1
|
Ishii H, Oura T, Takeuchi M. Treatment Satisfaction and Quality of Life with Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide Among Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Exploratory Evaluation of the SURPASS J-mono Trial. Diabetes Ther 2023; 14:2173-2183. [PMID: 37843771 PMCID: PMC10597937 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-023-01485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment satisfaction in diabetes management is vital to achieving long-term clinical outcomes. This analysis evaluated treatment satisfaction among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) after 52 weeks of treatment with once-weekly tirzepatide (5, 10, and 15 mg) compared with dulaglutide 0.75 mg. METHODS This exploratory analysis of the phase 3 SURPASS J-mono trial assessed treatment satisfaction using the Japanese translation of the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status (DTSQs) and change versions (DTSQc). Subgroup analyses were post hoc and conducted for the DTSQc overall treatment satisfaction score based on age (< 65 or ≥ 65 years), sex (male or female), baseline body mass index (BMI; < 25 or ≥ 25 kg/m2), and baseline glycated hemoglobin (≤ 8.5% or > 8.5%). RESULTS Baseline DTSQs scores were similar among patients across all treatment arms. Overall, trends showed higher satisfaction among patients who received any tirzepatide dose compared with those who received dulaglutide after 52 weeks of treatment. Mean overall DTSQc treatment satisfaction scores at week 52 were significantly higher with tirzepatide 5, 10, and 15 mg versus dulaglutide 0.75 mg (11.5, 12.1, and 12.3, respectively, vs 8.9; P < 0.001). The DTSQc perceived frequency scores for unacceptable hyperglycemia were significantly lower with tirzepatide 5, 10, and 15 mg versus dulaglutide 0.75 mg (- 1.7, - 1.8, and - 2.3, respectively, vs - 0.6; P < 0.001), while scores for unacceptable hypoglycemia were similar across all treatment arms, ranging from - 0.8 to - 1.1. Subgroup analyses showed increased treatment satisfaction with tirzepatide compared with dulaglutide in the < 65 years (P < 0.001) and baseline BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 subgroups (P < 0.01 or < 0.001) and similar treatment satisfaction across treatment arms in the ≥ 65 years and BMI < 25 kg/m2 subgroups. CONCLUSION Patients with T2D reported higher treatment satisfaction with once-weekly tirzepatide (5, 10, and 15 mg) compared with dulaglutide 0.75 mg after 52 weeks of treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03861052.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ishii
- Department of Doctor-Patient Relationships, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomonori Oura
- Japan Drug Development and Medical Affairs, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Takeuchi
- Japan Drug Development and Medical Affairs, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim H, Shah K, Buettner C. Use of Patient-Reported Outcomes for Assessing Diabetes Outcomes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2022; 51:781-793. [PMID: 36244693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of diabetes can be complex and overwhelming for patients as it demands persistent attention to lifestyle management, adherence to medications, monitoring of side effects of drugs, and management of devices for glucose monitoring and/or insulin infusion. Therefore, understanding patient-reported outcomes (PROs) that provide direct insight into the patient's experience with diabetes is crucial for optimizing diabetes management.This review provides an overview of commonly used PRO questionnaires that assess different aspects of diabetes management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, Medical Education Boulevard, 384, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Kunal Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, Medical Education Boulevard, 384, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, Medical Education Boulevard, 384, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Folco U, Vallecorsa N, Nardone MR, Pantano AL, Tubili C. Effects of semaglutide on cardiovascular risk factors and eating behaviors in type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:1287-1294. [PMID: 35842847 PMCID: PMC9288662 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-01936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of once-weekly semaglutide on different end-points indicative of metabolic control, cardiovascular risk, dietary behavior, and treatment satisfaction in T2DM. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study conducted in a diabetes clinic. Changes in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, and number of antihypertensive drugs at 32 weeks (T1) after the first prescription of semaglutide (T0) were analyzed. Furthermore, at T1 patients were asked to fill-in the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) and the Control of Eating Questionnaire (COEQ). RESULTS Overall, 104 patients were identified (mean age 63.6 ± 10.4 years, 58.7% men, diabetes duration 12.7 ± 8.7 years). After 32 weeks of treatment with semaglutide, HbA1c levels were reduced by 1.38%, FBG by - 56.53 mg/dl, weight by 6.03 kg. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total, HDL-, LDL-, and non -HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides significantly improved. The number of glucose-lowering and antihypertensive drugs also decreased. At T1, DTSQ score was 32.23 ± 1.44, whereas COEQ indicated low levels of hunger and good control of eating. CONCLUSIONS The study documented benefits of semaglutide on metabolic control and multiple CV risk factors, simplification of therapeutic schemes and high satisfaction with diabetes treatment, and eating behaviors indicative of healthy diet and reduced food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Di Folco
- Diabetes Unit, "S. Camillo-Forlanini" Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Tubili
- Diabetes Unit, "S. Camillo-Forlanini" Hospital, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maitra NS, Mahtta D, Navaneethan S, Vaughan EM, Kochar A, Gulati M, Levine GN, Petersen LA, Virani SS. A Mistake Not to Be Repeated: What Can We Learn from the Underutilization of Statin Therapy for Efficient Dissemination of Cardioprotective Glucose Lowering Agents? Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:689-698. [PMID: 35352278 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the factors contributing to underutilization of guideline-directed therapies, identify strategies to alleviate these factors, and apply these strategies for effective and timely dissemination of novel cardioprotective glucose-lowering agents. RECENT FINDINGS Recent analyses demonstrate underutilization of cardioprotective glucose lowering agents despite guideline recommendations for their use. Major contributors to underutilization of guideline-directed therapies include therapeutic inertia, perceptions about side effects, and factors found at the level of the clinicians, patients, and the healthcare system. The recent emergence of several novel therapies, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, for use in cardiovascular disease provides a unique avenue to improve patient outcomes. To effectively utilize novel cardioprotective glucose lowering agents to improve cardiovascular outcomes, clinicians must recognize and learn from prior barriers to application of guideline-directed therapies. Further endeavors are prudent to ensure uptake of novel agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Maitra
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dhruv Mahtta
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sankar Navaneethan
- Section of Nephrology and Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Nephrology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Vaughan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ajar Kochar
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha Gulati
- Section of Cardiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AR, USA
| | - Glenn N Levine
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura A Petersen
- Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Health Services Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Salim S Virani
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Houston, TX, USA.
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Health Services Research and Development, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Holmes-Truscott E, Schipp J, Dunning T, Furler J, Hagger V, Holloway EE, Manski-Nankervis JA, Shaw JE, Skinner T, Speight J. 'For me, it didn't seem as drastic a step as being controlled by insulin': A qualitative investigation of expectations and experiences of non-insulin injectable therapy among adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14681. [PMID: 34465005 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This qualitative study aims to explore beliefs, attitudes and experiences of injectable glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) use and discontinuation, as well as attitudes to further injectable treatment intensification, among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Nineteen in-depth semi-structured interviews lasting (mean ± standard deviation) 45 ± 18 min were conducted, face-to-face (n = 14) or via telephone (n = 5). Transcripts were analysed using inductive template analyses. Eligible participants were English-speaking adults with T2D who had recently initiated (≤3 years) GLP-1RA treatment. RESULTS Participants were aged 28-72 years, who predominantly lived in metropolitan areas (n = 15), and had an experience of daily (n = 11) and/or once-weekly (n = 13) GLP-1RA formulations. Six participants had discontinued treatment and seven had trialled two or more formulations. Expectations and experiences of GLP-1RA were related to the perceived: (1) symbolism and stigma of injectable diabetes treatment; (2) ease of injectable administration and device preferences; (3) treatment convenience and social impact; (4) treatment efficacy and benefits, and; (5) negative treatment side effects. Some participants reported increased receptiveness to insulin therapy following their GLP-1RA experience, others emphasised unique concerns about insulin beyond injectable administration. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a novel understanding of expectations and experience of non-insulin injectables among Australian adults with T2D. Our data suggest expectations may be informed by attitudes to insulin therapy, while perceived treatment benefits (e.g. weight-related benefits, administration frequency) may motivate uptake and ongoing use despite concerns. Experience of GLP-1RA injections may impact receptiveness to future insulin use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Holmes-Truscott
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jasmine Schipp
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trisha Dunning
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Barwon Health Partnership Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Furler
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Virginia Hagger
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Barwon Health Partnership Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edith E Holloway
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan E Shaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy Skinner
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane Speight
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iwasa K, Yamamoto S, Yamashina K, Yagishita-Kyo N, Maruyama K, Awaji T, Takei Y, Hirasawa A, Yoshikawa K. A peripheral lipid sensor GPR120 remotely contributes to suppression of PGD 2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the mouse hippocampus. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:304. [PMID: 34961526 PMCID: PMC8711188 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is a key pathological component of neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by microglial activation and the secretion of proinflammatory mediators. We previously reported that a surge in prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) production and PGD2-induced microglial activation could provoke neuroinflammation. We also reported that a lipid sensor GPR120 (free fatty acid receptor 4), which is expressed in intestine, could be activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), thereby mediating secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Dysfunction of GPR120 results in obesity in both mice and humans. METHODS To reveal the relationship between PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and intestinal PUFA/GPR120 signaling, we investigated neuroinflammation and neuronal function with gene and protein expression, histological, and behavioral analysis in GPR120 knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS In the current study, we discovered notable neuroinflammation (increased PGD2 production and microglial activation) and neurodegeneration (declines in neurogenesis, hippocampal volume, and cognitive function) in GPR120 KO mice. We also found that Hematopoietic-prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) was expressed in microglia, microglia were activated by PGD2, H-PGDS expression was upregulated in GPR120 KO hippocampus, and inhibition of PGD2 production attenuated this neuroinflammation. GPR120 KO mice exhibited reduced intestinal, plasma, and intracerebral GLP-1 contents. Peripheral administration of a GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide, reduced PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in GPR120 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neurological phenotypes in GPR120 KO mice are probably caused by dysfunction of intestinal GPR120. These observations raise the possibility that intestinal GLP-1 secretion, stimulated by intestinal GPR120, may remotely contributed to suppress PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Iwasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kota Yamashina
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Nan Yagishita-Kyo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kei Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takeo Awaji
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takei
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sundström J, Kristófi R, Östlund O, Bennet L, Eliasson B, Jansson S, Leksell J, Almby K, Lundqvist M, Eriksson JW. A registry-based randomised trial comparing an SGLT2 inhibitor and metformin as standard treatment of early stage type 2 diabetes (SMARTEST): Rationale, design and protocol. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107996. [PMID: 34389234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to reduce cardiovascular and renal complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients at high cardiovascular risk. Metformin is currently widely used as initial monotherapy in T2D but lacks convincing data to show that it reduces risk of complications. We aim to compare the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin and metformin as first-line T2D medication with regard to development of complications in a registry-based randomised controlled trial. METHODS The SGLT2 inhibitor or metformin as standard treatment of early stage type 2 diabetes (SMARTEST) trial will enrol 4300 subjects at 30-40 study sites in Sweden who will be randomised 1:1 to either metformin or dapagliflozin. Participants must have T2D duration <4 years, no prior cardiovascular disease, and be either drug-naïve or on monotherapy for T2D. RESULTS The primary endpoint is a composite of all-cause death, major adverse cardiovascular events and occurrence or progression of microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, diabetic foot lesions). Secondary endpoints include individual components of the primary endpoint, start of insulin therapy, risk factor biomarkers, patient-reported outcome measures, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Outcomes will primarily be assessed using nationwide healthcare registries. CONCLUSIONS The SMARTEST trial will investigate whether dapagliflozin is superior to metformin in preventing complications in early stage T2D. (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03982381, EudraCT 2019-001046-17).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Louise Bennet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Björn Eliasson
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Institution of Medical Sciences, University Health Care Research Center, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janeth Leksell
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Lundqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suzuki R, Saita S, Nishigaki N, Kisanuki K, Shimasaki Y, Mineyama T, Odawara M. Factors Associated With Treatment Adherence and Satisfaction in Type 2 Diabetes Management in Japan: Results From a Web-Based Questionnaire Survey. Diabetes Ther 2021; 12:2343-2358. [PMID: 34283372 PMCID: PMC8384993 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-021-01100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To identify factors associated with treatment adherence and satisfaction in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Japan. METHODS A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted from 6 to 17 March 2019 in patients with T2DM aged ≥ 20 years receiving diabetes treatment. Treatment adherence and satisfaction were self-assessed/reported by the patients. A multiple logistic regression model and the chi-square test were used to assess associated factors. RESULTS Responders (N = 1000) were aged 63.8 (standard deviation 11.9) years, and 739 (73.9%) were male. Adherence to treatment was reported in 941 (94.1%) patients and was significantly associated with higher household income (odds ratio [OR] 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-3.86), age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.07), employment (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.15-0.60) and having ≥ 1 impaired basic activity of daily living (BADL) (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13-0.82). Satisfaction with treatment was reported by 575 (57.5%) and was significantly associated with receiving/understanding guidance on how pharmacologic therapies are tailored (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.19-2.51), male sex (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.10-2.19), higher household income (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.09-1.94) and age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.03). Treatment adherence was negatively associated with lower household income and having ≥ 1 impaired BADL in patients aged < 65 years, but not in those aged ≥ 65 years. Treatment satisfaction was positively associated with higher household income and receiving/understanding guidance on exercise therapy and the importance of achieving target haemoglobin A1c levels in patients aged ≥ 65 years, but with receiving/understanding guidance on the tailoring of pharmacologic therapies in patients aged < 65 years. CONCLUSION Lower age, lower household income, employment and impaired BADL may negatively impact treatment adherence in patients with T2DM. Appropriate physician guidance may promote treatment satisfaction. Differences in perspectives between patients aged < 65 and those aged ≥ 65 years should be considered. TRIAL REGISTRATION Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center, JapicCTI-194636.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Saita
- Japan Medical Office, Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-1-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8668, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Nishigaki
- Japan Medical Office, Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-1-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8668, Japan
| | - Koichi Kisanuki
- Japan Medical Office, Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-1-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8668, Japan
| | - Yukio Shimasaki
- Japan Medical Office, Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-1-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8668, Japan
| | - Tomoka Mineyama
- Japan Medical Office, Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-1-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8668, Japan
| | - Masato Odawara
- Department of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ishii H, Nakajima H, Kamei N, Niiya T, Hiyoshi T, Hiramori Y, Ohtsu S, Noto T, Shimono D. Quality-of-Life Comparison of Dapagliflozin Versus Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial (J-BOND Study). Diabetes Ther 2020; 11:2959-2977. [PMID: 33057967 PMCID: PMC7644655 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No study has compared the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4is) on patients' quality-of-life (QOL). METHODS We enrolled 253 drug-naïve Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), randomly assigned them into a dapagliflozin (SGLT2i) group or DPP4i group in approximately 1:1 ratio, and monitored them for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects indicating improvement in the "overall quality of life" domain of SHIELD-WQ-9 at week 24. Secondary endpoints included other domains of SHIELD-WQ-9, DTR-QOL, EQ-5D-5L, medication preference, medication adherence, diet therapy adherence, body weight, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference, HbA1c, and frequency of adverse events. RESULTS The proportion of subjects indicating improvement in the "overall quality of life" domain of SHIELD-WQ-9 at week 24 was higher in the dapagliflozin group (28.4%) than in the DPP4i group (18.6%) (p = 0.08). The proportion of subjects indicating improvement in the "physical health" domain of SHIELD-WQ-9 at week 24 was significantly higher in the dapagliflozin group (42.2%) than in the DPP4i group (23.7%) (p = 0.004). Total scores and domain 1 scores of DTR-QOL showed greater improvement in the dapagliflozin group (14.3 ± 15.6 and 15.5 ± 20.8, respectively) than in the DPP4i group (10.2 ± 15.6 and 10.3 ± 19.5, respectively) (both p = 0.05). EQ-5D-5L scores had significantly improved in the DPP4i group (0.023 ± 0.088) (p = 0.005); the intergroup difference was not significant (p = 0.14). Body weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001), and abdominal circumference (p = 0.019) had significantly decreased in the dapagliflozin group compared with the corresponding values in the DPP4i group. CONCLUSION Dapagliflozin showed a comparable or more favorable benefit on Japanese patients' QOL compared with DPP4is. Dapagliflozin was well tolerated. It significantly reduced body weight, which was significantly correlated with improvement in the patients' QOL. This study demonstrates that dapagliflozin can be used as a first-line drug for T2DM in Japan with a beneficial impact on patients' QOL. TRIAL REGISTRATION University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN000030514); Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs051180165).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ishii
- Department of Doctor-Patient Relationships, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Nakajima
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kamei
- Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Toru Hiyoshi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashi Noto
- Nishiyamato Diabetes Clinic, Kita-Katsuragi-gun, Nara, Japan
| | - Dai Shimono
- Futata Tetsuhiro Clinic, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Arutyunyan IV, Fatkhudinov TK, Makarov AV, Elchaninov AV, Sukhikh GT. Regenerative medicine of pancreatic islets. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2948-2966. [PMID: 32587441 PMCID: PMC7304103 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i22.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas became one of the first objects of regenerative medicine, since other possibilities of dealing with the pancreatic endocrine insufficiency were clearly exhausted. The number of people living with diabetes mellitus is currently approaching half a billion, hence the crucial relevance of new methods to stimulate regeneration of the insulin-secreting β-cells of the islets of Langerhans. Natural restrictions on the islet regeneration are very tight; nevertheless, the islets are capable of physiological regeneration via β-cell self-replication, direct differentiation of multipotent progenitor cells and spontaneous α- to β- or δ- to β-cell conversion (trans-differentiation). The existing preclinical models of β-cell dysfunction or ablation (induced surgically, chemically or genetically) have significantly expanded our understanding of reparative regeneration of the islets and possible ways of its stimulation. The ultimate goal, sufficient level of functional activity of β-cells or their substitutes can be achieved by two prospective broad strategies: β-cell replacement and β-cell regeneration. The “regeneration” strategy aims to maintain a preserved population of β-cells through in situ exposure to biologically active substances that improve β-cell survival, replication and insulin secretion, or to evoke the intrinsic adaptive mechanisms triggering the spontaneous non-β- to β-cell conversion. The “replacement” strategy implies transplantation of β-cells (as non-disintegrated pancreatic material or isolated donor islets) or β-like cells obtained ex vivo from progenitors or mature somatic cells (for example, hepatocytes or α-cells) under the action of small-molecule inducers or by genetic modification. We believe that the huge volume of experimental and clinical studies will finally allow a safe and effective solution to a seemingly simple goal-restoration of the functionally active β-cells, the innermost hope of millions of people globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Arutyunyan
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Timur Kh Fatkhudinov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russia
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Andrey V Makarov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrey V Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saisho Y. An emerging new concept for the management of type 2 diabetes with a paradigm shift from the glucose-centric to beta cell-centric concept of diabetes - an Asian perspective. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1565-1578. [PMID: 32521177 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1776262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent advances in anti-diabetic medications and glucose monitoring have led to a paradigm shift in diabetes care. Newer anti-diabetic medications such as DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and SGLT2 inhibitors have enabled optimal glycemic control to be achieved without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain. Treatment with GLP-1RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors has been demonstrated to improve cardiorenal outcomes, positioning these agents as the mainstay of treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The development of these newer agents has also prompted a paradigm shift in the concept of T2DM, highlighting the importance of beta cell dysfunction in the pathophysiology of T2DM. AREAS COVERED Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for diabetes are summarized with a focus on the role of incretin-based drugs and SGLT2 inhibitors. The importance of a paradigm shift from a glucose-centric to a beta cell-centric concept of T2DM is also discussed, given from an Asian perspective. EXPERT OPINION Management of T2DM including lifestyle modification as well as pharmacotherapy should be focused on reducing beta cell workload, to preserve functional beta cell mass. A paradigm shift from a glucose-centric to a beta cell-centric concept of T2DM enhances the implementation of person-centered diabetes care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Saisho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Winkley K, Upsher R, Polonsky WH, Holmes-Truscott E. Psychosocial aspects and contributions of behavioural science to medication-taking for adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2020; 37:427-435. [PMID: 31837158 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review was to determine the contribution of behavioural and psychosocial research to the field of medication-taking for adults with type 2 diabetes over the past 25 years. We review the behavioural and psychosocial literature relevant to adults with type 2 diabetes who are treated with oral antidiabetes agents, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and insulin. Delayed uptake of, omission of and non-persistence with medications are significant problems among adults with type 2 diabetes. At each stage of the course of diabetes, during which medication to lower blood glucose is initiated or intensified, ~50% of people take less medication than prescribed. Research aimed at increasing optimal medication-taking behaviour has targeted 'forgetfulness', developing interventions which aid medication-taking, such as reminder devices, with limited success. In parallel, investigation of beliefs about medication has provided insights into the perceived necessity of and concerns about medication and how these inform medication-taking decisions. Guidance is available for health professionals to facilitate shared decision-making, particularly with insulin therapy; however, interventions addressing medication beliefs are limited. Optimal medication-taking behaviour is essential to prevent hyperglycaemia in adults with type 2 diabetes. Evidence from the past 25 years has demonstrated the association between medication beliefs and medication-taking behaviour. Health professionals need to address medication concerns, and establish and demonstrate the utility of diabetes medication with the individual within the clinical consultation. There are interventions that may assist diabetes health professionals in the shared decision-making process, but further development and more robust evaluation of these tools and techniques is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Winkley
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, London, UK
| | - R Upsher
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - W H Polonsky
- Behavioural Diabetes Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - E Holmes-Truscott
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jendle J, Birkenfeld AL, Polonsky WH, Silver R, Uusinarkaus K, Hansen T, Håkan‐Bloch J, Tadayon S, Davies MJ. Improved treatment satisfaction in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with once-weekly semaglutide in the SUSTAIN trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2315-2326. [PMID: 31215727 PMCID: PMC6771774 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate treatment satisfaction with semaglutide, a once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, versus placebo/active comparators in the SUSTAIN clinical trial programme. METHODS In SUSTAIN 2-5 and 7, the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire was used to evaluate patient-perceived treatment satisfaction, hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. Post hoc subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the effects of gastrointestinal adverse events (GI AEs), weight loss (≥5%) or achieving glycaemic (HbA1c < 7%) targets on treatment satisfaction. RESULTS Overall treatment satisfaction increased from baseline to end of treatment with all treatments across trials. Improvements were significantly greater with semaglutide versus comparators/placebo in SUSTAIN 2-5 (all P < 0.05), and generally greater in patients who achieved versus did not achieve weight loss and glycaemic targets, often with greater improvements with semaglutide 1.0 mg versus comparator/placebo in both weight loss groups. In SUSTAIN 7, improvements in overall treatment satisfaction were generally similar between semaglutide and dulaglutide, irrespective of weight loss or glycaemic control. In SUSTAIN 7, changes in overall treatment satisfaction score were generally lower in patients with versus without GI AEs at week 16 (except dulaglutide 0.75 mg), but similar by week 40. Perceived hyperglycaemia was significantly reduced from baseline to end of treatment with semaglutide versus all comparators/placebo (all P < 0.05). No differences between treatments were observed for perceived hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS Semaglutide was associated with significantly greater (SUSTAIN 2-5) or similar (SUSTAIN 7) improvements in overall treatment satisfaction versus comparators/placebo. Improvements in overall treatment satisfaction were generally greater in patients achieving versus not achieving treatment targets. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01930188 (SUSTAIN 2), NCT01885208 (SUSTAIN 3), NCT02128932 (SUSTAIN 4), NCT02305381 (SUSTAIN 5) and NCT02648204 (SUSTAIN 7). EudraCT: 2012-004827-19 (SUSTAIN 2), 2012-004826-92 (SUSTAIN 3), 2013-004392-12 (SUSTAIN 4), 2013-004502-26 (SUSTAIN 5) and 2014-005375-91 (SUSTAIN 7).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Jendle
- Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Department of Medicine IIICarl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Center Munich at Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - William H. Polonsky
- Behavioral Diabetes Institute, University of California San DiegoSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Robert Silver
- Southern New Hampshire Diabetes and EndocrinologyNashuaNew Hampshire
| | - Kari Uusinarkaus
- DaVita Medical GroupUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineColorado SpringsColorado
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hadi M, Swinburn P, Nalysnyk L, Hamed A, Mehta A. A health state utility valuation study to assess the impact of treatment mode of administration in Gaucher disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:159. [PMID: 30201003 PMCID: PMC6131903 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to obtain UK societal-based utility values for health states related to treatment mode of administration using Gaucher disease as the background condition. Methods A review of relevant literature and expert clinical input informed the development of five health states characterising the impact of Gaucher disease and its management on patients’ lives. A base-state characterising the “controlled disease” was developed as well as four subsequent health states which varied in description of the method (intravenous versus oral) and frequency of treatment administration. Health state utilities were obtained using the time trade-off (TTO) method via face-to-face interviews with 100 members from the UK general population. Before the valuation exercise, participants provided informed consent, completed a demographic form and the EQ-5D, and ranked the health states from best to worst on a 0–100 visual analogue scale (VAS). Results Mean age of the participants (n = 100) was 35 years and 66% were female. Participants reported high EQ-5D VAS (86.1) and index scores (0.95) indicating very good health status. The “controlled disease” state had the highest mean TTO-derived utility value (0.89). There was only a marginal reduction in utility for the generic state for “Oral treatment” (0.85), while the reduction was more pronounced for the generic state for “Intravenous treatment” (0.73). Conclusions The findings suggest that the avoidance of the need for intravenous treatment administration is associated with a notable positive increase in health-related quality of life. Patient benefit arising from less invasive treatment could be an important consideration when undertaking economic evaluation of future therapies for Gaucher disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-018-0903-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luba Nalysnyk
- Sanofi Genzyme, 50 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Alaa Hamed
- Sanofi Genzyme, 50 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Atul Mehta
- Lysosomal Storage Disorders Unit, Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital and University College Medical School, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Use of Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire in Diabetes Care: Importance of Patient-Reported Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050947. [PMID: 29747423 PMCID: PMC5981986 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of diabetes treatment should not be evaluated solely by HbA1c levels as they should also focus on patient-reported outcomes (PROs), such as patient satisfaction, wellbeing and quality of life. The Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) has been developed to assess patient satisfaction with diabetes treatment. DTSQ has been translated into more than 100 languages and is widely used in many countries, since it is relatively easy to answer and is used for both patients with and without medical therapy. Novel therapeutic options, such as insulin analogs, incretin-based therapy and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, have been shown to improve patient satisfaction using DTSQ for assessments. DTSQ is not only used for comparisons between different medications or treatment strategies, but also can be used to assess the quality of diabetes care in clinical settings. This is important as an improvement in treatment satisfaction may enhance patients’ self-efficacy and adherence to therapy, leading to the achievement of long-term stable glycemic control and reduced risk of diabetic complications. In this review, we summarize the current topics in DTSQ, introducing our own experience, and discuss the role of PROs in diabetes treatment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Henry R, Rosenstock J, McCarthy JF, Carls G, Alessi T, Yee J, Baron M. Treatment satisfaction with ITCA 650, a novel drug-device delivering continuous exenatide, versus twice-daily injections of exenatide in type 2 diabetics using metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:638-645. [PMID: 29053202 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate treatment satisfaction in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) not adequately controlled by metformin, randomized to ITCA 650 (continuous exenatide in osmotic mini-pump) vs twice-daily exenatide injections (Ex-BID). MATERIALS AND METHODS The Diabetes Medication Satisfaction Tool (DM-SAT) was administered and assessments were made at baseline, Week 8 and Week 20 during a 24-week open-label phase 2 trial. In Stage I (Weeks 1-12), 155 patients, comprising the ITT population, were randomized to 3 groups: ITCA 650 20 μg/day, ITCA 650 40 μg/day and Ex-BID 10 μg BID. In Stage II (Weeks 13-24), ITCA 650 groups were re-randomized to either remain on the Stage I dose or receive a higher dose. Patients treated with Ex-BID were randomized to 40 or 60 μg/day ITCA 650. RESULTS Patients using ITCA 650 reported significant increases in overall treatment satisfaction by Week 8 vs those using Ex-BID (P < .01), despite similar clinical efficacy and overall rates of nausea. During Stage II, further improvement in HbA1c and weight were seen after 3-fold dose escalation of ITCA 650 and treatment satisfaction was maintained. When patients using Ex-BID were switched to ITCA 650, treatment satisfaction increased and reached levels similar to those initially treated with ITCA 650. Neither GI side effects of nausea and/or vomiting, nor the procedure to sub-dermally place ITCA 650, significantly impacted treatment satisfaction scores. CONCLUSION ITCA 650 added to metformin for patients with T2D, and for those who switched to ITCA 650 from Ex-BID, meaningfully improved glucose control and significantly increased overall treatment satisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Henry
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - John F McCarthy
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts and Hayward, Hayward, California
| | | | - Tom Alessi
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts and Hayward, Hayward, California
| | - John Yee
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts and Hayward, Hayward, California
| | - Michelle Baron
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts and Hayward, Hayward, California
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nakajima H, Okada S, Mohri T, Kanda E, Inaba N, Hirasawa Y, Seino H, Kuroda H, Hiyoshi T, Niiya T, Ishii H. Dapagliflozin improves treatment satisfaction in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a patient reported outcome study (PRO study). Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018; 10:11. [PMID: 29507611 PMCID: PMC5831584 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-018-0313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of sodium glucose cotransporters 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus include plasma glucose control, reduction in body weight and blood pressure, and low risk of hypoglycemia, although they may also cause genitourinary infections, polyuria, or volume depletion. It is not clear whether dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, improves treatment satisfaction among patients in a comprehensive way despite the negative side effects. This study assessed the effect of dapagliflozin on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, and treatment satisfaction in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with oral hypoglycemic agents. METHODS This multicenter, open-label, single-arm observational study included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus administering dapagliflozin 5 or 10 mg per day for 14 weeks. Changes in treatment satisfaction were evaluated using a new version of the Oral Hypoglycemic Agent-Questionnaire (OHA-Q ver. 2) consisting of 23 items. Correlation between treatment satisfaction and HbA1c levels and body weight were analyzed using the Spearman's rank-correlation coefficient. RESULTS Of the 221 patients enrolled, 188 completed the study. Mean HbA1c decreased from 7.8 ± 0.7% (62.1 ± 7.5 mmol/mol) to 7.3 ± 0.8% (55.9 ± 8.7 mmol/mol) (change - 0.6 ± 0.7%, P < 0.001) and body weight decreased from 82.5 ± 14.6 to 80.7 ± 14.8 kg (change - 2.3 ± 2.8 kg, P < 0.001). OHA-Q ver. 2 was validated as well, the mean OHA-Q ver. 2 total score increased from 44.3 ± 9.4 to 46.6 ± 9.8 (best score 69, worst score 0; change 2.3 ± 6.6, P < 0.001). The change in body weight significantly correlated with the OHA-Q ver. 2 total score (Spearman's ρ = - 0.17, P = 0.035). The change in HbA1c levels significantly correlated with the satisfaction subscale score (Spearman's ρ = - 0.19, P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Dapagliflozin significantly improved treatment satisfaction among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 14 weeks. Body weight loss significantly correlated with treatment satisfaction.Trial registration UMIN-CTR: UMIN000016304.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakajima
- Department of Diabetology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522 Japan
| | - Sadanori Okada
- Department of Diabetology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522 Japan
| | - Takako Mohri
- Department of Diabetology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522 Japan
| | - Eiichiro Kanda
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Kyosai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Life Science and Bioethics Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inaba
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tetsuji Niiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishii
- Department of Diabetology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Im DS. FFA4 (GPR120) as a fatty acid sensor involved in appetite control, insulin sensitivity and inflammation regulation. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 64:92-108. [PMID: 28887275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids have been suggested to be beneficial in the context of cardiovascular disorders based in epidemiologic studies conducted in Greenland and Mediterranean. DHA and EPA are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are plentiful in fish oil, and oleic acid is an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid, rich in olive oil. Dietary intake of these unsaturated long-chain fatty acids have been associated with insulin sensitivity and weight loss, which contrasts with the impairment of insulin sensitivity and weight gain associated with high intakes of saturated long-chain fatty acids. The recent discovery that free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) acts as a sensor for unsaturated long-chain fatty acids started to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial functions played by these unsaturated long-chain fatty acids in various physiological processes, which include the secretions of gastrointestinal peptide hormones and glucose homeostasis. In this review, the physiological roles and therapeutic significance of FFA4 in appetite control, insulin sensitization, and inflammation reduction are discussed in relation to obesity and type 2 diabetes from pharmacological viewpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gorgojo Martínez JJ. Relevance of weight in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: towards an adipocentric approach to diabetes. Med Clin (Barc) 2017; 147 Suppl 1:8-16. [PMID: 28760227 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(17)30619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a worldwide parallel increase in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is not surprising, given that increased visceral fat is the main risk factor for the development of T2DM in genetically predisposed individuals. An intervention focused on intensive blood glucose control in T2DM with classic drugs increases the risk of weight gain and the rate of hypoglycaemia. In contrast, weight loss through lifestyle changes, drugs and/or surgery simultaneously improves most cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, including hyperglycemia. Intensive intervention on lifestyle induces an overall benefit in patients with T2DM, but long-term weight loss is modest and has not been shown to reduce CV morbidity and mortality. The emergence of new therapeutic classes for T2DM and obesity, which simultaneously improve HbA1c, weight and other CV risk factors without inducing hypoglycaemia, represents a major change in the management of patients with diabesity. A sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor and a GLP-1 receptor agonist have recently been shown to decrease CV and total mortality in type 2 diabetic patients with CV disease. Furthermore, bariatric surgery rapidly induces remission or improvement of T2DM in a large percentage of patients and reduces diabetes-related mortality. The emergence of new therapies raises the possibility of changing the current glucose-centred therapeutic strategy for a weight-centred approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Gorgojo Martínez
- Unidad de Endocrinologíe, y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Boccara F, Dent R, Ruilope L, Valensi P. Practical Considerations for the Use of Subcutaneous Treatment in the Management of Dyslipidaemia. Adv Ther 2017; 34:1876-1896. [PMID: 28717862 PMCID: PMC5565663 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Suboptimal drug adherence represents a major challenge to effective primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. While adherence is influenced by multiple considerations, polypharmacy and dosing frequency appear to be rate-limiting factors in patient satisfaction and subsequent adherence. The cardiovascular and metabolic therapeutic areas have recently benefited from a number of advances in drug therapy, in particular protease proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and incretin-based therapies, respectively. These drugs are administered subcutaneously and offer efficacious treatment options with reduced dosing frequency. Whilst patients with diabetes and diabetologists are well initiated to injectable therapies, the cardiovascular therapeutic arena has traditionally been dominated by oral agents. It is therefore important to examine the practical aspects of treating patients with these new lipid-lowering agents, to ensure they are optimally deployed in everyday clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Boccara
- Cardiology Unit, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Hôpitaux de l'Est Parisien, Paris, France.
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France.
| | - Ricardo Dent
- Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Zug, Switzerland
- Esperion Therapeutics Inc, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luis Ruilope
- Institute of Research, Hypertension Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Valensi
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, Jean Verdier Hospital, APHP, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris Nord University, Bondy, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bergenstal RM, Strock E, Mazze R, Powers MA, Monk AM, Richter S, Souhami E, Ahrén B. Diurnal glucose exposure profiles of patients treated with lixisenatide before breakfast or the main meal of the day: An analysis using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 28032465 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the parent study of this analysis, patients with type 2 diabetes received lixisenatide before breakfast or the main meal of the day. This substudy was designed to examine the effect of lixisenatide administered before breakfast or the main meal of the day on continuously assessed 24-hour patient glucose profiles. METHODS A subset of patients from the parent study underwent 2 14-day periods of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) at the start and end of the 24-week study. Ambulatory glucose profile analysis was used to measure changes over time in detailed aspects of the glucose profiles. The breakfast group consumed a standardized meal during both CGM periods to determine change in 4-hour glycemic response. RESULTS Data were available for 69 patients in the substudy, 40 from the original breakfast group and 29 from the main meal group. Between baseline and end of study, mean (standard deviation) total glucose exposure decreased from 4198.1 (652.3) to 3681.2 (699.6) mg/dL*24 h in the breakfast group (P < .0001) and from 4127.9 (876.8) to 3880.9 (1165.0) mg/dL*24 h in the main meal group (P = .0224). For patients included in the substudy, HbA1c decreased by approximately 0.6% in both groups. Mean (standard deviation) 4-hour total glucose exposure fell by 168.9 (158.4) mg/dL*4 h (P < .0001) from baseline. CONCLUSIONS This analysis demonstrates that lixisenatide has beneficial effects on components of the 24-hour glucose profile, which endure beyond the meal at which it is administered. Continuous glucose monitoring analysis detects changes not captured using HbA1c alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellie Strock
- International Diabetes Center, Health Partners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Roger Mazze
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- AGP Clinical Academy, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Margaret A Powers
- International Diabetes Center, Health Partners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Arlene M Monk
- International Diabetes Center, Health Partners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many persons with type 1 diabetes do not achieve glycemic targets, why new treatments, complementary to insulin, are of interest. Liraglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist could be a potential pharmacological supplement to insulin. This review discusses the mechanism of actions, efficacy and safety of liraglutide as add-on to insulin in persons with type 1 diabetes. AREAS COVERED Physiological and clinical data on liraglutide in type 1 diabetes were reviewed. We searched the Cochrane library, MEDLINE and EMBASE, with the final search performed February 16, 2016. EXPERT OPINION Liraglutide as adjunct to insulin treatment reduced body weight and daily dose of insulin compared with insulin alone. The effect on HbA1c was inconsistent with mostly uncontrolled, small-scale studies reporting improvements in glycemic control. In placebo-controlled studies there was no clinically relevant effect on HbA1c. Adverse events were mostly transient gastrointestinal side effects, primarily nausea. Based on the available data, liraglutide cannot be recommended as add-on therapy to insulin in persons with type 1 diabetes with the aim to improve glycemic control. Ongoing trials in newly diagnosed patients with type 1 diabetes and in insulin pump-treated patients will help define the future role of liraglutide therapy in type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fremming Dejgaard
- a Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Hvidovre , Denmark.,b Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center , Gentofte , Denmark
| | | | - Jens Juul Holst
- c NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,d Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- a Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Hvidovre , Denmark.,c NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lopez JMS, Katic BJ, Fitz-Randolph M, Jackson RA, Chow W, Mullins CD. Understanding preferences for type 2 diabetes mellitus self-management support through a patient-centered approach: a 2-phase mixed-methods study. BMC Endocr Disord 2016; 16:41. [PMID: 27430259 PMCID: PMC4950768 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-016-0122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who participate in diabetes management programs have been shown to have better glycemic control and slower disease progression, although program participation remains low. In the USA, increasing participation in diabetes management support programs may also directly impact provider reimbursement, as payments are increasingly based on patient-centered measures. However, little is known about factors that may enhance patient participation. This study aimed at further understanding what is important in diabetes management support from the patients' perspective and at assessing the utilization of various types of diabetes-management programs. METHODS A two-phase mixed-methods study was conducted of adult US members of PatientsLikeMe®, an online research network of patients. Phase 1 comprised qualitative interviews with 10 individuals to inform the online survey's contents, aided by literature review. During phase 2, this online survey was completed by 294 participants who reported on their diabetes goals and preferences for T2DM self-management support programs. RESULTS The majority of the respondents were not participating in any program (65 %), but most had goals of improving diet (77 %), weight loss (71 %), and achieving stable blood glucose levels (71 %). Among those currently participating in programs, clinic, hospital-based, or other health-care professional programs were the most commonly used (51 %). The most preferred type of support was diet/weight-loss support (62 %), while doctors or nurses (61 %) and dietitians (55 %) were the most preferred sources of diabetes support. CONCLUSIONS The low participation in diabetes self-management programs revealed in this study underscores the need for strategies to improve patient engagement. The results revealed support types and formats that patients with T2DM prefer and need. These findings may help improve patient engagement by guiding the future design of more effective diabetes management support programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice M S Lopez
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, 1000 US Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ, 08869, USA.
| | - Bozena J Katic
- PatientsLikeMe Inc., 155 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | | | - Richard A Jackson
- Harvard Medical School, 50 Milk Street, 17th floor, Boston, MA, 02109, USA
| | - Wing Chow
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, 1000 US Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ, 08869, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Saratoga Building, 12th Floor, 220 Arch Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang T, Conrad KA, van Brunt K, Rees TM. Attributes Influencing Insulin Pen Preference Among Caregivers and Patients With Diabetes Who Require Greater Than 20 Units of Mealtime Insulin. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:923-31. [PMID: 26920640 PMCID: PMC4928226 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816633232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared patient preference for Humalog® KwikPen™ 200 units/mL (insulin lispro; hereafter, IL 200 pen; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN) versus the Humalog KwikPen 100 units/mL (insulin lispro; hereafter, IL 100 pen; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN) in patients with diabetes requiring >20 units of mealtime insulin and diabetes caregivers. This study also determined which attributes had the greatest influence on pen preference selection. METHODS In this 2-period, crossover, simulated-use study, 106 participants were randomized to 1 of 8 sequences that varied the pen order (IL 100 pen or IL 200 pen) and dosing order (15 units = low dose or 50 units = high dose) for a total of 4 simulated injections. Participants then completed a self-administered questionnaire to select their overall preference between the 2 pens and then rated the importance of 11 pen attributes in contributing to their overall preference. RESULTS Of the 90 participants expressing an overall preference, significantly more preferred the IL 200 pen to the IL 100 pen (IL 200 pen: 80 respondents; IL 100 pen: 10 respondents; 95% confidence interval [0.81, 0.94], P < .0001). The total amount of insulin in the pen, the ease in pressing the injection button, and the amount of fluid injected were key attributes influencing IL 200 pen preference. CONCLUSIONS Based on these key attributes, the IL 200 pen was significantly preferred over the IL 100 pen by patients with diabetes who require >20 daily mealtime insulin units or diabetes caregivers and may improve the injection experience for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth A Conrad
- Delivery Device Human Factors, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Tina M Rees
- Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pham H, Hui H, Morvaridi S, Cai J, Zhang S, Tan J, Wu V, Levin N, Knudsen B, Goddard WA, Pandol SJ, Abrol R. A bitter pill for type 2 diabetes? The activation of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 can stimulate GLP-1 release from enteroendocrine L-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:295-300. [PMID: 27208775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been found in many extra-oral locations like the gastrointestinal (GI) system, respiratory system, and brain, though its function at these locations is only beginning to be understood. To probe the receptor's potential metabolic role, immunohistochemistry of human ileum tissues was performed, which showed that the receptor was co-localized with glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in L-cells. In a previous study, we had modeled the structure of this receptor for its many taste-variant haplotypes (Tan et al. 2011), including the taster haplotype PAV. The structure of this haplotype was then used in a virtual ligand screening pipeline using a collection of ∼2.5 million purchasable molecules from the ZINC database. Three compounds (Z7, Z3, Z1) were purchased from the top hits and tested along with PTU (known TAS2R38 agonist) in in vitro and in vivo assays. The dose-response study of the effect of PTU and Z7 on GLP-1 release using wild-type and TAS2R38 knockout HuTu-80 cells showed that the receptor TAS2R38 plays a major role in GLP-1 release due to these molecules. In vivo studies of PTU and the three compounds showed that they each increase GLP-1 release. PTU was also chemical linked to cellulose to slow its absorption and when tested in vivo, it showed an enhanced and prolonged GLP-1 release. These results suggest that the GI lumen location of TAS2R38 on the L-cell makes it a relatively safe drug target as systemic absorption is not needed for a TAS2R38 agonist drug to effect GLP-1 release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Pham
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongxiang Hui
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; International Center for Metabolic Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Susan Morvaridi
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiena Cai
- International Center for Metabolic Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sanqi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Vincent Wu
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Beatrice Knudsen
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; GIRx Metabolics Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ravinder Abrol
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; GIRx Metabolics Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dejgaard TF, Frandsen CS, Hansen TS, Almdal T, Urhammer S, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Jensen T, Jensen AK, Holst JJ, Tarnow L, Knop FK, Madsbad S, Andersen HU. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide for overweight adult patients with type 1 diabetes and insufficient glycaemic control (Lira-1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:221-232. [PMID: 26656289 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist therapy improves glycaemic control, induces weight loss, and reduces insulin dose needed in type 2 diabetes. We assessed the efficacy and safety of the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide as an add-on therapy to insulin for overweight adult patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at Steno Diabetes Center (Gentofte, Denmark). Patients aged 18 years or older with type 1 diabetes, insufficient glycaemic control (HbA1c >8% [64 mmol/mol]), and overweight (BMI >25 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive insulin treatment plus either liraglutide or placebo (saline solution) by subcutaneous injection once per day. Randomisation was done in blocks of four. Treatment assignment was masked to investigators and patients. Treatment lasted 24 weeks and liraglutide was started at a dose of 0·6 mg per day, escalated to 1·2 mg per day after 1 week, and then again to 1·8 mg per day after another week. Intervals between dose increments could be extended at the discretion of the investigator. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24. Secondary endpoints were changes in hypoglycaemic events, glycaemic variability, glycaemic excursions, insulin dose, bodyweight, postprandial plasma concentrations of glucagon and GLP-1, gastric emptying, blood pressure, heart rate, patient-reported outcome measures, time spent in hypoglycaemia, near-normoglycaemia, and hyperglycaemia, plasma fasting glucose, mean glucose, and cholesterol. Efficacy analyses were calculated by use of a mixed model, whereby a patient's data are used as long as the patient is in the study. The safety analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population, which consisted of all patients who received at least one dose of their randomly assigned study drug. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01612468. FINDINGS Between July 10, 2012, and May 30, 2014, we enrolled 100 patients with type 1 diabetes, with 50 patients allocated liraglutide and 50 to placebo. Four patients from the liraglutide group and six patients from the placebo group discontinued treatment before 24 weeks. At the end of treatment, change in HbA1c from baseline did not differ between groups (-0·5%, 95% CI -0·8 to -0·4 [-6·0 mmol/mol, 95% CI -8·7 to -4·4] with liraglutide vs -0·3%, -0·6 to -0·2 [-4·0 mmol/mol, -6·6 to -2·3] with placebo; between-group difference -0·2% [-0·5 to 0·1; 2·2 mmol/mol, -5·5 to 1·1], p=0·1833). The number of hypoglycaemic events was reduced with liraglutide, with an incident rate ratio of 0·82 (95% CI 0·74 to 0·90). However, we detected no changes in glycaemic variability (continuous overall net glycaemic action per 60 min from 10·3 [95% CI 9·8 to 10·8] to 9·9 [9·2 to 10·6] in the liraglutide treated patients vs 10·2 [9·7 to 10·7] to 9·7 [9·1 to 10·3] in the placebo treated patients). Both bolus insulin (difference -5·8 IU, 95% CI -10·7 to -0·8, p=0·0227) and bodyweight (difference -6·8 kg, 95% CI -12·2 to -1·4, p=0·0145) decreased with liraglutide treatment compared with placebo. Heart rate increased with liraglutide, with a difference between groups of 7·5 bpm (95% CI 2·8-12·2, p=0·0019). Postprandial plasma glucagon and GLP-1 concentrations did not differ between groups (difference between groups at end of treatment: -408 mmol/L per 240 min [95% CI -941 to 125, p=0·1309] for glucagon and -266 mmol/L per 240 min [-1034 to 501, p=0·4899] for GLP-1). Gastric emptying was delayed after 3 weeks of treatment with liraglutide (19·9 min, 95% CI 0·8 to 39·0, p=0·0412), but we detected no difference after 24 weeks of treatment (-1·5 min, -20·5 to 17·6, p=0·8793). Patient-reported outcome measures differed between groups only with respect to perceived frequency of hypoglycaemia, which was higher with placebo, with a difference between groups of -0·6 (95% CI -1·1 to -0·07, p=0·0257). Liraglutide was associated with more frequent nausea (29 [58%] patients with liraglutide vs five [10%] with placebo), dyspepsia (11 [22%] patients with liraglutide vs one [2%] with placebo), diarrhoea (ten [20%] patients with liraglutide vs one [2%] with placebo), decreased appetite (seven patients [14%] with liraglutide vs none with placebo), and vomiting (seven [14%] patients with liraglutide vs one [2%] with placebo). INTERPRETATION In patients with type 1 diabetes, overweight, and insufficient glycaemic control, the reduction in HbA1c did not differ between insulin plus placebo and insulin plus liraglutide treatment. Liraglutide was associated with reductions in hypoglycaemic events, bolus and total insulin dose, and bodyweight, and increased heart rate. FUNDING Novo Nordisk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fremming Dejgaard
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Thomas Almdal
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Søren Urhammer
- Department of Endocrinology, Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Tonny Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kryger Jensen
- Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark; Section of Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Tarnow
- Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication complexity/burden can be associated with nonadherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients' satisfaction with their treatment is an important consideration for physicians. Strategies like using longer acting efficacious agents with less frequent dosing may help adherence. OBJECTIVE To explore the mode of administration of dulaglutide and its implications for treatment adherence in T2DM. METHODS PubMed search using the term "Dulaglutide" through October 31, 2015 was conducted. Published articles, press releases, and abstracts presented at national/international meetings were considered. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Dulaglutide is a once-weekly glucagon like peptide-1 analog with a low intraindividual variability. Phase III trials demonstrated significant improvements in glycemia and weight, with a low hypoglycemia risk similar to liraglutide/exenatide, but with substantially fewer injections. A significant improvement was observed in the total Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire score, Impact of Weight on Self-Perception, and perceived frequency of hyperglycemia with dulaglutide when compared with placebo, exenatide, liraglutide, or metformin. Treatment satisfaction scores showed an improvement with dulaglutide (34%-39%) when compared with exenatide (31%). A positive experience with a high initial (97.2%) and final (99.1%) injection success rate along with a significant reduction in patients' fear of self-injecting, as measured by the modified self-injecting subscale of the Diabetes Fear of Injecting and Self-Testing Questionnaire and Medication Delivery Device Assessment Battery, was found. Its acceptance was high (>96%) among a variety of patients including patients who fear injections and injection-naïve users. Dulaglutide is available as a single-dose automatic self-injecting device, which has a low volume, does not need reconstitution, and avoids patient handling of the needle. Dose adjustment based on weight, sex, age, race, ethnicity, or injection-site is not necessary. In chronic diseases like diabetes where patients need lifelong medications, the efficacy, safety, and convenience of a once-weekly, easy-to-use, self-injecting device should encourage patient adherence to dulaglutide therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Amblee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, John Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Correspondence: Ambika Amblee, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, John Stroger Hospital of Cook County, 1900 West Polk Street, Suite 806, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Tel +1 312 864 0543, Fax +1 312 864 9734, Email
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Reaney M, Yu M, Lakshmanan M, Pechtner V, van Brunt K. Treatment satisfaction in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with once-weekly dulaglutide: data from the AWARD-1 and AWARD-3 clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:896-903. [PMID: 26095190 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare treatment satisfaction among people with type 2 diabetes receiving dulaglutide 1.5 mg and dulaglutide 0.75 mg (a once-weekly, long-acting, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist) with those receiving either exenatide or placebo (AWARD-1 study) or metformin (AWARD-3 study) over 52 weeks. METHODS The Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status version (DTSQs) and change version (DTSQc) were used to evaluate total treatment satisfaction and perceived frequency of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. RESULTS In the AWARD-1 study, significant improvements from baseline were observed in total DTSQs score for both dulaglutide doses (26 and 52 weeks) and exenatide (26 weeks). The improvement was significantly greater with both dulaglutide doses compared with placebo (26 weeks) and exenatide (26 and 52 weeks). The perceived frequency of hyperglycaemia was lower for all groups at 26 and 52 weeks compared with baseline. The improvement was greater with both dulaglutide doses and exenatide compared with placebo at 26 weeks, and was also greater with both dulaglutide doses compared with exenatide at 26 and 52 weeks. The exenatide group had an increase in perceived frequency of hypoglycaemia at 26 and 52 weeks. In the AWARD-3 study, significant improvements from baseline were observed for total DTSQs scores in all groups at 26 and 52 weeks. Perceived frequency of hyperglycaemia was lower for all groups at 26 and 52 weeks compared with baseline, and this improvement was greater with both dulaglutide doses compared with metformin at 52 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Dulaglutide was associated with improvements in treatment satisfaction and a decrease in perceived frequency of hyperglycaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M Yu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Lakshmanan
- Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - V Pechtner
- Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Iepsen EW, Torekov SS, Holst JJ. Liraglutide for Type 2 diabetes and obesity: a 2015 update. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2015; 13:753-67. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2015.1054810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
30
|
Choo J, Turk MT, Jae SY, Choo IH. Factors associated with health-related quality of life among overweight and obese Korean women. Women Health 2015; 55:152-66. [PMID: 25706685 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2014.979966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) tends to be lower among individuals who are overweight and obese than those of normal weight, and women may be more vulnerable to lower HRQOL associated with obesity than men. Identifying factors associated with HRQOL may be crucial for improving HRQOL for overweight/obese women. We aimed to determine the factors associated with obesity-specific HRQOL among overweight/obese Korean women. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 125 women aged 20-64 years, who comprised a baseline sample in the Community-based Heart and Weight Management Trial. The data were collected from September 2010 to November 2011. The Weight Efficacy Lifestyle, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Interpersonal Social Evaluation List, and Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL)-Lite scales were used to measure self-efficacy for weight control, depressive symptoms, social support, and HRQOL, respectively. Increased body mass index, lower self-efficacy for weight control, and higher levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with greater impairment in total IWQOL in the regression models. However, social support was not significantly associated with IWQOL. Along with weight loss strategies, other strategies for improving self-efficacy and alleviating depressive symptoms may be essential for improving HRQOL among overweight and obese women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jina Choo
- a Department of Community Health Nursing, College of Nursing , Korea University , Seoul , South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tanaka K, Saisho Y, Kawai T, Tanaka M, Meguro S, Irie J, Imai T, Shigihara T, Morimoto J, Yajima K, Atsumi Y, Takei I, Itoh H. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide monotherapy compared with metformin in Japanese overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2015; 62:399-409. [PMID: 25739726 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information on direct comparison between metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in the Asian population. This study examined the efficacy and safety of liraglutide monotherapy compared with metformin monotherapy in overweight/obese Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The study was a 24-week, open-labeled, randomized controlled study. Overweight or obese patients with T2DM aged 20-75 years with suboptimal glycemic control were randomized to liraglutide or metformin monotherapy. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c at week 24. Secondary endpoints included changes in daily glycemic profile, body weight, incidence of hypoglycemia and other adverse events. The study, which was originally planned to enroll 50 subjects in each group, was ended with insufficient recruitment. A total of 46 subjects completed the study, and analysis was conducted in this cohort. Reduction in HbA1c at week 24 was comparable between the metformin (n = 24) and liraglutide (n = 22) groups (-0.95 ± 0.80% vs. -0.80 ± 0.88%, p = 0.77), while the liraglutide group reached maximal reduction more rapidly than did the metformin group. There was no significant difference in weight gain or incidence of hypoglycemia between the groups. Diarrhea was more frequent in the metformin group, while constipation was more frequent in the liraglutide group. There was no significant difference in treatment satisfaction between the groups. In conclusion, liraglutide and metformin monotherapy showed similar reduction in HbA1c during 24 weeks, with no difference in weight gain or incidence of hypoglycemia in overweight or obese Japanese patients with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Diamant M, Nauck MA, Shaginian R, Malone JK, Cleall S, Reaney M, de Vries D, Hoogwerf BJ, MacConell L, Wolffenbuttel BHR. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist or bolus insulin with optimized basal insulin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:2763-73. [PMID: 25011946 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mealtime insulin is commonly added to manage hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes when basal insulin is insufficient. However, this complex regimen is associated with weight gain and hypoglycemia. This study compared the efficacy and safety of exenatide twice daily or mealtime insulin lispro in patients inadequately controlled by insulin glargine and metformin despite up-titration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this 30-week, open-label, multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial with 12 weeks prior insulin optimization, 627 patients with insufficient postoptimization glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were randomized to exenatide (10-20 µg/day) or thrice-daily mealtime lispro titrated to premeal glucose of 5.6-6.0 mmol/L, both added to insulin glargine (mean 61 units/day at randomization) and metformin (mean 2,000 mg/day). RESULTS Randomization HbA1c and fasting glucose (FG) were 8.3% (67 mmol/mol) and 7.1 mmol/L for exenatide and 8.2% (66 mmol/mol) and 7.1 mmol/L for lispro. At 30 weeks postrandomization, mean HbA1c changes were noninferior for exenatide compared with lispro (-1.13 and -1.10%, respectively); treatment differences were -0.04 (95% CI -0.18, 0.11) in per-protocol (n = 510) and -0.03 (95% CI -0.16, 0.11) in intent-to-treat (n = 627) populations. FG was lower with exenatide than lispro (6.5 vs. 7.2 mmol/L; P = 0.002). Weight decreased with exenatide and increased with lispro (-2.5 vs. +2.1 kg; P < 0.001). More patients reported treatment satisfaction and better quality of life with exenatide than lispro, although a larger proportion of patients with exenatide experienced treatment-emergent adverse events. Exenatide resulted in fewer nonnocturnal hypoglycemic episodes but more gastrointestinal adverse events than lispro. CONCLUSIONS Adding exenatide to titrated glargine with metformin resulted in similar glycemic control as adding lispro and was well tolerated. These findings support exenatide as a noninsulin addition for patients failing basal insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Diamant
- Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Iepsen EW, Torekov SS, Holst JJ. Therapies for inter-relating diabetes and obesity - GLP-1 and obesity. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:2487-500. [PMID: 25260877 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.965678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dramatic rise in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased mortality, morbidity as well as public health care expenses worldwide. The need for effective and long-lasting pharmaceutical treatment is obvious. The record of anti-obesity drugs has been poor so far and the only efficient treatment today is bariatric surgery. Research has indicated that appetite inhibiting hormones from the gut may have a therapeutic potential in obesity. The gut incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), appears to be involved in both peripheral and central pathways mediating satiety. Clinical trials have shown that two GLP-1 receptor agonists exenatide and liraglutide have a weight-lowering potential in non-diabetic obese individuals. Furthermore, they may also hold a potential in preventing diabetes as compared to other weight loss agents. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to cover the background for the GLP-1-based therapies and their potential in obesity and pre-diabetes. Up-to-date literature on incretin-based therapies will be summarized with a special mention of their weight-lowering properties. The literature updated to August 2014 from PubMed was identified using the combinations: GLP-1, GLP-1 receptor agonists, incretins, obesity and pre-diabetes. EXPERT OPINION The incretin impairment, which seems to exist in both obesity and diabetes, may link these two pathologies and underlines the potential of GLP-1-based therapies in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva W Iepsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen 2200 , Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Traina S, Guthrie R, Slee A. The impact of weight loss on weight-related quality of life and health satisfaction: results from a trial comparing canagliflozin with sitagliptin in triple therapy among people with type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med 2014; 126:7-15. [PMID: 24918788 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.05.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is primarily a self-managed disease in which self-care behaviors play an important role in achieving optimal outcomes. Because self-care does not result in immediate tangible or noticeable benefits, adherence to such a regimen can be confusing, difficult, and frustrating. People are more likely to adhere to treatment regimens that offer benefits from the patient perspective, such as convenience, avoidance of hypoglycemic episodes, and weight loss, compared with regimens that do not. In this study, we explored the impact of the average weight loss amount demonstrated with canagliflozin treatment on improvement in 3 patient-relevant outcomes that have been linked to performance of healthy behaviors and better outcomes in T2DM: weight-related quality of life, as measured by the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite (IWQOL-Lite) questionnaire, and satisfaction with physical health and emotional health, as measured by the Current Health Satisfaction Questionnaire (CHES-Q), using data from a previously reported study. Weight loss of an amount demonstrated in clinical trials of canagliflozin was associated with improvements in weight-related quality of life and satisfaction with physical and emotional health, concepts shown to be important to the persistent and consistent performance of healthy behaviors.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ahrén B, Vorokhobina N, Souhami E, Demil N, Ye J, Aronson R. Equal improvement in glycaemia with lixisenatide given before breakfast or the main meal of the day. J Diabetes Complications 2014; 28:735-41. [PMID: 25012990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study is to explore whether administration timing affects glycaemic control by lixisenatide once-daily in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A phase IIIb, open-label, 1:1 randomized, active-controlled, 24-week multicentre study of T2DM patients inadequately controlled on metformin was conducted. Patients were administered lixisenatide before breakfast or the main meal. The primary endpoint was change from baseline at week 24 in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Other endpoints: changes in body weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 7-point self-monitored plasma glucose (SMPG) and Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status (DTSQs) score. Adverse events (AEs) were monitored. RESULTS Mean change in HbA1c from baseline at week 24 was -0.65% (-7.1mmol/mol; main meal) and -0.74% (-8.1mmol/mol; breakfast). Mean changes in FPG, body weight and DTSQs score were comparable between groups. The mean change in body weight (kg) was -2.60 (main meal) and -2.80 (breakfast group). The 7-point SMPG profiles showed greatest reductions in postprandial glucose after the meal at which lixisenatide was administered, with a residual effect seen on the subsequent meal. AE rates were similar between groups, including gastrointestinal AEs. CONCLUSIONS Lixisenatide before the main meal was noninferior to lixisenatide before breakfast in patients insufficiently controlled on metformin. Lixisenatide treatment allows flexibility in administration timing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Natalia Vorokhobina
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Endocrinology Department named after academician V.G. Baranov, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Elisabeth Souhami
- Diabetes Division Clinical Development Department, Sanofi, Paris, France
| | - Nacima Demil
- Diabetes Medical Operation Department, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Jenny Ye
- Biostatistics and Programming, Sanofi NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Grandy S, Hashemi M, Langkilde AM, Parikh S, Sjöström CD. Changes in weight loss-related quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with dapagliflozin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:645-50. [PMID: 24443876 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated change in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) associated with ongoing weight change among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with dapagliflozin, a highly selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that lowers blood glucose by increasing urinary glucose excretion and is associated with body weight reductions. METHODS Patients with T2DM who had inadequate glycaemic control on metformin (MET) alone were enrolled in a 24-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study with a 78-week extension to evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin + MET on body weight. Patients also completed the Study to Help Improve Early evaluation and management of risk factors Leading to Diabetes Weight Questionnaire-9 (SHIELD-WQ-9), a weight change-related HRQOL survey. Difference in proportions of patients treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg + MET (n = 89) or placebo + MET (n = 91) who reported improvement in HRQOL was analysed with Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Dapagliflozin patients had significantly greater weight loss than placebo patients over 102 weeks (p < 0.05). This corresponded to a numerically greater proportion of dapagliflozin-treated patients reporting ongoing weight loss and associated improvements in most HRQOL domains at three different evaluation points (weeks 24, 50 and 102) than placebo-treated patients. In a post-hoc analysis among patients who reported ongoing weight loss regardless of treatment arm, a significantly greater proportion of patients reporting weight loss versus weight gain reported improvements in physical health, self-esteem and overall HRQOL at weeks 24, 50 and 102. CONCLUSIONS Dapagliflozin-induced weight loss was associated with improvement in overall HRQOL. Overall, ongoing weight loss was associated with improvements in several HRQOL domains compared with weight gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Grandy
- AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chatzigeorgiou A, Kandaraki E, Papavassiliou AG, Koutsilieris M. Peripheral targets in obesity treatment: a comprehensive update. Obes Rev 2014; 15:487-503. [PMID: 24612276 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major epidemic of our time and is associated with diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although weight loss drugs, when accompanied by diet and exercise, could be a very helpful medical tool in treating obese or overweight patients, their usefulness has been questioned due to the complexity of this type of medication, which regards a plethora of issues such as efficacy and safety of the drug and also risks and benefits among different patients. In general, obesity drugs that target peripheral pathophysiological mechanisms can be divided into two main categories. The first category includes anti-obesity agents able to reduce or limit energy absorption, such as pancreatic lipase and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors. The second category consists of a heterogeneous group of compounds aiming to decrease fat mass by increasing energy expenditure or by redistributing adipose tissue. Angiogenesis inhibitors, beta-3 receptor agonists, sirtuin-I activators, diazoxide and other molecules belong to this group. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists consist the third category of peripheral anti-obesity agents discussed therein. This review aims to provide a general overview of the molecules and substances that are already or could potentially be used as peripheral anti-obesity drugs, the molecular mechanisms by which they act, as well as their current stage of development, production and/or availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Takahara M, Shiraiwa T, Katakami N, Kaneto H, Matsuoka TA, Shimomura I. Efficacy of adding once- and thrice-daily voglibose in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients treated with alogliptin. Endocr J 2014; 61:447-56. [PMID: 24561488 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of once- and thrice-daily voglibose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, as an add-on therapy to alogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, on glycemic control in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. In this 12-week, parallel-group, randomized, open-label, three-arm trial, 151 participants treated with alogliptin were randomly allocated to the following three arms; one was the group to initiate once-daily voglibose, another was to initiate thrice daily voglibose, and the other was the control group. The primary endpoint was the change of hemoglobin A1c levels at the end of the study, which was revealed to be significantly different among groups (p < 0.001). The once- and thrice-daily voglibose groups had a significantly greater reduction than the control group; the difference was -0.27% and -0.33% in the once- and thrice-daily voglibose group, respectively (both p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the two voglibose groups (p = 0.615). On the other hand, the increase of 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels were 3.3 and 5.5 μg/ml greater in the once- and thrice-daily voglibose groups than the control group (both p < 0.001). The thrice-daily voglibose group had a greater increase of 1,5- anhydroglucitol levels compared to the once-daily voglibose group (p = 0.005). In conclusion, once- and thrice-daily voglibose as an add-on to alogliptin significantly improved glycemic control in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Takahara
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Madsbad S. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 impairment in obesity and potential therapeutic implications. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:9-21. [PMID: 23617798 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released from the gut in response to food intake. It acts as a satiety signal, leading to reduced food intake, and also as a regulator of gastric emptying. Furthermore, GLP-1 functions as an incretin hormone, stimulating insulin release and inhibiting glucagon secretion from the pancreas in response to food ingestion. Evidence suggests that the action or effect of GLP-1 may be impaired in obese subjects, even in those with normal glucose tolerance. GLP-1 impairment may help explain the increased gastric emptying and decreased satiety signalling seen in obesity. Incretin impairment, probably associated with reduced insulinotropic potency of GLP-1, is also characteristic of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, it is possible that incretin impairment may contribute to the pathophysiological bridge between obesity and T2D. This review summarises current knowledge about the pathophysiology and consequences of GLP-1 and incretin impairment in obesity, and examines the evidence for an incretin-related link between obesity and T2D. It also considers the current literature surrounding the novel use of GLP-1 receptor agonists as a treatment for obesity in patients with normoglycaemia, prediabetes and T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Reaney M, Mathieu C, Östenson CG, Matthaei S, Krarup T, Kiljański J, Salaun-Martin C, Sapin H, Theodorakis M, Guerci B. Patient-reported outcomes among patients using exenatide twice daily or insulin in clinical practice in six European countries: the CHOICE prospective observational study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2013; 11:217. [PMID: 24369764 PMCID: PMC3900476 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-11-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvements in the clinical condition of patients with type 2 diabetes are often accompanied by improvements in health-related quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes (PROs), but data assessing injectable treatment initiation from the patient's perspective in routine clinical practice are lacking. We examined PROs in patients initiating injectable treatment in the CHOICE (CHanges to treatment and Outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes initiating InjeCtablE therapy) study. METHODS CHOICE was a 24-month, prospective observational study conducted in six European countries. Patients initiated exenatide twice daily (BID) or insulin based on a physician's clinical judgement. Clinical and PRO data were collected at baseline (injectable therapy initiation) and after approximately 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The two treatment cohorts had different baseline characteristics; therefore, no statistical comparisons of endpoints between main cohorts were conducted. RESULTS There were 2388 patients eligible for analysis (exenatide BID cohort, n = 1114; insulin cohort, n = 1274). Mean positive changes in Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite (IWQOL-Lite) total score and EuroQoL5-Dimension (EQ-5D) index and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were observed in both cohorts with most changes observed during the first 6 months after injectable therapy initiation. Patients who experienced weight loss (≥ 1 kg) at 24 months appeared to have higher mean improvements in IWQOL-Lite total score than did patients with weight gain or no weight change. Patients who met the composite clinical endpoint of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) <7.0%, no weight gain (≤ 1 kg) and no hypoglycaemia generally experienced higher mean improvements in EQ-5D index and VAS scores (compared with patients who did not meet this endpoint) and Diabetes Health Profile-18 scores (versus the main cohorts). High levels of missing data were observed for all PRO measures in both cohorts compared with those for clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These data from a clinical practice study support those from clinical trials, suggesting that PROs are not adversely affected, and may be improved, by injectable therapy initiation. PRO data may aid appropriate treatment selection for individual patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00635492.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Endocrinology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology I, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Michael Theodorakis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Bruno Guerci
- Diabetologie, Maladies Metaboliques & Nutrition, Hôpital Brabois, CHU de Nancy, et CIC Inserm, ILCV, 54500 Vandoeuvre Lès Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Capuano A, Sportiello L, Maiorino MI, Rossi F, Giugliano D, Esposito K. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes therapy--focus on alogliptin. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7:989-1001. [PMID: 24068868 PMCID: PMC3782406 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s37647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex and progressive disease that is showing an apparently unstoppable increase worldwide. Although there is general agreement on the first-line use of metformin in most patients with type 2 diabetes, the ideal drug sequence after metformin failure is an area of increasing uncertainty. New treatment strategies target pancreatic islet dysfunction, in particular gut-derived incretin hormones. Inhibition of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) slows degradation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and thereby enhances and prolongs the action of the endogenous incretin hormones. The five available DPP-4 inhibitors, also known as 'gliptins' (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, alogliptin), are small molecules used orally with similar overall clinical efficacy and safety profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. The main differences between the five gliptins on the market include: potency, target selectivity, oral bioavailability, long or short half-life, high or low binding to plasma proteins, metabolism, presence of active or inactive metabolites, excretion routes, dosage adjustment for renal and liver insufficiency, and potential drug-drug interactions. On average, treatment with gliptins is expected to produce a mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) decrease of 0.5%-0.8%, with about 40% of diabetic subjects at target for the HbA1c goal <7%. There are very few studies comparing DPP-4 inhibitors. Alogliptin as monotherapy or added to metformin, pioglitazone, glibenclamide, voglibose, or insulin therapy significantly improves glycemic control compared with placebo in adult or elderly patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes. In the EXAMINE trial, alogliptin is being compared with placebo on cardiovascular outcomes in approximately 5,400 patients with type 2 diabetes. In clinical studies, DPP-4 inhibitors were generally safe and well tolerated. However, there are limited data on their tolerability, due to their relatively recent marketing approval. Alogliptin will be used most when avoidance of hypoglycemic events is paramount, such as in patients with congestive heart failure, renal failure, and liver disease, and in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Liberata Sportiello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences, and Geriatrics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Giugliano
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences, and Geriatrics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Davidson JA, Nikkel C, Grimm M. Exenatide once weekly: opportunities in the primary care setting. Postgrad Med 2013; 125:68-78. [PMID: 23748508 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2013.05.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a pandemic, with millions of new diagnoses made each year. In the United States, > 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are cared for by primary care physicians who bear the primary responsibility of diagnosing and treating this disease. Building an optimal treatment regimen for a patient from the many choices available depends on many factors, including the ability of a given therapy to safely and effectively lower blood glucose levels, and potential benefits on body weight, cardiovascular risk factors, and hypoglycemia risk. With these considerations at the forefront, this article provides an overview of exenatide once weekly (EQW), a recently available antidiabetes therapy in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist class designed to provide continuous glycemic control with once-weekly dosing. We discuss the clinical trials that have demonstrated the ability of EQW to effectively lower blood glucose levels and body weight with a minimal risk of hypoglycemia. In addition, we examine other issues likely to be relevant in a primary care setting, including safety and tolerability profiles, pharmacology and dosing, ease of use, recommended place in treatment, and patient perceptions of EQW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tibble CA, Cavaiola TS, Henry RR. Longer acting GLP-1 receptor agonists and the potential for improved cardiovascular outcomes: a review of current literature. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2013; 8:247-259. [PMID: 30780817 DOI: 10.1586/eem.13.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With the rapidly rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes and an increasing variety of medications available for treatment, choosing the ideal regimen for patients can be challenging. Longer-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and devices have been recently developed and include once-weekly exenatide, dulaglutide, albiglutide, semaglutide and miniosmotic pump ITCA650. Some of the attractive qualities of the GLP-1 receptor agonist class include its association with weightloss and potential for cardiovascular benefits. The longer-acting forms have been shown in several studies to produce equal or greater reduction in A1c and weight compared with the standard twice-daily formulation of exenatide. They also result in lower reported incidence of nausea, in the setting of a less frequent injection schedule that would be desirable to many diabetic patients. There are emerging data to suggest patients treated with longer-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists have improved cardiac parameters, some of which are independent of weight and A1c reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Aavang Tibble
- b University of California at San DiegoSchool of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla,CA 92093, USA
| | - Tricia Santos Cavaiola
- b University of California at San DiegoSchool of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla,CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert R Henry
- a Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive CA 92122, USA.
- b University of California at San DiegoSchool of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla,CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists provide good glycemic control combined with low hypoglycemia risk and weight loss. Here, we summarize the recently published data for this therapy class, focusing on sustainability of action, use in combination with basal insulin, and the efficacy of longer acting agents currently in development. The safety profile of GLP-1R agonists is also examined. RECENT FINDINGS GLP-1R agonists provide sustained efficacy and their combination with basal insulin is well tolerated, providing additional glycemic control and weight benefits compared with basal insulin alone. Data suggest that the convenience of longer acting agents may be at the expense of efficacy. Despite the initial concerns, most evidence indicates that GLP-1R agonists do not increase the risk of pancreatitis or thyroid cancer. However, the extremely low incidence of these events means further investigations are required before a causal link can be eliminated. Large-scale clinical trials investigating the long-term cardiovascular safety of this therapy class are ongoing and may also provide important insights into pancreatic and thyroid safety. SUMMARY GLP-1R agonists offer sustained glycemic efficacy, weight loss benefits, and a low risk of hypoglycemia. The results of ongoing trials should help to clarify the safety of this therapy class.
Collapse
|