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Mesele F, Leta S, Amenu K, Abunna F. Occurrence of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in lactating cows and dairy farm environment and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern at Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha District, Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:6. [PMID: 36627664 PMCID: PMC9832739 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food-borne pathogens are the foremost causes of food-borne human illness in the world. Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is one of the major food-borne pathogenic bacteria around the world. Though evidence is lacking; especially in developing countries like Ethiopia, the potential health impact of E. coli O157:H7 can be high where food production, handling and consumption is often taking place under unhygienic conditions. In Ethiopia, studies reported E. coli and E. coli O157: H7 from food of animal origin, mainly meat and milk, and also animal surfaces and feces. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in raw milk and the dairy production farm environment and further assess the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the bacterium. METHODS Samples of milk from individual lactating cows' and dairy farm environmental samples (feces, water and manure) were collected at Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district (ATJKD) and analyzed for the presence of E. coli O157:H7. Standard microbiological techniques including culture, biochemical testing and serological test were performed to isolate and identify the bacterium. The bacterial isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility patterns using disk diffusion method. A questionnaire was used to collect possible factors affecting E. coli O157:H7 occurrence. RESULTS The overall prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 4.7% (19/408) (95% CI: 2.6; 6.7). Out of 19 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, 4/50, 7/154, 2/50, and 6/154 were from water, milk, manure, and feces samples, respectively. From potential risk factors considered in this study area, floor type, cleaning of pens, milking location and hand washing during the time of milking were significantly associated with the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern indicated varying degrees of resistance. All of the isolates were found to be resistant ampicillin, cephalothin, and rifampin, and 100% susceptibility was observed against the drugs: chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, and tetracycline. Concerning streptomycin, 63.15% of the isolates were susceptible and 36.8% showed intermediate susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of multi-drug resistance E. coli O157:H7 observed both in lactating cows and in dairy farm environments can sustain a continuous transmission of the bacteria. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant E. coli o157:H7could hamper the control and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frehiwot Mesele
- Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia ,grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Addis Ababa University, Collage of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Addis Ababa University, Collage of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Amenu
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Addis Ababa University, Collage of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Abunna
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Addis Ababa University, Collage of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia Ethiopia
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Banerjee T, Panchal N, Sutton C, Elliott R, Patel T, Kajal K, Arogunyo E, Koti N, Santra S. Tunable Magneto-Plasmonic Nanosensor for Sensitive Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:109. [PMID: 36671944 PMCID: PMC9856065 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Frequent outbreaks of food-borne pathogens, particularly E. coli O157:H7, continue to impact human health and the agricultural economy tremendously. The required cell count for this pathogenic strain of E. coli O157:H7 is relatively low and hence it is vital to detect at low colony forming unit (CFU) counts. Available detection methods, though sensitive, fall short in terms of timeliness and often require extensive sample processing. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel magneto-plasmonic nanosensor (MPnS) by integrating surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties with spin-spin magnetic relaxation (T2 MR) technology. We engineered MPnS by encapsulating several gold nanoparticles (GNPs) within the polymer-coating of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). First, the polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated IONPs were synthesized using a solvent precipitation method, then gold chloride solution was used to synthesize GNPs and encapsulate them within the PAA-coatings of IONPs in one step. A magnetic separation technique was used to purify the MPnS and the presence of GNPs within IONPs was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and other spectroscopic methods. The synthesized MPnS exhibits MR relaxation properties while possessing amplified optical properties than conventional GNPs. This allows for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7 by SPR, T2 MR, and colorimetric readout. Experiments conducted in simple buffer and in milk as a complex media demonstrated that our MPnS-based assay could detect as low as 10 CFUs of this pathogenic strain of E. coli O157:H7 in minutes with no cross-reactivity. Overall, the formulated MPnS is robust and holds great potential for the ultrasensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7 in a simple and timely fashion. Moreover, this platform is highly customizable and can be used for the detection of other foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Avenue, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Nilamben Panchal
- Department of Chemistry, College and Arts and Sciences, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Carissa Sutton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Avenue, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Rebekah Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, College and Arts and Sciences, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Truptiben Patel
- Department of Chemistry, College and Arts and Sciences, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Kajal Kajal
- Department of Chemistry, College and Arts and Sciences, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Eniola Arogunyo
- Department of Chemistry, College and Arts and Sciences, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Neelima Koti
- Department of Chemistry, College and Arts and Sciences, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Santimukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, College and Arts and Sciences, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
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Kempf F, La Ragione R, Chirullo B, Schouler C, Velge P. Super Shedding in Enteric Pathogens: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2101. [PMID: 36363692 PMCID: PMC9692634 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Super shedding occurs when a small number of individuals from a given host population shed high levels of a pathogen. Beyond this general definition, various interpretations of the shedding patterns have been proposed to identify super shedders, leading to the description of the super shedding phenomenon in a wide range of pathogens, in particular enteric pathogens, which are of considerable interest. Several underlying mechanisms may explain this observation, including factors related to the environment, the gut microbiota, the pathogen itself (i.e., genetic polymorphism), and the host (including immune factors). Moreover, data suggest that the interplay of these parameters, in particular at the host-pathogen-gut microbiota interface, is of crucial importance for the determination of the super shedding phenotype in enteric pathogens. As a phenomenon playing an important role in the epidemics of enteric diseases, the evidence of super shedding has highlighted the need to develop various control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Kempf
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 000161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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4
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Jiang L, Zhang B, Liu S, Zhu L, Zhu F. The MBS microbial rapid detection system for rapid detection of major pathogenic bacteria in feed: comparison with plate counting method. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:242. [PMID: 36203160 PMCID: PMC9541081 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The current methods for detecting pathogenic bacteria in feed require high technique and take a long time. The Micro Biological Survey (MBS) rapid detection system is a simple, economical and rapid microbial detection method. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Listeria monocytogenes (LM), coliform (COLI) and total viable count (TVC) in feed by the MBS rapid microbial detection system and plate counting method (PCM). The results showed that the limit of quantitation, recovery rate and coefficient of variation of the MBS microbial rapid detection system are better than the plate counting method. When detecting the pathogenic bacteria content in artificially contaminated feed, the MBS rapid microbial detection system was positively correlated with the PCM. When the MBS microbial rapid detection system and PCM were used to detect the collected real feed samples, there was no significant difference in the detection results of the two methods in most of the feed samples. In summary, the MBS microbial rapid detection system is the most convenient and rapid detection method and is suitable for promotion and application in production lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuitao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqin Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fenghua Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Guo Y, Ryan U, Feng Y, Xiao L. Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:810142. [PMID: 35082774 PMCID: PMC8784678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.810142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal farming has intensified significantly in recent decades, with the emergence of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in industrialized nations. The congregation of susceptible animals in CAFOs can lead to heavy environmental contamination with pathogens, promoting the emergence of hyper-transmissible, and virulent pathogens. As a result, CAFOs have been associated with emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Streptococcus suis, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium parvum in farm animals. This has led to increased transmission of zoonotic pathogens in humans and changes in disease patterns in general communities. They are exemplified by the common occurrence of outbreaks of illnesses through direct and indirect contact with farm animals, and wide occurrence of similar serotypes or subtypes in both humans and farm animals in industrialized nations. Therefore, control measures should be developed to slow down the dispersal of zoonotic pathogens associated with CAFOs and prevent the emergence of new pathogens of epidemic and pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Sharma AS, Ali S, Sabarinathan D, Murugavelu M, Li H, Chen Q. Recent progress on graphene quantum dots-based fluorescence sensors for food safety and quality assessment applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5765-5801. [PMID: 34601802 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The versatile photophysicalproperties, high surface-to-volume ratio, superior photostability, higher biocompatibility, and availability of active sites make graphene quantum dots (GQDs) an ideal candidate for applications in sensing, bioimaging, photocatalysis, energy storage, and flexible electronics. GQDs-based sensors involve luminescence sensors, electrochemical sensors, optical biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, and photoelectrochemical biosensors. Although plenty of sensing strategies have been developed using GQDs for biosensing and environmental applications, the use of GQDs-based fluorescence techniques remains unexplored or underutilized in the field of food science and technology. To the best of our knowledge, comprehensive review of the GQDs-based fluorescence sensing applications concerning food quality analysis has not yet been done. This review article focuses on the recent progress on the synthesis strategies, electronic properties, and fluorescence mechanisms of GQDs. The various GQDs-based fluorescence detection strategies involving Förster resonance energy transfer- or inner filter effect-driven fluorescence turn-on and turn-off response mechanisms toward trace-level detection of toxic metal ions, toxic adulterants, and banned chemical substances in foodstuffs are summarized. The challenges associated with the pretreatment steps of complex food matrices and prospects and challenges associated with the GQDs-based fluorescent probes are discussed. This review could serve as a precedent for further advancement in interdisciplinary research involving the development of versatile GQDs-based fluorescent probes toward food science and technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shujat Ali
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | | | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
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7
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Pattanayak BS, Dehury B, Priyadarshinee M, Jha S, Beuria TK, Soren D, Mallick BC. Kanamycin-Mediated Conformational Dynamics of Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Protein TolC. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:636286. [PMID: 33937327 PMCID: PMC8083960 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.636286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TolC is a member of the outer membrane efflux proteins (OEPs) family and acts as an exit duct to export proteins, antibiotics, and substrate molecules across the Escherichia coli cell membrane. Export of these molecules is evidenced to be brought about through the reversible interactions and binding of substrate-specific drug molecules or antibiotics with TolC and by being open for transport, which afterward leads to cross-resistance. Hence, the binding of kanamycin with TolC was monitored through molecular docking (MD), the structural fluctuations and conformational changes to the atomic level. The results were further supported from the steady-state fluorescence binding and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies. Binding of kanamycin with TolC resulted in a concentration dependent fluorescence intensity quenching with 7 nm blue shift. ITC binding data maintains a single binding site endothermic energetic curve with binding parameters indicating an entropy driven binding process. The confirmational changes resulting from this binding were monitored by a circular dichroism (CD) study, and the results showed insignificant changes in the α-helix and β-sheets secondary structure contents, but the tertiary structure shows inclusive changes in the presence of kanamycin. The experimental data substaintially correlates the RMSD, R g, and RMSF results. The resulting conformational changes of the TolC-kanamycin complexation was stabilized through H-bonding and other interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Suman Jha
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
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8
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Reynolds C, Checkley S, Chui L, Otto S, Neumann NF. Evaluating the risks associated with Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in private well waters in Canada. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:337-350. [PMID: 32069070 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represent a major concern for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with consumption of contaminated groundwater. Over 4 million people rely on private groundwater systems as their primary drinking water source in Canada; many of these systems do not meet current standards for water quality. This manuscript provides a scoping overview of studies examining STEC prevalence and occurrence in groundwater, and it includes a synopsis of the environmental variables affecting survival, transport, persistence, and overall occurrence of these important pathogenic microbes in private groundwater wells used for drinking purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reynolds
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta
| | - Simon Otto
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
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9
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Tran SL, Jenkins C, Livrelli V, Schüller S. Shiga toxin 2 translocation across intestinal epithelium is linked to virulence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in humans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018. [PMID: 29533744 PMCID: PMC5982136 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are characterized by the release of potent Shiga toxins (Stx), which are associated with severe intestinal and renal disease. Although all STEC strains produce Stx, only a few serotypes cause infection in humans. To determine which virulence traits in vitro are linked to human disease in vivo, 13 Stx2a-producing STEC strains of seropathotype (SPT) A or B (associated with severe human intestinal disease and outbreaks) and 6 strains of SPT D or E (rarely or not linked to human disease) were evaluated in a microaerobic human colonic epithelial infection model. All SPT strains demonstrated similar growth, colonization of polarized T84 colon carcinoma cells and Stx release into the medium. In contrast, Stx translocation across the T84 cell monolayer was significantly lower in SPT group DE compared to SPT group AB strains. Further experiments showed that Stx penetration occurred via a transcellular pathway and was independent of bacterial type III secretion and attaching and effacing lesion formation. These results suggest that the extent of Stx transcytosis across the gut epithelium may represent an important indicator of STEC pathogenicity for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seav-Ly Tran
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Present address: Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, M2iSH 'Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte', USC-INRA 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Bactériologie, Parasitologie Mycologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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10
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Wang X, Du Y, Hua Y, Fu M, Niu C, Zhang B, Zhao W, Zhang Q, Wan C. The EspF N-Terminal of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933w Imparts Stronger Toxicity Effects on HT-29 Cells than the C-Terminal. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:410. [PMID: 28983470 PMCID: PMC5613159 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 EspF is an important multifunctional protein that destroys the tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells and promotes host cell apoptosis. However, its molecular mechanism remains elusive. We knocked out the espF sequence (747 bp, ΔespF), N-terminal sequence (219 bp, ΔespFN), and C-terminal sequence (528 bp, ΔespFC) separately using the pKD46-mediated λ Red homologous recombination system. Then, we built the corresponding complementation strains, namely, ΔespF/pespF, ΔespFN/pespFN, and ΔespFC/pespFC by overlap PCR, which were used in infecting HT-29 cells and BALB/C mice. The level of reactive oxygen species, cell apoptosis, mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, inflammatory factors, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and animal mortality were evaluated by DCFH-DA, double staining of Annexin V-FITC/PI, JC-1 staining, ELISA kit, and a mouse assay. The wild-type (WT), ΔespF, ΔespF/pespF, ΔespFC, ΔespFC/pespFC, ΔespFN, and ΔespFN/pespFN groups exhibited apoptotic rates of 68.3, 27.9, 64.9, 65.7, 73.4, 41.3, and 35.3% respectively, and mean TNF-α expression levels of 428 pg/mL, 342, 466, 446, 381, 383, and 374 pg/mL, respectively. In addition, the apoptotic rates and TNF-α levels of the WT, ΔespF/pespF, and ΔespFC were significantly higher than that of ΔespF, ΔespFN, ΔespFC/pespFC, and ΔespFN/pespFN group (p < 0.05). The N-terminal of EspF resulted in an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, TNF-α secretion, ROS generation, mitochondria apoptosis, and pathogenicity in BalB/c mice. In conclusion, the N-terminal domain of the Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 EspF more strongly promotes apoptosis and inflammation than the C-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Du
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ying Hua
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Muqing Fu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Cong Niu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
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11
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Stein RA, Katz DE. Escherichia coli, cattle and the propagation of disease. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3059138. [PMID: 28333229 PMCID: PMC7108533 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several early models describing host–pathogen interaction have assumed that each individual host has approximately the same likelihood of becoming infected or of infecting others. More recently, a concept that has been increasingly emphasized in many studies is that for many infectious diseases, transmission is not homogeneous but highly skewed at the level of populations. In what became known as the ‘20/80 rule’, about 20% of the hosts in a population were found to contribute to about 80% of the transmission potential. These heterogeneities have been described for the interaction between many microorganisms and their human or animal hosts. Several epidemiological studies have reported transmission heterogeneities for Escherichia coli by cattle, a phenomenon with far-reaching agricultural, medical and public health implications. Focusing on E. coli as a case study, this paper will describe super-spreading and super-shedding by cattle, review the main factors that shape these transmission heterogeneities and examine the interface with human health. Escherichia coli super-shedding and super-spreading by cattle are shaped by microorganism-specific, cattle-specific and environmental factors. Understanding the factors that shape heterogeneities in E. coli dispersion by cattle and the implications for human health represent key components that are critical for targeted infection control initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - David E Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem 91031, Israel
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12
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Pollari F, Christidis T, Pintar KDM, Nesbitt A, Farber J, Lavoie MC, Gill A, Kirsch P, Johnson RP. Evidence for the benefits of food chain interventions on E. coli O157:H7/NM prevalence in retail ground beef and human disease incidence: A success story. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2017; 108:e71-e78. [PMID: 31820420 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.108.5655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM has historically been associated with consumption of undercooked ground beef. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the correlation of the decline in E. coli O157:H7/NM infections in Canada with the introduction of control efforts in ground beef by industry. METHODS The human incidence of E. coli O157:H7/NM, prevalence in ground beef and interventions from 1996 to 2014 were analyzed. Pathogen prevalence data were obtained from federal government and industry surveillance and inspection/compliance programs. A survey of the largest ground beef producers in Canada was conducted to identify when interventions were implemented. RESULTS The incidence of E. coli O157:H7/NM infections in Canada declined from ≈4 cases/100 000 to ≈1 case/100000 from 2000 to 2010. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) prevalence in ground beef sold at retail declined from about 30% around the year 2000 to <2% since 2012. Other measures of the prevalence of E. coli, VTEC, and E. coli O157:H7/NM in beef and ground beef also declined. The number and types of interventions implemented in the major beef processing establishments in Canada increased from 1996 to 2016. CONCLUSION The observed decline in human illnesses and pathogen levels in relation to retail meats was associated with the introduction of control efforts by industry, federal and provincial/territorial governments, and the general population. Industry-led changes in beef processing along with the introduction of food safety policies, regulations, and public education have led to improved food safety in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pollari
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Tanya Christidis
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Katarina D M Pintar
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Andrea Nesbitt
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jeff Farber
- Department of Food Science, University of Cuelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Roger P Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Stanford K, Johnson RP, Alexander TW, McAllister TA, Reuter T. Influence of Season and Feedlot Location on Prevalence and Virulence Factors of Seven Serogroups of Escherichia coli in Feces of Western-Canadian Slaughter Cattle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159866. [PMID: 27482711 PMCID: PMC4970752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooled feces collected over two years from 1749 transport trailers hauling western-Canadian slaughter cattle were analysed by PCR for detection of Escherichia coli serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157. Sequential immunomagnetic separation was then used to collect bacterial isolates (n = 1035) from feces positive for target serogroups. Isolated bacteria were tested by PCR to confirm serogroup and the presence of eae, ehxA, stx1, and stx2 virulence genes. Based on PCR screening, serogroup prevalence in feces ranged from 7.0% (O145) to 94.4% (O103) with at least 3 serogroups present in 79.5% of samples. Origin of cattle affected serogroup PCR prevalence and O157 was most prevalent in feces from south-west Alberta (P < 0.001). All serogroups demonstrated seasonal variations in PCR prevalence, with O26, O45, O103, O121, and O157 least prevalent (P < 0.001) in cooler winter months, while uncommon serogroups O111 and O145 increased in prevalence during winter (P < 0.001). However, isolates collected during winter were predominantly from serogroups O103 and O45. No seasonal variation was noted in proportion of isolates which were Shiga toxin containing E. coli (STEC; P = 0.18) or positive for Shiga toxin and eae (enterohemorrhagic E. coli; EHEC; P = 0.29). Isolates of serogroups O111, O145, and O157 were more frequently EHEC than were others, although 37.6–54.3% of isolates from other serogroups were also EHEC. Shiga-toxin genes present also varied by geographic origin of cattle (P < 0.05) in all serogroups except O157. As cattle within feedlots are sourced from multiple regions, locational differences in serogroup prevalence and virulence genes imply existence of selection pressures for E. coli and their virulence in western-Canadian cattle. Factors which reduce carriage or expression of virulence genes, particularly in non-O157 serogroups, should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Tim Reuter
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Anes J, McCusker MP, Fanning S, Martins M. The ins and outs of RND efflux pumps in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:587. [PMID: 26113845 PMCID: PMC4462101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Relevant authorities including the WHO and CDC have expressed serious concern regarding the continued increase in the development of multidrug resistance among bacteria. They have also reaffirmed the urgent need for investment in the discovery and development of new antibiotics and therapeutic approaches to treat multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The extensive use of antimicrobial compounds in diverse environments, including farming and healthcare, has been identified as one of the main causes for the emergence of MDR bacteria. Induced selective pressure has led bacteria to develop new strategies of defense against these chemicals. Bacteria can accomplish this by several mechanisms, including enzymatic inactivation of the target compound; decreased cell permeability; target protection and/or overproduction; altered target site/enzyme and increased efflux due to over-expression of efflux pumps. Efflux pumps can be specific for a single substrate or can confer resistance to multiple antimicrobials by facilitating the extrusion of a broad range of compounds including antibiotics, heavy metals, biocides and others, from the bacterial cell. To overcome antimicrobial resistance caused by active efflux, efforts are required to better understand the fundamentals of drug efflux mechanisms. There is also a need to elucidate how these mechanisms are regulated and how they respond upon exposure to antimicrobials. Understanding these will allow the development of combined therapies using efflux inhibitors together with antibiotics to act on Gram-negative bacteria, such as the emerging globally disseminated MDR pathogen Escherichia coli ST131 (O25:H4). This review will summarize the current knowledge on resistance-nodulation-cell division efflux mechanisms in E. coli, a bacteria responsible for community and hospital-acquired infections, as well as foodborne outbreaks worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Anes
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew P McCusker
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marta Martins
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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Duffy G, McCabe E. Veterinary Public Health Approach to Managing Pathogenic Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the Agri-Food Chain. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2. [PMID: 26104349 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0023-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Verocytoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) comprises many diverse serogroups, but seven serogroups, O157, O26, O103, O145, O111, O21, and O45, have been most commonly linked to severe human infections, though illness has also been reported from a range of other VTEC serogroups. This poses challenges in assessing the risk to humans from the diverse range of VTEC strains that may be recovered from animals, the environment, or food. For routine assessment of risk posed by VTEC recovered from the agri-food chain, the concept of seropathotype can be used to rank the human risk potential from a particular VTEC serogroup on the basis of both serotype (top seven serogroups) and the presence of particular virulence genes (vt in combination with eae, or aaiC plus aggR). But for other VTEC serogroups or virulence gene combinations, it is not currently possible to fully assess the risk posed. VTEC is shed in animal feces and can persist in the farm environment for extended periods ranging from several weeks to many months, posing an ongoing reservoir of contamination for grazing animals, water courses, and fresh produce and for people using farmland for recreational purposes. Appropriate handling and treatment of stored animal waste (slurries and manures) will reduce risk from VTEC in the farm environment. Foods of animal origin such as milk and dairy products and meat may be contaminated with VTEC during production and processing, and the pathogen may survive or grow during processing operations, highlighting the need for well-designed and validated Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point management systems. This article focuses on a veterinary public health approach to managing VTEC, highlighting the various routes in the agri-food chain for transmission of human pathogenic VTEC and general approaches to managing the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evonne McCabe
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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16
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Parkinson AJ, Evengard B, Semenza JC, Ogden N, Børresen ML, Berner J, Brubaker M, Sjöstedt A, Evander M, Hondula DM, Menne B, Pshenichnaya N, Gounder P, Larose T, Revich B, Hueffer K, Albihn A. Climate change and infectious diseases in the Arctic: establishment of a circumpolar working group. Int J Circumpolar Health 2014; 73:25163. [PMID: 25317383 PMCID: PMC4185088 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v73.25163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic, even more so than other parts of the world, has warmed substantially over the past few decades. Temperature and humidity influence the rate of development, survival and reproduction of pathogens and thus the incidence and prevalence of many infectious diseases. Higher temperatures may also allow infected host species to survive winters in larger numbers, increase the population size and expand their habitat range. The impact of these changes on human disease in the Arctic has not been fully evaluated. There is concern that climate change may shift the geographic and temporal distribution of a range of infectious diseases. Many infectious diseases are climate sensitive, where their emergence in a region is dependent on climate-related ecological changes. Most are zoonotic diseases, and can be spread between humans and animals by arthropod vectors, water, soil, wild or domestic animals. Potentially climate-sensitive zoonotic pathogens of circumpolar concern include Brucella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spp., Clostridium botulinum, Francisella tularensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bacillus anthracis, Echinococcus spp., Leptospira spp., Giardia spp., Cryptosporida spp., Coxiella burnetti, rabies virus, West Nile virus, Hantaviruses, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Parkinson
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Birgitta Evengard
- Arctic Research Centre (ARCUM), Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan C. Semenza
- Office of the Chief Scientist, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Ogden
- Zoonoses Division Centre for Food-borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Malene L. Børresen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Staten Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jim Berner
- Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Michael Brubaker
- Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Anders Sjöstedt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bacteriology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - David M. Hondula
- School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Bettina Menne
- Global Change and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Natalia Pshenichnaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Prabhu Gounder
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Tricia Larose
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Boris Revich
- Institute of Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Karsten Hueffer
- Department of Biology & Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Ann Albihn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinarian Public Health, University of Agricultural Sciences and National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Merialdi G, Bardasi L, Stancampiano L, Taddei R, Delogu M, Di Francesco A, Guarniero I, Grilli E, Fustini M, Bonfante E, Giacometti F, Serraino A. Temporal Variation of Faecal Shedding of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in A Dairy Herd Producing Raw Milk for Direct Human Consumption. Ital J Food Saf 2014; 3:2297. [PMID: 27800362 PMCID: PMC5076729 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2014.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyse over time the evolution of E. coli O157:H7 faecal shedding in a dairy herd producing raw milk for direct human consumption. The study was performed between October 2012 and September 2013 in an average size Italian dairy farm where animals are housed inside the barn all over the year. The farm housed about 140 animals during the study – 70 cows and 70 calves and heifers. Twenty-six animals were randomly selected from both the cows and young animals group, and faecal sampling was performed rectally six times two months apart in each animal. Eleven animals were culled during the study and a total of 285 faecal samples were collected. At each faecal sampling, three trough water samples and two trough feed samples were also collected for a total of 36 water samples and 24 feed samples. Samples were analysed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and culture. Overall, 16 (5.6%) faecal samples were positive for E. coli O157 by RT-PCR. Cultural examination found 9 (3.1%) samples positive for E. coli O157; all the isolates were positive for stx1, stx 2 and eae genes. One (4.1%) feed sample was positive for E. coli O157 by RT-PCR; none of the water samples was positive for E. coli O157. The model highlighted a general significant reduction of the number of positive samples observed during the study from the first to the sixth sampling (P=0.000) and a positive relation between the presence of positive samples and average environmental temperature (P=0.003). The results of the study showed that in an Italian dairy farm housing animals all year, faecal shedding of E. coli O157 followed the same temporal trend reported for other types of farming. The enhanced faecal shedding during warmer months may have a significant impact on environmental contamination and the safety of raw milk and its byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Merialdi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Bologna
| | - Lia Bardasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Bologna
| | - Laura Stancampiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Roberta Taddei
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Bologna
| | - Mauro Delogu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Antonietta Di Francesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Ilaria Guarniero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Mattia Fustini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Elena Bonfante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna , Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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Tran SL, Billoud L, Lewis SB, Phillips AD, Schüller S. Shiga toxin production and translocation during microaerobic human colonic infection with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 and O104:H4. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1255-66. [PMID: 24612002 PMCID: PMC4231982 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is dependent on release of Shiga toxins (Stxs) during intestinal infection and subsequent absorption into the bloodstream. An understanding of Stx-related events in the human gut is limited due to lack of suitable experimental models. In this study, we have used a vertical diffusion chamber system with polarized human colon carcinoma cells to simulate the microaerobic (MA) environment in the human intestine and investigate its influence on Stx release and translocation during STEC O157:H7 and O104:H4 infection. Stx2 was the major toxin type released during infection. Whereas microaerobiosis significantly reduced bacterial growth as well as Stx production and release into the medium, Stx translocation across the epithelial monolayer was enhanced under MA versus aerobic conditions. Increased Stx transport was dependent on STEC infection and occurred via a transcellular pathway other than macropinocytosis. While MA conditions had a similar general effect on Stx release and absorption during infection with STEC O157:H7 and O104:H4, both serotypes showed considerable differences in colonization, Stx production, and Stx translocation which suggest alternative virulence strategies. Taken together, our study suggests that the MA environment in the human colon may modulate Stx-related events and enhance Stx absorption during STEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seav-Ly Tran
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK; Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Hong S, Song SE, Oh KH, Kim SH, Yoo SJ, Lim HS, Park MS. Prevalence of Farm and Slaughterhouse Workers Carrying Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Korea. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013; 2:198-201. [PMID: 24159473 PMCID: PMC3767081 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2011.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of Shiga toxin (Stx) gene-positive stool samples from dairy farmer and slaughterhouse workers in Gyeonggi-Do province. METHODS A total of 621 samples from healthy farmers and 198 samples from slaughterhouse workers were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) infection on stool samples. RESULTS The PCR product of Stx-encoding genes was detected in 21 (3.4%) of 621 farmers and 15 (7.6%) of 198 slaughterhouse workers' stool samples. Distribution of the Stx PCR positive workers by age increment revealed an increase in STEC infection with age increment in both workers. Distribution of the Stx PCR positive workers by working years revealed an increase in STEC infection with working years in farmers. CONCLUSION These results of the study show that slaughterhouse workers are at higher risk of STEC infection than farmers. In addition, slaughterhouse workers have a more potential source of food contamination of STEC and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahyun Hong
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
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Nakjang S, Ndeh DA, Wipat A, Bolam DN, Hirt RP. A novel extracellular metallopeptidase domain shared by animal host-associated mutualistic and pathogenic microbes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30287. [PMID: 22299034 PMCID: PMC3267712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal microbiota is recognised as an important factor for our health, with many disease states linked to imbalances in the normal community structure. Hence, there is considerable interest in identifying the molecular basis of human-microbe interactions. In this work we investigated the capacity of microbes to thrive on mucosal surfaces, either as mutualists, commensals or pathogens, using comparative genomics to identify co-occurring molecular traits. We identified a novel domain we named M60-like/PF13402 (new Pfam entry PF13402), which was detected mainly among proteins from animal host mucosa-associated prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes ranging from mutualists to pathogens. Lateral gene transfers between distantly related microbes explained their shared M60-like/PF13402 domain. The novel domain is characterised by a zinc-metallopeptidase-like motif and is distantly related to known viral enhancin zinc-metallopeptidases. Signal peptides and/or cell surface anchoring features were detected in most microbial M60-like/PF13402 domain-containing proteins, indicating that these proteins target an extracellular substrate. A significant subset of these putative peptidases was further characterised by the presence of associated domains belonging to carbohydrate-binding module family 5/12, 32 and 51 and other glycan-binding domains, suggesting that these novel proteases are targeted to complex glycoproteins such as mucins. An in vitro mucinase assay demonstrated degradation of mammalian mucins by a recombinant form of an M60-like/PF13402-containing protein from the gut mutualist Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. This study reveals that M60-like domains are peptidases targeting host glycoproteins. These peptidases likely play an important role in successful colonisation of both vertebrate mucosal surfaces and the invertebrate digestive tract by both mutualistic and pathogenic microbes. Moreover, 141 entries across various peptidase families described in the MEROPS database were also identified with carbohydrate-binding modules defining a new functional context for these glycan-binding domains and providing opportunities to engineer proteases targeting specific glycoproteins for both biomedical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirintra Nakjang
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Didier A. Ndeh
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Wipat
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David N. Bolam
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Hirt
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Shiga toxin interaction with human intestinal epithelium. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:626-39. [PMID: 22069729 PMCID: PMC3202847 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After ingestion via contaminated food or water, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli colonises the intestinal mucosa and produces Shiga toxins (Stx). No Stx-specific secretion system has been described so far, and it is assumed that Stx are released into the gut lumen after bacterial lysis. Human intestinal epithelium does not express the Stx receptor Gb3 or other Stx binding sites, and it remains unknown how Stx cross the intestinal epithelial barrier and gain access to the systemic circulation. This review summarises current knowledge about the influence of the intestinal environment on Stx production and release, Stx interaction with intestinal epithelial cells and intracellular uptake, and toxin translocation into underlying tissues. Furthermore, it highlights gaps in understanding that need to be addressed by future research.
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