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Ludington WB. The importance of host physical niches for the stability of gut microbiome composition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230066. [PMID: 38497267 PMCID: PMC10945397 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria are prevalent throughout the Metazoa and form complex microbial communities associated with food breakdown, nutrient provision and disease prevention. How hosts acquire and maintain a consistent bacterial flora remains mysterious even in the best-studied animals, including humans, mice, fishes, squid, bugs, worms and flies. This essay visits the evidence that hosts have co-evolved relationships with specific bacteria and that some of these relationships are supported by specialized physical niches that select, sequester and maintain microbial symbionts. Genetics approaches could uncover the mechanisms for recruiting and maintaining the stable and consistent members of the microbiome. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Ludington
- Department of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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2
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Liu Y, Wang S, Wang L, Lu H, Zhang T, Zeng W. Characterization of Genomic, Physiological, and Probiotic Features of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JS21 Strain Isolated from Traditional Fermented Jiangshui. Foods 2024; 13:1082. [PMID: 38611386 PMCID: PMC11011416 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the genetic and metabolic traits of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JS21 strain and its probiotic abilities through laboratory tests and computer analysis. L. plantarum JS21 was isolated from a traditional fermented food known as "Jiangshui" in Hanzhong city. In this research, the complete genetic makeup of JS21 was determined using Illumina and PacBio technologies. The JS21 genome consisted of a 3.423 Mb circular chromosome and five plasmids. It was found to contain 3023 protein-coding genes, 16 tRNA genes, 64 rRNA operons, 40 non-coding RNA genes, 264 pseudogenes, and six CRISPR array regions. The GC content of the genome was 44.53%. Additionally, the genome harbored three complete prophages. The evolutionary relationship and the genome collinearity of JS21 were compared with other L. plantarum strains. The resistance genes identified in JS21 were inherent. Enzyme genes involved in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) and phosphoketolase (PK) pathways were detected, indicating potential for facultative heterofermentative pathways. JS21 possessed bacteriocins plnE/plnF genes and genes for polyketide and terpenoid assembly, possibly contributing to its antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Escherichia coli (K88), Staphylococcus aureus (CMCC 26003), and Listeria monocytogenes (CICC 21635). Furthermore, JS21 carried genes for Na+/H+ antiporters, F0F1 ATPase, and other stress resistance genes, which may account for its ability to withstand simulated conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract in vitro. The high hydrophobicity of its cell surface suggested the potential for intestinal colonization. Overall, L. plantarum JS21 exhibited probiotic traits as evidenced by laboratory experiments and computational analysis, suggesting its suitability as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Quality Improvement and Safety Control of Qinba Special Meat Products, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Zhenba Bacon, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Quality Improvement and Safety Control of Qinba Special Meat Products, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Zhenba Bacon, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Quality Improvement and Safety Control of Qinba Special Meat Products, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Zhenba Bacon, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
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3
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Barouei J, Martinic A, Bendiks Z, Mishchuk D, Heeney D, Slupsky CM, Marco ML. Type 2-resistant starch and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NCIMB 8826 result in additive and interactive effects in diet-induced obese mice. Nutr Res 2023; 118:12-28. [PMID: 37536013 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how combining a probiotic with prebiotic dietary fiber affects the ability of either biotic to improve health. We hypothesized that prebiotic, high-amylose maize type 2-resistant starch (RS) together with probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NCIMB8826 (LP) as a complementary synbiotic results in additive effects on the gut microbiota in diet-induced obese mice and other body sites. Diet-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice were fed a high-fat diet adjusted to contain RS (20% by weight), LP (109 cells every 48 hours), or both (RS+LP) for 6 weeks. As found for mice fed RS, cecal bacterial alpha diversity was significantly reduced in mice given RS+LP compared with those fed LP and high-fat controls. Similarly, both RS+LP and RS also conferred lower quantities of cecal butyrate and serum histidine and higher ileal TLR2 transcript levels and adipose tissue interleukin-6 protein. As found for mice fed LP, RS+LP-fed mice had higher colonic tissue TH17 cytokines, reduced epididymal fat immune and oxidative stress responses, reduced serum carnitine levels, and increased transcript quantities of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α. Notably, compared with RS and LP consumed separately, there were also synergistic increases in colonic glucose and hepatic amino acids as well antagonistic effects of LP on RS-mediated increases in serum adiponectin and urinary toxin levels. Our findings show that it is not possible to fully predict outcomes of synbiotic applications based on findings of the probiotic or the prebiotic tested separately; therefore, studies should be conducted to test new synbiotic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Barouei
- Integrated Food Security Research Center, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX; Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Alice Martinic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Zach Bendiks
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Darya Mishchuk
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Dustin Heeney
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA.
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Wang Q, Guo H, Mao W, Qian X, Liu Y. The Oral Delivery System of Modified GLP-1 by Probiotics for T2DM. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041202. [PMID: 37111687 PMCID: PMC10143976 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide with incretin activity and plays an important role in glycemic control as well as the improvement of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the short half-life of the native GLP-1 in circulation poses difficulties for clinical practice. To improve the proteolytic stability and delivery properties of GLP-1, a protease-resistant modified GLP-1 (mGLP-1) was constructed with added arginine to ensure the structural integrity of the released mGLP-1 in vivo. The model probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 was chosen as the oral delivery vehicle with controllable endogenous genetic tools driven for mGLP-1 secretory constitutive expression. The feasibility of our design was explored in db/db mice which showed an improvement in diabetic symptoms related to decreased pancreatic glucagon, elevated pancreatic β-cell proportion, and increased insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, this study provides a novel strategy for the oral delivery of mGLP-1 and further probiotic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haixin Guo
- Shanghai TriApex Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Wenwei Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiuping Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yangang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Huang P, Yi S, Yu L, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Zhai Q. Integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome reveals the influence of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 on germ-free mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:388-398. [PMID: 36511852 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03117e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the influence of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 on the host by employing transcriptome and untargeted metabolomics. According to the enrichment analysis, three pathways, including the complement and coagulation cascade pathway, antigen processing and presentation pathways, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum pathway, were affected by L. plantarum CCFM8610 colonization. According to partial least squares-discriminant analysis, five metabolites, L-methionine, D-tryptophan, indoleacrylic acid, DL-acetylcarnitine, and L-norleucine, were identified as key metabolites in the serum. Furthermore, integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome revealed connections between enriched pathways and differential metabolites, and the regulation strategy of choline by affecting gene expression was proposed. Overall, the effects of L. plantarum CCFM8610 on host health were investigated after excluding the influence of gut microbes, which provides a valuable reference for studying the potential mechanisms of the effect of probiotics on host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shanrong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Zaccaria E, Klaassen T, Alleleyn AM, Boekhorst J, Chervaux C, Smokvina T, Troost FJ, Kleerebezem M. L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 survival, adaptation, and small bowel microbiome impact in human. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2244720. [PMID: 37589280 PMCID: PMC10438856 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2244720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods and beverages are a significant source of dietary bacteria that enter the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, little is known about how these microbes survive and adapt to the small intestinal environment. Colony-forming units (CFU) enumeration and viability qPCR of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 in the ileal effluent of 10 ileostomy subjects during 12-h post consumption of a dairy product fermented with this strain demonstrated the high level of survival of this strain during human small intestine passage. Metatranscriptome analyses revealed the in situ transcriptome of L. rhamnosus in the small intestine, which was contrasted with transcriptome data obtained from in vitro cultivation. These comparative analyses revealed substantial metabolic adaptations of L. rhamnosus during small intestine transit, including adjustments of carbohydrate metabolism, surface-protein expression, and translation machinery. The prominent presence of L. rhamnosus in the effluent samples did not elicit an appreciable effect on the composition of the endogenous small intestine microbiome, but significantly altered the ecosystem's overall activity profile, particularly of pathways associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Strikingly, two of the previously recognized gut-brain metabolic modules expressed in situ by L. rhamnosus (inositol degradation and glutamate synthesis II) are among the most dominantly enriched activities in the ecosystem's activity profile. This study establishes the survival capacity of L. rhamnosus in the human small intestine and highlights its functional adjustment in situ, which we postulate to play a role in the probiotic effects associated with this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Zaccaria
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Klaassen
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Food Innovation and Health, Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Annick M.E. Alleleyn
- Food Innovation and Health, Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tamara Smokvina
- Danone Nutricia Research, Centre Daniel Carasso, Palaiseau, France
| | - Freddy J. Troost
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Maritan E, Gallo M, Srutkova D, Jelinkova A, Benada O, Kofronova O, Silva-Soares NF, Hudcovic T, Gifford I, Barrick JE, Schwarzer M, Martino ME. Gut microbe Lactiplantibacillus plantarum undergoes different evolutionary trajectories between insects and mammals. BMC Biol 2022; 20:290. [PMID: 36575413 PMCID: PMC9795633 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animals form complex symbiotic associations with their gut microbes, whose evolution is determined by an intricate network of host and environmental factors. In many insects, such as Drosophila melanogaster, the microbiome is flexible, environmentally determined, and less diverse than in mammals. In contrast, mammals maintain complex multispecies consortia that are able to colonize and persist in the gastrointestinal tract. Understanding the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of gut microbes in different hosts is challenging. This requires disentangling the ecological factors of selection, determining the timescales over which evolution occurs, and elucidating the architecture of such evolutionary patterns. RESULTS We employ experimental evolution to track the pace of the evolution of a common gut commensal, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, within invertebrate (Drosophila melanogaster) and vertebrate (Mus musculus) hosts and their respective diets. We show that in Drosophila, the nutritional environment dictates microbial evolution, while the host benefits L. plantarum growth only over short ecological timescales. By contrast, in a mammalian animal model, L. plantarum evolution results to be divergent between the host intestine and its diet, both phenotypically (i.e., host-evolved populations show higher adaptation to the host intestinal environment) and genomically. Here, both the emergence of hypermutators and the high persistence of mutated genes within the host's environment strongly differed from the low variation observed in the host's nutritional environment alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that L. plantarum evolution diverges between insects and mammals. While the symbiosis between Drosophila and L. plantarum is mainly determined by the host diet, in mammals, the host and its intrinsic factors play a critical role in selection and influence both the phenotypic and genomic evolution of its gut microbes, as well as the outcome of their symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maritan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marialaura Gallo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jelinkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Benada
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Kofronova
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nuno F Silva-Soares
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Isaac Gifford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Barrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Maria Elena Martino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Qin W, Xia Y, Xiong Z, Song X, Ai L, Wang G. The intestinal colonization of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AR113 is influenced by its mucins and intestinal environment. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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The Effect of Tannin-Rich Witch Hazel on Growth of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030395. [PMID: 35326857 PMCID: PMC8944479 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria help maintain microbiome homeostasis and promote gut health. Maintaining the competitive advantage of the probiotics over pathogenic bacteria is a challenge, as they are part of the gut microbiome that is continuously exposed to digestive and nutritional changes and various stressors. Witch hazel that is rich in hamamelitannin (WH, whISOBAXTM) is an inhibitor of growth and virulence of pathogenic bacteria. To test for its effect on probiotic bacteria, WH was tested on the growth and biofilm formation of a commercially available probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum PS128. As these bacteria are aerotolerant, the experiments were carried out aerobically and in nutritionally inadequate/poor (nutrient broth) or adequate/rich (MRS broth) conditions. Interestingly, despite its negative effect on the growth and biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, WH promotes the growth of the probiotic bacteria in a nutritionally inadequate environment while maintaining their growth under a nutritionally rich environment. In the absence of WH, no significant biofilm is formed on the surfaces tested (polystyrene and alginate), but in the presence of WH, biofilm formation was significantly enhanced. These results indicate that WH may thus be used to enhance the growth and survival of probiotics.
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10
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Wang J, Zhang J, Liu W, Zhang H, Sun Z. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic profiling of Lactobacillus casei Zhang in the human gut. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:55. [PMID: 34210980 PMCID: PMC8249650 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the replication and dynamic transcription of probiotics during their “passenger” journey in the human GI tract, which has therefore limited the understanding of their probiotic mechanisms. Here, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing was used to expose the in vivo expression patterns of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang (LcZ), which was compared with its in vitro growth transcriptomes, as well as the dynamics of the indigenous microbiome response to probiotic consumption. Extraction of the strain-specific reads revealed that replication and transcripts from the ingested LcZ were increased, while those from the resident L. casei strains remained unchanged. Mapping of all sequencing reads to LcZ genome showed that gene expression in vitro and in vivo differed dramatically. Approximately 39% of mRNAs and 45% of sRNAs of LcZ well-expressed were repressed after ingestion into human gut. The expression of ABC transporter genes and amino acid metabolism genes was induced at day 14 of ingestion, and genes for sugar and SCFA metabolism were activated at day 28 of ingestion. Expression of rli28c sRNA with peaked expression during the in vitro stationary phase was also activated in the human gut; this sRNA repressed LcZ growth and lactic acid production in vitro. However, the response of the human gut microbiome to LcZ was limited and heterogeneous. These findings implicate the ingested probiotic has to change its transcription patterns to survive and adapt in the human gut, and the time-dependent activation patterns indicate highly dynamic cross-talk between the probiotic and human gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education P. R. C., Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education P. R. C., Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education P. R. C., Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education P. R. C., Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education P. R. C., Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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11
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Fuhren J, Schwalbe M, Rösch C, Nijland R, Wels M, Schols HA, Kleerebezem M. Dietary Inulin Increases Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strain Lp900 Persistence in Rats Depending on the Dietary-Calcium Level. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e00122-21. [PMID: 33608291 PMCID: PMC8091021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00122-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synbiotics are food supplements that combine probiotics and prebiotics to synergistically elicit health benefits in the consumer. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains display high survival during transit through the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and were shown to have health-promoting properties. Growth on the fructose polysaccharide inulin is relatively uncommon in L. plantarum, and in this study we describe FosE, a plasmid-encoded β-fructosidase of L. plantarum strain Lp900 which has inulin-hydrolyzing properties. FosE contains an LPxTG-like motif involved in sortase-dependent cell wall anchoring but is also (partially) released in the culture supernatant. In addition, we examined the effect of diet supplementation with inulin on the intestinal persistence of Lp900 in adult male Wistar rats in diets with distinct calcium levels. Inulin supplementation in high-dietary-calcium diets significantly increased the intestinal persistence of L. plantarum Lp900, whereas this effect was not observed upon inulin supplementation of the low-calcium diet. Moreover, intestinal persistence of L. plantarum Lp900 was determined when provided as a probiotic (by itself) or as a synbiotic (i.e., in an inulin suspension) in rats that were fed unsupplemented diets containing the different calcium levels, revealing that the synbiotic administration increased bacterial survival and led to higher abundance of L. plantarum Lp900 in rats, particularly in a low-calcium-diet context. Our findings demonstrate that inulin supplementation can significantly enhance the intestinal delivery of L. plantarum Lp900 but that this effect strongly depends on calcium levels in the diet.IMPORTANCE Synbiotics combine probiotics with prebiotics to synergistically elicit a health benefit in the consumer. Previous studies have shown that prebiotics can selectively stimulate the growth in the intestine of specific bacterial strains. In synbiotic supplementations the prebiotics constituent could increase the intestinal persistence and survival of accompanying probiotic strain(s) and/or modulate the endogenous host microbiota to contribute to the synergistic enhancement of the health-promoting effects of the synbiotic constituents. Our study establishes a profound effect of dietary-calcium-dependent inulin supplementation on the intestinal persistence of inulin-utilizing L. plantarum Lp900 in rats. We also show that in rats on a low-dietary-calcium regime, the survival and intestinal abundance of L. plantarum Lp900 are significantly increased by administering it as an inulin-containing synbiotic. This study demonstrates that prebiotics can enhance the intestinal delivery of specific probiotics and that the prebiotic effect is profoundly influenced by the calcium content of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jori Fuhren
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Schwalbe
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Rösch
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reindert Nijland
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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In Vitro Gut Modeling as a Tool for Adaptive Evolutionary Engineering of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. mSystems 2021; 6:6/2/e01085-20. [PMID: 33850040 PMCID: PMC8546992 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01085-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Research and marketing of probiotics demand holistic strain improvement considering both the biotic and abiotic gut environment. Here, we aim to establish the continuous in vitro colonic fermentation model PolyFermS as a tool for adaptive evolutionary engineering. Immobilized fecal microbiota from adult donors were steadily cultivated up to 72 days in PolyFermS reactors, providing a long-term compositional and functional stable ecosystem akin to the donor’s gut. Inoculation of the gut microbiota with immobilized or planktonic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NZ3400, a derivative of the probiotic model strain WCFS1, led to successful colonization. Whole-genome sequencing of 45 recovered strains revealed mutations in 16 genes involved in signaling, metabolism, transport, and cell surface. Remarkably, mutations in LP_RS14990, LP_RS15205, and intergenic region LP_RS05100<LP_RS05095 were found in recovered strains from different adaptation experiments. Combined addition of the reference strain NZ3400 and each of those mutants to the gut microbiota resulted in increased abundance of the corresponding mutant in PolyFermS microbiota after 10 days, showing the beneficial nature of these mutations. Our data show that the PolyFermS system is a suitable technology to generate adapted mutants for colonization under colonic conditions. Analysis thereof will provide knowledge about factors involved in gut microbiota colonization and persistence. IMPORTANCE Improvement of bacterial strains in regard to specific abiotic environmental factors is broadly used to enhance strain characteristics for processing and product quality. However, there is currently no multidimensional probiotic strain improvement approach for both abiotic and biotic factors of a colon microbiota. The continuous PolyFermS fermentation model allows stable and reproducible continuous cultivation of colonic microbiota and provides conditions akin to the host gut with high control and easy sampling. This study investigated the suitability of PolyFermS for adaptive evolutionary engineering of a probiotic model organism for lactobacilli, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, to an adult human colonic microbiota. The application of PolyFermS controlled gut microbiota environment led to adaptive evolution of L. plantarum strains for enhanced gut colonization characteristics. This novel tool for strain improvement can be used to reveal relevant factors involved in gut microbiota colonization and develop adapted probiotic strains with improved functionality in the gut.
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Xiao Y, Zhai Q, Zhang H, Chen W, Hill C. Gut Colonization Mechanisms of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium: An Argument for Personalized Designs. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:213-233. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-061120-014739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. are best understood for their applications as probiotics, which are often transient, but as commensals it is probable that stable colonization in the gut is important for their beneficial roles. Recent research suggests that the establishment and persistence of strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the gut are species- and strain-specific and affected by natural history, genomic adaptability, and metabolic interactions of the bacteria and the microbiome and immune aspects of the host but also regulated by diet. This provides new perspectives on the underlying molecular mechanisms. With an emphasis on host–microbe interaction, this review outlines how the characteristics of individual Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria, the host genotype and microbiome structure,diet, and host–microbe coadaptation during bacterial gut transition determine and influence the colonization process. The diet-tuned and personally tailored colonization can be achieved via a machine learning prediction model proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China;, , ,
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China;, , ,
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China;, , ,
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225004, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China;, , ,
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
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In Vivo Transcriptome of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Colonization Impact on Murine Host Intestinal Gene Expression. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03399-20. [PMID: 33500337 PMCID: PMC7858073 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03399-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM is a probiotic strain commonly used in dairy products and dietary supplements. Postgenome in vitro studies of NCFM thus far have linked potential key genotypes to its probiotic-relevant attributes, including gut survival, prebiotic utilization, host interactions, and immunomodulatory activities. To corroborate and extend beyond previous in vivo and in vitro functional studies, we employed a dual RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptomic approach to identify genes potentially driving the gut fitness and activities of L. acidophilus NCFM in vivo, and in parallel, examine the ileal transcriptional response of its murine hosts during monocolonization. Spatial expression profiling of NCFM from the ileum through the colon revealed a set of 134 core genes that were consistently overexpressed during gut transit. These in vivo core genes are predominantly involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides, along with mucus-binding proteins and adhesion factors, confirming their functionally important roles in nutrient acquisition and gut retention. Functional characterization of the highly expressed major S-layer-encoding gene established its indispensable role as a cell shape determinant and maintenance of cell surface integrity, essential for viability and probiotic attributes. Host colonization by L. acidophilus resulted in significant downregulation of several proinflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins. Genes related to redox signaling, mucin glycosylation, and circadian rhythm modulation were induced, suggesting impacts on intestinal development and immune functions. Metagenomic analysis of NCFM populations postcolonization demonstrated the genomic stability of L. acidophilus as a gut transient and further established its safety as a probiotic and biotherapeutic delivery platform.IMPORTANCE To date, our basis for comprehending the probiotic mechanisms of Lactobacillus acidophilus, one of the most widely consumed probiotic microbes, was largely limited to in vitro functional genomic studies. Using a germfree murine colonization model, in vivo-based transcriptional studies provided the first view of how L. acidophilus survives in the mammalian gut environment, including gene expression patterns linked to survival, efficient nutrient acquisition, stress adaptation, and host interactions. Examination of the host ileal transcriptional response, the primary effector site of L. acidophilus, has also shed light into the mechanistic roles of this probiotic microbe in promoting anti-inflammatory responses, maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis and modulation of the circadian-metabolic axis in its host.
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15
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Wang G, Zhai Z, Ren F, Li Z, Zhang B, Hao Y. Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the response to bile stress in a centenarian-originated probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius Ren. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109331. [PMID: 33233046 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance to bile stress is a crucial property for probiotics to survive in the gastrointestinal tract and exert their beneficial effects. In this work, transcriptomic analysis combined with two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that the transcript levels of 129 genes and the abundance of 34 proteins were significantly changed in Lactobacillus salivarius Ren when exposed to 0.75 g/L ox-bile. Notably, carbohydrate metabolism shifted to the utilization of maltose and glycerol for energy production, suggesting that L. salivarius Ren expanded carbon sources profile for gut adaptation in response to bile. Moreover, the enzymes involved in cell surface charge modification and the cell envelope-located hemolysin-like protein were overproduced, which was supposed to hinder the penetration of bile. Then, the up-regulated ABC transporters could contribute to the extrusion of bile accumulated in the cytoplasm. Additionally, proteolytic system was activated to provide more amino acids for the synthesis and repair of proteins damaged by bile. Finally, γ-glutamylcysteine with antioxidant activity and oxidoreductases for redox homeostasis were increased to cope with the bile-induced oxidative stress. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in bile stress response and adaptation in L. salivarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhengyuan Zhai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Municipality, Beijing, China
| | - Zaigui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- Core Genomic Facility, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yanling Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Municipality, Beijing, China.
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16
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Synbiotic Matchmaking in Lactobacillus plantarum: Substrate Screening and Gene-Trait Matching To Characterize Strain-Specific Carbohydrate Utilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01081-20. [PMID: 32680865 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01081-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synbiotics are food supplements that combine probiotics and prebiotics to synergistically elicit a health effect in humans. Lactobacillus plantarum exhibits remarkable genetic and phenotypic diversity, in particular in strain-specific carbohydrate utilization capacities, and several strains are marketed as probiotics. We have screened 77 L. plantarum strains for their abilities to utilize specific prebiotic fibers, revealing variable and strain-specific growth efficiencies on isomalto- and galactooligosaccharides. We identified a single strain within the screening panel that was able to effectively utilize inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which did not support efficient growth of the rest of the strains. In the panel we tested, we did not find strains that could utilize arabinoxylooligosaccharides or sulfated fucoidan. The strain-specific growth phenotype on isomaltooligosaccharides was further analyzed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, which revealed distinct substrate utilization phenotypes within the strain panel. The strain-specific phenotypes could be linked to the strains' genotypes by identifying gene clusters coding for carbohydrate membrane transport systems that are predicted to be involved in the utilization of isomaltose and other (unidentified) oligosaccharides in the isomaltooligosaccharide substrate.IMPORTANCE Synbiotics combine prebiotics and probiotics to synergistically enhance the health benefits associated with these ingredients. Lactobacillus plantarum is encountered as a natural inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract, and specific strains are marketed as probiotics based on their strain-specific health-promoting activities. Strain-specific stimulation of growth through prebiotic substrates could enhance the persistence and/or activity of L. plantarum in situ Our study establishes a high-throughput screening model for prebiotic substrate utilization by individual strains of bacteria, which can be readily employed for synbiotic matchmaking approaches that aim to enhance the intestinal delivery of probiotics through strain-specific, selective growth stimulation.
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17
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Mining Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium for organisms with long-term gut colonization potential. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:1315-1323. [PMID: 31174942 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics administered orally endure one of two fates: some merely pass through, but others colonize the gut permanently. Although probiotics that can stably engraft in the gut are believed to exert beneficial effects on the host in terms of increasing the efficiency of metabolic activity and enabling durable modulation of the indigenous microbiota, the strains of long-term gut colonizers are poorly delineated. This review summarizes the gut colonization modes of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the context of their natural niches and engraftment metadata in an attempt to identify organisms with long-term gut colonization potential. Advances in colonization evaluation methods are identified, and the effects of dietary components and metabolic interactions among ingested strains on bacterial colonization are discussed.
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18
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Yin X, Heeney DD, Srisengfa YT, Chen SY, Slupsky CM, Marco ML. Sucrose metabolism alters Lactobacillus plantarum survival and interactions with the microbiota in the digestive tract. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4996782. [PMID: 29771345 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether sucrose metabolism by probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum influences the intestinal survival and microbial responses to this organism when administered to mice fed a sucrose-rich, Western diet. A L. plantarum mutant unable to metabolize sucrose was constructed by deleting scrB, coding for beta-fructofuranosidase, in a rifampicin-resistant strain of L. plantarum NCIMB8826. The ScrB deficient mutant survived in 8-fold higher numbers compared to the wild-type strain when measured 24 h after administration on two consecutive days. According to 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing, proportions of Faecalibacterium and Streptococcus were elevated in mice fed the L. plantarum ΔscrB mutant. Metagenome predictions also indicated those mice contained a higher abundance of lactate dehydrogenases. This was further supported by a trend in elevated fecal lactate concentrations among mice fed the ΔscrB mutant. L. plantarum also caused other changes to the fecal metabolomes including higher concentrations of glycerol in mice fed the ΔscrB mutant and increased uracil, acetate and propionate levels among mice fed the wild-type strain. Taken together, these results suggest that sucrose metabolism alters the properties of L. plantarum in the digestive tract and that probiotics can differentially influence intestinal metabolomes via their carbohydrate consumption capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Dustin D Heeney
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Yanin Tab Srisengfa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Shin-Yu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA
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19
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Lactobacillus strains and comparative genomic analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC12436 reveal candidates of colonise-related genes. Food Res Int 2019; 119:813-821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Kok DE, Steegenga WT, Smid EJ, Zoetendal EG, Ulrich CM, Kampman E. Bacterial folate biosynthesis and colorectal cancer risk: more than just a gut feeling. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:244-256. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1522499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwertje E. Kok
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma T. Steegenga
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eddy J. Smid
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin G. Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. Ulrich
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ellen Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Heeney DD, Zhai Z, Bendiks Z, Barouei J, Martinic A, Slupsky C, Marco ML. Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriocin is associated with intestinal and systemic improvements in diet-induced obese mice and maintains epithelial barrier integrity in vitro. Gut Microbes 2018; 10:382-397. [PMID: 30409105 PMCID: PMC6546331 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1534513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriocin plantaricin EF (PlnEF) system for its contributions to L. plantarum mediated benefits in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) were administered a rifampicin resistant mutant of L. plantarum NCMIB8826 (NICMB8826-R) or an isogenic ΔplnEFI mutant strain, LM0419, every 48 h for nine weeks. Mice fed wild-type L. plantarum, but not LM0419, reduced their consumption of the HFD starting three weeks into the study and exhibited an overall 10% reduction in weight gain. The responses were independent of glucose homeostasis, as both NCMIB8826-R and LM0419 fed mice had improved oral glucose tolerance compared to sham controls. Although bacteriocins have antibacterial properties, the ileal, cecal, and fecal microbiota and cecocolic metabolomes were unchanged between mice fed either wild-type L. plantarum or the ΔplnEFI mutant. Instead, only mice fed NCMIB8826-R showed an increased production of ZO-1 in ileal tissues. To verify a potential role for the plantaricin EF system in supporting intestinal epithelial function, synthesized PlnEF peptides were applied to Caco-2 cell monolayers challenged with TNF-α and IFN-γ. The combination of PlnE and PlnF were required to prevent sustained cytokine-induced losses to Caco-2 cell para- and transcellular permeability and elevated IL-8 levels. In conclusion, this study shows that probiotic L. plantarum ameliorates the effects of obesogenic diets through a mechanism that involves the plantaricin EF system and likely includes L. plantarum - induced fortification of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin D. Heeney
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhengyuan Zhai
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zach Bendiks
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Javad Barouei
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alice Martinic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,CONTACT Maria L. Marco Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
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22
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Differential effects of coconut versus soy oil on gut microbiota composition and predicted metabolic function in adult mice. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:808. [PMID: 30404613 PMCID: PMC6223047 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal studies show that high fat (HF) diet-induced gut microbiota contributes to the development of obesity. Oil composition of high-fat diet affects metabolic inflammation differently with deleterious effects by saturated fat. The aim of the present study was to examine the diversity and metabolic capacity of the cecal bacterial community in C57BL/6 N mice administered two different diets, enriched respectively with coconut oil (HFC, high in saturated fat) or soy oil (HFS, high in polyunsaturated fat). The relative impact of each hypercaloric diet was evaluated after 2 and 8 weeks of feeding, and compared with that of a low-fat, control diet (LF). Results The HFC diet induced the same body weight gain and fat storage as the HFS diet, but produced higher plasma cholesterol levels after 8 weeks of treatment. At the same time point, the cecal microbiota of HFC diet-fed mice was characterized by an increased relative abundance of Allobaculum, Anaerofustis, F16, Lactobacillus reuteri and Deltaproteobacteria, and a decreased relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila compared to HFS mice. Comparison of cecal microbiota of high-fat fed mice versus control mice indicated major changes that were shared between the HFC and the HFS diet, including the increase in Lactobacillus plantarum, Lutispora, and Syntrophomonas, while some other shifts were specifically associated to either coconut or soy oil. Prediction of bacterial gene functions showed that the cecal microbiota of HFC mice was depleted of pathways involved in fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic degradation and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides compared to mice on HFS diet. Correlation analysis revealed remarkable relationships between compositional changes in the cecal microbiota and alterations in the metabolic and transcriptomic phenotypes of high-fat fed mice. Conclusions The study highlights significant differences in cecal microbiota composition and predictive functions of mice consuming a diet enriched in coconut vs soy oil. The correlations established between specific bacterial taxa and various traits linked to host lipid metabolism and energy storage give insights into the role and functioning of the gut microbiota that may contribute to diet-induced metabolic disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5202-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Martinic A, Barouei J, Bendiks Z, Mishchuk D, Heeney DD, Martin R, Marco ML, Slupsky CM. Supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum Improves Markers of Metabolic Dysfunction Induced by a High Fat Diet. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2790-2802. [PMID: 29931981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent chronic condition in many developed and developing nations that raises the risk for developing heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Previous studies have shown that consuming particular probiotic strains of Lactobacillus is associated with improvement in the obese and diabetic phenotype; however, the mechanisms of these beneficial effects are not well understood. In this study, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a lard-based high fat diet for 15 weeks with Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation NCIMB8826 (Lp) between weeks 10 and 15 ( n = 10 per group). Systemic metabolic effects of supplementation were analyzed by NMR metabolomics, protein expression assays, gene transcript quantification, and 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing. Body and organ weights were not significantly different with Lp supplementation, and no microbiota community structure changes were observed in the cecum; however, L. plantarum numbers were increased in the treatment group according to culture-based and 16S rRNA gene quantification. Significant differences in metabolite and protein concentrations (serum, liver, and colon), gene expression (ileum and adipose), and cytokines (colon) were observed between groups with increases in the gene expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum and cecum and improvement of some markers of glucose homeostasis in blood and tissue with Lp supplementation. These results indicate Lp supplementation impacts systemic metabolism and immune signaling before phenotypic changes and without large-scale changes to the microbiome. This study supports the notion that Lp is a beneficial probiotic, even in the context of a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Roy Martin
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center , USDA , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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L. plantarum WCFS1 enhances Treg frequencies by activating DCs even in absence of sampling of bacteria in the Peyer Patches. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1785. [PMID: 29379071 PMCID: PMC5788989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics such as L. plantarum WCFS1 can modulate immune responses in healthy subjects but how this occurs is still largely unknown. Immune-sampling in the Peyer Patches has been suggested to be one of the mechanisms. Here we studied the systemic and intestinal immune effects in combination with a trafficking study through the intestine of a well-established immunomodulating probiotic, i.e. L. plantarum WCFS1. We demonstrate that not more than 2–3 bacteria were sampled and in many animals not any bacterium could be found in the PP. Despite this, L. plantarum was associated with a strong increase in infiltration of regulatory CD103+ DCs and generation of regulatory T cells in the spleen. Also, a reduced splenic T helper cell cytokine response was observed after ex vivo restimulation. L. plantarum enhanced Treg cells and attenuated the T helper 2 response in healthy mice. We demonstrate that, in healthy mice, immune sampling is a rare phenomenon and not required for immunomodulation. Also in absence of any sampling immune activation was found illustrating that host-microbe interaction on the Peyer Patches was enough to induce immunomodulation of DCs and T-cells.
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Yin X, Lee B, Zaragoza J, Marco ML. Dietary perturbations alter the ecological significance of ingested Lactobacillus plantarum in the digestive tract. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7267. [PMID: 28779118 PMCID: PMC5544775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07428-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host diet is a major determinant of the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome. Less understood is the importance of diet on ingested strains with probiotic significance. We investigated the population dynamics of exogenous Lactobacillus plantarum and its interactions with intestinal bacteria in mice undergoing switches between high-fat, high-sugar (HFHSD) and low-fat, plant-polysaccharide rich (LFPPD) diets. The survival and persistence of ingested L. plantarum WCFS1 was significantly improved during mouse consumption of HFHSD and was negatively associated with the numbers of indigenous Lactobacillus species. Diet also rapidly changed the composition of the indigenous microbiota, but with some taxa differentially affected between HFHSD periods. L. plantarum was not integrated into indigenous bacterial community networks according to co-occurrence patterns but still conferred distinct effects on bacterial species diversity and microbiota stability largely in a diet-dependent manner. Metagenome predictions supported the premise that L. plantarum dampens the effects of diet on the microbiome. This strain also consistently altered the predicted genetic content in the distal gut by enriching for genes encoding glyosyltransferases and bile salt hydrolases. Our findings demonstrate the interactions between ingested, transient probiotic bacteria and intestinal bacterial communities and how they can differ depending on host diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, Univeristy of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bokyung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jose Zaragoza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA.,Bayer Crop Science, West Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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Arena MP, Capozzi V, Spano G, Fiocco D. The potential of lactic acid bacteria to colonize biotic and abiotic surfaces and the investigation of their interactions and mechanisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:2641-2657. [PMID: 28213732 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria that comprise several species which have evolved in close association with humans (food and lifestyle). While their use to ferment food dates back to very ancient times, in the last decades, LAB have attracted much attention for their documented beneficial properties and for potential biomedical applications. Some LAB are commensal that colonize, stably or transiently, host mucosal surfaces, inlcuding the gut, where they may contribute to host health. In this review, we present and discuss the main factors enabling LAB adaptation to such lifestyle, including the gene reprogramming accompanying gut colonization, the specific bacterial components involved in adhesion and interaction with host, and how the gut niche has shaped the genome of intestine-adapted species. Moreover, the capacity of LAB to colonize abiotic surfaces by forming structured communities, i.e., biofilms, is briefly discussed, taking into account the main bacterial and environmental factors involved, particularly in relation to food-related environments. The vast spread of LAB surface-associated communities and the ability to control their occurrence hold great potentials for human health and food safety biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pia Arena
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Capozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms. The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by the technological implications of LAB robustness in the food industry. Survival of probiotic LAB in the host and the potential relatedness of LAB virulence to their stress resilience have intensified interest in the field. Thus, a wealth of information concerning stress responses exists today for strains as diverse as starter (e.g., Lactococcus lactis), probiotic (e.g., several Lactobacillus spp.), and pathogenic (e.g., Enterococcus and Streptococcus spp.) LAB. Here we present the state of the art for LAB stress behavior. We describe the multitude of stresses that LAB are confronted with, and we present the experimental context used to study the stress responses of LAB, focusing on adaptation, habituation, and cross-protection as well as on self-induced multistress resistance in stationary phase, biofilms, and dormancy. We also consider stress responses at the population and single-cell levels. Subsequently, we concentrate on the stress defense mechanisms that have been reported to date, grouping them according to their direct participation in preserving cell energy, defending macromolecules, and protecting the cell envelope. Stress-induced responses of probiotic LAB and commensal/pathogenic LAB are highlighted separately due to the complexity of the peculiar multistress conditions to which these bacteria are subjected in their hosts. Induction of prophages under environmental stresses is then discussed. Finally, we present systems-based strategies to characterize the "stressome" of LAB and to engineer new food-related and probiotic LAB with improved stress tolerance.
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van den Nieuwboer M, van Hemert S, Claassen E, de Vos WM. Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 and its host interaction: a dozen years after the genome. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:452-65. [PMID: 27231133 PMCID: PMC4919987 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 is one of the best studied Lactobacilli, notably as its genome was unravelled over 12 years ago. L. plantarum WCFS1 can be grown to high densities, is amenable to genetic transformation and highly robust with a relatively high survival rate during the gastrointestinal passage. In this review, we present and discuss the main insights provided by the functional genomics research on L. plantarum WCFS1 with specific attention for the molecular mechanisms related to its interaction with the human host and its potential to modify the immune system, and induce other health-related benefits. Whereas most insight has been gained in mouse and other model studies, only five human studies have been reported with L. plantarum WCFS1. Hence NCIMB 8826 (the parental strain of L. plantarum WCFS1) in human trials as to capitalize on the wealth of knowledge that is summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Claassen
- Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Gene expression of Lactobacillus plantarum and the commensal microbiota in the ileum of healthy and early SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24723. [PMID: 27102350 PMCID: PMC4840379 DOI: 10.1038/srep24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection results in impairment of gut-associated lymphoid tissue leading to systemic immune activation. We previously showed that in early SIV-infected rhesus macaques intestinal dysfunction is initiated with the induction of the IL-1β pathway in the small intestine and reversed by treatment with an exogenous Lactobacillus plantarum strain. Here, we provide evidence that the transcriptomes of L. plantarum and ileal microbiota are not altered shortly after SIV infection. L. plantarum adapts to the small intestine by expressing genes required for tolerating oxidative stress, modifying cell surface composition, and consumption of host glycans. The ileal microbiota of L. plantarum-containing healthy and SIV+ rhesus macaques also transcribed genes for host glycan metabolism as well as for cobalamin biosynthesis. Expression of these pathways by bacteria were proposed but not previously demonstrated in the mammalian small intestine.
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Host-Derived Sialic Acids Are an Important Nutrient Source Required for Optimal Bacterial Fitness In Vivo. mBio 2016; 7:e02237-15. [PMID: 27073099 PMCID: PMC4959520 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02237-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge facing bacterial intestinal pathogens is competition for nutrient sources with the host microbiota. Vibrio cholerae is an intestinal pathogen that causes cholera, which affects millions each year; however, our knowledge of its nutritional requirements in the intestinal milieu is limited. In this study, we demonstrated that V. cholerae can grow efficiently on intestinal mucus and its component sialic acids and that a tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic SiaPQM strain, transporter-deficient mutant NC1777, was attenuated for colonization using a streptomycin-pretreated adult mouse model. In in vivo competition assays, NC1777 was significantly outcompeted for up to 3 days postinfection. NC1777 was also significantly outcompeted in in vitro competition assays in M9 minimal medium supplemented with intestinal mucus, indicating that sialic acid uptake is essential for fitness. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the ability to utilize sialic acid was distributed among 452 bacterial species from eight phyla. The majority of species belonged to four phyla, Actinobacteria (members of Actinobacillus, Corynebacterium, Mycoplasma, and Streptomyces), Bacteroidetes (mainly Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, and Prevotella), Firmicutes (members of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus), and Proteobacteria (including Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Photobacterium, Vibrio, and Yersinia species), mostly commensals and/or pathogens. Overall, our data demonstrate that the ability to take up host-derived sugars and sialic acid specifically allows V. cholerae a competitive advantage in intestinal colonization and that this is a trait that is sporadic in its occurrence and phylogenetic distribution and ancestral in some genera but horizontally acquired in others. Sialic acids are nine carbon amino sugars that are abundant on all mucous surfaces. The deadly human pathogen Vibrio cholerae contains the genes required for scavenging, transport, and catabolism of sialic acid. We determined that the V. cholerae SiaPQM transporter is essential for sialic acid transport and that this trait allows the bacterium to outcompete noncatabolizers in vivo. We also showed that the ability to take up and catabolize sialic acid is prevalent among both commensals and pathogens that colonize the oral cavity and the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. Phylogenetic analysis determined that the sialic acid catabolism phenotype is ancestral in some genera such as Yersinia, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus and is acquired by horizontal gene transfer in others such as Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Klebsiella. The data demonstrate that this trait has evolved multiple times in different lineages, indicating the importance of specialized metabolism to niche expansion.
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Characterization of the transcriptional regulation of the tarIJKL locus involved in ribitol-containing wall teichoic acid biosynthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:420-432. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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32
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Van Beek AA, Hoogerland JA, Belzer C, De Vos P, De Vos WM, Savelkoul HFJ, Leenen PJM. Interaction of mouse splenocytes and macrophages with bacterial strains in vitro: the effect of age in the immune response. Benef Microbes 2015; 7:275-87. [PMID: 26689225 DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics influence the immune system, both at the local and systemic level. Recent findings suggest the relation between microbiota and the immune system alters with age. Our objective was to address direct effects of six bacterial strains on immune cells from young and aged mice: Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, Lactobacillus casei BL23, Lactococcus lactis MG1363, Bifidobacterium breve ATCC15700, Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC15697, and Akkermansia muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. We used splenocytes and naïve or interferon-γ-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) as responder populations. All tested bacterial strains induced phenotypic and cytokine responses in splenocytes and BMDM. Based on magnitude of the cellular inflammatory response and cytokine profiles, two subgroups of bacteria were identified, i.e. L. plantarum and L. casei versus B. breve, B. infantis, and A. muciniphila. The latter group of bacteria induced high levels of cytokines produced under inflammatory conditions, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. Responses to L. lactis showed features of both subgroups. In addition, we compared responses by splenocytes and BMDM derived from young mice to those of aged mice, and found that splenocytes and BMDM derived from aged mice had an increased IL-10 production and dysregulated IL-6 and TNF production compared to young immune cells. Overall, our study shows differential inflammatory responses to distinct bacterial strains, and profound age-dependent effects. These findings, moreover, support the view that immune environment importantly influences bacterial immune effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Van Beek
- 1 Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, the Netherlands.,2 Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands.,3 Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J A Hoogerland
- 1 Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, the Netherlands.,2 Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands.,3 Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Belzer
- 4 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P De Vos
- 1 Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, the Netherlands.,5 University of Groningen, Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - W M De Vos
- 4 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H F J Savelkoul
- 2 Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P J M Leenen
- 3 Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Keenan MJ, Marco ML, Ingram DK, Martin RJ. Improving healthspan via changes in gut microbiota and fermentation. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:98. [PMID: 26371059 PMCID: PMC5005825 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary resistant starch impact on intestinal microbiome and improving healthspan is the topic of this review. In the elderly population, dietary fiber intake is lower than recommended. Dietary resistant starch as a source of fiber produces a profound change in gut microbiota and fermentation in animal models of aging. Dietary resistant starch has the potential for improving healthspan in the elderly through multiple mechanisms as follows: (1) enhancing gut microbiota profile and production of short-chain fatty acids, (2) improving gut barrier function, (3) increasing gut peptides that are important in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and (4) mimicking many of the effects of caloric restriction including upregulation of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, 1136 RMI North, 392 Old Davis Rd, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA.
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Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum alters gut luminal metabolism through modification of the gut microbial community. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13548. [PMID: 26315217 PMCID: PMC4552000 DOI: 10.1038/srep13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are well known as health-promoting agents that modulate intestinal microbiota. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Using gnotobiotic mice harboring 15 strains of predominant human gut-derived microbiota (HGM), we investigated the effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 (BB536-HGM) supplementation on the gut luminal metabolism. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics showed significantly increased fecal levels of pimelate, a precursor of biotin, and butyrate in the BB536-HGM group. In addition, the bioassay revealed significantly elevated fecal levels of biotin in the BB536-HGM group. Metatranscriptomic analysis of fecal microbiota followed by an in vitro bioassay indicated that the elevated biotin level was due to an alteration in metabolism related to biotin synthesis by Bacteroides caccae in this mouse model. Furthermore, the proportion of Eubacterium rectale, a butyrate producer, was significantly higher in the BB536-HGM group than in the group without B. longum BB536 supplementation. Our findings help to elucidate the molecular basis underlying the effect of B. longum BB536 on the gut luminal metabolism through its interactions with the microbial community.
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Minic R, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Petrusic V, Zivkovic I, Eijsink VG, Dimitrijevic L, Mathiesen G. Effects of orally applied Fes p1-displaying L. plantarum WCFS1 on Fes p1 induced allergy in mice. J Biotechnol 2015; 199:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Genome analysis using next generation sequencing technologies has revolutionized the characterization of lactic acid bacteria and complete genomes of all major groups are now available. Comparative genomics has provided new insights into the natural and laboratory evolution of lactic acid bacteria and their environmental interactions. Moreover, functional genomics approaches have been used to understand the response of lactic acid bacteria to their environment. The results have been instrumental in understanding the adaptation of lactic acid bacteria in artisanal and industrial food fermentations as well as their interactions with the human host. Collectively, this has led to a detailed analysis of genes involved in colonization, persistence, interaction and signaling towards to the human host and its health. Finally, massive parallel genome re-sequencing has provided new opportunities in applied genomics, specifically in the characterization of novel non-GMO strains that have potential to be used in the food industry. Here, we provide an overview of the state of the art of these functional genomics approaches and their impact in understanding, applying and designing lactic acid bacteria for food and health.
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Abstract
Although the composition of the gut microbiota and its symbiotic contribution to key host physiological functions are well established, little is known as yet about the bacterial factors that account for this symbiosis. We selected Lactobacillus casei as a model microorganism to proceed to genomewide identification of the functions required for a symbiont to establish colonization in the gut. As a result of our recent development of a transposon-mutagenesis tool that overcomes the barrier that had prevented L. casei random mutagenesis, we developed a signature-tagged mutagenesis approach combining whole-genome reverse genetics using a set of tagged transposons and in vivo screening using the rabbit ligated ileal loop model. After sequencing transposon insertion sites in 9,250 random mutants, we assembled a library of 1,110 independent mutants, all disrupted in a different gene, that provides a representative view of the L. casei genome. By determining the relative quantity of each of the 1,110 mutants before and after the in vivo challenge, we identified a core of 47 L. casei genes necessary for its establishment in the gut. They are involved in housekeeping functions, metabolism (sugar, amino acids), cell wall biogenesis, and adaptation to environment. Hence we provide what is, to our knowledge, the first global functional genomics analysis of L. casei symbiosis.
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Karunasena E, McMahon KW, Kurkure PC, Brashears MM. A comparison of cell mediators and serum cytokines transcript expression between male and female mice infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and/or consuming probiotics. Pathog Dis 2014; 72:104-10. [PMID: 25044984 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut immune system is complex, and dysregulation leads to a number of disorders including inflammatory bowel syndrome and (in livestock) Johne's disease. Previous work has demonstrated that males and females respond differently to treatment with pathologic and probiotic microorganisms, suggesting that a 'one-size-fits-all' approach to treat GIT inflammation may be inadequate. While we had observed significant differences between males and females in terms of cytokine production, it remains unclear how these changes occur. To better understand the mechanisms, transcript expression of genes important to gut immunoregulation were monitored from male and female BALB/c mice consuming the probiotic Lactobacillus animalis (1 × 10(6) CFU g(-1) ) and infected with the gut pathogen, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (1 × 10(7) CFU). Expression of transcripts analyzed included those important to the immune system, intestinal cell differentiation, and/or regulation. Males generally displayed increased expression of Th 2 and B-cell mediators, and females showed repressed cytokine expression after MAP infection (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1 among others). Additionally, regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in female mice consuming probiotics suggests females responded positively to L. animalis when compared to males. Therefore, we speculate that studying mechanistic changes associated with sex and immunoregulation in gastrointestinal tissues could further elucidate host response to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enusha Karunasena
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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39
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Clarke G, Stilling RM, Kennedy PJ, Stanton C, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Minireview: Gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1221-38. [PMID: 24892638 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that the gut microbiota serves as a virtual endocrine organ arises from a number of important observations. Evidence for a direct role arises from its metabolic capacity to produce and regulate multiple compounds that reach the circulation and act to influence the function of distal organs and systems. For example, metabolism of carbohydrates results in the production of short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate and propionate, which provide an important source of nutrients as well as regulatory control of the host digestive system. This influence over host metabolism is also seen in the ability of the prebiotic inulin to influence production of relevant hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, ghrelin, and leptin. Moreover, the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL60, which produces conjugated linoleic acid, has been shown to reduce body-weight gain and white adipose tissue without effects on food intake. Manipulating the microbial composition of the gastrointestinal tract modulates plasma concentrations of tryptophan, an essential amino acid and precursor to serotonin, a key neurotransmitter within both the enteric and central nervous systems. Indirectly and through as yet unknown mechanisms, the gut microbiota exerts control over the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This is clear from studies on animals raised in a germ-free environment, who show exaggerated responses to psychological stress, which normalizes after monocolonization by certain bacterial species including Bifidobacterium infantis. It is tempting to speculate that therapeutic targeting of the gut microbiota may be useful in treating stress-related disorders and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Clarke
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (G.C., R.M.S., P.J.K., C.S., J.F.C., T.G.D.) and Departments of Psychiatry (G.C., C.S., T.G.D.) and Anatomy and Neuroscience (J.F.C.), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Teagasc (C.S.), Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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Sanders ME, Klaenhammer TR, Ouwehand AC, Pot B, Johansen E, Heimbach JT, Marco ML, Tennilä J, Ross RP, Franz C, Pagé N, Pridmore RD, Leyer G, Salminen S, Charbonneau D, Call E, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I. Effects of genetic, processing, or product formulation changes on efficacy and safety of probiotics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1309:1-18. [PMID: 24571253 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Commercial probiotic strains for food or supplement use can be altered in different ways for a variety of purposes. Production conditions for the strain or final product may be changed to address probiotic yield, functionality, or stability. Final food products may be modified to improve flavor and other sensory properties, provide new product formats, or respond to market opportunities. Such changes can alter the expression of physiological traits owing to the live nature of probiotics. In addition, genetic approaches may be used to improve strain attributes. This review explores whether genetic or phenotypic changes, by accident or design, might affect the efficacy or safety of commercial probiotics. We highlight key issues important to determining the need to re-confirm efficacy or safety after strain improvement, process optimization, or product formulation changes. Research pinpointing the mechanisms of action for probiotic function and the development of assays to measure them are greatly needed to better understand if such changes have a substantive impact on probiotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, Colorado
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Schwab C, Tveit AT, Schleper C, Urich T. Gene expression of lactobacilli in murine forestomach biofilms. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:347-59. [PMID: 24702817 PMCID: PMC4241727 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli populate the gastro-intestinal tract of vertebrates, and are used in food fermentations and as probiotics. Lactobacilli are also major constituents of stable biofilms in the forestomach of rodents. In order to investigate the lifestyle of these biofilm lactobacilli in C57BL/6 mice, we applied metatranscriptomics to analyse gene expression (assessed by mRNA) and community composition (assessed by rRNA). Lactobacillales were the major biofilm inhabitants (62–82% of rRNA reads), followed by Clostridiales (8–31% of rRNA reads). To identify mRNA transcripts specific for the forestomach, we compared forestomach and hindgut metatranscriptomes. Gene expression of the biofilm microbiota was characterized by high abundance of transcripts related to glucose and maltose utilization, peptide degradation, and amino acid transport, indicating their major catabolic and anabolic pathways. The microbiota transcribed genes encoding pathways enhancing oxidative stress (glutathione synthesis) and acid tolerance. Various pathways, including metabolite formation (urea degradation, arginine pathway, γ-aminobutyrate) and cell wall modification (DltA, cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase), contributed to acid tolerance, as judged from the transcript profile. In addition, the biofilm microbiota expressed numerous genes encoding extracellular proteins involved in adhesion and/or biofilm formation (e.g. MucBP, glycosyl hydrolase families 68 and 70). This study shed light on the lifestyle and specific adaptations of lactobacilli in the murine forestomach that might also be relevant for lactobacilli biofilms in other vertebrates, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Schwab
- Division of Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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Abstract
Bacterial colonisation of the gut plays a major role in postnatal development and maturation of key systems that have the capacity to influence central nervous system (CNS) programming and signaling, including the immune and endocrine systems. Individually, these systems have been implicated in the neuropathology of many CNS disorders and collectively they form an important bidirectional pathway of communication between the microbiota and the brain in health and disease. Regulation of the microbiome-brain-gut axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, including that of the CNS. Moreover, there is now expanding evidence for the view that commensal organisms within the gut play a role in early programming and later responsivity of the stress system. Research has focused on how the microbiota communicates with the CNS and thereby influences brain function. The routes of this communication are not fully elucidated but include neural, humoral, immune and metabolic pathways. This view is underpinned by studies in germ-free animals and in animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections, probiotic agents or antibiotics which indicate a role for the gut microbiota in the regulation of mood, cognition, pain and obesity. Thus, the concept of a microbiome-brain-gut axis is emerging which suggests that modulation of the gut microflora may be a tractable strategy for developing novel therapeutics for complex stress-related CNS disorders where there is a huge unmet medical need.
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Van Bokhorst-van de Veen H, Bongers RS, Wels M, Bron PA, Kleerebezem M. Transcriptome signatures of class I and III stress response deregulation in Lactobacillus plantarum reveal pleiotropic adaptation. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:112. [PMID: 24238744 PMCID: PMC3842655 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To cope with environmental challenges bacteria possess sophisticated defense mechanisms that involve stress-induced adaptive responses. The canonical stress regulators CtsR and HrcA play a central role in the adaptations to a plethora of stresses in a variety of organisms. Here, we determined the CtsR and HrcA regulons of the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 grown under reference (28°C) and elevated (40°C) temperatures, using ctsR, hrcA, and ctsR-hrcA deletion mutants. Results While the maximum specific growth rates of the mutants and the parental strain were similar at both temperatures (0.33 ± 0.02 h-1 and 0.34 ± 0.03 h-1, respectively), DNA microarray analyses revealed that the CtsR or HrcA deficient strains displayed altered transcription patterns of genes encoding functions involved in transport and binding of sugars and other compounds, primary metabolism, transcription regulation, capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis, as well as fatty acid metabolism. These transcriptional signatures enabled the refinement of the gene repertoire that is directly or indirectly controlled by CtsR and HrcA of L. plantarum. Deletion of both regulators, elicited transcriptional changes of a large variety of additional genes in a temperature-dependent manner, including genes encoding functions involved in cell-envelope remodeling. Moreover, phenotypic assays revealed that both transcription regulators contribute to regulation of resistance to hydrogen peroxide stress. The integration of these results allowed the reconstruction of CtsR and HrcA regulatory networks in L. plantarum, highlighting the significant intertwinement of class I and III stress regulons. Conclusions Taken together, our results enabled the refinement of the CtsR and HrcA regulatory networks in L. plantarum, illustrating the complex nature of adaptive stress responses in this bacterium.
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Tachon S, Lee B, Marco ML. Diet alters probioticLactobacilluspersistence and function in the intestine. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:2915-26. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Tachon
- Department of Food Science and Technology; the University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Bokyung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology; the University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology; the University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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He X, Marco ML, Slupsky CM. Emerging aspects of food and nutrition on gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9559-9574. [PMID: 24028159 DOI: 10.1021/jf4029046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract contains a highly complex ecosystem that harbors various microorganisms, which together create a unique environment within each individual. There is growing awareness that dietary habits are one of the essential factors contributing to the microbial diversity and community configuration that ultimately affects human health. From an evolutionary perspective, human dietary history can be viewed as a central factor in the selection of the gut microbial community and stabilization of the mutualistic host-microbial interaction, that together drive host phenotype. Herein, current knowledge concerning the influence of major dietary macrostructure and individual food ingredients is presented. This knowledge will provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management and, ultimately, movement toward an era of personalized nutrition and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition and ‡Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Zhang X, Rogers M, Bierschenk D, Bonten MJM, Willems RJL, van Schaik W. A LacI-family regulator activates maltodextrin metabolism of Enterococcus faecium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72285. [PMID: 23951303 PMCID: PMC3737153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is a gut commensal of humans and animals. In the intestinal tract, E. faecium will have access to a wide variety of carbohydrates, including maltodextrins and maltose, which are the sugars that result from the enzymatic digestion of starch by host-derived and microbial amylases. In this study, we identified the genetic determinants for maltodextrin utilization of E. faecium E1162. We generated a deletion mutant of the mdxABCD-pulA gene cluster that is homologous to maltodextrin uptake genes in other Gram-positive bacteria, and a deletion mutant of the mdxR gene, which is predicted to encode a LacI family regulator of mdxABCD-pulA. Both mutations impaired growth on maltodextrins but had no effect on the growth on maltose and glucose. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that eight genes (including mdxABCD-pulA) were expressed at significantly lower levels in the isogenic ΔmdxR mutant strain compared to the parental strain when grown on maltose. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR confirmed the results of transcriptome analysis and showed that the transcription of a putative maltose utilization gene cluster is induced in a semi-defined medium supplemented with maltose but is not regulated by MdxR. Understanding the maltodextrin metabolism of E. faecium could yield novel insights into the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the gut commensal lifestyle of E. faecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lactobacillus plantarum passage through an oro-gastro-intestinal tract simulator: Carrier matrix effect and transcriptional analysis of genes associated to stress and probiosis. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:351-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Reverón I, Rodríguez H, Campos G, Curiel JA, Ascaso C, Carrascosa AV, Prieto A, de las Rivas B, Muñoz R, de Felipe FL. Tannic acid-dependent modulation of selected Lactobacillus plantarum traits linked to gastrointestinal survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66473. [PMID: 23776675 PMCID: PMC3679024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to its antimicrobial properties dietary tannins may alter the functional efficacy of probiotic lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal (GI)-tract influencing their growth, viability and molecular adaptation to the intestinal environment. METHODS AND FINDINGS The effects of tannic acid on Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 were studied by in vitro growth monitoring and visualizing the morphological alteration on the cell wall using transmission electron microscopy. Growth upon tannic acid was characterized by dose-dependent reductions of initial viable counts and extended lag phases. Lag phase-cells growing upon 0.5 mM tannic acid were abnormally shaped and experienced disturbance on the cell wall such as roughness, occasional leakage and release of cell debris, but resumed growth later at tannic acid concentrations high as 2.5 mM. To gain insight on how the response to tannic acid influenced the molecular adaptation of L. plantarum to the GI-tract conditions, gene expression of selected biomarkers for GI-survival was assessed by RT-qPCR on cDNA templates synthetized from mRNA samples obtained from cells treated with 0.5 or 2 mM tannic acid. Tannic acid-dependent gene induction was confirmed for selected genes highly expressed in the gut or with confirmed roles in GI-survival. No differential expression was observed for the pbp2A gene, a biomarker negatively related with GI-survival. However PBP2A was not labeled by Bocillin FL, a fluorescent dye-labeled penicillin V derivative, in the presence of tannic acid which suggests for enhanced GI-survival reportedly associated with the inactivation of this function. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic L. plantarum WCFS1 is able to overcome the toxic effects of tannic acid. This dietary constituent modulates molecular traits linked to the adaptation to intestinal environment in ways previously shown to enhance GI-survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Reverón
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Campos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Curiel
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ascaso
- Dpto. Biología Ambiental, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso V. Carrascosa
- Grupo de Microbiología y Biocatálisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Dpto. Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca de las Rivas
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix López de Felipe
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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O'Donnell MM, O'Toole PW, Ross RP. Catabolic flexibility of mammalian-associated lactobacilli. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:48. [PMID: 23680304 PMCID: PMC3668208 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility may be generally defined as “the capacity for the organism to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability”. The metabolic diversification strategies used by individual bacteria vary greatly from the use of novel or acquired enzymes to the use of plasmid-localised genes and transporters. In this review, we describe the ability of lactobacilli to utilise a variety of carbon sources from their current or new environments in order to grow and survive. The genus Lactobacillus now includes more than 150 species, many with adaptive capabilities, broad metabolic capacity and species/strain variance. They are therefore, an informative example of a cell factory capable of adapting to new niches with differing nutritional landscapes. Indeed, lactobacilli naturally colonise and grow in a wide variety of environmental niches which include the roots and foliage of plants, silage, various fermented foods and beverages, the human vagina and the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (GIT; including the mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine). Here we primarily describe the metabolic flexibility of some lactobacilli isolated from the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, and we also describe some of the food-associated species with a proven ability to adapt to the GIT. As examples this review concentrates on the following species - Lb. plantarum, Lb. acidophilus, Lb. ruminis, Lb. salivarius, Lb. reuteri and Lb. sakei, to highlight the diversity and inter-relationships between the catabolic nature of species within the genus.
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