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Negi M, Kaushik N, Lamichhane P, Jaiswal A, Borkar SB, Patel P, Singh P, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Biocompatible plasma-treated liquids: A sustainable approach for decontaminating gastrointestinal-infection causing pathogens. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134562. [PMID: 38743977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections are a serious threat and difficult to cure due to rising antibiotic resistance in pathogens and biofilms. Direct exposure to cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been widely employed in numerous biological research endeavors. Nonetheless, plasma-treated liquids (PTLs) formulated with physiological solutions may offer additional benefits such as enhanced portability, and biocompatibility. Additionally, CAP-infused long-lived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) such as nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can synergistically induce their antibacterial activity. Herein, we investigated those argon-plasma jet-treated liquids, including Ringer's lactate (RL), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and physiological saline, have significant antibacterial activity against nosocomial/gastrointestinal-causing pathogens, which might be due to ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation. Combining the conventional culture-based method with propidium iodide monoazide quantitative PCR (PMAxx™-qPCR) indicated that PTLs induce a minimal viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state and moderately affect culturable counts. Specifically, the PTL exposure resulted in pathogenicity dysfunction via controlling T3SS-related effector genes of S. enterica. Overall, this study provides insights into the effectiveness of PTLs for inducing ROS-mediated damage, controlling the virulence of diarrheagenic bacteria, and modulating homeostatic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manorma Negi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, South Korea.
| | - Prajwal Lamichhane
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Apurva Jaiswal
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Shweta B Borkar
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Paritosh Patel
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea.
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Toyting J, Nuanmuang N, Utrarachkij F, Supha N, Thongpanich Y, Leekitcharoenphon P, Aarestrup FM, Sato T, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Genomic analysis of Salmonella isolated from canal water in Bangkok, Thailand. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0421623. [PMID: 38563788 PMCID: PMC11064549 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04216-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an escalating global public health threat. Canals are essential in Thailand, including the capital city, Bangkok, as agricultural and daily water sources. However, the characteristic and antimicrobial-resistance properties of the bacteria in the urban canals have never been elucidated. This study employed whole genome sequencing to characterize 30 genomes of a causal pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella enterica, isolated from Bangkok canal water between 2016 and 2020. The dominant serotype was Salmonella Agona. In total, 35 AMR genes and 30 chromosomal-mediated gene mutations were identified, in which 21 strains carried both acquired genes and mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Virulence factors associated with invasion, adhesion, and survival during infection were detected in all study strains. 75.9% of the study stains were multidrug-resistant and all the strains harbored the necessary virulence factors associated with salmonellosis. One strain carried 20 resistance genes, including mcr-3.1, mutations in GyrA, ParC, and ParE, and typhoid toxin-associated genes. Fifteen plasmid replicon types were detected, with Col(pHAD28) being the most common type. Comparative analysis of nine S. Agona from Bangkok and 167 from public databases revealed that specific clonal lineages of S. Agona might have been circulating between canal water and food sources in Thailand and globally. These findings provide insight into potential pathogens in the aquatic ecosystem and support the inclusion of environmental samples into comprehensive AMR surveillance initiatives as part of a One Health approach. This approach aids in comprehending the rise and dissemination of AMR and devising sustainable intervention strategies.IMPORTANCEBangkok is the capital city of Thailand and home to a large canal network that serves the city in various ways. The presence of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is alarming and poses a significant public health risk. The present study is the first characterization of the genomic of Salmonella strains from Bangkok canal water. Twenty-two of 29 strains (75.9%) were multidrug-resistant Salmonella and all the strains carried essential virulence factors for pathogenesis. Various plasmid types were identified in these strains, potentially facilitating the horizontal transfer of AMR genes. Additional investigations indicated a potential circulation of S. Agona between canal water and food sources in Thailand. The current study underscores the role of environmental water in an urban city as a reservoir of pathogens and these data obtained can serve as a basis for public health risk assessment and help shape intervention strategies to combat AMR challenges in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirachaya Toyting
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Narong Nuanmuang
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fuangfa Utrarachkij
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neunghatai Supha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuwanda Thongpanich
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Toyotaka Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Research Support, Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Research Support, Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Zafar H, Saier MH. An Insider's Perspective about the Pathogenic Relevance of Gut Bacterial Transportomes. Microb Physiol 2024; 34:133-141. [PMID: 38636461 DOI: 10.1159/000538779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome is integral to host health, hosting complex interactions between the host and numerous microbial species in the gastrointestinal tract. Key among the molecular mechanisms employed by gut bacteria are transportomes, consisting of diverse transport proteins crucial for bacterial adaptation to the dynamic, nutrient-rich environment of the mammalian gut. These transportomes facilitate the movement of a wide array of molecules, impacting both the host and the microbial community. SUMMARY This communication explores the significance of transportomes in gut bacteria, focusing on their role in nutrient acquisition, competitive interactions among microbes, and potential pathogenicity. It delves into the transportomes of key gut bacterial species like E. coli, Salmonella, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Clostridia, and Bifidobacterium, examining the functions of predicted transport proteins. The overview synthesizes recent research efforts, highlighting how these transportomes influence host-microbe interactions and contribute to the microbial ecology of the gut. KEY MESSAGES Transportomes are vital for the survival and adaptation of bacteria in the gut, enabling the import and export of various nutrients and molecules. The complex interplay of transport proteins not only supports bacterial growth and competition but also has implications for host health, potentially contributing to pathogenic processes. Understanding the pathogenic potential of transportomes in major gut bacterial species provides insights into gut health and disease, offering avenues for future research and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zafar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Milton H Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Andrews K, Landeryou T, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Nale JY. Diverse Prophage Elements of Salmonella enterica Serovars Show Potential Roles in Bacterial Pathogenicity. Cells 2024; 13:514. [PMID: 38534358 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is an important foodborne and zoonotic infection that causes significant global public health concern. Diverse serovars are multidrug-resistant and encode several virulence indicators; however, little is known on the role prophages play in driving these traits. Here, we extracted prophages from seventy-five Salmonella genomes which represent the fifteen important serovars in the United Kingdom. We analyzed the intact prophages for the presence of virulence genes and established their genomic relationships. We identified 615 prophages from the Salmonella strains, from which 195 prophages are intact, 332 are incomplete, while 88 are questionable. The average prophage carriage was found to be 'extreme' in S. Heidelberg, S. Inverness, and S. Newport (10.2-11.6 prophages/strain), 'high' in S. Infantis, S. Stanley, S. Typhimurium, and S. Virchow (8.2-9.0 prophages/strain), 'moderate' in S. Agona, S. Braenderup, S. Bovismorbificans, S. Choleraesuis, S. Dublin, and S. Java (6.0-7.8 prophages/strain), and 'low' in S. Javiana and S. Enteritidis (5.8 prophages/strain). Cumulatively, 61 virulence genes (1500 gene copies) were detected from representative intact prophages and linked to Salmonella delivery/secretion system (42.62%), adherence (32.7%), magnesium uptake (3.88%), regulation (5%), stress/survival (1.6%), toxins (10%), and antivirulence (1.6%). Diverse clusters were formed among the intact prophages and with bacteriophages of other enterobacteria, suggesting different lineages and associations. Our work provides a strong body of data to support the contributions diverse prophages make to the pathogenicity of Salmonella, including thirteen previously unexplored serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Andrews
- Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Toby Landeryou
- Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janet Yakubu Nale
- Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
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Lamichhane B, Mawad AMM, Saleh M, Kelley WG, Harrington PJ, Lovestad CW, Amezcua J, Sarhan MM, El Zowalaty ME, Ramadan H, Morgan M, Helmy YA. Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:76. [PMID: 38247636 PMCID: PMC10812683 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Salmonella is highly pathogenic and encompasses more than 2600 characterized serovars. The transmission of Salmonella to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment for salmonellosis, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have highlighted the urgency of developing antibiotic alternatives. Effective infection management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the pathogen's epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Therefore, this comprehensive review focuses on the epidemiology, sources of infection, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and the host range of Salmonella serotypes. This review also investigates the disease characteristics observed in both humans and animals, antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and potential strategies for treatment and control of salmonellosis, emphasizing the most recent antibiotic-alternative approaches for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Lamichhane
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Asmaa M. M. Mawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - William G. Kelley
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Patrick J. Harrington
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Cayenne W. Lovestad
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Jessica Amezcua
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Sarhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), Ras Sudr 8744304, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women’s Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Melissa Morgan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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6
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Gudeta DD, Foley SL. Versatile allelic replacement and self-excising integrative vectors for plasmid genome mutation and complementation. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0338723. [PMID: 37991378 PMCID: PMC10782977 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03387-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In spite of the dissemination of multidrug-resistant plasmids among Gram-negative pathogens, including those carrying virulence genes, vector tools for studying plasmid-born genes are lacking. The allelic replacement vectors can be used to generate plasmid or chromosomal mutations including markless point mutations. This is the first report describing a self-excising integrative vector that can be used as a stable single-copy complementing tool to study medically important pathogens including in vivo studies without the need for antibiotic selection. Overall, our newly developed vectors can be applied for the assessment of the function of plasmid-encoded genes by specifically creating mutations, moving large operons between plasmids and to/from the chromosome, and complementing phenotypes associated with gene mutation. Furthermore, the vectors express chromophores for the detection of target gene modification or colony isolation, avoiding time-consuming screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje D. Gudeta
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Steven L. Foley
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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7
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Cortés-Avalos D, Borges Farias A, Romero-González LE, Lara-Ochoa C, Villa-Tanaca L, García-Del Portillo F, López-Guerrero V, Bustamante VH, Pérez-Rueda E, Ibarra JA. Interactions between the AraC/XylS-like transcriptional activator InvF of Salmonella Typhimurium, the RNA polymerase alpha subunit and the chaperone SicA. Sci Rep 2024; 14:156. [PMID: 38167847 PMCID: PMC10761746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes gastroenteritis and systemic infections in humans. For this bacterium the expression of a type III secretion system (T3SS) and effector proteins encoded in the Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1), is keystone for the virulence of this bacterium. Expression of these is controlled by a regulatory cascade starting with the transcriptional regulators HilD, HilC and RtsA that induce the expression of HilA, which then activates expression of the regulator InvF, a transcriptional regulator of the AraC/XylS family. InvF needs to interact with the chaperone SicA to activate transcription of SPI-1 genes including sicA, sopB, sptP, sopE, sopE2, and STM1239. InvF very likely acts as a classical activator; however, whether InvF interacts with the RNA polymerase alpha subunit RpoA has not been determined. Results from this study confirm the interaction between InvF with SicA and reveal that both proteins interact with the RNAP alpha subunit. Thus, our study further supports that the InvF/SicA complex acts as a classical activator. Additionally, we showed for the first time an interaction between a chaperone of T3SS effectors (SicA) and the RNAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cortés-Avalos
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - André Borges Farias
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica del Estado de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Luis E Romero-González
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Cristina Lara-Ochoa
- Centro de Detección Biomolecular, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Villa-Tanaca
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco García-Del Portillo
- Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB)-CSIC, Darwin, 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa López-Guerrero
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Víctor H Bustamante
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Pérez-Rueda
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica del Estado de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - J Antonio Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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8
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Yang J, Barrila J, Nauman EA, Nydam SD, Yang S, Park J, Gutierrez-Jensen AD, Castro CL, Ott CM, Buss K, Steel J, Zakrajsek AD, Schuff MM, Nickerson CA. Incremental increases in physiological fluid shear progressively alter pathogenic phenotypes and gene expression in multidrug resistant Salmonella. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2357767. [PMID: 38783686 PMCID: PMC11135960 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2357767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to sense and respond to mechanical forces has important implications for pathogens during infection, as they experience wide fluid shear fluctuations in the host. However, little is known about how mechanical forces encountered in the infected host drive microbial pathogenesis. Herein, we combined mathematical modeling with hydrodynamic bacterial culture to profile transcriptomic and pathogenesis-related phenotypes of multidrug resistant S. Typhimurium (ST313 D23580) under different fluid shear conditions relevant to its transition from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream. We report that D23580 exhibited incremental changes in transcriptomic profiles that correlated with its pathogenic phenotypes in response to these progressive increases in fluid shear. This is the first demonstration that incremental changes in fluid shear forces alter stress responses and gene expression in any ST313 strain and offers mechanistic insight into how forces encountered by bacteria during infection might impact their disease-causing ability in unexpected ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseon Yang
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Barrila
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eric A. Nauman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Seth D. Nydam
- Department of Animal Care & Technologies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bioscience, Knowledge Enterprise, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Park
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ami D. Gutierrez-Jensen
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Christian L. Castro
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- JES Tech, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C. Mark Ott
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristina Buss
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bioscience, Knowledge Enterprise, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jason Steel
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bioscience, Knowledge Enterprise, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Anne D. Zakrajsek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary M. Schuff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Nickerson
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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9
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Zhao M, Tan X, Liu ZQ, Dou L, Liu D, Pan YJ, Ma YF, Yu JL. Engineered phage with cell-penetrating peptides for intracellular bacterial infections. mSystems 2023; 8:e0064623. [PMID: 37594262 PMCID: PMC10654057 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00646-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Salmonella infection is a significant threat to global public health, and the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance exacerbates the situation. Therefore, finding new and effective ways to combat this pathogen is essential. Phages are natural predators of bacteria and can be used as an alternative to antibiotics to kill specific bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. One significant limitation of using phages as antimicrobial agents is their low cellular uptake, which limits their effectiveness against intracellular bacterial infections. Therefore, finding ways to enhance phage uptake is crucial. Our study provides a straightforward strategy for displaying cell-penetrating peptides on non-model phages, offering a promising novel and effective therapeutic approach for treating intracellular and drug-resistant bacteria. This approach has the potential to address the global challenge of antibiotic resistance and improve public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zi-qiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Dou
- Department of Neonatology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong-jun Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-fei Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-lin Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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10
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Pokorzynski ND, Groisman EA. How Bacterial Pathogens Coordinate Appetite with Virulence. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0019822. [PMID: 37358444 PMCID: PMC10521370 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00198-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells adjust growth and metabolism to nutrient availability. Having access to a variety of carbon sources during infection of their animal hosts, facultative intracellular pathogens must efficiently prioritize carbon utilization. Here, we discuss how carbon source controls bacterial virulence, with an emphasis on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which causes gastroenteritis in immunocompetent humans and a typhoid-like disease in mice, and propose that virulence factors can regulate carbon source prioritization by modifying cellular physiology. On the one hand, bacterial regulators of carbon metabolism control virulence programs, indicating that pathogenic traits appear in response to carbon source availability. On the other hand, signals controlling virulence regulators may impact carbon source utilization, suggesting that stimuli that bacterial pathogens experience within the host can directly impinge on carbon source prioritization. In addition, pathogen-triggered intestinal inflammation can disrupt the gut microbiota and thus the availability of carbon sources. By coordinating virulence factors with carbon utilization determinants, pathogens adopt metabolic pathways that may not be the most energy efficient because such pathways promote resistance to antimicrobial agents and also because host-imposed deprivation of specific nutrients may hinder the operation of certain pathways. We propose that metabolic prioritization by bacteria underlies the pathogenic outcome of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D. Pokorzynski
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eduardo A. Groisman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Microbial Sciences Institute, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Engel S, Bachem A, Strugnell RA, Strasser A, Herold MJ, Bedoui S. Functional flexibility and plasticity in immune control of systemic Salmonella infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102343. [PMID: 37245415 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to systemic Salmonella infection depends on multiple effector mechanisms. Lymphocyte-derived interferon gamma (IFN-γ) enhances cell-intrinsic bactericidal capabilities to antagonize the hijacking of phagocytes as replicative niches for Salmonella. Programmed cell death (PCD) provides another means through which phagocytes fight against intracellular Salmonella. We describe remarkable levels of flexibility with which the host coordinates and adapts these responses. This involves interchangeable cellular sources of IFN-γ regulated by innate and adaptive cues, and the rewiring of PCD pathways in previously unknown ways. We discuss that such plasticity is likely the consequence of host-pathogen coevolution and raise the possibility of further functional overlap between these seemingly distinct processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Engel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Keller MR, Dörr T. Bacterial metabolism and susceptibility to cell wall-active antibiotics. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 83:181-219. [PMID: 37507159 PMCID: PMC11024984 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are increasingly resistant to antimicrobial therapy. Intense research focus has thus been placed on identifying the mechanisms that bacteria use to resist killing or growth inhibition by antibiotics and the ways in which bacteria share these traits with one another. This work has led to the advancement of new drugs, combination therapy regimens, and a deeper appreciation for the adaptability seen in microorganisms. However, while the primary mechanisms of action of most antibiotics are well understood, the more subtle contributions of bacterial metabolic state to repairing or preventing damage caused by antimicrobials (thereby promoting survival) are still understudied. Here, we review a modern viewpoint on a classical system: examining bacterial metabolism's connection to antibiotic susceptibility. We dive into the relationship between metabolism and antibiotic efficacy through the lens of growth rate, energy state, resource allocation, and the infection environment, focusing on cell wall-active antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Renee Keller
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tobias Dörr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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13
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Karnwal A, Kumar G, Pant G, Hossain K, Ahmad A, Alshammari MB. Perspectives on Usage of Functional Nanomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy for Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13492-13508. [PMID: 37091369 PMCID: PMC10116640 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The clinical applications of nanotechnology are emerging as widely popular, particularly as a potential treatment approach for infectious diseases. Diseases associated with multiple drug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are a global concern of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has increased the urgency associated with researching and developing novel bactericidal medicines or unorthodox methods capable of combating antimicrobial resistance. Nanomaterial-based treatments are promising for treating severe bacterial infections because they bypass antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Nanomaterial-based approaches, especially those that do not rely on small-molecule antimicrobials, display potential since they can bypass drug-resistant bacteria systems. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small enough to pass through the cell membranes of pathogenic bacteria and interfere with essential molecular pathways. They can also target biofilms and eliminate infections that have proven difficult to treat. In this review, we described the antibacterial mechanisms of NPs against bacteria and the parameters involved in targeting established antibiotic resistance and biofilms. Finally, yet importantly, we talked about NPs and the various ways they can be utilized, including as delivery methods, intrinsic antimicrobials, or a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Karnwal
- Department
of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department
of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Gaurav Pant
- Department
of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to
be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
| | - Kaizar Hossain
- Department
of Environmental Science, Asutosh College, University of Calcutta, 92, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road, Bhowanipore, Kolkata 700026, West
Bengal, India
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed B. Alshammari
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Plocica J, Guo F, Das JK, Kobayashi KS, Ficht TA, Alaniz RC, Song J, de Figueiredo P. Engineering live attenuated vaccines: Old dogs learning new tricks. J Transl Autoimmun 2023; 6:100198. [PMID: 37090898 PMCID: PMC10113845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2023.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes are increasingly common global problems. Concerns about increases in the prevalence of such diseases and the limited efficacy of conventional treatment regimens necessitates new therapies to address these challenges. Autoimmune disease severity and dysbiosis are interconnected. Although probiotics have been established as a therapy to rebalance the microbiome and suppress autoimmune symptoms, these microbes tend to lack a number of advantageous qualities found in non-commensal bacteria. Through attenuation and genetic manipulation, these non-commensal bacteria have been engineered into recombinant forms that offer malleable platforms capable of addressing the immune imbalances found in RA and T1D. Such bacteria have been engineered to express valuable gene products known to suppress autoimmunity such as anti-inflammatory cytokines, autoantigens, and enzymes synthesizing microbial metabolites. This review will highlight current and emerging trends in the field and discuss how they may be used to prevent and control autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Plocica
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Fengguang Guo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Koichi S. Kobayashi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Institute of Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Thomas A. Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Robert C. Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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15
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Zaldívar-López S, Herrera-Uribe J, Bautista R, Jiménez Á, Moreno Á, Claros MG, Garrido JJ. Salmonella Typhimurium induces genome-wide expression and phosphorylation changes that modulate immune response, intracellular survival and vesicle transport in infected neutrophils. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104597. [PMID: 36450302 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen that causes salmonellosis. When in contact with the host, neutrophils are rapidly recruited to act as first line of defense. To better understand the pathogenesis of this infection, we used an in vitro model of neutrophil infection to perform dual RNA-sequencing (both host and pathogen). In addition, and given that many pathogens interfere with kinase-mediated phosphorylation in host signaling, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis. The immune response was overall diminished in infected neutrophils, mainly JAK/STAT and toll-like receptor signaling pathways. We found decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokine receptor genes and predicted downregulation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) signaling pathway. Also, Salmonella infection inhibited interferons I and II signaling pathways by upregulation of SOCS3 and subsequent downregulation of STAT1 and STAT2. Additionally, phosphorylation of PSMC2 and PSMC4, proteasome regulatory proteins, was decreased in infected neutrophils. Cell viability and survival was increased by p53 signaling, cell cycle arrest and NFkB-proteasome pathways activation. Combined analysis of RNA-seq and phosphoproteomics also revealed inhibited vesicle transport mechanisms mediated by dynein/dynactin and exocyst complexes, involved in ER-to-Golgi transport and centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes. Among the overexpressed virulence genes from Salmonella we found potential effectors responsible of these dysregulations, such as spiC, sopD2, sifA or pipB2, all of them involved in intracellular replication. Our results suggest that Salmonella induces (through overexpression of virulence factors) transcriptional and phosphorylation changes that increases neutrophil survival and shuts down immune response to minimize host response, and impairing intracellular vesicle transport likely to keep nutrients for replication and Salmonella-containing vacuole formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zaldívar-López
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juber Herrera-Uribe
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jiménez
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángela Moreno
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Hetta HF, Ramadan YN, Al-Harbi AI, A. Ahmed E, Battah B, Abd Ellah NH, Zanetti S, Donadu MG. Nanotechnology as a Promising Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistant Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020413. [PMID: 36830949 PMCID: PMC9953167 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide spread of antibiotic resistance has been alarming in recent years and poses a serious global hazard to public health as it leads to millions of deaths all over the world. The wide spread of resistance and sharing resistance genes between different types of bacteria led to emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms. This problem is exacerbated when microorganisms create biofilms, which can boost bacterial resistance by up to 1000-fold and increase the emergence of MDR infections. The absence of novel and potent antimicrobial compounds is linked to the rise of multidrug resistance. This has sparked international efforts to develop new and improved antimicrobial agents as well as innovative and efficient techniques for antibiotic administration and targeting. There is an evolution in nanotechnology in recent years in treatment and prevention of the biofilm formation and MDR infection. The development of nanomaterial-based therapeutics, which could overcome current pathways linked to acquired drug resistance, is a hopeful strategy for treating difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. Additionally, nanoparticles' distinct size and physical characteristics enable them to target biofilms and treat resistant pathogens. This review highlights the current advances in nanotechnology to combat MDR and biofilm infection. In addition, it provides insight on development and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, spread of MDR and XDR infection, and development of nanoparticles and mechanisms of their antibacterial activity. Moreover, this review considers the difference between free antibiotics and nanoantibiotics, and the synergistic effect of nanoantibiotics to combat planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria and biofilm. Finally, we will discuss the strength and limitations of the application of nanotechnology against bacterial infection and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.F.H.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Yasmin N. Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Alhanouf I. Al-Harbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu 46411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esraa A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Basem Battah
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Syrian Private University (SPU), Daraa International Highway, 36822 Damascus, Syria
| | - Noura H. Abd Ellah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Assiut, Naser City, Assiut 2014101, Egypt
| | - Stefania Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Matthew Gavino Donadu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Hospital Pharmacy, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (H.F.H.); (M.G.D.)
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17
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Tang B, Elbediwi M, Nambiar RB, Yang H, Lin J, Yue M. Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Duck, Chicken, and Pig Farms and Retail Markets in Eastern China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0125722. [PMID: 36047803 PMCID: PMC9603869 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01257-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica poses a significant public health concern worldwide. However, the dissemination of Salmonella enterica among food animals in eastern China has not been fully addressed. Here, we demonstrated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and the whole-genome characterization of 105 S. enterica isolates from 1,480 fecal samples and anal swabs collected from 22 different farms (chickens, ducks, and pigs) and two live animal markets located in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces in eastern China in 2019. The prevalence of isolates in duck farms (19.17%, 23/120) was statistically significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in chicken farms (6.61%, 37/523) and pig farms (3.50%, 7/200). Among these isolates, 75.26% (79/105) were multidrug resistant, with the highest rates of resistance to tetracycline (76.20%) and ampicillin (67.62%) and the lowest resistance rate to meropenem (0.00%). The serotypes were consistent with sequence types and were closely related to the sampling animal species and sites. S. enterica serotype Kentucky (20.95%, 22/105) was the most frequent serotype and harbored more AMR patterns and genes than others. Furthermore, IncFII(S) and IncHI2 were the most prevalent replicons. A total of 44 acquired AMR genes were found. Among those genes, aac(6')-Iaa, blaTEM-1B, floR, dfrA14, fosA7, mph(A), qnrS1, sul1, tet(A), and ARR-3 were the dominant AMR genes mediating the AMR toward aminoglycosides, β-lactams, phenicol, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, macrolide, quinolone, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and rifampin, respectively. The consistency of acquired AMR genes with AMR phenotypes for ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftazidime, meropenem, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline was >90%. Together, our study highlights the application of whole-genome sequencing to assess veterinary public health threats. IMPORTANCE Public health is a significant concern in China, and the foodborne pathogen Salmonella, which is spread via the animal-borne food chain, plays an important role in the overall disease burden in China annually. The development of advanced sequencing technologies has introduced a new way of understanding emerging pathogens. However, the routine surveillance application of this method in China remains in its infancy. Here, we applied a pool of all isolates from the prevalence data in Zhejiang and Fujian for whole-genome sequencing and combined these data with the cutting-edge bioinformatic analysis pipeline for one-step determination of the complete genetic makeup for all 105 genomes. The illustrated method could provide a cost-effective approach, without labor-intensive laboratory characterization, for predicting serotypes, genotypes, plasmid types, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes, and thus would provide essential knowledge for emerging pathogens. Our findings and perspectives are essential for delivering updated knowledge on foodborne pathogens in an understudied region in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reshma B. Nambiar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Gao Y, Chen H, Li W, Zhang Y, Luo J, Zhao L, Shi F, Ye G, He X, Xu Z, Zhu L, Tang H, Li Y. Chloroform extracts of Atractylodes chinensis inhibit the adhesion and invasion of Salmonella typhimurium. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113633. [PMID: 36063647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 27 million cases of Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) reported worldwide annually, which have resulted in 217,000 deaths to date. Thus, there is an urgent requirement to develop novel antibacterial agents to target the multidrug-resistant strains of STM. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of the chloroform extracts of Atractylodes chinensis (Ac-CE) on the virulence of STM in vitro and develop it as a potential antibacterial agent. First, we determined the in vitro effects of Ac-CE on STM biofilm formation, and swimming, swarming, and adhesion to mucin. Further, we evaluated the effect of Ac-CE on the adhesion and invasion of STM at the gene level. Lastly, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of Ac-CE on STM infectivity at the cellular level. Ac-CE could attenuate both the adhesion and invasion abilities of STM in vitro. At the gene level, it could inhibit the expression of flagella, pilus, biofilm, SPI-1, and SPI-2 genes, which are related to the adhesion and invasion ability of STM in cells. Ac-CE significantly downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in an STM infection cell model. It also significantly recovered the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes and proteins in intestinal cells that are damaged during STM infection. Ac-CE is effective as an antivirulence agent in alleviating STM infection. Although the main components of Ac-CE were analyzed.We have not demonstrated the antivirulence effect of the active ingredients in Ac-CE. And the antivirulence effect of Ac-CE and its active ingredients warrant further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanze Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Helin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Li
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Ethnic Affairs Commission Key Open Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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19
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Pérez-Rodríguez S, Borau C, García-Aznar JM, Gonzalo-Asensio J. A microfluidic-based analysis of 3D macrophage migration after stimulation by Mycobacterium, Salmonella and Escherichia. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:211. [PMID: 36045335 PMCID: PMC9429415 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02623-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an essential role in the process of recognition and containment of microbial infections. These immune cells are recruited to infectious sites to reach and phagocytose pathogens. Specifically, in this article, bacteria from the genus Mycobacterium, Salmonella and Escherichia, were selected to study the directional macrophage movement towards different bacterial fractions. We recreated a three-dimensional environment in a microfluidic device, using a collagen-based hydrogel that simulates the mechanical microarchitecture associated to the Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM). First, we showed that macrophage migration is affected by the collagen concentration of their environment, migrating greater distances at higher velocities with decreasing collagen concentrations. To recreate the infectious microenvironment, macrophages were exposed to lateral gradients of bacterial fractions obtained from the intracellular pathogens M. tuberculosis and S. typhimurium. Our results showed that macrophages migrated directionally, and in a concentration-dependent manner, towards the sites where bacterial fractions are located, suggesting the presence of attractants molecules in all the samples. We confirmed that purified M. tuberculosis antigens, as ESAT-6 and CFP-10, stimulated macrophage recruitment in our device. Finally, we also observed that macrophages migrate towards fractions from non-pathogenic bacteria, such as M. smegmatis and Escherichia coli. In conclusion, our microfluidic device is a useful tool which opens new perspectives to study the recognition of specific antigens by innate immune cells.
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20
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Yuan J, Zhang Q, Chen S, Yan M, Yue L. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Bacterial Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080863. [PMID: 36014984 PMCID: PMC9415076 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a noncanonical autophagy process reported in recent years and is one of the effective mechanisms of host defense against bacterial infection. During LAP, bacteria are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), enter the body, and then recruit LC3 onto a single-membrane phagosome to form a LAPosome. LC3 conjugation can promote the fusion of the LAPosomes with lysosomes, resulting in their maturation into phagolysosomes, which can effectively kill the identified pathogens. However, to survive in host cells, bacteria have also evolved strategies to evade killing by LAP. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of LAP in resistance to bacterial infection and the ways in which bacteria escape LAP. We aim to provide new clues for developing novel therapeutic strategies for bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Shihua Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lei Yue
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (L.Y.)
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21
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Arshad R, Sargazi S, Fatima I, Mobashar A, Rahdar A, Ajalli N, Kyzas GZ. Nanotechnology for Therapy of Zoonotic Diseases: A Comprehensive Overview. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Arshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Lahore Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan 98167-43463 Iran
| | - Iqra Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Aisha Mobashar
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Lahore Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics University of Zabol Zabol P. O. Box. 98613–35856 Iran
| | - Narges Ajalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - George Z. Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry International Hellenic University Kavala Greece
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22
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Devlin JR, Santus W, Mendez J, Peng W, Yu A, Wang J, Alejandro-Navarreto X, Kiernan K, Singh M, Jiang P, Mechref Y, Behnsen J. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium chitinases modulate the intestinal glycome and promote small intestinal invasion. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010167. [PMID: 35482787 PMCID: PMC9049507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the leading causes of food-borne illnesses worldwide. To colonize the gastrointestinal tract, S. Typhimurium produces multiple virulence factors that facilitate cellular invasion. Chitinases have been recently emerging as virulence factors for various pathogenic bacterial species, and the S. Typhimurium genome contains two annotated chitinases: STM0018 (chiA) and STM0233. However, the role of these chitinases during S. Typhimurium pathogenesis is unknown. The putative chitinase STM0233 has not been studied previously, and only limited data exists on ChiA. Chitinases typically hydrolyze chitin polymers, which are absent in vertebrates. However, chiA expression was detected in infection models and purified ChiA cleaved carbohydrate subunits present on mammalian surface glycoproteins, indicating a role during pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that expression of chiA and STM0233 is upregulated in the mouse gut and that both chitinases facilitate epithelial cell adhesion and invasion. S. Typhimurium lacking both chitinases showed a 70% reduction in invasion of small intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. In a gastroenteritis mouse model, chitinase-deficient S. Typhimurium strains were also significantly attenuated in the invasion of small intestinal tissue. This reduced invasion resulted in significantly delayed S. Typhimurium dissemination to the spleen and the liver, but chitinases were not required for systemic survival. The invasion defect of the chitinase-deficient strain was rescued by the presence of wild-type S. Typhimurium, suggesting that chitinases are secreted. By analyzing N-linked glycans of small intestinal cells, we identified specific N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycans as potential extracellular targets of S. Typhimurium chitinases. This analysis also revealed a differential abundance of Lewis X/A-containing glycans that is likely a result of host cell modulation due to the detection of S. Typhimurium chitinases. Similar glycomic changes elicited by chitinase deficient strains indicate functional redundancy of the chitinases. Overall, our results demonstrate that S. Typhimurium chitinases contribute to intestinal adhesion and invasion through modulation of the host glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William Santus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jorge Mendez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junyao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiomarie Alejandro-Navarreto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn Kiernan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Peilin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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23
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Thakur R, Suri CR, Rishi P. Contribution of typhoid toxin in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhi. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105444. [PMID: 35149176 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To persist and establish infection, Salmonella utilizes a battery of different virulence determinants at every stage of infection. Typhoid toxin, a newly identified toxin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is recognized as one of the virulence factors that has been linked with Salmonella pathogenesis. In this study, we have further investigated the role of typhoid toxin in the symptomatology of typhoid fever through in-vivo and ex-vivo studies. In mice, administration of cloned and purified typhoid toxin induces similar symptoms observed during typhoid fever such as fever, weight loss with a decrease in peripheral leucocyte count along with an increase in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-6, TNF-α). Results of DNA analysis, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry of typhoid toxin-treated macrophages (ex-vivo) altogether revealed the CdtB (subunit of typhoid toxin) mediated DNA damage that led to the apoptosis of cells. Furthermore, to validate CdtB's catalytic role, macrophages were treated with typhoid toxin preincubated with anti-CdtB antibodies (generated in mice). Re-assessment of macrophage DNA by gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry analysis indicated a significant decrease in DNA damage and cells undergoing apoptosis, respectively. Moreover, a significant reduction in in-vitro DNase activity of CdtB protein was also observed on preincubating holotoxin with anti-CdtB antibodies. In total, this study highlights the role of typhoid toxin in inducing typhoid fever-like symptomatology, which may be executed through the toxin's catalytic subunit CdtB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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24
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Grijmans BJM, van der Kooij SB, Varela M, Meijer AH. LAPped in Proof: LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and the Arms Race Against Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:809121. [PMID: 35047422 PMCID: PMC8762105 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.809121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system continuously patrol the extracellular environment for potential microbial threats that are to be neutralized by phagocytosis and delivery to lysosomes. In addition, phagocytes employ autophagy as an innate immune mechanism against pathogens that succeed to escape the phagolysosomal pathway and invade the cytosol. In recent years, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) has emerged as an intermediate between phagocytosis and autophagy. During LAP, phagocytes target extracellular microbes while using parts of the autophagic machinery to label the cargo-containing phagosomes for lysosomal degradation. LAP contributes greatly to host immunity against a multitude of bacterial pathogens. In the pursuit of survival, bacteria have developed elaborate strategies to disarm or circumvent the LAP process. In this review, we will outline the nature of the LAP mechanism and discuss recent insights into its interplay with bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Varela
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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25
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Lian L, Li W, Xue T, Ren J, Tang F, Liu Y, Xue F, Dai J. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into transcription mechanisms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus T3SS during interaction with HeLa cells. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:289-301. [PMID: 34652743 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important foodborne pathogenic bacterium that harbors the type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) as an essential virulence factor. However, the pathogenesis and infection mechanism mediated by T3SS1 are not entirely clarified. Similar to previous studies on other T3SS-positive bacteria, the T3SS1 needle is a major extracellular component in V. parahaemolyticus. We recently showed that the needle gene-deletion mutant (ΔvscF) exhibited markedly decreased cytotoxicity and effector translocation during interaction with HeLa cells. To further elucidate the pathogenesis of T3SS1 during host cell infection, bacterial RNA was extracted from wild-type POR-1 and ΔvscF mutants under infected condition for comparative RNA sequencing analysis in HeLa cell. The results showed that 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the ΔvscF-infected group. These encoded proteins of DEGs, such as VP2088, VP2089, and VP2091, were annotated as ABC transporter system, whereas VP0757, VP1123, and VP1289 may be new transcriptional regulators. In addition, the downregulation of T3SS1 had a positive influence on the expression of T3SS2. Moreover, the transcription of the basal body is unaffected by the needle, and there was a close relation among the tip, translocon, and needle, because bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid system (BACTH system) assay indicated the interaction of VP1656, VP1670, VP1693, and VP1694 (VscF). This study provides insights into transcription mechanism of T3SS1 upon infecting HeLa cell, which is expected to better clarify the T3SS1 virulent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Lian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanjun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tingyue Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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26
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Elbediwi M, Tang Y, Shi D, Ramadan H, Xu Y, Xu S, Li Y, Yue M. Genomic Investigation of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates From Dead Chick Embryos in China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684400. [PMID: 34497590 PMCID: PMC8419455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is recognized as an important zoonotic pathogen. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica poses a great public health concern worldwide. While the knowledge on the incidence and the characterization of different S. enterica serovars causing chick embryo death remains obscure in China. In this study, we obtained 45 S. enterica isolates from 2,139 dead chick embryo samples collected from 28 breeding chicken hatcheries in Henan province. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay was performed by the broth microdilution method and the results showed that 31/45 (68.8%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (≥3 antimicrobial classes). Besides the highest resistance rate was observed in the aminoglycoside class, all the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, azithromycin, and imipenem. Furthermore, genomic characterization revealed that S. Enteritidis (33.33%; 15/45) was a frequent serovar that harbored a higher number of virulence factors compared to other serovars. Importantly, genes encoding β-lactamases were identified in three serovars (Thompson, Enteritidis, and Kottbus), whereas plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrB4) were detected in certain isolates of S. Thompson and the two S. Kottbus isolates. All the examined isolates harbored the typical virulence factors from Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Additionally, a correlation analysis between the antimicrobial resistance genes, phenotype, and plasmids was conducted among Salmonella isolates. It showed strong positive correlations (r < 0.6) between the different antimicrobial-resistant genes belonging to certain antimicrobial classes. Besides, IncF plasmid showed a strong negative correlation (r > −0.6) with IncHI2 and IncHI2A plasmids. Together, our study demonstrated antimicrobial-resistant S. enterica circulating in breeding chicken hatcheries in Henan province, highlighting the advanced approach, by using genomic characterization and statistical analysis, in conducting the routine monitoring of the emerging antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Our findings also proposed that the day-old breeder chicks trading could be one of the potential pathways for the dissemination of multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Tang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yaohui Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sihong Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Viana F, Peringathara SS, Rizvi A, Schroeder GN. Host manipulation by bacterial type III and type IV secretion system effector proteases. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13384. [PMID: 34392594 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are powerful enzymes, which cleave peptide bonds, leading most of the time to irreversible fragmentation or degradation of their substrates. Therefore they control many critical cell fate decisions in eukaryotes. Bacterial pathogens exploit this power and deliver protease effectors through specialised secretion systems into host cells. Research over the past years revealed that the functions of protease effectors during infection are diverse, reflecting the lifestyles and adaptations to specific hosts; however, only a small number of peptidase families seem to have given rise to most of these protease virulence factors by the evolution of different substrate-binding specificities, intracellular activation and subcellular targeting mechanisms. Here, we review our current knowledge about the enzymology and function of protease effectors, which Gram-negative bacterial pathogens translocate via type III and IV secretion systems to irreversibly manipulate host processes. We highlight emerging concepts such as signalling by protease cleavage products and effector-triggered immunity, which host cells employ to detect and defend themselves against a protease attack. TAKE AWAY: Proteases irreversibly cleave proteins to control critical cell fate decisions. Gram-negative bacteria use type III and IV secretion systems to inject effectors. Protease effectors are integral weapons for the manipulation of host processes. Effectors evolved from few peptidase families to target diverse substrates. Effector-triggered immunity upon proteolytic attack emerges as host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Viana
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Shruthi Sachidanandan Peringathara
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Arshad Rizvi
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gunnar N Schroeder
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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28
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Seribelli AA, da Silva P, Frazão MR, Kich JD, Allard MW, Falcão JP. Phylogenetic relationship and genomic characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from swine in Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104977. [PMID: 34174480 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium has been transmitted between humans and animals. Although, Brazil has been one of the largest pork meat exporters worldwide, there are few studies that characterized epidemiologically S. Typhimurium strains from swine. The aims of this work were to study the phylogenetic relationship of S. Typhimurium genomes isolated from swine in Brazil among themselves and with other genomes isolated from several sources and countries using wgMLST and cgMLST and to perform the search of Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). In addition, for S. Typhimurium strains from swine to compare the virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes by VFDB and ResFinder, genetic content by BLAST Atlas and orthologous proteins clusters by OrthoVenn. The constructed phylogenetic trees by wgMLST and cgMLST grouped the majority (92.3% and 80.7%, respectively) of the strains isolated from swine in Brazil into the same group. All the isolates contained important SPIs (SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-5 and SPI-9). A total of 100 and 31 virulence and resistance genes were detected in the S. Typhimurium strains isolated from swine, respectively. The BLAST Atlas and orthologous proteins analysis found regions of phages and differences in metabolic, regulatory and cellular processes among S. Typhimurium LT2 and S. Typhimurium isolates from swine. In conclusion, molecular typing based in the wgMLST and cgMLST suggested that the S. Typhimurium isolates from swine studied were genetically related. The pathogenic potential of the strains studied was corroborated by the presence of important SPIs and virulence genes. The high number of antimicrobial resistance genes detected is worrying and reinforced their potential risk in swine in Brazil. The comparison by BLAST Atlas suggested differences in mobile genetic elements among S. Typhimurium LT2 and S. Typhimurium isolates from swine in Brazil. The orthologous proteins analysis revealed unique genes related to important cellular processes in the strains from swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Aparecida Seribelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, UNESP - Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Miliane Rodrigues Frazão
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Suínos e Aves - EMBRAPA, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Marc W Allard
- Food and Drug Administration - FDA, College Park, MD, United States.
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Silva Oliveira FM, Claúdia de Carvalho Fernandes A, Henrique de Cicco Sandes S, Prata LO, Junior MA, Vilela da Silva CA, Campolina-Silva GH, Lorenzo de Jesus Oliveira M, Oliveira CA, Neumann E, Nunes ÁC, Gomes MA, Caliari MV. Co-infection by Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar typhimurium and Entamoeba dispar pathogenic strains enhances colitis and the expression of amoebic virulence factors. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105010. [PMID: 34126224 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amebiasis is the most severe protozoan infection affecting the human intestine, and the second leading cause of death among parasitic diseases. The mechanisms of amoebic virulence factors acquisition are poorly understood, and there are few studies showing the interaction between Entamoeba dispar and bacteria. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is also a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Considering the high rates of amebiasis and salmonellosis, it is possible that these diseases may co-exist in the human intestine, leading to co-infection. Due to the scarcity of studies showing the influence of enteropathogenic bacteria on amoebic virulence, our research group proposed to evaluate the impact of S. typhimurium on E. dispar trophozoites. We assessed whether co-infection of S. typhimurium and E. dispar can change the progression of amoebic colitis, and the inflammatory response profile in the caecum mucosa, using a co-infection experimental model in rats. In vitro assays was used to investigate whether S. typhimurium induces changes in amoebic virulence phenotype. In the present work, we found that S. typhimurium co-infection exacerbates amoebic colitis and intestinal inflammation. The in vitro association of S. typhimurium and E. dispar trophozoites contributed to increase the expression of amoebic virulence factors. Also, we demonstrated, for the first time, the cysteine proteinase 5 expression in E. dispar MCR, VEJ and ADO strains, isolated in Brazil. Together, our results show that S. typhimurium and E. dispar co-infection worsens amoebic colitis, possibly by increasing the expression of amoebic virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Sávio Henrique de Cicco Sandes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Luana Oliveira Prata
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mario Abatemarco Junior
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisabeth Neumann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Álvaro Cantini Nunes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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30
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Hahn MM, González JF, Gunn JS. Salmonella Biofilms Tolerate Hydrogen Peroxide by a Combination of Extracellular Polymeric Substance Barrier Function and Catalase Enzymes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:683081. [PMID: 34095002 PMCID: PMC8171120 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.683081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) to cause chronic gallbladder infections is dependent on biofilm growth on cholesterol gallstones. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (e.g. S. Typhimurium) also utilize the biofilm state to persist in the host and the environment. How the pathogen maintains recalcitrance to the host response, and oxidative stress in particular, during chronic infection is poorly understood. Previous experiments demonstrated that S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium biofilms are tolerant to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but that mutations in the biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) O antigen capsule, colanic acid, or Vi antigen reduce tolerance. Here, biofilm-mediated tolerance to oxidative stress was investigated using a combination of EPS and catalase mutants, as catalases are important detoxifiers of H2O2. Using co-cultured biofilms of wild-type (WT) bacteria with EPS mutants, it was demonstrated that colanic acid in S. Typhimurium and Vi antigen in S. Typhi have a community function and protect all biofilm-resident bacteria rather than to only protect the individual cells producing the EPSs. However, the H2O2 tolerance deficiency of a O antigen capsule mutant was unable to be compensated for by co-culture with WT bacteria. For curli fimbriae, both WT and mutant strains are tolerant to H2O2 though unexpectedly, co-cultured WT/mutant biofilms challenged with H2O2 resulted in sensitization of both strains, suggesting a more nuanced oxidative resistance alteration in these co-cultures. Three catalase mutant (katE, katG and a putative catalase) biofilms were also examined, demonstrating significant reductions in biofilm H2O2 tolerance for the katE and katG mutants. Biofilm co-culture experiments demonstrated that catalases exhibit a community function. We further hypothesized that biofilms are tolerant to H2O2 because the physical barrier formed by EPSs slows penetration of H2O2 into the biofilm to a rate that can be mitigated by intra-biofilm catalases. Compared to WT, EPS-deficient biofilms have a heighted response even to low-dose (2.5 mM) H2O2 challenge, confirming that resident bacteria of EPS-deficient biofilms are under greater stress and have limited protection from H2O2. Thus, these data provide an explanation for how Salmonella achieves tolerance to H2O2 by a combination of an EPS-mediated barrier and enzymatic detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Hahn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Juan F González
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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Gebeyehu DT. Antibiotic Resistance Development in Animal Production: A Cross-Sectional Study. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:101-108. [PMID: 34041013 PMCID: PMC8140932 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s310169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background In recent years, an increase in the development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens especially foodborne zoonotic bacteria has been observed. As a result, crude mortality rates are increasing due to those resistant bacteria in both human and animal populations, particularly in developing countries like Tanzania where the risk of infection is high due to poor biosecurity measures, close animal–human interactions, and extensive use of antimicrobials for animal productions. One of those zoonotic bacterial pathogens, which commonly contaminates food, is Salmonella. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out on samples collected from diarrheic sheep, to assess the level of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella. From 165 fecal samples, 80 of which were tested positive for Salmonella. The antibiotic resistance level of Salmonella isolates was conducted by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using ten commonly used antibiotics in the study area. Results Out of 80 Salmonella positive samples, all (100%) of them were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin while sixty-eight (85%), 68 (85%), and 60 (75%) isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and kanamycin, respectively. Thirty (37.5%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to both trimethoprim and tetracycline and 25% of the isolates were resistant to both doxycycline and chloramphenicol while 12.5% of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid. Conclusion This study revealed that the Salmonella isolates of diarrheic sheep developed a wide range of resistance to different antibiotics. Further studies and integrative approaches in a one health framework among animal–human and environmental health professionals are recommended for the mitigation of health risks arising from antibiotic-resistant zoonotic pathogens like Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Teshome Gebeyehu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Gupta A, Bansal M, Liyanage R, Upadhyay A, Rath N, Donoghue A, Sun X. Sodium butyrate modulates chicken macrophage proteins essential for Salmonella Enteritidis invasion. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250296. [PMID: 33909627 PMCID: PMC8081216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is an intracellular foodborne pathogen that has developed multiple mechanisms to alter poultry intestinal physiology and infect the gut. Short chain fatty acid butyrate is derived from microbiota metabolic activities, and it maintains gut homeostasis. There is limited understanding on the interaction between S. Enteritidis infection, butyrate, and host intestinal response. To fill this knowledge gap, chicken macrophages (also known as HTC cells) were infected with S. Enteritidis, treated with sodium butyrate, and proteomic analysis was performed. A growth curve assay was conducted to determine sub-inhibitory concentration (SIC, concentration that do not affect bacterial growth compared to control) of sodium butyrate against S. Enteritidis. HTC cells were infected with S. Enteritidis in the presence and absence of SIC of sodium butyrate. The proteins were extracted and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Our results showed that the SIC was 45 mM. Notably, S. Enteritidis-infected HTC cells upregulated macrophage proteins involved in ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation such as ATP synthase subunit alpha (ATP5A1), ATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial (ATP5PD) and cellular apoptosis such as Cytochrome-c (CYC). Furthermore, sodium butyrate influenced S. Enteritidis-infected HTC cells by reducing the expression of macrophage proteins mediating actin cytoskeletal rearrangements such as WD repeat-containing protein-1 (WDR1), Alpha actinin-1 (ACTN1), Vinculin (VCL) and Protein disulfide isomerase (P4HB) and intracellular S. Enteritidis growth and replication such as V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A (ATPV1A). Interestingly, sodium butyrate increased the expression of infected HTC cell protein involving in bacterial killing such as Vimentin (VIM). In conclusion, sodium butyrate modulates the expression of HTC cell proteins essential for S. Enteritidis invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Gupta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Mohit Bansal
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Narayan Rath
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Station, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Annie Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Station, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Xiaolun Sun
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
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Goswami A, Sharma PR, Agarwal R. Combatting intracellular pathogens using bacteriophage delivery. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:461-478. [PMID: 33818246 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1902266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens reside in specialised compartments within the host cells restricting the access of antibiotics. Insufficient intracellular delivery of antibiotics along with several other resistance mechanisms weaken the efficacy of current therapies. An alternative to antibiotic therapy could be bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Although phage therapy has been in practice for a century against various bacterial infections, the efficacy of phages against intracellular bacteria is still being explored. In this review, we will discuss the advancement and challenges in phage therapy, particularly against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Finally, we will highlight the uptake mechanisms and approaches to overcome the challenges to phage therapy against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Goswami
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pallavi Raj Sharma
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Galeev A, Suwandi A, Cepic A, Basu M, Baines JF, Grassl GA. The role of the blood group-related glycosyltransferases FUT2 and B4GALNT2 in susceptibility to infectious disease. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151487. [PMID: 33662872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylation profile of the gastrointestinal tract is an important factor mediating host-microbe interactions. Variation in these glycan structures is often mediated by blood group-related glycosyltransferases, and can lead to wide-ranging differences in susceptibility to both infectious- as well as chronic disease. In this review, we focus on the interplay between host glycosylation, the intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to gastrointestinal pathogens based on studies of two exemplary blood group-related glycosyltransferases that are conserved between mice and humans, namely FUT2 and B4GALNT2. We highlight that differences in susceptibility can arise due to both changes in direct interactions, such as bacterial adhesion, as well as indirect effects mediated by the intestinal microbiota. Although a large body of experimental work exists for direct interactions between host and pathogen, determining the more complex and variable mechanisms underlying three-way interactions involving the intestinal microbiota will be the subject of much-needed future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alibek Galeev
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany and Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleksa Cepic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany and Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meghna Basu
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany and Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany and Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Guntram A Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany.
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Hower S, McCormack R, Bartra SS, Alonso P, Podack ER, Shembade N, Plano GV. LPS modifications and AvrA activity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are required to prevent Perforin-2 expression by infected fibroblasts and intestinal epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104852. [PMID: 33762201 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular Perforin-2 (MPEG1) is a pore-forming MACPF family protein that plays a critical role in the defense against bacterial pathogens. Macrophages, neutrophils, and several other cell types that are part of the front line of innate defenses constitutively express high levels of Perforin-2; whereas, most other cell types must be induced to express Perforin-2 by interferons (α, β and γ) and/or PAMPs such as LPS. In this study, we demonstrate that many bacterial pathogens can limit the expression of Perforin-2 in cells normally inducible for Perforin-2 expression, while ordinarily commensal or non-pathogenic bacteria triggered high levels of Perforin-2 expression in these same cell types. The mechanisms by which pathogens suppress Perforin-2 expression was explored further using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and cultured MEFs as well as intestinal epithelial cell lines. These studies identified multiple factors required to minimize the expression of Perforin-2 in cell types inducible for Perforin-2 expression. These included the PmrAB and PhoPQ two-component systems, select LPS modification enzymes and the Type III secretion effector protein AvrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Hower
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ryan McCormack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sara Schesser Bartra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Patricia Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Noula Shembade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Gregory V Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Impact of the Resistance Responses to Stress Conditions Encountered in Food and Food Processing Environments on the Virulence and Growth Fitness of Non-Typhoidal Salmonellae. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030617. [PMID: 33799446 PMCID: PMC8001757 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of Salmonella as a foodborne pathogen can probably be attributed to two major features: its remarkable genetic diversity and its extraordinary ability to adapt. Salmonella cells can survive in harsh environments, successfully compete for nutrients, and cause disease once inside the host. Furthermore, they are capable of rapidly reprogramming their metabolism, evolving in a short time from a stress-resistance mode to a growth or virulent mode, or even to express stress resistance and virulence factors at the same time if needed, thanks to a complex and fine-tuned regulatory network. It is nevertheless generally acknowledged that the development of stress resistance usually has a fitness cost for bacterial cells and that induction of stress resistance responses to certain agents can trigger changes in Salmonella virulence. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge concerning the effects that the development of resistance responses to stress conditions encountered in food and food processing environments (including acid, osmotic and oxidative stress, starvation, modified atmospheres, detergents and disinfectants, chilling, heat, and non-thermal technologies) exerts on different aspects of the physiology of non-typhoidal Salmonellae, with special emphasis on virulence and growth fitness.
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Evaluating the effect of spaceflight on the host-pathogen interaction between human intestinal epithelial cells and Salmonella Typhimurium. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:9. [PMID: 33750813 PMCID: PMC7943786 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight uniquely alters the physiology of both human cells and microbial pathogens, stimulating cellular and molecular changes directly relevant to infectious disease. However, the influence of this environment on host-pathogen interactions remains poorly understood. Here we report our results from the STL-IMMUNE study flown aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-131, which investigated multi-omic responses (transcriptomic, proteomic) of human intestinal epithelial cells to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium when both host and pathogen were simultaneously exposed to spaceflight. To our knowledge, this was the first in-flight infection and dual RNA-seq analysis using human cells.
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Aguirre-Sanchez JR, Ibarra-Rodriguez JR, Vega-Lopez IF, Martínez-Urtaza J, Chaidez-Quiroz C. Genomic signatures of adaptation to natural settings in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica Serovars Saintpaul, Thompson and Weltevreden. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 90:104771. [PMID: 33592318 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a pathogenic bacterium responsible for intestinal illness and systemic diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. Among clinical manifestation classification, non-typhoidal Salmonella is mainly known as foodborne pathogen associated with the consumption of fecal contaminated food and water. Even though Salmonella hosts include humans and warm-blooded animals, it has been found in non-host environments as river water where the bacteria use different strategies to fitness the environment persisting and establishment. Now with the availability of WGS and bioinformatics tools, we can explore bacterial genomes with higher resolution to increase our understanding of specific genetic signatures among environmental and clinical isolates, being the goal of this work. Pangenome construction allowed the detection of specific environmental and clinical gene clusters related to metabolism and secretion systems as the main signature respectively. Specifically, D-galactonate degradation pathway was observed mainly in environmental genomes while T3SS and flagellum genes were detected for all clinical but not for all environmental isolates. Gene duplication and pseudogenes accumulation were detected as the main adaptation strategy for environmental isolates; thus, isolation source may play an important role in genome plasticity, conferring a selective advantage to survive and persist for environmental Salmonella isolates. Intact prophage sequences with cargo genes were observable for both isolation sources playing an important role in virulence contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - I F Vega-Lopez
- Parque de Innovación Tecnológica de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - J Martínez-Urtaza
- Departement of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Chaidez-Quiroz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Culiacán, Mexico.
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Makabenta JMV, Nabawy A, Li CH, Schmidt-Malan S, Patel R, Rotello VM. Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:23-36. [PMID: 32814862 PMCID: PMC8559572 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections arising from acquired resistance and/or through biofilm formation necessitate the development of innovative 'outside of the box' therapeutics. Nanomaterial-based therapies are promising tools to combat bacterial infections that are difficult to treat, featuring the capacity to evade existing mechanisms associated with acquired drug resistance. In addition, the unique size and physical properties of nanomaterials give them the capability to target biofilms, overcoming recalcitrant infections. In this Review, we highlight the general mechanisms by which nanomaterials can be used to target bacterial infections associated with acquired antibiotic resistance and biofilms. We emphasize design elements and properties of nanomaterials that can be engineered to enhance potency. Lastly, we present recent progress and remaining challenges for widespread clinical implementation of nanomaterials as antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Nabawy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Suzannah Schmidt-Malan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Das S, Ray S, Arunima A, Sahu B, Suar M. A ROD9 island encoded gene in Salmonella Enteritidis plays an important role in acid tolerance response and helps in systemic infection in mice. Virulence 2020; 11:247-259. [PMID: 32116124 PMCID: PMC7051147 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1733203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella, like other pathogenic bacteria has undergone multiple genomic alterations to adapt itself into specific host environments executing varied degrees of virulence through evolution. Such variations in genome content have been assumed to lead the closely related non-typhoidal serovars, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhimurium to exhibit Type Three Secretion System -2 (T3SS-2) based diverse colonization and inflammation kinetics. Mutually exclusive genes present in either of the serovars are recently being studied and in our currentwork, we focused on a particular island ROD9, present in S. Enteritidis but not in S. Typhimurium. Earlier reports have identified a few genes from this island to be responsible for virulence in vitro as well as in vivo. In this study, we have identified another gene, SEN1008 from the same island encoding a hypothetical protein to be a potential virulence determinant showing systemic attenuation upon mutation in C57BL/6 mice infection model. The isogenic mutant strain displayed reduced adhesion to epithelial cells in vitro as well as was highly immotile. It was also deficient in intracellular replication in vitro, with a highly suppressed SPI-2and failed to cause acute colitis at 72-h p.i.in vivo. Moreover, on acid exposure, SEN1008 showed 17 folds and 2 fold up-regulations during adaptation and challenge phases,respectively and ΔSEN1008 failed to survive during ATR assay, indicating its role under acid stress. Together, our findings suggested ΔSEN1008 to be significantly attenuated and we propose this gene to be a potent factor responsible for S. Enteritidis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shilpa Ray
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Bikash Sahu
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Romero-González LE, Pérez-Morales D, Cortés-Avalos D, Vázquez-Guerrero E, Paredes-Hernández DA, Estrada-de los Santos P, Villa-Tanaca L, De la Cruz MA, Bustamante VH, Ibarra JA. The Salmonella Typhimurium InvF-SicA complex is necessary for the transcription of sopB in the absence of the repressor H-NS. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240617. [PMID: 33119619 PMCID: PMC7595419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of virulence factors in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica depends on a wide variety of general and specific transcriptional factors that act in response to multiple environmental signals. Expression of genes for cellular invasion located in the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) is tightly regulated by several transcriptional regulators arrayed in a cascade, while repression of this system is exerted mainly by H-NS. In SPI-1, H-NS represses the expression mainly by binding to the regulatory region of hilA and derepression is exercised mainly by HilD. However, the possible regulatory role of H-NS in genes downstream from HilD and HilA, such as those regulated by InvF, has not been fully explored. Here the role of H-NS on the expression of sopB, an InvF dependent gene encoded in SPI-5, was evaluated. Our data show that InvF is required for the expression of sopB even in the absence of H-NS. Furthermore, in agreement with previous results on other InvF-regulated genes, we found that the expression of sopB requires the InvF/SicA complex. Our results support that SicA is not required for DNA binding nor for increasing affinity of InvF to DNA in vitro. Moreover, by using a bacterial two-hybrid system we were able to identify interactions between SicA and InvF. Lastly, protein-protein interaction assays suggest that InvF functions as a monomer. Derived from these results we postulate that the InvF/SicA complex does not act on sopB as an anti-H-NS factor; instead, it seems to induce the expression of sopB by acting as a classical transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Romero-González
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Deyanira Pérez-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Daniel Cortés-Avalos
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edwin Vázquez-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Denisse A. Paredes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paulina Estrada-de los Santos
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Lourdes Villa-Tanaca
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel A. De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarías, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Víctor H. Bustamante
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - J. Antonio Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail: ,
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Du F, Liao C, Yang Y, Yu C, Zhang X, Cheng X, Zhang C. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium gene sseK3 is required for intracellular proliferation and virulence. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2020; 84:302-309. [PMID: 33012979 PMCID: PMC7491001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the most significant zoonotic pathogens that poses a threat to humans. Previous studies have identified that Salmonella-secreted effector K3 (SseK3) is a novel translated and secreted protein of S. Typhimurium. The objective of this study was to determine whether deletion of the sseK3 gene can attenuate the virulence of S. Typhimurium. To do this, we constructed an sseK3 deletion mutant using the double-exchange allele of the suicide plasmid pRE112ΔsseK3 and assessed the virulence and intracellular proliferation of the mutant. The sseK3 deletion mutant exhibited adhesion and invasion properties similar to those of wild-type (WT) S. Typhimurium, although the virulence and intracellular proliferation of the mutant were significantly reduced compared to that of the WT strain. Furthermore, the observed increase in the median lethal dose (LD50) reflects a decrease in the pathogenicity of the sseK3 deletion mutant in a murine model. In summary, we concluded that disruption of sseK3 can attenuate the intracellular proliferation and reduce the virulence of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Du
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Chengshui Liao
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yadong Yang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiangchao Cheng
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Mejía L, Medina JL, Bayas R, Salazar CS, Villavicencio F, Zapata S, Matheu J, Wagenaar JA, González-Candelas F, Vinueza-Burgos C. Genomic Epidemiology of Salmonella Infantis in Ecuador: From Poultry Farms to Human Infections. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:547891. [PMID: 33134346 PMCID: PMC7550756 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.547891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most important foodborne pathogens around the world. In the last years, S. enterica serovar Infantis has become an important emerging pathogen in many countries, often as multidrug resistant clones. To understand the importance of S. enterica in the broiler industry in Ecuador, we performed a study based on phenotypic and WGS data of isolates from poultry farms, chicken carcasses and humans. We showed a high prevalence of S. enterica in poultry farms (41.4%) and chicken carcasses (55.5%), but a low prevalence (1.98%) in human samples. S. Infantis was shown to be the most prevalent serovar with a 98.2, 97.8, and 50% in farms, foods, and humans, respectively, presenting multidrug resistant patterns. All sequenced S. Infantis isolates belonged to ST32. For the first time, a pESI-related megaplasmid was identified in Ecuadorian samples. This plasmid contains genes of antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and environmental stress tolerance. Genomic analysis showed a low divergence of S. Infantis strains in the three analyzed components. The results from this study provide important information about genetic elements that may help understand the molecular epidemiology of S. Infantis in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mejía
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Medina
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rosa Bayas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Satan Salazar
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Villavicencio
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Zapata
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Matheu
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Fernando González-Candelas
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Research Unit "Infection and Public Health" FISABIO-University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) in Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Gierlikowska B, Gierlikowski W, Demkow U. Alantolactone Enhances the Phagocytic Properties of Human Macrophages and Modulates Their Proinflammatory Functions. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1339. [PMID: 33013371 PMCID: PMC7494907 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study Phagocytosis is a crucial element of innate immune defense involved in bacterial killing. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of alantolactone on phagocytosis and cytokines release by THP1-derived macrophages. We assessed whether antimicrobial compound alantolactone (a sesquiterpene lactone present in Inula helenium L.) is able to stimulate immune functions of macrophages by increase of S. aureus uptake, phagosome acidification and further stimulation of phago-lysosomes formation. Simultaneously, we tested influence of alantolactone on cytokines/chemokines production and p65 NF-κB concentration. The activity of alantolactone was compared with clarithromycin at concentration 20 µM. Methods The cytotoxicity of alantolactone as well as S. aureus uptake, pH of phagosomes and phago-lysosomes fusion were analysed with flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species and superoxide production were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The efficiency of phagocytosis was evaluated via quantifying viable bacteria (CFU). The effect on p65 protein concentration and cytokine production by macrophages were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Alantolactone enhanced phagocytosis via increase of S. aureus uptake, acidification of phagosomes, and later stimulation of phago-lysosomes fusion. Alantolactone treatment resulted in ROS and superoxide production decrease. Furthermore, alantolactone inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as decreased p65 concentration, the subunit responsible for NF-κB activation and cytokine production and simultaneously stimulated release of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10 and TGF-β). Conclusion Results of our study indicate that alantolactone enhances clearance of S. aureus, and simultaneously modulates immune response, preventing collateral damage of the surrounding tissues. Considering the importance of phagocytosis in the pathogen killing, alantolactone may have a great potential as the supportive treatment of S. aureus infections. Further in vivo studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Gierlikowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Tawfick MM, Rosser A, Rajakumar K. Heterologous expression of the Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A stk fimbrial operon suggests a potential for repeat sequence-mediated low-frequency phase variation. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104508. [PMID: 32835875 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fimbriae mediate adhesion of Salmonella enterica organisms to the intestinal epithelium, which is an essential step in the pathogenesis process preceding invasion and/or systemic spread. In addition, Salmonella fimbrial genes transcripts were detected in the blood samples from Salmonella infected human patients, which supports the proposal that fimbriae play a role in invasive Salmonella infections. In this study, BlastN-based interrogation of the NCBI bacterial genome database and PCR investigation of Salmonella serovars have shown that the S. Paratyphi A stkF gene and/or the whole stk fimbrial gene cluster is present in about ~30% of S. enterica serovars investigated up to date. Furthermore, bioinformatics and phenotypic characterization have revealed that the stk fimbrial operon belongs to the chaperone/usher-γ4- fimbrial clade and that it encodes a mannose-sensitive hemagglutinating fimbrial structure. The latter trait is typical of type 1 fimbriae, in which fimbrial phase variation is common. The observed intragenic, 26 bp tandem repeat triplication event in stkF would suggest that slipped-strand mispairing and/or recombination within a signature stkF-borne tandem repeat motif as a likely mechanism for a form of low-frequency phase switching at the translational level leading to allelic OFF forms, hence the inability of production and/or absence of fimbriae by EM-examination on E. coli HB101/pUCstk-stkFOFFv2. The in vitro profile of marked anti-StkF-mediated opsonophagocytosis and complement-mediated killing activity observed coupled with the mice immunogenicity profile strongly supports further investigation of StkF as a potential Salmonella vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Tawfick
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Andrew Rosser
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Kumar Rajakumar
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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46
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Lindsey ARI. Sensing, Signaling, and Secretion: A Review and Analysis of Systems for Regulating Host Interaction in Wolbachia. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E813. [PMID: 32708808 PMCID: PMC7397232 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia (Anaplasmataceae) is an endosymbiont of arthropods and nematodes that resides within host cells and is well known for manipulating host biology to facilitate transmission via the female germline. The effects Wolbachia has on host physiology, combined with reproductive manipulations, make this bacterium a promising candidate for use in biological- and vector-control. While it is becoming increasingly clear that Wolbachia's effects on host biology are numerous and vary according to the host and the environment, we know very little about the molecular mechanisms behind Wolbachia's interactions with its host. Here, I analyze 29 Wolbachia genomes for the presence of systems that are likely central to the ability of Wolbachia to respond to and interface with its host, including proteins for sensing, signaling, gene regulation, and secretion. Second, I review conditions under which Wolbachia alters gene expression in response to changes in its environment and discuss other instances where we might hypothesize Wolbachia to regulate gene expression. Findings will direct mechanistic investigations into gene regulation and host-interaction that will deepen our understanding of intracellular infections and enhance applied management efforts that leverage Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R I Lindsey
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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47
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Yu C, Du F, Zhang C, Li Y, Liao C, He L, Cheng X, Zhang X. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium sseK3 induces apoptosis and enhances glycolysis in macrophages. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:151. [PMID: 32517648 PMCID: PMC7282050 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an important infectious disease pathogen that can survive and replicate in macrophages. Glycolysis is essential for immune responses against S. Typhimurium infection in macrophages, and is also associated with apoptosis. S. Typhimurium secreted effector K3 (SseK3) was recently identified as a novel translated and secreted protein. However, there is no study about the role of sseK3 in the relationship between apoptosis and glycolysis in cells infected with S. Typhimurium. It is unclear whether this protein exerts a significant role in the progress of apoptosis and glycolysis in S. Typhimurium-infected macrophages. Results Macrophages were infected with S. Typhimurium SL1344 wild-type (WT), ΔsseK3 mutant or sseK3-complemented strain, and the effects of sseK3 on apoptosis and glycolysis were determined. The adherence and invasion in the ΔsseK3 mutant group were similar to that in the WT and sseK3-complemented groups, indicating that SseK3 was not essential for the adherence and invasion of S. Typhimurium in macrophages. However, the percentage of apoptosis in the ΔsseK3 mutant group was much lower than that in the WT and sseK3-complemented groups. Caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 enzyme activity in the ΔsseK3 mutant group were significantly lower than in the WT group and sseK3-complemented groups, indicating that sseK3 could improve the caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 enzyme activity. We also found that there were no significant differences in pyruvic acid levels between the three groups, but the lactic acid level in the ΔsseK3 mutant group was much lower than that in the WT and sseK3-complemented groups. The ATP levels in the ΔsseK3 mutant group were remarkably higher than those in the WT and sseK3-complemented groups. These indicated that the sseK3 enhanced the level of glycolysis in macrophages infected by S. Typhimurium. Conclusions S. Typhimurium sseK3 is likely involved in promoting macrophage apoptosis and modulating glycolysis in macrophages. Our results could improve our understanding of the relationship between apoptosis and glycolysis in macrophages induced by S. Typhimurium sseK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Polytechnic, 6 Airport Road, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Fuyu Du
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China. .,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.
| | - Yinju Li
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Chengshui Liao
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Lei He
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Xiangchao Cheng
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Polytechnic, 6 Airport Road, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
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48
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Arginine GlcNAcylation of Rab small GTPases by the pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium. Commun Biol 2020; 3:287. [PMID: 32504010 PMCID: PMC7275070 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, an intracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, employs two type III secretion systems to deliver virulence effector proteins to host cells. One such effector, SseK3, is a Golgi-targeting arginine GlcNAc transferase. Here, we show that SseK3 colocalizes with cis-Golgi via lipid binding. Arg-GlcNAc-omics profiling reveals that SseK3 modifies Rab1 and some phylogenetically related Rab GTPases. These modifications are dependent on C-termini of Rabs but independent of the GTP- or GDP-bound forms. Arginine GlcNAcylation occurs in the switch II region and the third α-helix and severely disturbs the function of Rab1. The arginine GlcNAc transferase activity of SseK3 is required for the replication of Salmonella in RAW264.7 macrophages and bacterial virulence in the mouse model of Salmonella infection. Therefore, this SseK3 mechanism of action represents a new understanding of the strategy adopted by Salmonella to target host trafficking systems. Meng, Zhuang, Peng et al. study the role of a Golgi-targeting arginine GlcNAc transferase, SseK3, in the pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica. Through R-GlcNAcylated proteome analysis, they identify Rab proteins as targets for SseK3 as well as their modification sites. They demonstrate that SseK3 GlcNAc transferase activity is required for bacterial virulence in vitro and in vivo.
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49
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Rimet CS, Maurer JJ, Berghaus RD, Jordan BJ, da Silva LHA, Stabler LJ, Johnson KK, Tensa LR, Segovia KM, França MS. The Contribution of Eimeria Coinfection and Intestinal Inflammation to Cecal Colonization and Systemic Spread of Salmonella Typhimurium Deficient in Tetrathionate Reductase or Type III Secretion Systems Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 or 2. Avian Dis 2020; 63:559-567. [PMID: 31865669 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation may provide a growth advantage for Salmonella and enhance its systemic spread in chickens. Salmonella triggers intestinal inflammation in the host by using type III secretion systems (T3SS) and produces the inflammatory end product tetrathionate. In mice, tetrathionate respiration confers a growth advantage for Salmonella Typhimurium over the competitive microbiome in the inflamed intestine. Coccidia also promote intestinal inflammation and enhance Salmonella intestinal growth and systemic spread in chickens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of inflammation, induced by Eimeria spp. or Salmonella Typhimurium, to Salmonella colonization and dissemination in chickens. In addition, the fitness costs associated with defects in tetrathionate reductase and T3SS associated with Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 or 2 (SPI-1 or SPI-2) were evaluated in in vivo competition experiments with wild-type Salmonella strain, with or without Eimeria coinfection. One-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were orally inoculated with a sham inoculum or with 4 × 102 Eimeria oocysts cocktail of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria mitis. At 6 days of age, birds were orally administered a 1:1 ratio of Salmonella Typhimurium wild-type and mutant deficient in tetrathionate reductase, SPI-1, or SPI-2 (108 colony forming units/bird). Ceca, livers, and drumsticks were collected at 3, 7, 14, and 42 days after Salmonella infection, for bacteriology. Intestinal inflammation was scored by histology. Significantly higher intestinal inflammation was observed in challenge groups compared with the control. However, there were no significant differences in intestinal inflammation scores between groups coinfected with both Eimeria spp. and Salmonella Typhimurium and birds infected with Salmonella alone, and Eimeria coinfection did not increase Salmonella prevalence or abundance. Contrary to mouse studies, tetrathionate reductase did not enhance Salmonella Typhimurium cecal colonization or systemic spread in chickens. SPI-1 and SPI-2 played a significant role in Salmonella dissemination and cecal colonization in chickens, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire-Sophie Rimet
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - John J Maurer
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Brian J Jordan
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601.,Poultry Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Luciana Helena Antoniassi da Silva
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601.,Tropical Disease Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Lisa J Stabler
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Kasey K Johnson
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Laura R Tensa
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Karen M Segovia
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Monique S França
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601,
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50
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Bauer R, Rauch I. The NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome in infection and pathology. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 76:100863. [PMID: 32499055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review we give an overview of the NAIP/NLRC4 activation mechanism as well as the described roles of this inflammasome, with a focus on in vivo infection and pathology. After ligand recognition by NAIP sensor proteins the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome forms through oligomerization with the NLRC4 adaptor to activate Caspase-1. The activating ligands are intracellular bacterial flagellin or type-3 secretion system components, delivered by pathogens. In vivo experiments indicate a role in macrophages during lung, spleen and liver infection and systemic sepsis like conditions, as well as in intestinal epithelial cells. Upon NAIP/NLRC4 activation in the intestine, epithelial cell extrusion is triggered in addition to the canonical inflammasome outcomes of cytokine cleavage and pyroptosis. Human patients with auto-activating mutations in NLRC4 present with an autoinflammatory syndrome including enterocolitis. Although one of the better understood inflammasomes in terms of mechanism, tissue specific functions of NAIP/NLRC4 are only beginning to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Bauer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Isabella Rauch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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