) to exhibit higher growth rates over much of their current geographic range, resulting in higher population densities. The primary exception to this trend will be in the tropics where temperatures exceed species-specific upper thermal tolerances (30-31 °C) beyond which growth slows significantly. As surface waters warm, migration to deeper habitats is expected to provide refuge. Range extensions of several degrees of latitude also are anticipated, but only where species-specific habitat requirements can be met (e.g., temperature, suitable substrate, low turbulence, light, salinity, pH). The current understanding of habitat requirements that determine species distributions are reviewed to provide fuller understanding of how individual species will respond to climate change from the present to 2055 while addressing the paucity of information on environmental factors controlling small-scale distribution in localized habitats. Based on the available information, we hypothesized how complex environmental interactions can influence abundance and potential range extensions of BHAB species in different biogeographic regions and identify sentinel sites appropriate for long-term monitoring programs to detect range extensions and reduce human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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16
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Jensen EL, Yangüez K, Carrière F, Gontero B. Storage Compound Accumulation in Diatoms as Response to Elevated CO 2 Concentration. BIOLOGY 2019; 9:E5. [PMID: 31878202 PMCID: PMC7169399 DOI: 10.3390/biology9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of reserve compounds (i.e., lipids and chrysolaminarin) in diatoms depends on the environmental conditions, and is often triggered by stress conditions, such as nutrient limitation. Manipulation of CO2 supply can also be used to improve both lipids and carbohydrates accumulation. Given the high diversity among diatoms, we studied the two marine model diatoms-Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a freshwater diatom, Asterionella formosa, and Navicula pelliculosa-found in fresh- and sea-water environments. We measured the accumulation of reserve compounds and the activity of enzymes involved in carbon metabolism in these diatoms grown at high and atmospheric CO2. We observed that biomass and lipid accumulation in cells grown at high CO2 differ among the diatoms. Lipid accumulation increased only in P. tricornutum and N. pelliculosa grown in seawater in response to elevated CO2. Moreover, accumulation of lipids was also accompanied by an increased activity of the enzymes tested. However, lipid accumulation and enzyme activity decreased in N. pelliculosa cultured in fresh water. Chrysolaminarin accumulation was also affected by CO2 concentration; however, there was no clear relation with lipids accumulation. Our results are relevant to understand better the ecological role of the environment in the diatom adaptation to CO2 and the mechanisms underpinning the production of storage compounds considering diatom diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brigitte Gontero
- CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, IMM, FR3479, 31 Chemin J. Aiguier, Aix Marseille Univ., 13 402 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (E.L.J.); (K.Y.); (F.C.)
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17
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Li W, Xu X, Yao J, Tanaka N, Nishimura O, Ma H. Combined effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on phytoplankton-zooplankton link: A multi-influence of climate change on freshwater planktonic communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1175-1185. [PMID: 30677981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to understand the combined effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on phytoplankton-zooplankton link when attempting to predict climate change responses of freshwater ecosystems. Phytoplankton species differ in stoichiometric and fatty acids composition, and this may result in phytoplankton-mediated effect on zooplankton at elevated CO2 and temperature. Beyond the isolated analysis of CO2 or temperature effect, few studies have assessed zooplankton growth under the phytoplankton-mediated effects of elevated CO2 and temperature. In this study, three algal species (green alga, diatom, cyanobacteria) were fed on zooplankton Daphnia magna, under the conditions of CO2 concentrations of ambient (390 ppm) and elevated (1000 ppm) levels and temperatures at 20, 25 and 30 °C. Elevated CO2 increased the algal biomass, while it reduced the phosphorus (P) and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) to carbon (C) ratios. Elevated temperature decreased the P/C ratios in all algal cultures and ω3 PUFAs/C ratios in the diatom and the cyanobacteria cultures. Phytoplankton-mediated effect of elevated CO2 reduced the growth of zooplankton fed on the green and the mixed three algae culture. The stimulation of zooplankton fed on the diatom and the cyanobacteria by elevated temperature can be offset by decreasing food P and ω3 PUFAs contents. The combined effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on the growth of daphnids were mainly mediated by ω3 PUFAs/C ratios in the phytoplankton. Rising temperature as a combined direct and indirectly phytoplankton-mediated effect on zooplankton may be able to ameliorate the negative effects of elevated CO2. The results indicated that the combined effects of increased CO2 and temperature increased the fatty acid content of the green alga but not the other algae. This study highlighted that climate change with simultaneously increasing temperature and CO2 may entangle the carbon transfer in freshwater planktonic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Shabei Road 83, Chongqing 400045, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki 6-6-06, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki 6-6-06, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jingmei Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Shabei Road 83, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki 6-6-06, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki 6-6-06, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hua Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Shabei Road 83, Chongqing 400045, China
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18
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Fitch A, Orland C, Willer D, Emilson EJS, Tanentzap AJ. Feasting on terrestrial organic matter: Dining in a dark lake changes microbial decomposition. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5110-5122. [PMID: 29998600 PMCID: PMC6220883 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Boreal lakes are major components of the global carbon cycle, partly because of sediment-bound heterotrophic microorganisms that decompose within-lake and terrestrially derived organic matter (t-OM). The ability for sediment bacteria to break down and alter t-OM may depend on environmental characteristics and community composition. However, the connection between these two potential drivers of decomposition is poorly understood. We tested how bacterial activity changed along experimental gradients in the quality and quantity of t-OM inputs into littoral sediments of two small boreal lakes, a dark and a clear lake, and measured the abundance of operational taxonomic units and functional genes to identify mechanisms underlying bacterial responses. We found that bacterial production (BP) decreased across lakes with aromatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sediment pore water, but the process underlying this pattern differed between lakes. Bacteria in the dark lake invested in the energetically costly production of extracellular enzymes as aromatic DOM increased in availability in the sediments. By contrast, bacteria in the clear lake may have lacked the nutrients and/or genetic potential to degrade aromatic DOM and instead mineralized photo-degraded OM into CO2 . The two lakes differed in community composition, with concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and pH differentiating microbial assemblages. Furthermore, functional genes relating to t-OM degradation were relatively higher in the dark lake. Our results suggest that future changes in t-OM inputs to lake sediments will have different effects on carbon cycling depending on the potential for photo-degradation of OM and composition of resident bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Fitch
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Chloe Orland
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David Willer
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Erik J. S. Emilson
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry CentreSault Ste. MarieOntario
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19
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Sett S, Schulz KG, Bach LT, Riebesell U. Shift towards larger diatoms in a natural phytoplankton assemblage under combined high-CO 2 and warming conditions. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2018; 40:391-406. [PMID: 30046201 PMCID: PMC6055579 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fby018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An indoor mesocosm experiment was carried out to investigate the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on the species composition and biogeochemical element cycling during a winter/spring bloom with a natural phytoplankton assemblage from the Kiel fjord, Germany. The experimental setup consisted of a "Control" (ambient temperature of ~4.8 °C and ~535 ± 25 μatm pCO2), a "High-CO2" treatment (ambient temperature and initially 1020 ± 45 μatm pCO2) and a "Greenhouse" treatment (~8.5 °C and initially 990 ± 60 μatm pCO2). Nutrient replete conditions prevailed at the beginning of the experiment and light was provided at in situ levels upon reaching pCO2 target levels. A diatom-dominated bloom developed in all treatments with Skeletonema costatum as the dominant species but with an increased abundance and biomass contribution of larger diatom species in the Greenhouse treatment. Conditions in the Greenhouse treatment accelerated bloom development with faster utilization of inorganic nutrients and an earlier peak in phytoplankton biomass compared to the Control and High CO2 but no difference in maximum concentration of particulate organic matter (POM) between treatments. Loss of POM in the Greenhouse treatment, however, was twice as high as in the Control and High CO2 treatment at the end of the experiment, most likely due to an increased proportion of larger diatom species in that treatment. We hypothesize that the combination of warming and acidification can induce shifts in diatom species composition with potential feedbacks on biogeochemical element cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Sett
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai G Schulz
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Lennart T Bach
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulf Riebesell
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, Germany
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20
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Vopel K, Del-Río C, Pilditch CA. Effects of CO 2 enrichment on benthic primary production and inorganic nitrogen fluxes in two coastal sediments. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1035. [PMID: 29348554 PMCID: PMC5773597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification may alter the cycling of nitrogen in coastal sediment and so the sediment-seawater nitrogen flux, an important driver of pelagic productivity. To investigate how this perturbation affects the fluxes of NOX- (nitrite/nitrate), NH4+ and O2, we incubated estuarine sand and subtidal silt in recirculating seawater with a CO2-adjusted pH of 8.1 and 7.9. During a 41-day incubation, the seawater kept at pH 8.1 lost 97% of its NOX- content but the seawater kept at pH 7.9 lost only 18%. Excess CO2 increased benthic photosynthesis. In the silt, this was accompanied by a reversal of the initial NOX- efflux into influx. The estuarine sand sustained its initial NOX- influx but, by the end of the incubation, released more NH4+ at pH 7.9 than at pH 8.1. We hypothesise that these effects share a common cause; excess CO2 increased the growth of benthic microalgae and so nutrient competition with ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB). In the silt, diatoms likely outcompeted AOB for NH4+ and photosynthesis increased the dark/light fluctuations in the pore water oxygenation inhibiting nitrification and coupled nitrification/denitrification. If this is correct, then excess CO2 may lead to retention of inorganic nitrogen adding to the pressures of increasing coastal eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Vopel
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag, 92006, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Cintya Del-Río
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag, 92006, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Conrad A Pilditch
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag, 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
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21
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Hammill E, Johnson E, Atwood TB, Harianto J, Hinchliffe C, Calosi P, Byrne M. Ocean acidification alters zooplankton communities and increases top-down pressure of a cubozoan predator. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e128-e138. [PMID: 28850765 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The composition of local ecological communities is determined by the members of the regional community that are able to survive the abiotic and biotic conditions of a local ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities since the industrial revolution have increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which have in turn decreased ocean pH and altered carbonate ion concentrations: so called ocean acidification (OA). Single-species experiments have shown how OA can dramatically affect zooplankton development, physiology and skeletal mineralization status, potentially reducing their defensive function and altering their predatory and antipredatory behaviors. This means that increased OA may indirectly alter the biotic conditions by modifying trophic interactions. We investigated how OA affects the impact of a cubozoan predator on their zooplankton prey, predominantly Copepoda, Pleocyemata, Dendrobranchiata, and Amphipoda. Experimental conditions were set at either current (pCO2 370 μatm) or end-of-the-century OA (pCO2 1,100 μatm) scenarios, crossed in an orthogonal experimental design with the presence/absence of the cubozoan predator Carybdea rastoni. The combined effects of exposure to OA and predation by C. rastoni caused greater shifts in community structure, and greater reductions in the abundance of key taxa than would be predicted from combining the effect of each stressor in isolation. Specifically, we show that in the combined presence of OA and a cubozoan predator, populations of the most abundant member of the zooplankton community (calanoid copepods) were reduced 27% more than it would be predicted based on the effects of these stressors in isolation, suggesting that OA increases the susceptibility of plankton to predation. Our results indicate that the ecological consequences of OA may be greater than predicted from single-species experiments, and highlight the need to understand future marine global change from a community perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edd Hammill
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellery Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trisha B Atwood
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Januar Harianto
- Schools of Medical and Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles Hinchliffe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Liu X, Ying K, Chen G, Zhou C, Zhang W, Zhang X, Cai Z, Holmes T, Tao Y. Growth of Chlorella vulgaris and nutrient removal in the wastewater in response to intermittent carbon dioxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:977-985. [PMID: 28835006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) were cultured in cell culture flask supplied with intermittent CO2 enriched gas. The impact of CO2 concentration (from 1% to 20% v/v) on the growth of C. vulgaris cultured in domestic wastewater was exploited in various perspectives which include biomass, specific growth rate, culture pH, carbon consumption, and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. The results showed that the maximum microalgal biomass concentration, 1.12 g L-1, was achieved with 10% CO2 as a feed gas. At 20% CO2 the growth of C. vulgaris suffered from inhibition during initial 1.5 d, but acclimated to low pH (6.3 in average) with relatively higher specific growth rate (0.3-0.5 d-1) during subsequent culture period. After the rapid consumption of ammonium in the wastewater, an obvious decline in the nitrate concentration was observed, indicating that C. vulgaris prefer ammonium as a primary nitrogen source. The total nitrogen and phosphorus decreased from 44.0 mg L-1 to 2.1-5.4 mg L-1 and from 5.2 mg L-1 to 0-0.6 mg L-1 within 6.5 d under the aeration of 1-20% CO2, respectively, but no significant difference in consumed nitrogen versus phosphorus ratio was observed among different CO2 concentration. The kinetics of nutrients removal were also determined through the application of pseudo first order kinetic model. 5-10% CO2 aeration was optimal for the growth of C. vulgaris in the domestic wastewater, based on the coupling of carbon consumption, microalgal biomass, the nutrients removal and kinetics constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Liu
- Tsinghua-Kangda Research Institute of Environmental Nano-Engineering & Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kezhen Ying
- Ocean Science and Technology Department, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangyao Chen
- Tsinghua-Kangda Research Institute of Environmental Nano-Engineering & Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Canwei Zhou
- Tsinghua-Kangda Research Institute of Environmental Nano-Engineering & Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- John A. Reif, Jr., Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, United States
| | - Xihui Zhang
- Tsinghua-Kangda Research Institute of Environmental Nano-Engineering & Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhonghua Cai
- Ocean Science and Technology Department, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Thomas Holmes
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, S13JD, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Tao
- Tsinghua-Kangda Research Institute of Environmental Nano-Engineering & Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Vogt RJ, St-Gelais NF, Bogard MJ, Beisner BE, del Giorgio PA. Surface water CO2concentration influences phytoplankton production but not community composition across boreal lakes. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1395-1404. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Vogt
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Québec at Montréal; C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal QC H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Nicolas F. St-Gelais
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Québec at Montréal; C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal QC H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Matthew J. Bogard
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Québec at Montréal; C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal QC H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Beatrix E. Beisner
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Québec at Montréal; C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal QC H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Paul A. del Giorgio
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Québec at Montréal; C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal QC H3C 3P8 Canada
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Kumar R, Bohra A, Pandey AK, Pandey MK, Kumar A. Metabolomics for Plant Improvement: Status and Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1302. [PMID: 28824660 PMCID: PMC5545584 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Post-genomics era has witnessed the development of cutting-edge technologies that have offered cost-efficient and high-throughput ways for molecular characterization of the function of a cell or organism. Large-scale metabolite profiling assays have allowed researchers to access the global data sets of metabolites and the corresponding metabolic pathways in an unprecedented way. Recent efforts in metabolomics have been directed to improve the quality along with a major focus on yield related traits. Importantly, an integration of metabolomics with other approaches such as quantitative genetics, transcriptomics and genetic modification has established its immense relevance to plant improvement. An effective combination of these modern approaches guides researchers to pinpoint the functional gene(s) and the characterization of massive metabolites, in order to prioritize the candidate genes for downstream analyses and ultimately, offering trait specific markers to improve commercially important traits. This in turn will improve the ability of a plant breeder by allowing him to make more informed decisions. Given this, the present review captures the significant leads gained in the past decade in the field of plant metabolomics accompanied by a brief discussion on the current contribution and the future scope of metabolomics to accelerate plant improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad (UoH)Hyderabad, India
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Abhishek Bohra
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR)Kanpur, India
| | - Arun K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Anirudh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University (IGNTU)Amarkantak, India
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Gao G, Jin P, Liu N, Li F, Tong S, Hutchins DA, Gao K. The acclimation process of phytoplankton biomass, carbon fixation and respiration to the combined effects of elevated temperature and pCO 2 in the northern South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:213-220. [PMID: 28259422 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We conducted shipboard microcosm experiments at both off-shore (SEATS) and near-shore (D001) stations in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) under three treatments, low temperature and low pCO2 (LTLC), high temperature and low pCO2 (HTLC), and high temperature and high pCO2 (HTHC). Biomass of phytoplankton at both stations were enhanced by HT. HTHC did not affect phytoplankton biomass at station D001 but decreased it at station SEATS. HT alone increased net primary productivity by 234% at station SEATS and by 67% at station D001 but the stimulating effect disappeared when HC was combined. HT also increased respiration rate by 236% at station SEATS and by 87% at station D001 whereas HTHC reduced it by 61% at station SEATS and did not affect it at station D001. Overall, our findings indicate that the positive effect of ocean warming on phytoplankton assemblages in NSCS could be damped or offset by ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nana Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Futian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shanying Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - David A Hutchins
- Marine Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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An Updated Review of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Clinical, Epidemiological, Environmental, and Public Health Management. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030072. [PMID: 28335428 PMCID: PMC5367029 DOI: 10.3390/md15030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is the most frequently reported seafood-toxin illness in the world. It causes substantial human health, social, and economic impacts. The illness produces a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological and neuropsychological, and cardiovascular symptoms, which may last days, weeks, or months. This paper is a general review of CFP including the human health effects of exposure to ciguatoxins (CTXs), diagnosis, human pathophysiology of CFP, treatment, detection of CTXs in fish, epidemiology of the illness, global dimensions, prevention, future directions, and recommendations for clinicians and patients. It updates and expands upon the previous review of CFP published by Friedman et al. (2008) and addresses new insights and relevant emerging global themes such as climate and environmental change, international market issues, and socioeconomic impacts of CFP. It also provides a proposed universal case definition for CFP designed to account for the variability in symptom presentation across different geographic regions. Information that is important but unchanged since the previous review has been reiterated. This article is intended for a broad audience, including resource and fishery managers, commercial and recreational fishers, public health officials, medical professionals, and other interested parties.
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27
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Lachmann SC, Maberly SC, Spijkerman E. Ecophysiology matters: linking inorganic carbon acquisition to ecological preference in four species of microalgae (Chlorophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:1051-1063. [PMID: 27624741 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of CO2 supply is likely to play an important role in algal ecology. Since inorganic carbon (Ci ) acquisition strategies are very diverse among microalgae and Ci availability varies greatly within and among habitats, we hypothesized that Ci acquisition depends on the pH of their preferred natural environment (adaptation) and that the efficiency of Ci uptake is affected by CO2 availability (acclimation). To test this, four species of green algae originating from different habitats were studied. The pH-drift and Ci uptake kinetic experiments were used to characterize Ci acquisition strategies and their ability to acclimate to high and low CO2 conditions and high and low pH was evaluated. Results from pH drift experiments revealed that the acidophile and acidotolerant Chlamydomonas species were mainly restricted to CO2 , whereas the two neutrophiles were efficient bicarbonate users. CO2 compensation points in low CO2 -acclimated cultures ranged between 0.6 and 1.4 μM CO2 and acclimation to different culture pH and CO2 conditions suggested that CO2 concentrating mechanisms were present in most species. High CO2 acclimated cultures adapted rapidly to low CO2 condition during pH-drifts. Ci uptake kinetics at different pH values showed that the affinity for Ci was largely influenced by external pH, being highest under conditions where CO2 dominated the Ci pool. In conclusion, Ci acquisition was highly variable among four species of green algae and linked to growth pH preference, suggesting that there is a connection between Ci acquisition and ecological distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Maberly
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Elly Spijkerman
- Universität Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
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28
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Parra G, Galotti A, Jiménez-Melero R, Guerrero F, Sánchez-Moyano E, Jiménez-Gómez F, Conradi M. Effects of experimental long-term CO2 exposure on Daphnia magna (Straus 1820): From physiological effects to ecological consequences. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 156:272-279. [PMID: 27179245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies that were proposed to mitigate environmental problems arising from anthropogenic CO2 emissions, also have potential environmental risks. An eventual CCS leak might induce very low pH values in the aquatic system. Due to the lack of knowledge of long-term CO2 exposures with very low pH values, this study aims to know the effects and consequences of such a situation for zooplankton, using the Daphnia magna experimental model. A CO2 injection system was used to provide the experimental condition. A twenty-one days experiment with control and low pH treatment (pH = 7) replicates was carried out under light and temperature-controlled conditions. Survival, individual growth, RNA:DNA ratio, and neonates production were analysed during the aforementioned period. No differences on survival (except last day), individual growth and RNA:DNA ratio were observed between both control and low pH treatments. However, clear differences were detected in neonates production and, consequently, in population growth rates and secondary production. The observed differences could be related with an energy allocation strategy to ensure individual survival but would have ecological consequences affecting higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Parra
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain.
| | - Andréa Galotti
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
| | - Raquel Jiménez-Melero
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco Guerrero
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Jiménez-Gómez
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
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29
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Sandrini G, Tann RP, Schuurmans JM, van Beusekom SAM, Matthijs HCP, Huisman J. Diel Variation in Gene Expression of the CO2-Concentrating Mechanism during a Harmful Cyanobacterial Bloom. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:551. [PMID: 27148233 PMCID: PMC4840274 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dense phytoplankton blooms in eutrophic waters often experience large daily fluctuations in environmental conditions. We investigated how this diel variation affects in situ gene expression of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) and other selected genes of the harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Photosynthetic activity of the cyanobacterial bloom depleted the dissolved CO2 concentration, raised pH to 10, and caused large diel fluctuations in the bicarbonate and O2 concentration. The Microcystis population consisted of three Ci uptake genotypes that differed in the presence of the low-affinity and high-affinity bicarbonate uptake genes bicA and sbtA. Expression of the bicarbonate uptake genes bicA, sbtA, and cmpA (encoding a subunit of the high-affinity bicarbonate uptake system BCT1), the CCM transcriptional regulator gene ccmR and the photoprotection gene flv4 increased at first daylight and was negatively correlated with the bicarbonate concentration. In contrast, genes of the two CO2 uptake systems were constitutively expressed, whereas expression of the RuBisCO chaperone gene rbcX, the carboxysome gene ccmM, and the photoprotection gene isiA was highest at night and down-regulated during daytime. In total, our results show that the harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis is very responsive to the large diel variations in carbon and light availability often encountered in dense cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sandrini
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Tann
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. Merijn Schuurmans
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan A. M. van Beusekom
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans C. P. Matthijs
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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30
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Visser PM, Verspagen JMH, Sandrini G, Stal LJ, Matthijs HCP, Davis TW, Paerl HW, Huisman J. How rising CO 2 and global warming may stimulate harmful cyanobacterial blooms. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:145-159. [PMID: 28073473 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is likely to stimulate the development of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters, with negative consequences for water quality of many lakes, reservoirs and brackish ecosystems across the globe. In addition to effects of temperature and eutrophication, recent research has shed new light on the possible implications of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Depletion of dissolved CO2 by dense cyanobacterial blooms creates a concentration gradient across the air-water interface. A steeper gradient at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations will lead to a greater influx of CO2, which can be intercepted by surface-dwelling blooms, thus intensifying cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters. Bloom-forming cyanobacteria display an unexpected diversity in CO2 responses, because different strains combine their uptake systems for CO2 and bicarbonate in different ways. The genetic composition of cyanobacterial blooms may therefore shift. In particular, strains with high-flux carbon uptake systems may benefit from the anticipated rise in inorganic carbon availability. Increasing temperatures also stimulate cyanobacterial growth. Many bloom-forming cyanobacteria and also green algae have temperature optima above 25°C, often exceeding the temperature optima of diatoms and dinoflagellates. Analysis of published data suggests that the temperature dependence of the growth rate of cyanobacteria exceeds that of green algae. Indirect effects of elevated temperature, like an earlier onset and longer duration of thermal stratification, may also shift the competitive balance in favor of buoyant cyanobacteria while eukaryotic algae are impaired by higher sedimentation losses. Furthermore, cyanobacteria differ from eukaryotic algae in that they can fix dinitrogen, and new insights show that the nitrogen-fixation activity of heterocystous cyanobacteria can be strongly stimulated at elevated temperatures. Models and lake studies indicate that the response of cyanobacterial growth to rising CO2 concentrations and elevated temperatures can be suppressed by nutrient limitation. The greatest response of cyanobacterial blooms to climate change is therefore expected to occur in eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M Visser
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolanda M H Verspagen
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Sandrini
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas J Stal
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Marine Microbiology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C P Matthijs
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy W Davis
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Hans W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Jin P, Gao K. Reduced resilience of a globally distributed coccolithophore to ocean acidification: Confirmed up to 2000 generations. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 103:101-108. [PMID: 26746379 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), induced by rapid anthropogenic CO2 rise and its dissolution in seawater, is known to have consequences for marine organisms. However, knowledge on the evolutionary responses of phytoplankton to OA has been poorly studied. Here we examined the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica, while growing it for 2000 generations under ambient and elevated CO2 levels. While OA stimulated growth in the earlier selection period (from generations ~700 to ~1550), it reduced it in the later selection period up to 2000 generations. Similarly, stimulated production of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen reduced with increasing selection period and decreased under OA up to 2000 generations. The specific adaptation of growth to OA disappeared in generations 1700 to 2000 when compared with that at 1000 generations. Both phenotypic plasticity and fitness decreased within selection time, suggesting that the species' resilience to OA decreased after 2000 generations under high CO2 selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Liu J, Van Oosterhout E, Faassen EJ, Lürling M, Helmsing NR, Van de Waal DB. ElevatedpCO2causes a shift towards more toxic microcystin variants in nitrogen-limitedMicrocystis aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 92:fiv159. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hasler CT, Butman D, Jeffrey JD, Suski CD. Freshwater biota and rising pCO2? Ecol Lett 2015; 19:98-108. [PMID: 26610406 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has caused a suite of environmental issues, however, little is known about how the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in freshwater will be affected by climate change. Freshwater pCO2 varies across systems and is controlled by a diverse array of factors, making it difficult to make predictions about future levels of pCO2. Recent evidence suggests that increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 may directly increase freshwater pCO2 levels in lakes, but rising atmospheric CO2 may also indirectly impact freshwater pCO2 levels in a variety of systems by affecting other contributing factors such as soil respiration, terrestrial productivity and climate regimes. Although future freshwater pCO2 levels remain uncertain, studies have considered the potential impacts of changes to pCO2 levels on freshwater biota. Studies to date have focused on impacts of elevated pCO2 on plankton and macrophytes, and have shown that phytoplankton nutritional quality is reduced, plankton community structure is altered, photosynthesis rates increase and macrophyte distribution shifts with increasing pCO2. However, a number of key knowledge gaps remain and gaining a better understanding of how freshwater pCO2 levels are regulated and how these levels may impact biota, will be important for predicting future responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David Butman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences & Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98125, USA
| | - Jennifer D Jeffrey
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Cory D Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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García-Gómez C, Gordillo FJL, Palma A, Lorenzo MR, Segovia M. Elevated CO2 alleviates high PAR and UV stress in the unicellular chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:1347-58. [PMID: 25043601 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00044g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of increased CO2 and irradiance on the physiological performance of the chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta were studied at different PAR and UVR (UVA + UVB) irradiances, simulating the solar radiation at different depths, at present (390 ppmv, LC) and predicted CO2 levels for the year 2100 (1000 ppmv, HC). Elevated CO2 resulted in higher optimum and effective quantum yields (F(v)/F(m) and ϕPSII, respectively), electron transport rates (ETR) and specific growth rates (μ). Cell stress was alleviated in HC with respect to LC as evidenced by a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. DNA damage showed a 42-fold increase in cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation under the highest irradiance (1100 μmol quanta m(-2) s(-1)) in LC with respect to the lowest irradiance (200 μmol quanta m(-2) s(-1)). Photolyase (CII-PCD-PL) gene expression was upregulated under HC resulting in a drastic decrease in CPD accumulation to only 25% with respect to LC. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) accumulation was always higher in HC and the accumulation pattern indicated its involvement in repair or growth depending on the irradiance dose. The repressor of silencing (ROS1) was only marginally involved in the response, suggesting that photoreactivation was the most relevant mechanism to overcome UVR damage. Our results demonstrate that future scenarios of global change result in alleviation of irradiance stress by CO2-induced photoprotection in D. tertiolecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela García-Gómez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Bvd. Louis Pasteur s/n, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
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Zark M, Riebesell U, Dittmar T. Effects of ocean acidification on marine dissolved organic matter are not detectable over the succession of phytoplankton blooms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500531. [PMID: 26601292 PMCID: PMC4646806 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the largest active organic carbon reservoirs on Earth, and changes in its pool size or composition could have a major impact on the global carbon cycle. Ocean acidification is a potential driver for these changes because it influences marine primary production and heterotrophic respiration. We simulated ocean acidification as expected for a "business-as-usual" emission scenario in the year 2100 in an unprecedented long-term mesocosm study. The large-scale experiments (50 m(3) each) covered a full seasonal cycle of marine production in a Swedish Fjord. Five mesocosms were artificially enriched in CO2 to the partial pressure expected in the year 2100 (900 μatm), and five more served as controls (400 μatm). We applied ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry to monitor the succession of 7360 distinct DOM formulae over the course of the experiment. Plankton blooms had a clear effect on DOM concentration and molecular composition. This succession was reproducible across all 10 mesocosms, independent of CO2 treatment. In contrast to the temporal trend, there were no significant differences in DOM concentration and composition between present-day and year 2100 CO2 levels at any time point of the experiment. On the basis of our results, ocean acidification alone is unlikely to affect the seasonal accumulation of DOM in productive coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Zark
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Research Group for Marine Geochemistry (ICBM-MPI Bridging Group), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Ulf Riebesell
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Research Group for Marine Geochemistry (ICBM-MPI Bridging Group), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Häder DP, Villafañe VE, Helbling EW. Productivity of aquatic primary producers under global climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:1370-92. [PMID: 25191675 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50418b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The productivity of aquatic primary producers depends on a number of biotic and abiotic factors, such as pH, CO2 concentration, temperature, nutrient availability, solar UV and PAR irradiances, mixing frequency as well as herbivore pressure and the presence of viruses, among others. The effects of these factors, within a climate change context, may be additive, synergistic or antagonistic. Since some of them, e.g. solar radiation and temperature, vary along a latitudinal gradient, this perspective about the effects of global climate change on primary producers will consider ecosystems individually, separated into polar (Arctic and Antarctic), temperate and tropical waters. As coastal waters are characterized by lower light penetration and higher DOM and nutrient concentrations, they are considered in a separate section. Freshwater systems are also governed by different conditions and therefore also treated in their own section. Overall, we show that although there are general common trends of changes in variables associated with global change (e.g. the impact of UVR on photosynthesis tends to decrease with increasing temperature and nutrient input), the responses of aquatic primary producers have great variability in the different ecosystems across latitudes. This is mainly due to direct or indirect effects associated with physico-chemical changes that occur within water bodies. Therefore we stress the need for regional predictions on the responses of primary producers to climate change as it is not warranted to extrapolate from one system to another.
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Cha HG, Seo MH, Lee HY, Lee JH, Lee DS, Shin K, Choi KH. Enhancing the efficacy of electrolytic chlorination for ballast water treatment by adding carbon dioxide. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 95:315-323. [PMID: 25841887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined the synergistic effects of CO2 injection on electro-chlorination in disinfection of plankton and bacteria in simulated ballast water. Chlorination was performed at dosages of 4 and 6ppm with and without CO2 injection on electro-chlorination. Testing was performed in both seawater and brackish water quality as defined by IMO G8 guidelines. CO2 injection notably decreased from the control the number of Artemia franciscana, a brine shrimp, surviving during a 5-day post-treatment incubation (1.8 and 2.3 log10 reduction in seawater and brackish water, respectively at 6ppm TRO+CO2) compared with water electro-chlorinated only (1.2 and 1.3 log10 reduction in seawater and brackish water, respectively at 6ppm TRO). The phytoplankton Tetraselmis suecica, was completely disinfected with no live cell found at >4ppm TRO with and without CO2 addition. The effects of CO2 addition on heterotrophic bacterial growth was not different from electro-chlorination only. Total residual oxidant concentration (TRO) more rapidly declined in electro-chlorination of both marine and brackish waters compared to chlorine+CO2 treated waters, with significantly higher amount of TRO being left in waters treated with the CO2 addition. Total concentration of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) measured at day 0 in brackish water test were found to be 2- to 3-fold higher in 6ppm TRO+CO2-treated water than in 6ppm TRO treated water. The addition of CO2 to electro-chlorination may improve the efficiency of this sterilizing treatment of ballast water, yet the increased production of some disinfection byproducts needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Gon Cha
- South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1gil, Jangmok-myun, Geoje-si 656-834, Republic of Korea; Department of Oceanography, Busan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Seo
- South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1gil, Jangmok-myun, Geoje-si 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Young Lee
- New Water Tech Co. Ltd., Unit 204 Sanhak-Kwan, Dongkuk St. 32, Ilsan-donggu, Goyang-si 410-820, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, 411 Daun-dong Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-802, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Busan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsoon Shin
- South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1gil, Jangmok-myun, Geoje-si 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hyung Choi
- Department of Oceanography and Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Shi X, Tang L, Li S, Xu P, Kong F. The effects of CO2 on sestonic stoichiometry and community structure of crustacean zooplankton in a eutrophic lake: Increased competitive ability of Bosmina. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Frossard V, Verneaux V, Millet L, Magny M, Perga ME. Changes in carbon sources fueling benthic secondary production over depth and time: coupling Chironomidae stable carbon isotopes to larval abundance. Oecologia 2015; 178:603-14. [PMID: 25630956 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Stable C isotope ratio (δ(13)C) values of chironomid remains (head capsules; HC) were used to infer changes in benthic C sources over the last 150 years for two French sub-Alpine lakes. The HCs were retrieved from a series of sediment cores from different depths. The HC δ(13)C values started to decrease with the onset of eutrophication. The HC δ(13)C temporal patterns varied among depths, which revealed spatial differences in the contribution of methanotrophic bacteria to the benthic secondary production. The estimates of the methane (CH4)-derived C contribution to chironomid biomass ranged from a few percent prior to the 1930s to up to 30 % in recent times. The chironomid fluxes increased concomitantly with changes in HC δ(13)C values before a drastic decrease due to the development of hypoxic conditions. The hypoxia reinforced the implication for CH4-derived C transfer to chironomid production. In Lake Annecy, the HC δ(13)C values were negatively correlated to total organic C (TOC) content in the sediment (Corg), whereas no relationship was found in Lake Bourget. In Lake Bourget, chironomid abundances reached their maximum with TOC contents between 1 and 1.5 % Corg, which could constitute a threshold for change in chironomid abundance and consequently for the integration of CH4-derived C into the lake food webs. Our results indicated that the CH4-derived C contribution to the benthic food webs occurred at different depths in these two large, deep lakes (deep waters and sublittoral zone), and that the trophic transfer of this C was promoted in sublittoral zones where O2 gradients were dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Frossard
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, UMR42 CARRTEL, 73376, Le-Bourget-du-lac, France,
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Yu L, Kong F, Shi X, Yang Z, Zhang M, Yu Y. Effects of elevated CO2 on dynamics of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing strains during Microcystis blooms. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 27:251-258. [PMID: 25597684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to elucidate the effects of different CO2 concentrations (270, 380, and 750 μL/L) on the competition of microcystin-producing (MC-producing) and non-MC-producing Microcystis strains during dense cyanobacteria blooms, an in situ simulation experiment was conducted in the Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in the summer of 2012. The abundance of total Microcystis and MC-producing Microcystis genotypes was quantified based on the 16S rDNA and mcyD gene using real-time PCR. The results showed that atmospheric CO2 elevation would significantly decrease the pH value and increase the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration. Changes in CO2 concentration did not show significant influence on the abundance of total Microcystis population. However, CO2 concentrations may be an important factor in determining the subpopulation structure of Microcystis. The enhancement of CO2 concentrations could largely increase the competitive ability of non-MC-producing over MC-producing Microcystis, resulting in a higher proportion of non-MC-producing subpopulation in treatments using high CO2 concentrations. Concurrently, MC concentration in water declined when CO2 concentrations were elevated. Therefore, we concluded that the increase of CO2 concentrations might decrease potential health risks of MC for human and animals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fanxiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China..
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Wu S, Huang A, Zhang B, Huan L, Zhao P, Lin A, Wang G. Enzyme activity highlights the importance of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in lipid accumulation and growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum under CO2 concentration. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:78. [PMID: 26052345 PMCID: PMC4456714 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rising CO2 concentration was reported to increase phytoplankton growth rate as well as lipid productivity. This has raised questions regarding the NADPH supply for high lipid synthesis as well as rapid growth of algal cells. RESULTS In this study, growth, lipid content, photosynthetic performance, the activity, and expression of key enzymes in Calvin cycle and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) were analyzed in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum under three different CO2 concentrations (low CO2 (0.015 %), mid CO2 (atmospheric, 0.035 %) and high CO2 (0.15 %)). Both the growth rate and lipid content of P. tricornutum increased significantly under the high CO2 concentration. Enzyme activity and mRNA expression of three Calvin cycle-related enzymes (Rubisco, 3-phosphoglyceric phosphokinase (PGK), phosphoribulokinase (PRK)) were also increased under high CO2 cultivation, which suggested the enhancement of Calvin cycle activity. This may account for the observed rapid growth rate. In addition, high activity and mRNA expression of G6PDH and 6PGDH, which produce NADPH through OPPP, were observed in high CO2 cultured cells. These results indicate OPPP was enhanced and might play an important role in lipid synthesis under high CO2 concentration. CONCLUSIONS The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway may participate in the lipid accumulation in rapid-growth P. tricornutum cells in high CO2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcui Wu
- />Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071 China
- />College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Aiyou Huang
- />Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Baoyu Zhang
- />Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Li Huan
- />Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071 China
- />College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Peipei Zhao
- />Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071 China
- />College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Apeng Lin
- />Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Guangce Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071 China
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Verspagen JMH, Van de Waal DB, Finke JF, Visser PM, Van Donk E, Huisman J. Rising CO2 levels will intensify phytoplankton blooms in eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104325. [PMID: 25119996 PMCID: PMC4132121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms threaten the water quality of many eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes and cause severe ecological and economic damage worldwide. Dense blooms often deplete the dissolved CO2 concentration and raise pH. Yet, quantitative prediction of the feedbacks between phytoplankton growth, CO2 drawdown and the inorganic carbon chemistry of aquatic ecosystems has received surprisingly little attention. Here, we develop a mathematical model to predict dynamic changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH and alkalinity during phytoplankton bloom development. We tested the model in chemostat experiments with the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa at different CO2 levels. The experiments showed that dense blooms sequestered large amounts of atmospheric CO2, not only by their own biomass production but also by inducing a high pH and alkalinity that enhanced the capacity for DIC storage in the system. We used the model to explore how phytoplankton blooms of eutrophic waters will respond to rising CO2 levels. The model predicts that (1) dense phytoplankton blooms in low- and moderately alkaline waters can deplete the dissolved CO2 concentration to limiting levels and raise the pH over a relatively wide range of atmospheric CO2 conditions, (2) rising atmospheric CO2 levels will enhance phytoplankton blooms in low- and moderately alkaline waters with high nutrient loads, and (3) above some threshold, rising atmospheric CO2 will alleviate phytoplankton blooms from carbon limitation, resulting in less intense CO2 depletion and a lesser increase in pH. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the model predictions were qualitatively robust. Quantitatively, the predictions were sensitive to variation in lake depth, DIC input and CO2 gas transfer across the air-water interface, but relatively robust to variation in the carbon uptake mechanisms of phytoplankton. In total, these findings warn that rising CO2 levels may result in a marked intensification of phytoplankton blooms in eutrophic and hypertrophic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M. H. Verspagen
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan F. Finke
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M. Visser
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Domis LNDS, Van de Waal DB, Helmsing NR, Van Donk E, Mooij WM. Community stoichiometry in a changing world: combined effects of warming and eutrophication on phytoplankton dynamics. Ecology 2014; 95:1485-95. [PMID: 25039214 DOI: 10.1890/13-1251.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current changes in our climate will likely have far-reaching consequences for aquatic ecosystems. These changes in the climate, however, do not act alone, and are often accompanied by additional stressors such as eutrophication. Both global warming and eutrophication have been shown to affect the timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms. Little is known about the combined effects of rising temperatures and eutrophication on the stoichiometry of entire phytoplankton communities. We exposed a natural phytoplankton spring community to different warming and phosphorus-loading scenarios using a full-factorial design. Our results demonstrate that rising temperatures promote the growth rate of an entire phytoplankton community. Furthermore, both rising temperatures and phosphorus loading stimulated the maximum biomass built up by the phytoplankton community. Rising temperatures led to higher carbon: nutrient stoichiometry of the phytoplankton community under phosphorus-limited conditions. Such a shift towards higher carbon: nutrient ratios, in combination with a higher biomass buildup, suggests a temperature-driven increase in nutrient use efficiency, the phytoplankton community. Importantly, with higher carbon: nutrient stoichiometry, phytoplankton is generally of poorer nutritional value for zooplankton. Thus, although warming may result in higher phytoplankton biomass, this may be accompanied by a stoichiometric mismatch between phytoplankton and their grazers, with possible consequences for the entire aquatic food web.
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Pierangelini M, Stojkovic S, Orr PT, Beardall J. Elevated CO2 causes changes in the photosynthetic apparatus of a toxic cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1091-1098. [PMID: 24878143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied the physiological acclimation of growth, photosynthesis and CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii exposed to low (present day; L-CO2) and high (1300ppm; H-CO2) pCO2. Results showed that under H-CO2 the cell specific division rate (μc) was higher and the CO2- and light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Vmax and Pmax) doubled. The cells' photosynthetic affinity for CO2 (K0.5CO2) was halved compared to L-CO2 cultures. However, no significant differences were found in dark respiration rates (Rd), pigment composition and light harvesting efficiency (α). In H-CO2 cells, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), associated with state transitions of the electron transport chain (ETC), was negligible. Simultaneously, a reorganisation of PSII features including antenna connectivity (JconPSIIα), heterogeneity (PSIIα/β) and effective absorption cross sectional area (σPSIIα/β) was observed. In relation to different activities of the CCM, our findings suggest that for cells grown under H-CO2: (1) there is down-regulation of CCM activity; (2) the ability of cells to use the harvested light energy is altered; (3) the occurrence of state transitions is likely to be associated with changes of electron flow (cyclic vs linear) through the ETC; (4) changes in PSII characteristics are important in regulating state transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pierangelini
- School of Biological Science, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Slobodanka Stojkovic
- School of Biological Science, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Philip T Orr
- School of Biological Science, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Seqwater, PO Box 16146, City East 4002, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Science, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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Hyun B, Choi KH, Jang PG, Jang MC, Lee WJ, Moon CH, Shin K. Effects of Increased CO2and Temperature on the Growth of Four Diatom Species (Chaetoceros debilis, Chaetoceros didymus, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii) in Laboratory Experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5322/jesi.2014.23.6.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Endres S, Galgani L, Riebesell U, Schulz KG, Engel A. Stimulated bacterial growth under elevated p CO₂: results from an off-shore mesocosm study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99228. [PMID: 24941307 PMCID: PMC4062391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine bacteria are the main consumers of freshly produced organic matter. Many enzymatic processes involved in the bacterial digestion of organic compounds were shown to be pH sensitive in previous studies. Due to the continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration, seawater pH is presently decreasing at a rate unprecedented during the last 300 million years but the consequences for microbial physiology, organic matter cycling and marine biogeochemistry are still unresolved. We studied the effects of elevated seawater pCO2 on a natural plankton community during a large-scale mesocosm study in a Norwegian fjord. Nine Kiel Off-Shore Mesocosms for Future Ocean Simulations (KOSMOS) were adjusted to different pCO2 levels ranging initially from ca. 280 to 3000 µatm and sampled every second day for 34 days. The first phytoplankton bloom developed around day 5. On day 14, inorganic nutrients were added to the enclosed, nutrient-poor waters to stimulate a second phytoplankton bloom, which occurred around day 20. Our results indicate that marine bacteria benefit directly and indirectly from decreasing seawater pH. During the first phytoplankton bloom, 5–10% more transparent exopolymer particles were formed in the high pCO2 mesocosms. Simultaneously, the efficiency of the protein-degrading enzyme leucine aminopeptidase increased with decreasing pH resulting in up to three times higher values in the highest pCO2/lowest pH mesocosm compared to the controls. In general, total and cell-specific aminopeptidase activities were elevated under low pH conditions. The combination of enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of organic matter and increased availability of gel particles as substrate supported up to 28% higher bacterial abundance in the high pCO2 treatments. We conclude that ocean acidification has the potential to stimulate the bacterial community and facilitate the microbial recycling of freshly produced organic matter, thus strengthening the role of the microbial loop in the surface ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Endres
- Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Polar Biological Oceanography, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Luisa Galgani
- Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Polar Biological Oceanography, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ulf Riebesell
- Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai-Georg Schulz
- Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
| | - Anja Engel
- Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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48
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Li Y, Xu J, Gao K. Light-modulated responses of growth and photosynthetic performance to ocean acidification in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96173. [PMID: 24828454 PMCID: PMC4020747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) due to atmospheric CO2 rise is expected to influence marine primary productivity. In order to investigate the interactive effects of OA and light changes on diatoms, we grew Phaeodactylum tricornutum, under ambient (390 ppmv; LC) and elevated CO2 (1000 ppmv; HC) conditions for 80 generations, and measured its physiological performance under different light levels (60 µmol m(-2) s(-1), LL; 200 µmol m(-2) s(-1), ML; 460 µmol m(-2) s(-1), HL) for another 25 generations. The specific growth rate of the HC-grown cells was higher (about 12-18%) than that of the LC-grown ones, with the highest under the ML level. With increasing light levels, the effective photochemical yield of PSII (Fv'/Fm') decreased, but was enhanced by the elevated CO2, especially under the HL level. The cells acclimated to the HC condition showed a higher recovery rate of their photochemical yield of PSII compared to the LC-grown cells. For the HC-grown cells, dissolved inorganic carbon or CO2 levels for half saturation of photosynthesis (K1/2 DIC or K1/2 CO2) increased by 11, 55 and 32%, under the LL, ML and HL levels, reflecting a light dependent down-regulation of carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). The linkage between higher level of the CCMs down-regulation and higher growth rate at ML under OA supports the theory that the saved energy from CCMs down-regulation adds on to enhance the growth of the diatom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian, China
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49
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Verspagen JMH, Van de Waal DB, Finke JF, Visser PM, Huisman J. Contrasting effects of rising CO2 on primary production and ecological stoichiometry at different nutrient levels. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:951-60. [PMID: 24813339 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although rising CO2 concentrations are thought to promote the growth and alter the carbon : nutrient stoichiometry of primary producers, several studies have reported conflicting results. To reconcile these contrasting results, we tested the following hypotheses: rising CO2 levels (1) will increase phytoplankton biomass more at high nutrient loads than at low nutrient loads, but (2) will increase their carbon : nutrient stoichiometry more at low than at high nutrient loads. We formulated a mathematical model to predict dynamic changes in phytoplankton population density, elemental stoichiometry and inorganic carbon chemistry in response to rising CO2 . The model was tested in chemostat experiments with the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. The model predictions and experimental results confirmed the hypotheses. Our findings provide a novel theoretical framework to understand and predict effects of rising CO2 concentrations on primary producers and their nutritional quality as food for herbivores under different nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M H Verspagen
- Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Solari LC, Gabellone NA, Claps MC, Casco MA, Quaíni KP, Neschuk NC. Phytoplankton chlorophyte structure as related to ENSO events in a saline lowland river (Salado River, Buenos Aires, Argentina). Ecol Evol 2014; 4:918-32. [PMID: 24772271 PMCID: PMC3997310 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the phytoplankton present in the lower sector of the Salado River (Buenos Aires, Argentina) for 10 years (1995–2005) and detected significant changes occurring in chlorophyte abundance and species richness during La Niña event (1998–1999), which period was analyzed throughout the entire basin (main stream and tributaries). We compared the physicochemical and biologic variables between two El Niño–La Niña–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) periods – El Niño (March 1997–January 1998) and La Niña (May 1998–May 1999) – to identify possible indicators of a relationship between climatic anomalies and chlorophyte performance. Chlorophyte density increased during the La Niña. Under normal or extreme hydrologic conditions, mobile (Chlamydomonas spp.) and nonmobile (Monoraphidium spp.) chlorophytes codominated. These species belonged to Reynolds's functional groups X1 and X2, those typical of nutrient-enriched environments. Comparative analyses between El Niño and La Niña periods indicated significant differences in physicochemical (K+, dissolved polyphenols, particulate reactive phosphorus, alkalinity, pH) and biologic (species diversity and richness, phytoplankton and chlorophyte total densities) variables between the two periods at all basin sites. During the La Niña condition, species richness was greater owing to interconnected shallow lakes and drainage-channel inputs, while the Shannon diversity index was lower because of the high abundance values of Monoraphidium minutum. A detailed analysis of the chlorophytes in the entire basin, indicated that changes in density and species dominance occurred on a regional scale although diverse chlorophyte assemblages were identified in the different sectors of the Salado River basin. After La Niña event, the entire basin had the potential to revert to the previous density values, showing the resilience to global environmental changes and the ability to reestablish the general conditions of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lía C Solari
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet", CCT Conicet La Plata Boulevard 120 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Néstor A Gabellone
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet", CCT Conicet La Plata Boulevard 120 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Claps
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet", CCT Conicet La Plata Boulevard 120 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Casco
- División Ficología, Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Karina P Quaíni
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet", CCT Conicet La Plata Boulevard 120 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy C Neschuk
- Departamento de Estudios Ambientales de la Dirección Provincial de Saneamiento y Obras Hidráulicas del Ministerio de Infraestructura, Vivienda y Servicios Públicos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 7 N° 1267, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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