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Distinct Elevational Patterns and Their Linkages of Soil Bacteria and Plant Community in An Alpine Meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051049. [PMID: 35630491 PMCID: PMC9143282 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil microbes play important roles in determining plant community composition and terrestrial ecosystem functions, as well as the direction and extent of terrestrial ecosystem feedback to environmental changes. Understanding the distribution patterns of plant and soil microbiota along elevation gradients is necessary to shed light on important ecosystem functions. In this study, soil bacteria along an elevation gradient in an alpine meadow ecosystem of the Qinghai−Tibetan Plateau were investigated using Illumina sequencing and GeoChip technologies. The community structure of the soil bacteria and plants presented a continuous trend along the elevation gradient, and their alpha diversity displayed different distribution patterns; however, there were no linkages between them. Beta diversity of the soil bacteria and plants was significantly influenced by elevational distance changes (p < 0.05). Functional gene categories involved in nitrogen and phosphorus cycling had faster changes than those involved in carbon degradation, and functional genes involved in labile carbon degradation also had faster variations than those involved in recalcitrant carbon degradation with elevational changes. According to Pearson’s correlation, partial Mantel test analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis, soil pH and mean annual precipitation were important environmental variables in influencing soil bacterial diversity. Soil bacterial diversity and plant diversity had different distribution patterns along the elevation gradient.
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2
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Prickly Pear (Opuntia spp.) as an Invasive Species and a Potential Fodder Resource for Ruminant Animals. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the invasiveness of Opuntia spp. and its impact on various ecosystem services has been recognised especially in semi-arid areas where rainfall is erratic. The semi-arid environments are the habitats of plants which have adapted to be able to grow in severe hot and dry regions. Opuntia spp. normally thrives in conditions of high temperatures, low rainfall, saline soils and it can also adapt and survive in severely degraded soils which have a limited nutrients supply. Its positive impact includes its recognised value as livestock fodder. Opuntia’s adaptability to harsh conditions, high dry matter yield, palatability and significant levels of energy, as well as its availability at a low cost during the dry season, decreases the use of expensive supplements and conventional diets in many areas. There is a need to understand the importance of this invasive Opuntia species when incorporated in animal diets. As a part of its control measures, the use of livestock in controlling the spread of Opuntia may assist in reducing its abundance and invasiveness while at the same time providing a consistent supply of forage during the dry season. Information on its nutritive value, incorporating the species in animal diets and the means to control it must be well understood to recognise the species’ contribution to an ecosystem.
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3
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Wang X, Verschut TA, Billeter JC, Maan ME. Seven Questions on the Chemical Ecology and Neurogenetics of Resource-Mediated Speciation. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.640486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to different environments can result in reproductive isolation between populations and the formation of new species. Food resources are among the most important environmental factors shaping local adaptation. The chemosensory system, the most ubiquitous sensory channel in the animal kingdom, not only detects food resources and their chemical composition, but also mediates sexual communication and reproductive isolation in many taxa. Chemosensory divergence may thus play a crucial role in resource-mediated adaptation and speciation. Understanding how the chemosensory system can facilitate resource-mediated ecological speciation requires integrating mechanistic studies of the chemosensory system with ecological studies, to link the genetics and physiology of chemosensory properties to divergent adaptation. In this review, we use examples of insect research to present seven key questions that can be used to understand how the chemosensory system can facilitate resource-mediated ecological speciation in consumer populations.
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4
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Shen X, Zhang S, Shen Q, Hu G, Lu J. Multivariate similarity clustering analysis: a new method regarding biogeography and its application in global insects. Integr Zool 2020; 16:390-403. [PMID: 32827197 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new method, multivariate similarity clustering analysis (MSCA) method, was established for biogeographical distribution analyzing. General similarity formula (GSF), the core of MSCA method, can be used to calculate the similarity coefficients between 2 and among any ≥ 3 geographical units. Taking the global insects as example, we introduced the steps to use of GSF and consequent clustering processes of this method in details. Firstly, geographical distributions of certain taxa (e.g. Insecta) were categorized into basic geographical units (BGUs); Secondly, similarity coefficients between 2 and among n BGUs were calculated using GSF. Thirdly, hierarchical clustering was conducted according to values of similarity coefficients (from high to low); then a clustering diagram was generated. Finally, a framework of biogeographical division map was established for the target taxa (e.g. Insecta). We concluded that the MSCA method was efficiently applied in analyzing the biogeographical distribution of given biological taxa; the geographical regions regarding global insects were categorized into 7 Realms with 20 sub-Realms based on the results of MSCA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Shen
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Shen
- The First Clinical School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guilin Hu
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiqi Lu
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Arnal P, Coeur d'acier A, Favret C, Godefroid M, Qiao G, Jousselin E, Sanchez Meseguer A. The evolution of climate tolerance in conifer-feeding aphids in relation to their host's climatic niche. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11657-11671. [PMID: 31695876 PMCID: PMC6822038 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate adaptation has major consequences in the evolution and ecology of all living organisms. Though phytophagous insects are an important component of Earth's biodiversity, there are few studies investigating the evolution of their climatic preferences. This lack of research is probably because their evolutionary ecology is thought to be primarily driven by their interactions with their host plants. Here, we use a robust phylogenetic framework and species-level distribution data for the conifer-feeding aphid genus Cinara to investigate the role of climatic adaptation in the diversity and distribution patterns of these host-specialized insects. Insect climate niches were reconstructed at a macroevolutionary scale, highlighting that climate niche tolerance is evolutionarily labile, with closely related species exhibiting strong climatic disparities. This result may suggest repeated climate niche differentiation during the evolutionary diversification of Cinara. Alternatively, it may merely reflect the use of host plants that occur in disparate climatic zones, and thus, in reality the aphid species' fundamental climate niches may actually be similar but broad. Comparisons of the aphids' current climate niches with those of their hosts show that most Cinara species occupy the full range of the climatic tolerance exhibited by their set of host plants, corroborating the hypothesis that the observed disparity in Cinara species' climate niches can simply mirror that of their hosts. However, 29% of the studied species only occupy a subset of their hosts' climatic zone, suggesting that some aphid species do indeed have their own climatic limitations. Our results suggest that in host-specialized phytophagous insects, host associations cannot always adequately describe insect niches and abiotic factors must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Arnal
- CBGPINRACIRADIRDMontpellier SupAgroUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleCNRSEPHESorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | | | - Colin Favret
- Department of Biological SciencesBiodiversity CentreUniversity of MontrealMontrealQCCanada
| | - Martin Godefroid
- CBGPINRACIRADIRDMontpellier SupAgroUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Ge‐Xia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Andrea Sanchez Meseguer
- CBGPINRACIRADIRDMontpellier SupAgroUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CNRSUMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM)Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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6
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Nyman T, Onstein RE, Silvestro D, Wutke S, Taeger A, Wahlberg N, Blank SM, Malm T. The early wasp plucks the flower: disparate extant diversity of sawfly superfamilies (Hymenoptera: ‘Symphyta’) may reflect asynchronous switching to angiosperm hosts. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe insect order Hymenoptera originated during the Permian nearly 300 Mya. Ancestrally herbivorous hymenopteran lineages today make up the paraphyletic suborder ‘Symphyta’, which encompasses c. 8200 species with very diverse host-plant associations. We use phylogeny-based statistical analyses to explore the drivers of diversity dynamics within the ‘Symphyta’, with a particular focus on the hypothesis that diversification of herbivorous insects has been driven by the explosive radiation of angiosperms during and after the Cretaceous. Our ancestral-state estimates reveal that the first symphytans fed on gymnosperms, and that shifts onto angiosperms and pteridophytes – and back – have occurred at different time intervals in different groups. Trait-dependent analyses indicate that average net diversification rates do not differ between symphytan lineages feeding on angiosperms, gymnosperms or pteridophytes, but trait-independent models show that the highest diversification rates are found in a few angiosperm-feeding lineages that may have been favoured by the radiations of their host taxa during the Cenozoic. Intriguingly, lineages-through-time plots show signs of an early Cretaceous mass extinction, with a recovery starting first in angiosperm-associated clades. Hence, the oft-invoked assumption of herbivore diversification driven by the rise of flowering plants may overlook a Cretaceous global turnover in insect herbivore communities during the rapid displacement of gymnosperm- and pteridophyte-dominated floras by angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Renske E Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle–Jena–Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg and Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Sweden
| | - Saskia Wutke
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Andreas Taeger
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan M Blank
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Malm
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Ávila Rodríguez LA, Triviño PM. Descripción del hábitat de cuatro especies del género <i>Lymanopoda</i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) en áreas de páramo de Colombia. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v24n1.70285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Las mariposas del género Lymanopoda son típicas de ecosistemas altoandinos y se caracterizan por tener como planta hospedera a especies del género Chusquea. El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar una descripción del hábitat de cuatro especies del género Lymanopoda que residen en zonas de páramo de los Andes de Colombia. Para describir el hábitat, se realizó la búsqueda de mariposas en tres localidades, dos en la Cordillera Oriental y una en la Cordillera Occidental. Se estudió la composición florística de las áreas que habitan las especies de Lymanopoda y se registraron variables para calcular la cobertura y la frecuencia relativa de elementos arbóreos, arbustivos y herbáceos. Estos datos permitieron identificar patrones en la fisonomía, estructura y diversidad de las coberturas vegetales en las que fueron observadas las mariposas. Se encontró que, aunque la composición florística entre las localidades estudiadas es diferente, la distribución de abundancias es similar, presentando pocos elementos dominantes y alta equidad. En cuanto a la estructura de la vegetación se encontró que la cobertura del estrato arbustivo y de Chusquea spp., es similar en las áreas de borde de los parches. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que, aunque la presencia de Chusquea es fundamental para las mariposas estudiadas, estas residen en coberturas vegetales diversas (i.e. con poca dominancia y alta equidad) con una estructura que incluya elementos herbáceos, arbustivos y arbóreos.
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8
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Yang CK, Chiang YC, Huang BH, Ju LP, Liao PC. Nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogeography suggests an Early Miocene southward expansion of Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) on the Asian continent and islands. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2018; 59:27. [PMID: 30406863 PMCID: PMC6223401 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-018-0244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most genera of Fagaceae are thought to have originated in the temperate regions except for the genus Lithocarpus, the stone oaks. Lithocarpus is distributed in subtropical and tropical Asia, and its ancestral population is hypothesized to be distributed in tropical regions in Borneo and Indochina. Borneo and the nearby islands (the Greater Sunda Islands) were connected to the Malay Peninsula and Indochina prior to the Pliocene epoch and formed the former Sundaland continent. The Southeast Asian Lithocarpus, is thought to have dispersed between continental Asia and the present Sundaland. The drastic climate changes during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs which caused periodic sea-level changes is often used to explain the cause of its diversity. The aim of this study was to establish phylogenetic relationships by analyzing nuclear (nrDNA) and chloroplast (cpDNA) DNA in order to describe and analyze the origin, causes of diversification and historical biogeography of Lithocarpus. RESULTS Phylogeny reconstructed through the multiple-species coalescent method with nrDNA and cpDNA revealed that the continental-Asian taxa were clustered at the basal lineages. The derived lineages of tropical Lithocarpus, with the inference of a subtropical ancestral state, imply a southward migration in the Early Miocene period with subsequent in situ diversification in the Greater Sunda Islands. The gradual decrease in temperature since the Middle Miocene period is proposed as a cause of the increase in the net diversification rate. CONCLUSIONS The historical ancestral origin of Lithocarpus has been suggested to be mainland Asia. Southward migration in the Early Miocene period with subsequent in situ diversification could explain the current diversity of stone oaks in Southeast Asia. This study also considered the multiple origins of stone oaks currently indigenous to the subtropical islands offshore and near mainland China. Our results provide phylogenetic evidence for a subtropical origin of Asian stone oaks and reveal the process of diversification and how it fits into the timeline of major geologic and climatic events rather than local, episodic, rate-shifting events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kai Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Ting-Chow Rd, Sec 4, Taipei, 116 Taiwan
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, 12, Sec. 1, Chien-Shan Rd., Nantou, 55750 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lien-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hong Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Ting-Chow Rd, Sec 4, Taipei, 116 Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Ju
- Botanical Garden Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53, Nan-Hai Rd., Taipei, 10066 Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Ting-Chow Rd, Sec 4, Taipei, 116 Taiwan
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9
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Gerhold P, Carlucci MB, Procheş Ş, Prinzing A. The Deep Past Controls the Phylogenetic Structure of Present, Local Communities. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coexisting species may be evolutionarily proximate or distant, resulting in phylogenetically poor or rich communities. This variation is often considered to result from present assembly processes. We argue that, under certain conditions, deep-past processes might control the phylogenetic diversity of communities. First, deep-past effects involve macroevolutionary processes, such as diversification rate, niche conservatism, or dispersal, in the lineages that constitute communities. Second, deep-past processes in the respective region or in the habitat type play a role, for instance, through age, area, stability, or connectivity. Third, the deep past may affect communities via trophic interactions (i.e., communities of enemies or mutualists or communities of hosts). We suggest that deep-past effects can be identified in local communities by measuring phylogenetic diversity in different species pools. We also show how community phylogenetic diversity results in positive or negative eco-evolutionary feedback, and we identify present-day conservation challenges that may profit from a deep-time perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pille Gerhold
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Marcos B. Carlucci
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531–980, Brazil
| | - Şerban Procheş
- Discipline of Geography, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Research Unit “Ecosystèmes Biodiversité, Evolution,” University of Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6553 “Ecobio,” Rennes 35042, France
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10
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Letsch H, Gottsberger B, Metzl C, Astrin J, Friedman ALL, McKenna DD, Fiedler K. Climate and host-plant associations shaped the evolution of ceutorhynch weevils throughout the Cenozoic. Evolution 2018; 72:1815-1828. [PMID: 30040114 PMCID: PMC6175111 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Using molecular phylogenetic data and methods we inferred divergence times and diversification patterns for the weevil subfamily Ceutorhynchinae in the context of host‐plant associations and global climate over evolutionary time. We detected four major diversification shifts that correlate with both host shifts and major climate events. Ceutorhynchinae experienced an increase in diversification rate at ∼53 Ma, during the Early Eocene Climate Optimum, coincident with a host shift to Lamiaceae. A second major diversification phase occurred at the end of the Eocene (∼34 Ma). This contrasts with the overall deterioration in climate equability at the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary, but tracks the diversification of important host plant clades in temperate (higher) latitudes, leading to increased diversification rates in the weevil clades infesting temperate hosts. A third major phase of diversification is correlated with the rising temperatures of the Late Oligocene Warming Event (∼26.5 Ma); diversification rates then declined shortly after the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (∼14.9 Ma). Our results indicate that biotic and abiotic factors together explain the evolution of Ceutorhynchinae better than each of these drivers viewed in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Letsch
- Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gottsberger
- Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Metzl
- Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Astrin
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Duane D McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, 38152
| | - Konrad Fiedler
- Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Brombacher A, Wilson PA, Bailey I, Ezard THG. Temperature is a poor proxy for synergistic climate forcing of plankton evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.0665. [PMID: 30051846 PMCID: PMC6083249 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in biodiversity at all levels from molecules to ecosystems are often linked to climate change, which is widely represented univariately by temperature. A global environmental driving mechanism of biodiversity dynamics is thus implied by the strong correlation between temperature proxies and diversity patterns in a wide variety of fauna and flora. Yet climate consists of many interacting variables. Species probably respond to the entire climate system as opposed to its individual facets. Here, we examine ecological and morphological traits of 12 633 individuals of two species of planktonic foraminifera with similar ecologies but contrasting evolutionary outcomes. Our results show that morphological and ecological changes are correlated to the interactions between multiple environmental factors. Models including interactions between climate variables explain at least twice as much variation in size, shape and abundance changes as models assuming that climate parameters operate independently. No dominant climatic driver can be identified: temperature alone explains remarkably little variation through our highly resolved temporal sequences, implying that a multivariate approach is required to understand evolutionary response to abiotic forcing. Our results caution against the use of a ‘silver bullet’ environmental parameter to represent global climate while studying evolutionary responses to abiotic change, and show that more comprehensive reconstruction of palaeobiological dynamics requires multiple biotic and abiotic dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anieke Brombacher
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Paul A Wilson
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Ian Bailey
- Camborne School of Mines and Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Thomas H G Ezard
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.,Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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12
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Navaud O, Barbacci A, Taylor A, Clarkson JP, Raffaele S. Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1309-1323. [PMID: 29421852 PMCID: PMC5900718 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite cophylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in the Sclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Our findings suggest that the emergence of broad host range fungal pathogens results largely from host jumps, as previously reported for oomycete parasites, probably combined with low speciation rates. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Navaud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Adelin Barbacci
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Warwick Crop CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - John P. Clarkson
- Warwick Crop CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
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13
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Fagua G, Condamine FL, Brunet BMT, Clamens AL, Laroche J, Levesque RC, Cusson M, Sperling FAH. Convergent herbivory on conifers by Choristoneura moths after boreal forest formation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 123:35-43. [PMID: 29378247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitogenomes are useful markers for phylogenetic studies across a range of taxonomic levels. Here, we focus on mitogenome variation across the tortricid moth genus Choristoneura and particularly the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species complex, a notorious pest group of North American conifer forests. Phylogenetic relationships of Tortricidae, representing two subfamilies, four tribes and nine genera, were analyzed using 21 mitogenomes. These included six newly-sequenced mitogenomes for species in the spruce budworm complex plus three additional Choristoneura species and 12 previously published mitogenomes from other tortricids and one from the Cossidae. We evaluated the phylogenetic informativeness of the mitogenomes and reconstructed a time-calibrated tree with fossil and secondary calibrations. We found that tortricid mitogenomes had conserved protein and ribosomal regions, and analysis of all protein-coding plus ribosomal genes together provided an efficient marker at any taxonomic rank. The time-calibrated phylogeny showed evolutionary convergence of conifer feeding within Choristoneura, with two independent lineages, the Nearctic spruce budworm complex and the Palearctic species Choristoneura murinana, both shifting onto conifers about 11 million years ago from angiosperms. These two host-plant shifts both occurred after the formation of boreal forest in the late Miocene. Haplotype diversification within the spruce budworm complex occurred in the last 4 million years, and is probably linked to the initial cooling cycles of the Northern Hemisphere in the Pliocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Fagua
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Department of Biology, Carrera 7 No. 43-82, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (Université de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Bryan M T Brunet
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; INRA, UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 avenue du campus Agropolis, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Jérôme Laroche
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Ste-Foy Stn., Quebec City, Canada
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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14
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Nakadai R, Kawakita A. Patterns of temporal and enemy niche use by a community of leaf cone moths (Caloptilia) coexisting on maples (Acer) as revealed by metabarcoding. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3309-3319. [PMID: 28316099 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of herbivorous insects is often considered a function of host plant diversity. However, recent research has uncovered many examples of closely related herbivores using the same host plant(s), suggesting that partitioning of host plants is not the only mechanism generating diversity. Herbivores sharing hosts may utilize different parts of the same plant, but such resource partitioning is often not apparent; hence, the factors that allow closely related herbivores to coexist are still largely undetermined. We examined whether partitioning of phenology or natural enemies may explain the coexistence of leaf cone moths (Caloptilia; Gracillariidae) associated with maples (Acer; Sapindaceae). Larval activity of 10 sympatric Caloptilia species found on nine maple species was monitored every 2-3 weeks for a total of 13 sampling events, and an exhaustive search for internal parasitoid wasps was conducted using high-throughput sequencing. Blocking primers were used to facilitate the detection of wasp larvae inside moth tissue. We found considerable phenological overlap among Caloptilia species, with two clear peaks in July and September-October. Coexisting Caloptilia species also had largely overlapping parasitoid communities; a total of 13 chalcid and ichneumon wasp species attacked Caloptilia in a nonspecific fashion at an overall parasitism rate of 46.4%. Although coexistence may be facilitated by factors not accounted for in this study, it appears that niche partitioning is not necessary for closely related herbivores to stably coexist on shared hosts. Co-occurrence without resource partitioning may provide an additional axis along which herbivorous insects attain increased species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakadai
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakita
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
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15
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Price SA, Schmitz L. A promising future for integrative biodiversity research: an increased role of scale-dependency and functional biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150228. [PMID: 26977068 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies into the complex interaction between an organism and changes to its biotic and abiotic environment are fundamental to understanding what regulates biodiversity. These investigations occur at many phylogenetic, temporal and spatial scales and within a variety of biological and geological disciplines but often in relative isolation. This issue focuses on what can be achieved when ecological mechanisms are integrated into analyses of deep-time biodiversity patterns through the union of fossil and extant data and methods. We expand upon this perspective to argue that, given its direct relevance to the current biodiversity crisis, greater integration is needed across biodiversity research. We focus on the need to understand scaling effects, how lower-level ecological and evolutionary processes scale up and vice versa, and the importance of incorporating functional biology. Placing function at the core of biodiversity research is fundamental, as it establishes how an organism interacts with its abiotic and biotic environment and it is functional diversity that ultimately determines important ecosystem processes. To achieve full integration, concerted and ongoing efforts are needed to build a united and interactive community of biodiversity researchers, with education and interdisciplinary training at its heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Price
- Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - L Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, 925 North Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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16
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Janz N, Braga MP, Wahlberg N, Nylin S. On oscillations and flutterings-A reply to Hamm and Fordyce. Evolution 2016; 70:1150-5. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mariana P. Braga
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology; University of Turku; 20014 Turku Finland
- Department of Biology; Lund University; 223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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17
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18
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Rifkin RF, Dayet L, Queffelec A, Summers B, Lategan M, d’Errico F. Evaluating the Photoprotective Effects of Ochre on Human Skin by In Vivo SPF Assessment: Implications for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Dispersal. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136090. [PMID: 26353012 PMCID: PMC4564224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeological indicators of cognitively modern behaviour become increasingly prevalent during the African Middle Stone Age (MSA). Although the exploitation of ochre is viewed as a key feature of the emergence of modern human behaviour, the uses to which ochre and ochre-based mixtures were put remain ambiguous. Here we present the results of an experimental study exploring the efficacy of ochre as a topical photoprotective compound. This is achieved through the in vivo calculation of the sun protection factor (SPF) values of ochre samples obtained from Ovahimba women (Kunene Region, Northern Namibia) and the Palaeozoic Bokkeveld Group deposits of the Cape Supergroup (Western Cape Province, South Africa). We employ visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and granulometric analyses to characterise ochre samples. The capacity of ochre to inhibit the susceptibility of humans to the harmful effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is confirmed and the mechanisms implicated in the efficacy of ochre as a sunscreen identified. It is posited that the habitual application of ochre may have represented a crucial innovation for MSA humans by limiting the adverse effects of ultraviolet exposure. This may have facilitated the colonisation of geographic regions largely unfavourable to the constitutive skin colour of newly arriving populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaan F. Rifkin
- Institute for Archaeology, History, Culture and Religion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Laure Dayet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Alain Queffelec
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Beverley Summers
- Photobiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Limpopo, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - Marlize Lategan
- Photobiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Limpopo, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - Francesco d’Errico
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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19
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Malcicka M, Agosta SJ, Harvey JA. Multi level ecological fitting: indirect life cycles are not a barrier to host switching and invasion. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3210-8. [PMID: 25778909 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many invasive species are able to escape from coevolved enemies and thus enjoy a competitive advantage over native species. However, during the invasion phase, non-native species must overcome many ecological and/or physiological hurdles before they become established and spread in their new habitats. This may explain why most introduced species either fail to establish or remain as rare interstitials in their new ranges. Studies focusing on invasive species have been based on plants or animals where establishment requires the possession of preadapted traits from their native ranges that enables them to establish and spread in their new habitats. The possession of preadapted traits that facilitate the exploitation of novel resources or to colonize novel habitats is known as 'ecological fitting'. Some species have evolved traits and life histories that reflect highly intimate associations with very specific types of habitats or niches. For these species, their phenological windows are narrow, and thus the ability to colonize non-native habitats requires that a number of conditions need to be met in accordance with their more specialized life histories. Some of the strongest examples of more complex ecological fitting involve invasive parasites that require different animal hosts to complete their life cycles. For instance, the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, is a major parasite of several species of ungulates in North America. The species exhibits a life cycle whereby newly hatched larvae must find suitable intermediate hosts (freshwater snails) and mature larvae, definitive hosts (ungulates). Intermediate and definitive host ranges of F. magna in its native range are low in number, yet this parasite has been successfully introduced into Europe where it has become a parasite of native European snails and deer. We discuss how the ability of these parasites to overcome multiple ecophysiological barriers represents an excellent example of 'multiple-level ecological fitting'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriama Malcicka
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore J Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23284, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Peña C, Espeland M. Diversity dynamics in Nymphalidae butterflies: effect of phylogenetic uncertainty on diversification rate shift estimates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120928. [PMID: 25830910 PMCID: PMC4382342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The species rich butterfly family Nymphalidae has been used to study evolutionary interactions between plants and insects. Theories of insect-hostplant dynamics predict accelerated diversification due to key innovations. In evolutionary biology, analysis of maximum credibility trees in the software MEDUSA (modelling evolutionary diversity using stepwise AIC) is a popular method for estimation of shifts in diversification rates. We investigated whether phylogenetic uncertainty can produce different results by extending the method across a random sample of trees from the posterior distribution of a Bayesian run. Using the MultiMEDUSA approach, we found that phylogenetic uncertainty greatly affects diversification rate estimates. Different trees produced diversification rates ranging from high values to almost zero for the same clade, and both significant rate increase and decrease in some clades. Only four out of 18 significant shifts found on the maximum clade credibility tree were consistent across most of the sampled trees. Among these, we found accelerated diversification for Ithomiini butterflies. We used the binary speciation and extinction model (BiSSE) and found that a hostplant shift to Solanaceae is correlated with increased net diversification rates in Ithomiini, congruent with the diffuse cospeciation hypothesis. Our results show that taking phylogenetic uncertainty into account when estimating net diversification rate shifts is of great importance, as very different results can be obtained when using the maximum clade credibility tree and other trees from the posterior distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Peña
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marianne Espeland
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
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21
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Doorenweerd C, van Nieukerken EJ, Menken SBJ. A global phylogeny of leafmining Ectoedemia moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): exploring host plant family shifts and allopatry as drivers of speciation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119586. [PMID: 25785630 PMCID: PMC4365004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host association patterns in Ectoedemia (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) are also encountered in other insect groups with intimate plant relationships, including a high degree of monophagy, a preference for ecologically dominant plant families (e.g. Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Betulaceae) and a tendency for related insect species to feed on related host plant species. The evolutionary processes underlying these patterns are only partly understood, we therefore assessed the role of allopatry and host plant family shifts in speciation within Ectoedemia. METHODOLOGY Six nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers with a total aligned length of 3692 base pairs were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among 92 species belonging to the subgenus Ectoedemia of the genus Ectoedemia, representing a thorough taxon sampling with a global coverage. The results support monophyletic species groups that are congruent with published findings based on morphology. We used the obtained phylogeny to explore host plant family association and geographical distribution to investigate if host shifts and allopatry have been instrumental in the speciation of these leafmining insects. SIGNIFICANCE We found that, even though most species within species groups commonly feed on plants from one family, shifts to a distantly related host family have occasionally occurred throughout the phylogeny and such shifts are most commonly observed towards Betulaceae. The largest radiations have occurred within species groups that feed on Fagaceae, Rosaceae, and Salicaceae. Most species are restricted to one of the seven global biogeographic regions, but within species groups representatives are commonly found in different biogeographic regions. Although we find general patterns with regard to host use and biogeography, there are differences between clades that suggest that different drivers of speciation, and perhaps drivers that we did not examine, have shaped diversity patterns in different clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camiel Doorenweerd
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Erik J. van Nieukerken
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Steph B. J. Menken
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Pavoine S, Baguette M, Stevens VM, Leibold MA, Turlure C, Bonsall MB. Life history traits, but not phylogeny, drive compositional patterns in a butterfly metacommunity. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-2036.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Végvári Z, Juhász E, Tóth JP, Barta Z, Boldogh S, Szabó S, Varga Z. Life-history traits and climatic responsiveness in noctuid moths. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Végvári
- Dept of Conservation Zoology; Hortobágy National Park Directorate, Univ. of Debrecen; HU-4024 Debrecen Sumen u.2 Hungary
| | - Edit Juhász
- Dept of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology; Univ. of Debrecen; HU-4032 Debrecen Egyetem tér 1. Hungary
| | - János Pál Tóth
- Res. Inst. for Viticulture and Oenology, Tarcal; Könyves Kálmán Street 54. Tarcal HU-3915 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE “Lendület” Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Dept of Evolutionary Zoology; Univ. of Debrecen; Hu-4032 Debrecen Egyetem tér 1. Hungary
| | - Sándor Boldogh
- Aggtelek National Park Directorate; HU-3758 Jósvafő, Tengerszem oldal. 1. Hungary
| | - Sándor Szabó
- Dept of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology; Univ. of Debrecen; HU-4032 Debrecen Egyetem tér 1. Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Dept of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology; Univ. of Debrecen; HU-4032 Debrecen Egyetem tér 1. Hungary
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Broad polyphyly and historical biogeography of the neotropical wasp genus Notiospathius (Braconidae: Doryctinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 69:142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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McLeish MJ, Miller JT, Mound LA. Delayed colonisation of Acacia by thrips and the timing of host-conservatism and behavioural specialisation. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:188. [PMID: 24010723 PMCID: PMC3846595 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated colonisation of novel host-plants is believed to be an essential component of the evolutionary success of phytophagous insects. The relative timing between the origin of an insect lineage and the plant clade they eat or reproduce on is important for understanding how host-range expansion can lead to resource specialisation and speciation. Path and stepping-stone sampling are used in a Bayesian approach to test divergence timing between the origin of Acacia and colonisation by thrips. The evolution of host-plant conservatism and ecological specialisation is discussed. RESULTS Results indicated very strong support for a model describing the origin of the common ancestor of Acacia thrips subsequent to that of Acacia. A current estimate puts the origin of Acacia at approximately 6 million years before the common ancestor of Acacia thrips, and 15 million years before the origin of a gall-inducing clade. The evolution of host conservatism and resource specialisation resulted in a phylogenetically under-dispersed pattern of host-use by several thrips lineages. CONCLUSIONS Thrips colonised a diversity of Acacia species over a protracted period as Australia experienced aridification. Host conservatism evolved on phenotypically and environmentally suitable host lineages. Ecological specialisation resulted from habitat selection and selection on thrips behavior that promoted primary and secondary host associations. These findings suggest that delayed and repeated colonisation is characterised by cycles of oligo- or poly-phagy. This results in a cumulation of lineages that each evolve host conservatism on different and potentially transient host-related traits, and facilitates both ecological and resource specialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McLeish
- Plant Geography Laboratory, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan Province 666303, China
| | - Joseph T Miller
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Laurence A Mound
- CSIRO Ecosystems Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Zahiri R, Lafontaine D, Schmidt C, Holloway JD, Kitching IJ, Mutanen M, Wahlberg N. Relationships among the basal lineages of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) based on eight gene regions. ZOOL SCR 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Lafontaine
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; K. W. Neatby Building; Central Experimental Farm; Ottawa; ON; K1A 0C6; Canada
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; K. W. Neatby Building; Central Experimental Farm; Ottawa; ON; K1A 0C6; Canada
| | - Jeremy D. Holloway
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road; London; SW7 5BD; UK
| | - Ian J. Kitching
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road; London; SW7 5BD; UK
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Department of Biology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000; 90014; Oulu; Finland
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology; Laboratory of Genetics; University of Turku; 20014; Turku; Finland
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27
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Toussaint EFA, Condamine FL, Kergoat GJ, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Barbut J, Silvain JF, Le Ru BP. Palaeoenvironmental shifts drove the adaptive radiation of a noctuid stemborer tribe (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Apameini) in the miocene. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41377. [PMID: 22859979 PMCID: PMC3409182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Between the late Oligocene and the early Miocene, climatic changes have shattered the faunal and floral communities and drove the apparition of new ecological niches. Grassland biomes began to supplant forestlands, thus favouring a large-scale ecosystem turnover. The independent adaptive radiations of several mammal lineages through the evolution of key innovations are classic examples of these changes. However, little is known concerning the evolutionary history of other herbivorous groups in relation with this modified environment. It is especially the case in phytophagous insect communities, which have been rarely studied in this context despite their ecological importance. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of grass-specialist moths from the species-rich tribe Apameini (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The molecular dating analyses carried out over the corresponding phylogenetic framework reveal an origin around 29 million years ago for the Apameini. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate (i) a potential Palaearctic origin of the tribe Apameini associated with a major dispersal event in Afrotropics for the subtribe Sesamiina; (ii) a recent colonization from Palaearctic of the New World and Oriental regions by several independent lineages; and (iii) an ancestral association of the tribe Apameini over grasses (Poaceae). Diversification analyses indicate that diversification rates have not remained constant during the evolution of the group, as underlined by a significant shift in diversification rates during the early Miocene. Interestingly, this age estimate is congruent with the development of grasslands at this time. Rather than clade ages, variations in diversification rates among genera better explain the current differences in species diversity. Our results underpin a potential adaptive radiation of these phytophagous moths with the family Poaceae in relation with the major environmental shifts that have occurred in the Miocene.
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