1
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Schoville SD, Burke RL, Dong DY, Ginsberg HS, Maestas L, Paskewitz SM, Tsao JI. Genome resequencing reveals population divergence and local adaptation of blacklegged ticks in the United States. Mol Ecol 2024:e17460. [PMID: 38963031 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Tick vectors and tick-borne disease are increasingly impacting human populations globally. An important challenge is to understand tick movement patterns, as this information can be used to improve management and predictive modelling of tick population dynamics. Evolutionary analysis of genetic divergence, gene flow and local adaptation provides insight on movement patterns at large spatiotemporal scales. We develop low coverage, whole genome resequencing data for 92 blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, representing range-wide variation across the United States. Through analysis of population genomic data, we find that tick populations are structured geographically, with gradual isolation by distance separating three population clusters in the northern United States, southeastern United States and a unique cluster represented by a sample from Tennessee. Populations in the northern United States underwent population contractions during the last glacial period and diverged from southern populations at least 50 thousand years ago. Genome scans of selection provide strong evidence of local adaptation at genes responding to host defences, blood-feeding and environmental variation. In addition, we explore the potential of low coverage genome sequencing of whole-tick samples for documenting the diversity of microbial pathogens and recover important tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi. The combination of isolation by distance and local adaptation in blacklegged ticks demonstrates that gene flow, including recent expansion, is limited to geographical scales of a few hundred kilometres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Russell L Burke
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Dahn-Young Dong
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Howard S Ginsberg
- United States Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Woodward Hall - PSE, Field Station at the University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lauren Maestas
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Susan M Paskewitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jean I Tsao
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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2
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Zilio G, Deshpande JN, Duncan AB, Fronhofer EA, Kaltz O. Dispersal evolution and eco-evolutionary dynamics in antagonistic species interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:666-676. [PMID: 38637209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Dispersal evolution modifies diverse spatial processes, such as range expansions or biological invasions of single species, but we are currently lacking a realistic vision for metacommunities. Focusing on antagonistic species interactions, we review existing theory of dispersal evolution between natural enemies, and explain how this might be relevant for classic themes in host-parasite evolutionary ecology, namely virulence evolution or local adaptation. Specifically, we highlight the importance of considering the simultaneous (co)evolution of dispersal and interaction traits. Linking such multi-trait evolution with reciprocal demographic and epidemiological feedbacks might change basic predictions about coevolutionary processes and spatial dynamics of interacting species. Future challenges concern the integration of system-specific disease ecology or spatial modifiers, such as spatial network structure or environmental heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zilio
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive (CEFE), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Jhelam N Deshpande
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Alison B Duncan
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Emanuel A Fronhofer
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Oliver Kaltz
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
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3
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Laine AL, Tylianakis JM. The coevolutionary consequences of biodiversity change. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00084-3. [PMID: 38705768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Coevolutionary selection is a powerful process shaping species interactions and biodiversity. Anthropogenic global environmental change is reshaping planetary biodiversity, including by altering the structure and intensity of interspecific interactions. However, remarkably little is understood of how coevolutionary selection is changing in the process. Here, we outline three interrelated pathways - change in evolutionary potential, change in community composition, and shifts in interaction trait distributions - that are expected to redirect coevolutionary selection under biodiversity change. Assessing how both ecological and evolutionary rules governing species interactions are disrupted under anthropogenic global change is of paramount importance to understand the past, present, and future of Earth's biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikinkaari 1 (PO Box 65), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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4
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Sauer EL, Venesky MD, McMahon TA, Cohen JM, Bessler S, Brannelly LA, Brem F, Byrne AQ, Halstead N, Hyman O, Johnson PTJ, Richards-Zawacki CL, Rumschlag SL, Sears B, Rohr JR. Are novel or locally adapted pathogens more devastating and why? Resolving opposing hypotheses. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14431. [PMID: 38712705 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
There is a rich literature highlighting that pathogens are generally better adapted to infect local than novel hosts, and a separate seemingly contradictory literature indicating that novel pathogens pose the greatest threat to biodiversity and public health. Here, using Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the fungus associated with worldwide amphibian declines, we test the hypothesis that there is enough variance in "novel" (quantified by geographic and phylogenetic distance) host-pathogen outcomes to pose substantial risk of pathogen introductions despite local adaptation being common. Our continental-scale common garden experiment and global-scale meta-analysis demonstrate that local amphibian-fungal interactions result in higher pathogen prevalence, pathogen growth, and host mortality, but novel interactions led to variable consequences with especially virulent host-pathogen combinations still occurring. Thus, while most pathogen introductions are benign, enough variance exists in novel host-pathogen outcomes that moving organisms around the planet greatly increases the chance of pathogen introductions causing profound harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Sauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew D Venesky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taegan A McMahon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Biology Department, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeremy M Cohen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Scott Bessler
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Laura A Brannelly
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Forrest Brem
- Biology Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allison Q Byrne
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Neal Halstead
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Wildlands Conservation, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Oliver Hyman
- Biology Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Corinne L Richards-Zawacki
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samantha L Rumschlag
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brittany Sears
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
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5
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Gibson AK, Mundim FM, Ramirez AL, Timper P. Do biological control agents adapt to local pest genotypes? A multiyear test across geographic scales. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13682. [PMID: 38617827 PMCID: PMC11009426 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasite local adaptation has been a major focus of (co)evolutionary research on host-parasite interactions. Studies of wild host-parasite systems frequently find that parasites paired with local, sympatric host genotypes perform better than parasites paired with allopatric host genotypes. In contrast, there are few such tests in biological control systems to establish whether biological control parasites commonly perform better on sympatric pest genotypes. This knowledge gap prevents the optimal design of biological control programs: strong local adaptation could argue for the use of sympatric parasites to achieve consistent pest control. To address this gap, we tested for local adaptation of the biological control bacterium Pasteuria penetrans to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria, a global threat to a wide range of crops. We measured the probability and intensity of P. penetrans infection on sympatric and allopatric M. arenaria over the course of 4 years. Our design accounted for variation in adaptation across scales by conducting tests within and across fields, and we isolated the signature of parasite adaptation by comparing parasites collected over the course of the growing season. Our results are largely inconsistent with local adaptation of P. penetrans to M. arenaria: in 3 of 4 years, parasites performed similarly well in sympatric and allopatric combinations. In 1 year, however, infection probability was 28% higher for parasites paired with hosts from their sympatric plot, relative to parasites paired with hosts from other plots within the same field. These mixed results argue for population genetic data to characterize the scale of gene flow and genetic divergence in this system. Overall, our findings do not provide strong support for using P. penetrans from local fields to enhance biological control of Meloidogyne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiane M. Mundim
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- Department of BiologyUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Abbey L. Ramirez
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Patricia Timper
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceTiftonGeorgiaUSA
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6
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Sheppard EC, Martin CA, Armstrong C, González-Quevedo C, Illera JC, Suh A, Spurgin LG, Richardson DS. Genotype-environment associations reveal genes potentially linked to avian malaria infection in populations of an endemic island bird. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17329. [PMID: 38533805 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Patterns of pathogen prevalence are, at least partially, the result of coevolutionary host-pathogen interactions. Thus, exploring the distribution of host genetic variation in relation to infection by a pathogen within and across populations can provide important insights into mechanisms of host defence and adaptation. Here, we use a landscape genomics approach (Bayenv) in conjunction with genome-wide data (ddRADseq) to test for associations between avian malaria (Plasmodium) prevalence and host genetic variation across 13 populations of the island endemic Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii). Considerable and consistent spatial heterogeneity in malaria prevalence was observed among populations over a period of 15 years. The prevalence of malaria infection was also strongly positively correlated with pox (Avipoxvirus) prevalence. Multiple host loci showed significant associations with malaria prevalence after controlling for genome-wide neutral genetic structure. These sites were located near to or within genes linked to metabolism, stress response, transcriptional regulation, complement activity and the inflammatory response, many previously implicated in vertebrate responses to malarial infection. Our findings identify diverse genes - not just limited to the immune system - that may be involved in host protection against malaria and suggest that spatially variable pathogen pressure may be an important evolutionary driver of genetic divergence among wild animal populations, such as Berthelot's pipit. Furthermore, our data indicate that spatio-temporal variation in multiple different pathogens (e.g. malaria and pox in this case) may have to be studied together to develop a more holistic understanding of host pathogen-mediated evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia A Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claire Armstrong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
| | - Catalina González-Quevedo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
- Grupo Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-Oviedo, University-Principality of Asturias), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
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7
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Brown GP, Shine R, Rollins LA. A biological invasion modifies the dynamics of a host-parasite arms race. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232403. [PMID: 38351807 PMCID: PMC10865005 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
By imposing novel selection pressures on both participants, biological invasions can modify evolutionary 'arms races' between hosts and parasites. A spatially replicated cross-infection experiment reveals strong spatial divergence in the ability of lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) to infect invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia. In areas colonized for longer than 20 years, toads are more resistant to infection by local strains of parasites than by allopatric strains. The situation reverses at the invasion front, where super-infective parasites have evolved. Invasion-induced shifts in genetic diversity and selective pressures may explain why hosts gain advantage over parasites in long-colonized areas, whereas parasites gain advantage at the invasion front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Brown
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Lee A. Rollins
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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8
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Ravigné V, Rodrigues LR, Charlery de la Masselière M, Facon B, Kuczyński L, Radwan J, Skoracka A, Magalhães S. Understanding the joint evolution of dispersal and host specialisation using phytophagous arthropods as a model group. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:219-237. [PMID: 37724465 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Theory generally predicts that host specialisation and dispersal should evolve jointly. Indeed, many models predict that specialists should be poor dispersers to avoid landing on unsuitable hosts while generalists will have high dispersal abilities. Phytophagous arthropods are an excellent group to test this prediction, given extensive variation in their host range and dispersal abilities. Here, we explore the degree to which the empirical literature on this group is in accordance with theoretical predictions. We first briefly outline the theoretical reasons to expect such a correlation. We then report empirical studies that measured both dispersal and the degree of specialisation in phytophagous arthropods. We find a correlation between dispersal and levels of specialisation in some studies, but with wide variation in this result. We then review theoretical attributes of species and environment that may blur this correlation, namely environmental grain, temporal heterogeneity, habitat selection, genetic architecture, and coevolution between plants and herbivores. We argue that theoretical models fail to account for important aspects, such as phenotypic plasticity and the impact of selective forces stemming from other biotic interactions, on both dispersal and specialisation. Next, we review empirical caveats in the study of this interplay. We find that studies use different measures of both dispersal and specialisation, hampering comparisons. Moreover, several studies do not provide independent measures of these two traits. Finally, variation in these traits may occur at scales that are not being considered. We conclude that this correlation is likely not to be expected from large-scale comparative analyses as it is highly context dependent and should not be considered in isolation from the factors that modulate it, such as environmental scale and heterogeneity, intrinsic traits or biotic interactions. A stronger crosstalk between theoretical and empirical studies is needed to understand better the prevalence and basis of the correlation between dispersal and specialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Ravigné
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, - PHIM, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, TA A-120/K, Campus international de Baillarguet, avenue du Campus d'Agropolis, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398, France
| | - Leonor R Rodrigues
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, edifício C2, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Maud Charlery de la Masselière
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, edifício C2, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Benoît Facon
- CBGP, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Institut Agro, University of Montpellier, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 34988, Montferrier sur Lez cedex, 30016, France
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, edifício C2, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
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9
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Abou-El-Naga IF, Mogahed NMFH. Immuno-molecular profile for Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni interaction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:105083. [PMID: 37852455 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The complex innate immune defense of Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, governs the successful development of the intramolluscan stages of the parasite. The interaction between the snail and the parasite involves a complex immune molecular crosstalk between several parasite antigens and the snail immune recognition receptors, evoking different signals and effector molecules. This work seeks to discuss the immune-related molecules that influence compatibility in Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni interaction and the differential expression of these molecules between resistant and susceptible snails. It also includes the current understanding of the immune molecular determinants that govern the compatibility in sympatric and allopatric interactions, and the expression of these molecules after immune priming and the secondary immune response. Herein, the differences in the immune-related molecules in the interaction of other Biomphalaria species with Schistosoma mansoni compared to the Biomphalaria glabrata model snail are highlighted. Understanding the diverse immune molecular determinants in the snail/schistosome interaction can lead to alternative control strategies for schistosomiasis.
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10
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Johnson PTJ, Merrill TS, Calhoun DM, McDevitt-Galles T, Hobart B. Into the danger zone: How the within-host distribution of parasites controls virulence. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14352. [PMID: 38115188 PMCID: PMC10872350 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of virulence in epidemiological theory, the relative contributions of host and parasite to virulence outcomes remain poorly understood. Here, we use reciprocal cross experiments to disentangle the influence of host and parasite on core virulence components-infection and pathology-and understand dramatic differences in parasite-induced malformations in California amphibians. Surveys across 319 populations revealed that amphibians' malformation risk was 2.7× greater in low-elevation ponds, even while controlling for trematode infection load. Factorial experiments revealed that parasites from low-elevation sites induced higher per-parasite pathology (reduced host survival and growth), whereas there were no effects of host source on resistance or tolerance. Parasite populations also exhibited marked differences in within-host distribution: ~90% of low-elevation cysts aggregated around the hind limbs, relative to <60% from high-elevation. This offers a novel, mechanistic basis for regional variation in parasite-induced malformations while promoting a framework for partitioning host and parasite contributions to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara Stewart Merrill
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, St. Teresa, FL, 32358, USA
| | - Dana M. Calhoun
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Travis McDevitt-Galles
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Current address: USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brendan Hobart
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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11
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Cole R, Holroyd N, Tracey A, Berriman M, Viney M. The parasitic nematode Strongyloides ratti exists predominantly as populations of long-lived asexual lineages. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6427. [PMID: 37833369 PMCID: PMC10575991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are important parasites of people and animals, and in natural ecosystems they are a major ecological force. Strongyloides ratti is a common parasitic nematode of wild rats and we have investigated its population genetics using single-worm, whole-genome sequencing. We find that S. ratti populations in the UK consist of mixtures of mainly asexual lineages that are widely dispersed across a host population. These parasite lineages are likely very old and may have originated in Asia from where rats originated. Genes that underly the parasitic phase of the parasite's life cycle are hyperdiverse compared with the rest of the genome, and this may allow the parasites to maximise their fitness in a diverse host population. These patterns of parasitic nematode population genetics have not been found before and may also apply to Strongyloides spp. that infect people, which will affect how we should approach their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cole
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matt Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- School of Infection & Immunity, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Mark Viney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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12
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Rodríguez-Pastor R, Hasik AZ, Knossow N, Bar-Shira E, Shahar N, Gutiérrez R, Zaman L, Harrus S, Lenski RE, Barrick JE, Hawlena H. Bartonella infections are prevalent in rodents despite efficient immune responses. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:315. [PMID: 37667323 PMCID: PMC10478473 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogens face strong selection from host immune responses, yet many host populations support pervasive pathogen populations. We investigated this puzzle in a model system of Bartonella and rodents from Israel's northwestern Negev Desert. We chose to study this system because, in this region, 75-100% of rodents are infected with Bartonella at any given time, despite an efficient immunological response. In this region, Bartonella species circulate in three rodent species, and we tested the hypothesis that at least one of these hosts exhibits a waning immune response to Bartonella, which allows reinfections. METHODS We inoculated captive animals of all three rodent species with the same Bartonella strain, and we quantified the bacterial dynamics and Bartonella-specific immunoglobulin G antibody kinetics over a period of 139 days after the primary inoculation, and then for 60 days following reinoculation with the same strain. RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, we found a strong, long-lasting immunoglobulin G antibody response, with protective immunological memory in all three rodent species. That response prevented reinfection upon exposure of the rodents to the same Bartonella strain. CONCLUSIONS This study constitutes an initial step toward understanding how the interplay between traits of Bartonella and their hosts influences the epidemiological dynamics of these pathogens in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rodríguez-Pastor
- Jacob Blaustein Center for Scientific Cooperation, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Adam Z Hasik
- Jacob Blaustein Center for Scientific Cooperation, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nadav Knossow
- The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 849900, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Enav Bar-Shira
- Section of Immunology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural, Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Shahar
- The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 849900, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- National Reference Center for Bacteriology, Costa Rican Institute for Research and Teaching in Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA), Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Luis Zaman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for the Study of Complex Systems (CSCS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard E Lenski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Barrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hadas Hawlena
- The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 849900, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
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13
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Shim KC, Peterson CR, Bolnick DI. Local adaptation and host specificity to copepod intermediate hosts by the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10155. [PMID: 37287852 PMCID: PMC10242650 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite coevolution may lead to patterns of local adaptation in either the host or parasite. For parasites with complex multi-host life cycles, this coevolution may be more challenging as they must adapt to multiple geographically varying hosts. The tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus exhibits some local adaptation to its second intermediate host, threespine stickleback, to which the parasite is strictly specialized. However, the tapeworm's adaptation to its first intermediate host (any of a number of copepod species) is not documented. We investigated if there was local adaptation and host specify in the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus to its copepod first intermediate hosts. We exposed copepods from five lakes in Vancouver Island (BC, Canada) to local (i.e. same lake) and foreign tapeworms in a reciprocal exposure experiment. Results indicate that the tapeworm is not locally adapted to the copepods. Instead, we observed moderate-effect host specificity, infection rates being higher in certain copepod species than in others. Infection rates also varied among cestode populations. These results show that although S. solidus infects multiple copepod genera, they are not equally competent hosts. Differences in S. solidus epidemiology among lakes is likely to be driven more by this partial specialization, than by local adaptation to first intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum C. Shim
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | | | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
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14
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Cassidy ST, Markalanda S, McFadden CJ, Wood CW. Herbivory modifies plant symbiont number and impact on host plant performance in the field. Evolution 2022; 76:2945-2958. [PMID: 36221227 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Species interactions are a unifying theme in ecology and evolution. Both fields are currently moving beyond their historical focus on isolated pairwise relationships to understand how ecological communities affect focal interactions. Additional species can modify both the number of interactions and the fitness consequences of each interaction (i.e., selection). Although only selection affects the evolution of the focal interaction, the two are often conflated, limiting our understanding of the evolution of multispecies interactions. We manipulated aboveground herbivory on the legume Medicago lupulina in the field and quantified its effect on number of symbionts and the per-symbiont impact on plant performance in two belowground symbioses: mutualistic rhizobia bacteria (Ensifer meliloti) and parasitic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla). We found that herbivores modified the number of rhizobia nodules, as well as the benefit per nodule. However, each effect was specific to a distinct herbivory regime: natural herbivory affected nodule number, whereas leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) weakened the per nodule benefit. We did not detect any effect of herbivory on nematode gall number or the cost of infection. Our data demonstrate that distinguishing between symbiont number from the fitness consequences of symbiosis is crucial to accurately infer how pairwise interactions will evolve in a community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Cassidy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Shaniya Markalanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Connor J McFadden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Corlett W Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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15
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Busch JW, Bodbyl‐Roels S, Tusuubira S, Kelly JK. Pollinator loss causes rapid adaptive evolution of selfing and dramatically reduces genome-wide genetic variability. Evolution 2022; 76:2130-2144. [PMID: 35852008 PMCID: PMC9543508 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although selfing populations harbor little genetic variation limiting evolutionary potential, the causes are unclear. We experimentally evolved large, replicate populations of Mimulus guttatus for nine generations in greenhouses with or without pollinating bees and studied DNA polymorphism in descendants. Populations without bees adapted to produce more selfed seed yet exhibited striking reductions in DNA polymorphism despite large population sizes. Importantly, the genome-wide pattern of variation cannot be explained by a simple reduction in effective population size, but instead reflects the complicated interaction between selection, linkage, and inbreeding. Simulations demonstrate that the spread of favored alleles at few loci depresses neutral variation genome wide in large populations containing fully selfing lineages. It also generates greater heterogeneity among chromosomes than expected with neutral evolution in small populations. Genome-wide deviations from neutrality were documented in populations with bees, suggesting widespread influences of background selection. After applying outlier tests to detect loci under selection, two genome regions were found in populations with bees, yet no adaptive loci were otherwise mapped. Large amounts of stochastic change in selfing populations compromise evolutionary potential and undermine outlier tests for selection. This occurs because genetic draft in highly selfing populations makes even the largest changes in allele frequency unremarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah W. Busch
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington99164
| | - Sarah Bodbyl‐Roels
- Trefny Innovative Instruction CenterColorado School of MinesGoldenColorado80401
| | - Sharif Tusuubira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas66045
| | - John K. Kelly
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas66045
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16
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Enbody ED, Sin SYW, Boersma J, Edwards SV, Ketaloya S, Schwabl H, Webster MS, Karubian J. The evolutionary history and mechanistic basis of female ornamentation in a tropical songbird. Evolution 2022; 76:1720-1736. [PMID: 35748580 PMCID: PMC9543242 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ornamentation, such as the showy plumage of birds, is widespread among female vertebrates, yet the evolutionary pressures shaping female ornamentation remain uncertain. In part this is due to a poor understanding of the mechanistic route to ornamentation in females. To address this issue, we evaluated the evolutionary history of ornament expression in a tropical passerine bird, the White-shouldered Fairywren, whose females, but not males, strongly vary between populations in occurrence of ornamented black-and-white plumage. We first use phylogenomic analysis to demonstrate that female ornamentation is derived and that female ornamentation evolves independently of changes in male plumage. We then use exogenous testosterone in a field experiment to induce partial ornamentation in naturally unornamented females. By sequencing the transcriptome of experimentally induced ornamented and natural feathers, we identify genes expressed during ornament production and evaluate the degree to which female ornamentation in this system is associated with elevated testosterone, as is common in males. We reveal that some ornamentation in females is linked to testosterone and that sexes differ in ornament-linked gene expression. Lastly, using genomic outlier analysis we identify a candidate melanogenesis gene that lies in a region of high genomic divergence among populations that is also differentially expressed in feather follicles of different female plumages. Taken together, these findings are consistent with sex-specific selection favoring the evolution of female ornaments and demonstrate a key role for testosterone in generating population divergence in female ornamentation through gene regulation. More broadly, our work highlights similarities and differences in how ornamentation evolves in the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Enbody
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana70118,Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSE‐75123Sweden
| | - Simon Y. W. Sin
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts02138,School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam RoadHong Kong
| | - Jordan Boersma
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive BiologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington99164,Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853,Macaulay LibraryCornell Lab of OrnithologyIthacaNew York14850
| | - Scott V. Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts02138
| | - Serena Ketaloya
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana70118
| | - Hubert Schwabl
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive BiologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington99164
| | - Michael S. Webster
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853,Macaulay LibraryCornell Lab of OrnithologyIthacaNew York14850
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana70118
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17
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Divergence in host–parasite interactions during the cane toad's invasion of Australia. Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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18
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Diamond SE, Prileson EG, Martin RA. Adaptation to urban environments. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 51:100893. [PMID: 35240334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread evidence of urban evolution, the adaptive nature of these changes is often unclear. We review different phenotypic and molecular lines of evidence used for assessing urban adaptation, discussing the benefits and limitations of each approach, and rare examples of their integration. We then provide a synthesis of local adaptation to urban and rural environments. These data were drawn from phenotypic reciprocal transplant studies, the majority of which focus on insects and other arthropods. Broadly, we found support for local adaptation to urban and rural environments. However, there was asymmetry in the evidence for local adaptation depending on population of origin, with urban adaptation being less prevalent than rural adaptation, suggesting many urban populations are still adapting to urban environments. Further, the general patterns were underlain by considerable variation among study systems; we discuss how environmental heterogeneity and costs of adaptation might explain system-specific variation in urban-rural local adaptation. We then look to the future of urban adaptation research, considering the magnitude and direction of adaptation in context of different agents of selection including urban heat islands, chemical pollutants, and biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Eric G Prileson
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ryan A Martin
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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19
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Castledine M, Sierocinski P, Inglis M, Kay S, Hayward A, Buckling A, Padfield D. Greater Phage Genotypic Diversity Constrains Arms-Race Coevolution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:834406. [PMID: 35310856 PMCID: PMC8931298 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites, the reciprocal evolution of host resistance and parasite infectivity, has important implications in ecology and evolution. The dynamics of coevolution—notably whether host or parasite has an evolutionary advantage—is greatly affected by the relative amount of genetic variation in host resistance and parasite infectivity traits. While studies have manipulated genetic diversity during coevolution, such as by increasing mutation rates, it is unclear how starting genetic diversity affects host–parasite coevolution. Here, we (co)evolved the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and two bacteriophage genotypes of its lytic phage SBW25ɸ2 in isolation (one phage genotype) and together (two phage genotypes). Bacterial populations rapidly evolved phage resistance, and phage reciprocally increased their infectivity in response. When phage populations were evolved with bacteria in isolation, bacterial resistance and phage infectivity increased through time, indicative of arms-race coevolution. In contrast, when both phage genotypes were together, bacteria did not increase their resistance in response to increasing phage infectivity. This was likely due to bacteria being unable to evolve resistance to both phage via the same mutations. These results suggest that increasing initial parasite genotypic diversity can give parasites an evolutionary advantage that arrests long-term coevolution. This study has important implications for the applied use of phage in phage therapy and in understanding host–parasite dynamics in broader ecological and evolutionary theory.
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20
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Lewis JA, Penley MJ, Sylla H, Ahumada SD, Morran LT. Antagonistic Coevolution Limits the Range of Host Defense in C. elegans Populations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.758745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host populations often evolve defenses against parasites due to the significant fitness costs imposed by infection. However, adaptation to a specific parasite may alter the effectiveness of the host’s defenses in general. Consequently, the specificity of host defense may be influenced by a host population’s evolutionary history with parasites. Further, the degree of reciprocal change within an interaction may profoundly alter the range of host defense, given that antagonistic coevolutionary interactions are predicted to favor defense against specific parasite genotypes. Here, we examined the effect of host evolutionary history on host defense range by assessing the mortality rates of Caenorhabditis elegans host populations exposed to an array of Serratia marcescens bacterial parasite strains. Importantly, each of the host populations were derived from the same genetic background but have different experimental evolution histories with parasites. Each of these histories (exposure to either heat-killed, fixed genotype, or coevolving parasites) carries a different level of evolutionary reciprocity. Overall, we observed an effect of host evolutionary history in that previously coevolved host populations were generally the most susceptible to novel parasite strains. This data demonstrates that host evolutionary history can have a significant impact on host defense, and that host-parasite coevolution can increase host susceptibility to novel parasites.
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21
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Eck JL, Barrès B, Soubeyrand S, Sirén J, Numminen E, Laine AL. Strain Diversity and Spatial Distribution Are Linked to Epidemic Dynamics in Host Populations. Am Nat 2022; 199:59-74. [DOI: 10.1086/717179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Solórzano-García B, Vázquez-Domínguez E, Pérez-Ponce de León G, Piñero D. Co-structure analysis and genetic associations reveal insights into pinworms (Trypanoxyuris) and primates (Alouatta palliata) microevolutionary dynamics. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:190. [PMID: 34670486 PMCID: PMC8527708 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In parasitism arm race processes and red queen dynamics between host and parasites reciprocally mold many aspects of their genetics and evolution. We performed a parallel assessment of population genetics and demography of two species of pinworms with different degrees of host specificity (Trypanoxyuris multilabiatus, species-specific; and T. minutus, genus-specific) and their host, the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci (these only for the host). Given that pinworms and primates have a close co-evolutionary history, covariation in several genetic aspects of their populations is expected. RESULTS Mitochondrial DNA revealed two genetic clusters (West and East) in both pinworm species and howler monkeys, although population structure and genetic differentiation were stronger in the host, while genetic diversity was higher in pinworms than howler populations. Co-divergence tests showed no congruence between host and parasite phylogenies; nonetheless, a significant correlation was found between both pinworms and A. palliata genetic pairwise distances suggesting that the parasites' gene flow is mediated by the host dispersal. Moreover, the parasite most infective and the host most susceptible haplotypes were also the most frequent, whereas the less divergent haplotypes tended to be either more infective (for pinworms) or more susceptible (for howlers). Finally, a positive correlation was found between pairwise p-distance of host haplotypes and that of their associated pinworm haplotypes. CONCLUSION The genetic configuration of pinworm populations appears to be molded by their own demography and life history traits in conjunction with the biology and evolutionary history of their hosts, including host genetic variation, social interactions, dispersal and biogeography. Similarity in patterns of genetic structure, differentiation and diversity is higher between howler monkeys and T. multilabiatus in comparison with T. minutus, highlighting the role of host-specificity in coevolving processes. Trypanoxyuris minutus exhibits genetic specificity towards the most frequent host haplotype as well as geographic specificity. Results suggest signals of potential local adaptation in pinworms and further support the notion of correlated evolution between pinworms and their primate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Solórzano-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Sistemas y Procesos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores - Merida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ella Vázquez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Sistemas y Procesos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores - Merida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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23
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Janecka MJ, Rovenolt F, Stephenson JF. How does host social behavior drive parasite non-selective evolution from the within-host to the landscape-scale? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Phillips KP, Cable J, Mohammed RS, Chmielewski S, Przesmycka KJ, van Oosterhout C, Radwan J. Functional immunogenetic variation, rather than local adaptation, predicts ectoparasite infection intensity in a model fish species. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5588-5604. [PMID: 34415650 PMCID: PMC9292977 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural host populations differ in their susceptibility to infection by parasites, and these intrapopulation differences are still an incompletely understood component of host‐parasite dynamics. In this study, we used controlled infection experiments with wild‐caught guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and their ectoparasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli to investigate the roles of local adaptation and host genetic composition (immunogenetic and neutral) in explaining differences in susceptibility to infection. We found differences between our four study host populations that were consistent between two parasite source populations, with no indication of local adaptation by either host or parasite at two tested spatial scales. Greater values of host population genetic variability metrics broadly aligned with lower population mean infection intensity, with the best alignments associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) “supertypes”. Controlling for intrapopulation differences and potential inbreeding variance, we found a significant negative relationship between individual‐level functional MHC variability and infection: fish carrying more MHC supertypes experienced infections of lower severity, with limited evidence for supertype‐specific effects. We conclude that population‐level differences in host infection susceptibility probably reflect variation in parasite selective pressure and/or host evolutionary potential, underpinned by functional immunogenetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P Phillips
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.,School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Marine Institute, Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland
| | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ryan S Mohammed
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sebastian Chmielewski
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina J Przesmycka
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Cock van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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25
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O'Connor TK, Sandoval MC, Wang J, Hans JC, Takenaka R, Child M, Whiteman NK. Ecological basis and genetic architecture of crypsis polymorphism in the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti). Evolution 2021; 75:2441-2459. [PMID: 34370317 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Color polymorphic species can offer exceptional insight into the ecology and genetics of adaptation. Although the genetic architecture of animal coloration is diverse, many color polymorphisms are associated with large structural variants and maintained by biotic interactions. Grasshoppers are notably polymorphic in both color and karyotype, which makes them excellent models for understanding the ecological drivers and genetic underpinnings of color variation. Banded and uniform morphs of the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti) are found across the western deserts of North America. To address the hypothesis that predation maintains local color polymorphism and shapes regional crypsis variation, we surveyed morph frequencies and tested for covariation with two predation environments. Morphs coexisted at intermediate frequencies at most sites, consistent with local balancing selection. Morph frequencies covaried with the appearance of desert substrate-an environment used only by females-suggesting that ground-foraging predators are major agents of selection on crypsis. We next addressed the hypothesized link between morph variation and genome structure. To do so, we designed an approach for detecting inversions and indels using only RADseq data. The banded morph was perfectly correlated with a large putative indel. Remarkably, indel dominance differed among populations, a rare example of dominance evolution in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K O'Connor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720.,Current Address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Marissa C Sandoval
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Jacob C Hans
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Risa Takenaka
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Myron Child
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
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26
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Safdari P, Höckerstedt L, Brosche M, Salojärvi J, Laine AL. Genotype-Specific Expression and NLR Repertoire Contribute to Phenotypic Resistance Diversity in Plantago lanceolata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675760. [PMID: 34322142 PMCID: PMC8311189 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High levels of phenotypic variation in resistance appears to be nearly ubiquitous across natural host populations. Molecular processes contributing to this variation in nature are still poorly known, although theory predicts resistance to evolve at specific loci driven by pathogen-imposed selection. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes play an important role in pathogen recognition, downstream defense responses and defense signaling. Identifying the natural variation in NLRs has the potential to increase our understanding of how NLR diversity is generated and maintained, and how to manage disease resistance. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes of five different Plantago lanceolata genotypes when inoculated by the same strain of obligate fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis. A de novo transcriptome assembly of RNA-sequencing data yielded 24,332 gene models with N50 value of 1,329 base pairs and gene space completeness of 66.5%. The gene expression data showed highly varying responses where each plant genotype demonstrated a unique expression profile in response to the pathogen, regardless of the resistance phenotype. Analysis on the conserved NB-ARC domain demonstrated a diverse NLR repertoire in P. lanceolata consistent with the high phenotypic resistance diversity in this species. We find evidence of selection generating diversity at some of the NLR loci. Jointly, our results demonstrate that phenotypic resistance diversity results from a crosstalk between different defense mechanisms. In conclusion, characterizing the architecture of resistance in natural host populations may shed unprecedented light on the potential of evolution to generate variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Safdari
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Layla Höckerstedt
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosche
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Fisher AM. The evolutionary impact of population size, mutation rate and virulence on pathogen niche width. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1256-1265. [PMID: 34101932 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of pathogen niche width is important for predicting disease spread and the probability that pathogens can emerge in novel hosts. Findings from previous theoretical studies often suggest that pathogens will evolve to be specialists in specific host environments. However, several of these studies make unrealistic assumptions regarding demographic stochasticity and the ability of pathogens to select their hosts. Here, an individual-based model was used to predict how population size, virulence and pathogen mutation rate affects the evolution niche specialism in pathogens. Pathogen specialism evolved regardless of virulence or populations size; thus, the findings of this study are somewhat consistent with those of previous work. However, because specialist pathogens had only a weak selective advantage over generalist pathogens, high mutation rates caused random trait variation to accumulate, preventing the evolution of specialism. Mutation rate varies greatly across different species and strains of pathogen. By showing that high mutation rates may prevent pathogen specialism evolving, this study highlights an intrinsic pathogen trait that may influence the evolution of pathogen niche width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Fisher
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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28
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Butaitė E, Kramer J, Kümmerli R. Local adaptation, geographical distance and phylogenetic relatedness: Assessing the drivers of siderophore-mediated social interactions in natural bacterial communities. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1266-1278. [PMID: 34101930 PMCID: PMC8453950 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In heterogenous, spatially structured habitats, individuals within populations can become adapted to the prevailing conditions in their local environment. Such local adaptation has been reported for animals and plants, and for pathogens adapting to hosts. There is increasing interest in applying the concept of local adaptation to microbial populations, especially in the context of microbe-microbe interactions. Here, we tested whether cooperation and cheating on cooperation can spur patterns of local adaptation in soil and pond communities of Pseudomonas bacteria, collected across a geographical scale of 0.5 to 50 m. We focussed on the production of pyoverdines, a group of secreted iron-scavenging siderophores that often differ among pseudomonads in their chemical structure and the receptor required for their uptake. A combination of supernatant-feeding and competition assays between isolates from four distance categories revealed tremendous variation in the extent to which pyoverdine non- and low-producers can benefit from pyoverdines secreted by producers. However, this variation was not explained by geographical distance, but primarily depended on the phylogenetic relatedness between interacting isolates. A notable exception occurred in local pond communities, where the effect of phylogenetic relatedness was eroded in supernatant assays, probably due to the horizontal transfer of receptor genes. While the latter result could be a signature of local adaptation, our results overall indicate that common ancestry and not geographical distance is the main predictor of siderophore-mediated social interactions among pseudomonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butaitė
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jos Kramer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Kümmerli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Kitaichi H, Negishi JN, Ito D, Miura K, Urabe H. Testing local adaptations of affiliate freshwater pearl mussel,
Margaritifera laevis
, to its host fish,
Oncorhynchus masou masou. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kitaichi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Junjiro N. Negishi
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Daisetsu Ito
- Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Kazuki Miura
- Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Hirokazu Urabe
- Salmon and Freshwater Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization Eniwa Japan
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30
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Turner WC, Kamath PL, van Heerden H, Huang YH, Barandongo ZR, Bruce SA, Kausrud K. The roles of environmental variation and parasite survival in virulence-transmission relationships. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210088. [PMID: 34109041 PMCID: PMC8170194 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks are a consequence of interactions among the three components of a host-parasite system: the infectious agent, the host and the environment. While virulence and transmission are widely investigated, most studies of parasite life-history trade-offs are conducted with theoretical models or tractable experimental systems where transmission is standardized and the environment controlled. Yet, biotic and abiotic environmental factors can strongly affect disease dynamics, and ultimately, host-parasite coevolution. Here, we review research on how environmental context alters virulence-transmission relationships, focusing on the off-host portion of the parasite life cycle, and how variation in parasite survival affects the evolution of virulence and transmission. We review three inter-related 'approaches' that have dominated the study of the evolution of virulence and transmission for different host-parasite systems: (i) evolutionary trade-off theory, (ii) parasite local adaptation and (iii) parasite phylodynamics. These approaches consider the role of the environment in virulence and transmission evolution from different angles, which entail different advantages and potential biases. We suggest improvements to how to investigate virulence-transmission relationships, through conceptual and methodological developments and taking environmental context into consideration. By combining developments in life-history evolution, phylogenetics, adaptive dynamics and comparative genomics, we can improve our understanding of virulence-transmission relationships across a diversity of host-parasite systems that have eluded experimental study of parasite life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C. Turner
- US Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pauline L. Kamath
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zoe R. Barandongo
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Spencer A. Bruce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Kyrre Kausrud
- Section for Epidemiology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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31
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Kemler M, Wingfield M, Cowan D, Slippers B. Foliar fungi of the enigmatic desert plant Welwitschia mirabilis show little adaptation to their unique host plant. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Foliar fungi, especially endophytic fungi, constitute an important part of the microbiome of plants. Yet little is known about the composition of these communities. In this study, we isolated fungi from leaf tissues of the desert plant Welwitschia mirabilis to determine the culturable diversity of the foliar fungal community. The isolated fungal taxa, which grouped into 17 distinct lineages, were identified by sequencing elongation factor 1 alpha, beta tubulin 1, beta tubulin 2 and the internal transcribed spacer region. The culturable community was mainly composed of cosmopolitan fungal genera despite the unique taxonomic position of the plant and its geographic isolation. To test for endemism in two of the common fungal genera, Alternaria and Aureobasidium, we built haplotype networks using a global data set. Even this broad data set showed little evidence for specialisation within this unique host or its geographical location. The data suggest that the culturable members of communities of leaf-associated fungi in habitats with little plant coverage, such as the Namib Desert, are mainly established by long-distance aerially distributed fungal inocula and few of these taxa co-evolve with the host within the habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kemler
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- AG Geobotanik, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Don Cowan
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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32
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Locally adapted gut microbiomes mediate host stress tolerance. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2401-2414. [PMID: 33658622 PMCID: PMC8319338 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While evidence for the role of the microbiome in shaping host stress tolerance is becoming well-established, to what extent this depends on the interaction between the host and its local microbiome is less clear. Therefore, we investigated whether locally adapted gut microbiomes affect host stress tolerance. In the water flea Daphnia magna, we studied if the host performs better when receiving a microbiome from their source region than from another region when facing a stressful condition, more in particular exposure to the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Therefore, a reciprocal transplant experiment was performed in which recipient, germ-free D. magna, isolated from different ponds, received a donor microbiome from sympatric or allopatric D. magna that were pre-exposed to toxic cyanobacteria or not. We tested for effects on host life history traits and gut microbiome composition. Our data indicate that Daphnia interact with particular microbial strains mediating local adaptation in host stress tolerance. Most recipient D. magna individuals performed better when inoculated with sympatric than with allopatric microbiomes. This effect was most pronounced when the donors were pre-exposed to the toxic cyanobacteria, but this effect was also pond and genotype dependent. We discuss how this host fitness benefit is associated with microbiome diversity patterns.
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33
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Hawley DM, Gibson AK, Townsend AK, Craft ME, Stephenson JF. Bidirectional interactions between host social behaviour and parasites arise through ecological and evolutionary processes. Parasitology 2021; 148:274-288. [PMID: 33092680 PMCID: PMC11010184 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An animal's social behaviour both influences and changes in response to its parasites. Here we consider these bidirectional links between host social behaviours and parasite infection, both those that occur from ecological vs evolutionary processes. First, we review how social behaviours of individuals and groups influence ecological patterns of parasite transmission. We then discuss how parasite infection, in turn, can alter host social interactions by changing the behaviour of both infected and uninfected individuals. Together, these ecological feedbacks between social behaviour and parasite infection can result in important epidemiological consequences. Next, we consider the ways in which host social behaviours evolve in response to parasites, highlighting constraints that arise from the need for hosts to maintain benefits of sociality while minimizing fitness costs of parasites. Finally, we consider how host social behaviours shape the population genetic structure of parasites and the evolution of key parasite traits, such as virulence. Overall, these bidirectional relationships between host social behaviours and parasites are an important yet often underappreciated component of population-level disease dynamics and host-parasite coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061, USA
| | - Amanda K. Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22903, USA
| | | | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN55108, USA
| | - Jessica F. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15260, USA
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34
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Johnson P, Calhoun DM, Moss WE, McDevitt-Galles T, Riepe TB, Hallas JM, Parchman TL, Feldman CR, Achatz TJ, Tkach VV, Cropanzano J, Bowerman J, Koprivnikar J. The cost of travel: How dispersal ability limits local adaptation in host-parasite interactions. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:512-524. [PMID: 33314323 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Classical theory suggests that parasites will exhibit higher fitness in sympatric relative to allopatric host populations (local adaptation). However, evidence for local adaptation in natural host-parasite systems is often equivocal, emphasizing the need for infection experiments conducted over realistic geographic scales and comparisons among species with varied life history traits. Here, we used infection experiments to test how two trematode (flatworm) species (Paralechriorchis syntomentera and Ribeiroia ondatrae) with differing dispersal abilities varied in the strength of local adaptation to their amphibian hosts. Both parasites have complex life cycles involving sequential transmission among aquatic snails, larval amphibians and vertebrate definitive hosts that control dispersal across the landscape. By experimentally pairing 26 host-by-parasite population infection combinations from across the western USA with analyses of host and parasite spatial genetic structure, we found that increasing geographic distance-and corresponding increases in host population genetic distance-reduced infection success for P. syntomentera, which is dispersed by snake definitive hosts. For the avian-dispersed R. ondatrae, in contrast, the geographic distance between the parasite and host populations had no influence on infection success. Differences in local adaptation corresponded to parasite genetic structure; although populations of P. syntomentera exhibited ~10% mtDNA sequence divergence, those of R. ondatrae were nearly identical (<0.5%), even across a 900 km range. Taken together, these results offer empirical evidence that high levels of dispersal can limit opportunities for parasites to adapt to local host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dana M Calhoun
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Wynne E Moss
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Tawni B Riepe
- Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Hallas
- Department of Biology, and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Thomas L Parchman
- Department of Biology, and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Chris R Feldman
- Department of Biology, and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Tyler J Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Josh Cropanzano
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Janet Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Weiler J, Zilio G, Zeballos N, Nørgaard L, Conce Alberto WD, Krenek S, Kaltz O, Bright L. Among-Strain Variation in Resistance of Paramecium caudatum to the Endonuclear Parasite Holospora undulata: Geographic and Lineage-Specific Patterns. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:603046. [PMID: 33381098 PMCID: PMC7767928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance is a key determinant in interactions between hosts and their parasites. Understanding the amount and distribution of variation in this trait between strains can provide insights into (co)evolutionary processes and their potential to shape patterns of diversity in natural populations. Using controlled inoculation in experimental mass cultures, we investigated the quantitative variation in resistance to the bacterial parasite Holospora undulata across a worldwide collection of strains of its ciliate host Paramecium caudatum. We combined the observed variation with available information on the phylogeny and biogeography of the strains. We found substantial variation in resistance among strains, with upper-bound values of broad-sense heritability >0.5 (intraclass correlation coefficients). Strain estimates of resistance were repeatable between laboratories and ranged from total resistance to near-complete susceptibility. Early (1 week post inoculation) measurements provided higher estimates of resistance heritability than did later measurements (2-3 weeks), possibly due to diverging epidemiological dynamics in replicate cultures of the same strains. Genetic distance (based on a neutral marker) was positively correlated with the difference in resistance phenotype between strains (r = 0.45), essentially reflecting differences between highly divergent clades (haplogroups) within the host species. Haplogroup A strains, mostly European, were less resistant to the parasite (49% infection prevalence) than non-European haplogroup B strains (28%). At a smaller geographical scale (within Europe), strains that are geographically closer to the parasite origin (Southern Germany) were more susceptible to infection than those from further away. These patterns are consistent with a picture of local parasite adaptation. Our study demonstrates ample natural variation in resistance on which selection can act and hints at symbiont adaptation producing signatures in geographic and lineage-specific patterns of resistance in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Weiler
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
| | - Giacomo Zilio
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Zeballos
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Louise Nørgaard
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Winiffer D. Conce Alberto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sascha Krenek
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Lydia Bright
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
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36
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Morris KY, Bowman J, Schulte‐Hostedde A, Wilson PJ. Functional genetic diversity of domestic and wild American mink ( Neovison vison). Evol Appl 2020; 13:2610-2629. [PMID: 33294012 PMCID: PMC7691469 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of domestic organisms to the wild threatens biodiversity because the introduction of domestic genes through interbreeding can negatively impact wild conspecifics via outbreeding depression. In North America, farmed American mink (Neovison vison) frequently escape captivity, yet the impact of these events on functional genetic diversity of wild mink populations is unclear. We characterized domestic and wild mink in Ontario at 17 trinucleotide microsatellites located in functional genes thought to be associated with traits affected by domestication. We found low functional genetic diversity in both mink types, as only four of 17 genes were variable, yet allele frequencies varied widely between captive and wild populations. To determine whether allele frequencies of wild populations were affected by geographic location, we performed redundancy analysis and spatial analysis of principal components on three polymorphic loci (AR, ATN1 and IGF-1). We found evidence to suggest domestic release events are affecting the functional genetic diversity of wild mink, as sPCA showed clear distinctions between wild individuals near mink farms and those located in areas without mink farms. This is further substantiated through RDA, where spatial location was associated with genetic variation of AR, ATN1 and IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Y. Morris
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate ProgramTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate ProgramTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughONCanada
| | | | - Paul J. Wilson
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate ProgramTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
- Department of BiologyTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
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37
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Rajkov J, El Taher A, Böhne A, Salzburger W, Egger B. Gene expression remodelling and immune response during adaptive divergence in an African cichlid fish. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:274-296. [PMID: 33107988 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Variation in gene expression contributes to ecological speciation by facilitating population persistence in novel environments. Likewise, immune responses can be of relevance in speciation driven by adaptation to different environments. Previous studies examining gene expression differences between recently diverged ecotypes have often relied on only one pair of populations, targeted the expression of only a subset of genes or used wild-caught individuals. Here, we investigated the contribution of habitat-specific parasites and symbionts and the underlying immunological abilities of ecotype hosts to adaptive divergence in lake-river population pairs of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. To shed light on the role of phenotypic plasticity in adaptive divergence, we compared parasite and microbiota communities, immune response, and gene expression patterns of fish from natural habitats and a lake-like pond set-up. In all investigated population pairs, lake fish were more heavily parasitized than river fish, in terms of both parasite taxon composition and infection abundance. The innate immune response in the wild was higher in lake than in river populations and was elevated in a river population exposed to lake parasites in the pond set-up. Environmental differences between lake and river habitat and their distinct parasite communities have shaped differential gene expression, involving genes functioning in osmoregulation and immune response. Most changes in gene expression between lake and river samples in the wild and in the pond set-up were based on a plastic response. Finally, gene expression and bacterial communities of wild-caught individuals and individuals acclimatized to lake-like pond conditions showed shifts underlying adaptive phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Rajkov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Athimed El Taher
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Böhne
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Egger
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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38
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Sallinen S, Norberg A, Susi H, Laine AL. Intraspecific host variation plays a key role in virus community assembly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5610. [PMID: 33154373 PMCID: PMC7644774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by multiple pathogens of the same host is ubiquitous in both natural and managed habitats. While intraspecific variation in disease resistance is known to affect pathogen occurrence, how differences among host genotypes affect the assembly of pathogen communities remains untested. In our experiment using cloned replicates of naive Plantago lanceolata plants as sentinels during a seasonal virus epidemic, we find non-random co-occurrence patterns of five focal viruses. Using joint species distribution modelling, we attribute the non-random virus occurrence patterns primarily to differences among host genotypes and local population context. Our results show that intraspecific variation among host genotypes may play a large, previously unquantified role in pathogen community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna Norberg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8067, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8067, Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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Ruzicka F, Dutoit L, Czuppon P, Jordan CY, Li X, Olito C, Runemark A, Svensson EI, Yazdi HP, Connallon T. The search for sexually antagonistic genes: Practical insights from studies of local adaptation and statistical genomics. Evol Lett 2020; 4:398-415. [PMID: 33014417 PMCID: PMC7523564 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually antagonistic (SA) genetic variation-in which alleles favored in one sex are disfavored in the other-is predicted to be common and has been documented in several animal and plant populations, yet we currently know little about its pervasiveness among species or its population genetic basis. Recent applications of genomics in studies of SA genetic variation have highlighted considerable methodological challenges to the identification and characterization of SA genes, raising questions about the feasibility of genomic approaches for inferring SA selection. The related fields of local adaptation and statistical genomics have previously dealt with similar challenges, and lessons from these disciplines can therefore help overcome current difficulties in applying genomics to study SA genetic variation. Here, we integrate theoretical and analytical concepts from local adaptation and statistical genomics research-including F ST and F IS statistics, genome-wide association studies, pedigree analyses, reciprocal transplant studies, and evolve-and-resequence experiments-to evaluate methods for identifying SA genes and genome-wide signals of SA genetic variation. We begin by developing theoretical models for between-sex F ST and F IS, including explicit null distributions for each statistic, and using them to critically evaluate putative multilocus signals of sex-specific selection in previously published datasets. We then highlight new statistics that address some of the limitations of F ST and F IS, along with applications of more direct approaches for characterizing SA genetic variation, which incorporate explicit fitness measurements. We finish by presenting practical guidelines for the validation and evolutionary analysis of candidate SA genes and discussing promising empirical systems for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ruzicka
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVIC 3800Australia
| | - Ludovic Dutoit
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedin9054New Zealand
| | - Peter Czuppon
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRASorbonne UniversitéParis75252France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS, Collège de FrancePSL Research UniversityParis75231France
| | - Crispin Y. Jordan
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH8 9XDUnited Kingdom
| | - Xiang‐Yi Li
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchatelCH‐2000Switzerland
| | - Colin Olito
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSE‐22362Sweden
| | - Anna Runemark
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSE‐22362Sweden
| | | | | | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVIC 3800Australia
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40
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Castledine M, Padfield D, Buckling A. Experimental (co)evolution in a multi-species microbial community results in local maladaptation. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1673-1681. [PMID: 32893477 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific coevolutionary interactions can result in rapid biotic adaptation, but most studies have focused only on species pairs. Here, we (co)evolved five microbial species in replicate polycultures and monocultures and quantified local adaptation. Specifically, growth rate assays were used to determine adaptations of each species' populations to (1) the presence of the other four species in general and (2) sympatric vs. allopatric communities. We found that species did not show an increase in net biotic adaptation:ancestral, polyculture- and monoculture-evolved populations did not have significantly different growth rates within communities. However, 4/5 species' growth rates were significantly lower within the community they evolved in relative to an allopatric community. 'Local maladaptation' suggests that species evolved increased competitive interactions to sympatric species' populations. This increased competition did not affect community stability or productivity. Our results suggest that (co)evolution within communities can increase competitive interactions that are specific to (co)evolved community members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Castledine
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Daniel Padfield
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Angus Buckling
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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41
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Facilitative priority effects drive parasite assembly under coinfection. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1510-1521. [PMID: 32868915 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Host individuals are often coinfected with diverse parasite assemblages, resulting in complex interactions among parasites within hosts. Within hosts, priority effects occur when the infection sequence alters the outcome of interactions among parasites. Yet, the role of host immunity in this process remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that the host response to the first infection could generate priority effects among parasites, altering the assembly of later-arriving strains during epidemics. We tested this by infecting sentinel host genotypes of Plantago lanceolata with strains of the fungal parasite Podosphaera plantaginis and measuring susceptibility to subsequent infection during experimental and natural epidemics. In these experiments, prior infection by one strain often increased susceptibility to other strains, and these facilitative priority effects altered the structure of parasite assemblages, but this effect depended on host genotype, host population and parasite genotype. Thus, host genotype, spatial structure and priority effects among strains all independently altered parasite assembly. Using a fine-scale survey and sampling of infections on wild hosts in several populations, we then identified a signal of facilitative priority effects, which altered parasite assembly during natural epidemics. Together, these results provide evidence that within-host priority effects of early-arriving strains can drive parasite assembly, with implications for how strain diversity is spatially and temporally distributed during epidemics.
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42
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Laso‐Jadart R, Sugier K, Petit E, Labadie K, Peterlongo P, Ambroise C, Wincker P, Jamet J, Madoui M. Investigating population-scale allelic differential expression in wild populations of Oithona similis (Cyclopoida, Claus, 1866). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8894-8905. [PMID: 32884665 PMCID: PMC7452778 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acclimation allowed by variation in gene or allele expression in natural populations is increasingly understood as a decisive mechanism, as much as adaptation, for species evolution. However, for small eukaryotic organisms, as species from zooplankton, classical methods face numerous challenges. Here, we propose the concept of allelic differential expression at the population-scale (psADE) to investigate the variation in allele expression in natural populations. We developed a novel approach to detect psADE based on metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from environmental samples. This approach was applied on the widespread marine copepod, Oithona similis, by combining samples collected during the Tara Oceans expedition (2009-2013) and de novo transcriptome assemblies. Among a total of 25,768 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of O. similis, 572 (2.2%) were affected by psADE in at least one population (FDR < 0.05). The distribution of SNVs under psADE in different populations is significantly shaped by population genomic differentiation (Pearson r = 0.87, p = 5.6 × 10-30), supporting a partial genetic control of psADE. Moreover, a significant amount of SNVs (0.6%) were under both selection and psADE (p < .05), supporting the hypothesis that natural selection and psADE tends to impact common loci. Population-scale allelic differential expression offers new insights into the gene regulation control in populations and its link with natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Laso‐Jadart
- Génomique Métabolique, GenoscopeInstitut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ EvryUniversité Paris‐SaclayEvryFrance
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and EvolutionFR2022/Tara Oceans GO‐SEEParisFrance
| | - Kevin Sugier
- Génomique Métabolique, GenoscopeInstitut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ EvryUniversité Paris‐SaclayEvryFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Petit
- CEA, GenoscopeInstitut de Biologie François JacobUniversité Paris‐SaclayEvryFrance
| | - Karine Labadie
- CEA, GenoscopeInstitut de Biologie François JacobUniversité Paris‐SaclayEvryFrance
| | | | | | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, GenoscopeInstitut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ EvryUniversité Paris‐SaclayEvryFrance
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and EvolutionFR2022/Tara Oceans GO‐SEEParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Louis Jamet
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO)AMU‐UTLN UM110CNRS UMR7294, IRDUMR235Equipe Ecologie Marine et Biodiversité (EMBIO)Université de ToulonToulon Cedex 9France
| | - Mohammed‐Amin Madoui
- Génomique Métabolique, GenoscopeInstitut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ EvryUniversité Paris‐SaclayEvryFrance
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and EvolutionFR2022/Tara Oceans GO‐SEEParisFrance
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43
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Walters SJ, Robinson TP, Byrne M, Wardell-Johnson GW, Nevill P. Contrasting patterns of local adaptation along climatic gradients between a sympatric parasitic and autotrophic tree species. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3022-3037. [PMID: 32621768 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sympatric tree species are subject to similar climatic drivers, posing a question as to whether they display comparable adaptive responses. However, no study has explicitly examined local adaptation of co-occurring parasitic and autotrophic plant species to the abiotic environment. Here we test the hypotheses that a generalist parasitic tree would display a weaker signal of selection and that genomic variation would associate with fewer climatic variables (particularly precipitation) but have similar spatial patterns to a sympatric autotrophic tree species. To test these hypotheses, we collected samples from 17 sites across the range of two tree species, the hemiparasite Nuytsia floribunda (n = 264) and sympatric autotroph Melaleuca rhaphiophylla (n = 272). We obtained 5,531 high-quality genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for M. rhaphiophylla and 6,727 SNPs for N. floribunda using DArTseq genome scan technology. Population differentiation and environmental association approaches were used to identify signals of selection. Generalized dissimilarly modelling was used to detect climatic and spatial patterns of local adaptation across climatic gradients. Overall, 322 SNPs were identified as putatively adaptive for the autotroph, while only 57 SNPs were identified for the parasitic species. We found genomic variation to associate with different sets of bioclimatic variables for each species, with precipitation relatively less important for the parasite. Spatial patterns of predicted adaptive variability were different and indicate that co-occurring species with disparate life history traits may not respond equally to selective pressures (i.e., temperature and precipitation). Together, these findings provide insight into local adaptation of sympatric parasitic and autotrophic tree species to abiotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree J Walters
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Todd P Robinson
- School of Earth and Planetary Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Grant W Wardell-Johnson
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Nevill
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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44
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Host Genotype and Colonist Arrival Order Jointly Govern Plant Microbiome Composition and Function. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3260-3266.e5. [PMID: 32679100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The composition of host-associated microbiomes can have important consequences for host health and fitness [1-3]. Yet we still lack understanding of many fundamental processes that determine microbiome composition [4, 5]. There is mounting evidence that historical contingency during microbiome assembly may overshadow more deterministic processes, such as the selective filters imposed by host traits [6-8]. More specifically, species arrival order has been frequently shown to affect microbiome composition [9-12], a phenomenon known as priority effects [13-15]. However, it is less clear whether priority effects during microbiome assembly are consequential for the host [16] or whether intraspecific variation in host traits can alter the trajectory of microbiome assembly under priority effects. In a greenhouse inoculation experiment using the black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) foliar microbiome, we manipulated host genotype and the colonization order of common foliar fungi. We quantified microbiome assembly outcomes using fungal marker gene sequencing and measured susceptibility of the colonized host to a leaf rust pathogen, Melampsora × columbiana. We found that the effect of species arrival order on microbiome composition, and subsequent disease susceptibility, depended on the host genotype. Additionally, we found that microbiome assembly history can affect host disease susceptibility independent of microbiome composition at the time of pathogen exposure, suggesting that the interactive effects of species arrival order and host genotype can decouple community composition and function. Overall, these results highlight the importance of a key process underlying stochasticity in microbiome assembly while also revealing which hosts are most likely to experience these effects.
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45
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Ceballos RM, Drummond CG, Stacy CL, Padilla-Crespo E, Stedman KM. Host-Dependent Differences in Replication Strategy of the Sulfolobus Spindle-Shaped Virus Strain SSV9 (a.k.a., SSVK1): Infection Profiles in Hosts of the Family Sulfolobaceae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1218. [PMID: 32760354 PMCID: PMC7372142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sulfolobus Spindle-shaped Virus (SSV) system has become a model for studying thermophilic virus biology, including archaeal host-virus interactions and biogeography. Several factors make the SSV system amenable to studying archaeal genetic mechanisms (e.g., CRISPRs) as well as virus-host interactions in high temperature acidic environments. Previously, we reported that SSVs exhibited differential infectivity on allopatric vs. sympatric hosts. We also noticed a wide host range for virus strain SSV9 (a.k.a., SSVK1). For decades, SSVs have been described as "non-lytic" double-stranded DNA viruses that infect species of the genus Sulfolobus and release virions via budding rather than host lysis. In this study, we show that SSVs infect hosts representing more than one genus of the family Sulfolobaceae in spot-on-lawn "halo" assays and in liquid culture infection assays. Growth curve analyses support the hypothesis that SSV9 virion release causes cell lysis. While SSV9 appears to lyse allopatric hosts, on a single sympatric host, SSV9 exhibits canonical non-lytic viral release historically reported SSVs. Therefore, the nature of SSV9 lytic-like behavior may be driven by allopatric evolution. The SSV9-infected host growth profile does not appear to be driven by multiplicity of infection (MOI). Greater stability of SSV9 vs. other SSVs (i.e., SSV1) in high temperature, low pH environments may contribute to higher transmission rates. However, neither higher transmission rate nor relative virulence in SSV9 infection seems to alter replication profile in susceptible hosts. Although it is known that CRISPR-Cas systems offer protection against viral infection in prokaryotes, CRISPRS are not reported to be a determinant of virus replication strategy. The mechanisms underlying SSV9 lytic-like behavior remain unknown and are the subject of ongoing investigations. These results suggest that genetic elements, potentially resulting from allopatric evolution, mediate distinct virus-host growth profiles of specific SSV-host strain pairings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Michael Ceballos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Sciences, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Coyne Gareth Drummond
- Departmento de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Aguadilla, PR, United States
| | - Carson Len Stacy
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Elizabeth Padilla-Crespo
- Departmento de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Aguadilla, PR, United States
| | - Kenneth Mark Stedman
- Department of Biology, Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
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46
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Castledine M, Sierocinski P, Padfield D, Buckling A. Community coalescence: an eco-evolutionary perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190252. [PMID: 32200752 PMCID: PMC7133537 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Community coalescence, the mixing of different communities, is widespread throughout microbial ecology. Coalescence can result in approximately equal contributions from the founding communities or dominance of one community over another. These different outcomes have ramifications for community structure and function in natural communities, and the use of microbial communities in biotechnology and medicine. However, we have little understanding of when a particular outcome might be expected. Here, we integrate existing theory and data to speculate on how a crucial characteristic of microbial communities-the type of species interaction that dominates the community-might affect the outcome of microbial community coalescence. Given the often comparable timescales of microbial ecology and microevolution, we explicitly consider ecological and evolutionary dynamics, and their interplay, in determining coalescence outcomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Conceptual challenges in microbial community ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Castledine
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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47
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Johnson PTJ, Calhoun DM, Riepe T, McDevitt-Galles T, Koprivnikar J. Community disassembly and disease: realistic-but not randomized-biodiversity losses enhance parasite transmission. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190260. [PMID: 31039724 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Debates over the relationship between biodiversity and disease dynamics underscore the need for a more mechanistic understanding of how changes in host community composition influence parasite transmission. Focusing on interactions between larval amphibians and trematode parasites, we experimentally contrasted the effects of host richness and species composition to identify the individual and joint contributions of both parameters on the infection levels of three trematode species. By combining experimental approaches with field surveys from 147 ponds, we further evaluated how richness effects differed between randomized and realistic patterns of species loss (i.e. community disassembly). Our results indicated that community-level changes in infection levels were owing to host species composition, rather than richness. However, when composition patterns mirrored empirical observations along a natural assembly gradient, each added host species reduced infection success by 12-55%. No such effects occurred when assemblages were randomized. Mechanistically, these patterns were due to non-random host species assembly/disassembly: while highly competent species predominated in low diversity systems, less susceptible hosts became progressively more common as richness increased. These findings highlight the potential for combining information on host traits and assembly patterns to forecast diversity-mediated changes in multi-host disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter T J Johnson
- 1 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA
| | - Dana M Calhoun
- 1 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA
| | - Tawni Riepe
- 1 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA
| | | | - Janet Koprivnikar
- 2 Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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48
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Gautier C, Fournet S, Piriou C, Renault L, Yvin J, Nguema‐Ona E, Grenier E, Montarry J. Plant-parasite coevolution: A weak signature of local adaptation between Peruvian Globodera pallida populations and wild potatoes. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4156-4163. [PMID: 32489638 PMCID: PMC7244796 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasite coevolution has generated much interest and studies to understand and manage diseases in agriculture. Such a reciprocal evolutionary process could lead to a pattern of local adaptation between plants and parasites. Based on the phylogeography of each partner, the present study tested the hypothesis of local adaptation between the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida and wild potatoes in Peru. The measured fitness trait was the hatching of cysts which is induced by host root exudates. Using a cross-hatching assay between 13 populations of G. pallida and root exudates from 12 wild potatoes, our results did not show a strong pattern of local adaptation of the parasite but the sympatric combinations induced better hatching of cysts than allopatric combinations, and there was a negative relationship between the hatching percentage and the geographical distance between nematode populations and wild potatoes. Moreover, a strong effect of the geographic origin of root exudates was found, with root exudates from south of Peru inducing better hatching than root exudates from north of Peru. These results could be useful to develop new biocontrol products or potato cultivars to limit damages caused by G. pallida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Gautier
- IGEPPINRAEAgrocampus‐OuestUniversité de Rennes 1Le RheuFrance
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation‐Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale Pôle BiocontrôleGroupe RoullierSaint‐MaloFrance
| | - Sylvain Fournet
- IGEPPINRAEAgrocampus‐OuestUniversité de Rennes 1Le RheuFrance
| | | | - Lionel Renault
- IGEPPINRAEAgrocampus‐OuestUniversité de Rennes 1Le RheuFrance
| | - Jean‐Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation‐Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale Pôle BiocontrôleGroupe RoullierSaint‐MaloFrance
| | - Eric Nguema‐Ona
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation‐Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale Pôle BiocontrôleGroupe RoullierSaint‐MaloFrance
| | - Eric Grenier
- IGEPPINRAEAgrocampus‐OuestUniversité de Rennes 1Le RheuFrance
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49
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Gobbin TP, Vanhove MPM, Pariselle A, Groothuis TGG, Maan ME, Seehausen O. Temporally consistent species differences in parasite infection but no evidence for rapid parasite-mediated speciation in Lake Victoria cichlid fish. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:556-575. [PMID: 32163649 PMCID: PMC7318199 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parasites may have strong eco‐evolutionary interactions with their hosts. Consequently, they may contribute to host diversification. The radiation of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria provides a good model to study the role of parasites in the early stages of speciation. We investigated patterns of macroparasite infection in a community of 17 sympatric cichlids from a recent radiation and 2 older species from 2 nonradiating lineages, to explore the opportunity for parasite‐mediated speciation. Host species had different parasite infection profiles, which were only partially explained by ecological factors (diet, water depth). This may indicate that differences in infection are not simply the result of differences in exposure, but that hosts evolved species‐specific resistance, consistent with parasite‐mediated divergent selection. Infection was similar between sampling years, indicating that the direction of parasite‐mediated selection is stable through time. We morphologically identified 6 Cichlidogyrus species, a gill parasite that is considered a good candidate for driving parasite‐mediated speciation, because it is host species‐specific and has radiated elsewhere in Africa. Species composition of Cichlidogyrus infection was similar among the most closely related host species (members of the Lake Victoria radiation), but two more distantly related species (belonging to nonradiating sister lineages) showed distinct infection profiles. This is inconsistent with a role for Cichlidogyrus in the early stages of divergence. To conclude, we find significant interspecific variation in parasite infection profiles, which is temporally consistent. We found no evidence that Cichlidogyrus‐mediated selection contributes to the early stages of speciation. Instead, our findings indicate that species differences in infection accumulate after speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana P Gobbin
- Division of Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoine Pariselle
- ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ton G G Groothuis
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Martine E Maan
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Division of Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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50
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Rezzoagli C, Granato ET, Kümmerli R. Harnessing bacterial interactions to manage infections: a review on the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a case example. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:147-161. [PMID: 31961787 PMCID: PMC7116537 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During infections, bacterial pathogens can engage in a variety of interactions with each other, ranging from the cooperative sharing of resources to deadly warfare. This is especially relevant in opportunistic infections, where different strains and species often co-infect the same patient and interact in the host. Here, we review the relevance of these social interactions during opportunistic infections using the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a case example. In particular, we discuss different types of pathogen-pathogen interactions, involving both cooperation and competition, and elaborate on how they impact virulence in multi-strain and multi-species infections. We then review evolutionary dynamics within pathogen populations during chronic infections. We particuarly discuss how local adaptation through niche separation, evolutionary successions and antagonistic co-evolution between pathogens can alter virulence and the damage inflicted on the host. Finally, we outline how studying bacterial social dynamics could be used to manage infections. We show that a deeper appreciation of bacterial evolution and ecology in the clinical context is important for understanding microbial infections and can inspire novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rezzoagli
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa T. Granato
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Kümmerli
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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