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Ma H, Steede T, Dewey RE, Lewis RS. Engineering Sclareol Production on the Leaf Surface of Nicotiana tabacum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38840459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Sclareol, a diterpene alcohol, is the most common starting material for the synthesis of ambrox, which serves as a sustainable substitute for ambergris, a valuable fragrance secreted by sperm whales. Sclareol has also been proposed to possess antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. However, in nature, sclareol is only produced by a few plant species, including Cistus creticus, Cleome spinosa, Nicotiana glutinosa, and Salvia sclarea, which limits its commercial application. In this study, we cloned the two genes responsible for sclareol biosynthesis in S. sclarea, labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate synthase (LPPS) and sclareol synthase (SS), and overexpressed them in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The best transgenic tobacco lines accumulated 4.1 μg/cm2 of sclareol, which is comparable to the sclareol production of N. glutinosa, a natural sclareol producer. Thus, sclareol synthesis in tobacco represents a potential alternative means for the production of this high-value compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tyler Steede
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ralph E Dewey
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ramsey S Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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2
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Teixeira SP, Nascimento IC, Grejo MP, Leite VG, Machado SR. The putative cannabinoid-secreting trichome of Trema micrantha (L.) Blume (Cannabaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:463-475. [PMID: 37999805 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Trema, a genus of the popularly known Cannabaceae, has recently been the subject of cannabinoid bioprospection. T. micrantha is a tree with pharmacological potential widely used in folk medicine. It has two types of glandular trichomes, bulbous and filiform, spread throughout the plant body. Considering the proximity of this species to Cannabis sativa and Trema orientalis, species containing cannabinoids, the glandular trichomes of T. micrantha are also expected to be related to the secretion of these compounds. Thus, this study aims to detail the morphology of secretory trichomes during the synthesis, storing and release of metabolites in T. micrantha. We tested the proposition that they could be a putative type of cannabinoid-secreting gland. Pistillate and staminate flowers and leaves were collected and processed for ontogenic, histochemical, and ultrastructural analyses. Both types of glandular trichomes originate from a protodermal cell. They are putative cannabinoid-secreting sites because: (1) terpene-phenols and, more specifically, cannabinoids were detected in situ; (2) their secretory subcellular apparatus is consistent with that found in C. sativa: modified plastids, polyribosomes, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a moniliform smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Plastids and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are involved in the synthesis of terpenes, while the rough endoplasmic reticulum acts in the phenolic synthesis. These substances cross the plasma membrane by exocytosis and are released outside the trichome through cuticle pores. The study of the cell biology of the putative cannabinoid glands can promote the advancement of prospecting for natural products in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Cristina Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-903, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Marina Priolo Grejo
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Viviane Gonçalves Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP14040-903, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Do Jardim Botânico Do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Rodrigues Machado
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Insituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
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Zhan J, Di T, Chen X, Zheng T, Sun W, Yang M, Zhou M, Shen Z, Chen H, Su N. CbMYB108 integrates the regulation of diterpene biosynthesis and trichome development in Conyza blinii against UV-B. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1300-1318. [PMID: 38221803 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Plants synthesize abundant terpenes through glandular trichomes (GTs), thereby protecting themselves from environmental stresses and increasing the economic value in some medicinal plants. However, the potential mechanisms for simultaneously regulating terpenes synthesis and GTs development remain unclear. Here, we showed that terpenes in Conyza blinii could be synthesized through capitate GTs. By treating with appropriate intensity of UV-B, the density of capitate GTs and diterpene content can be increased. Through analyzing corresponding transcriptome, we identified a MYB transcription factor CbMYB108 as a positive regulator of both diterpene synthesis and capitate GT density. Transiently overexpressing/silencing CbMYB108 on C. blinii leaves could increase diterpene synthesis and capitate GT density. Further verification showed that CbMYB108 upregulated CbDXS and CbGGPPS expression in diterpene synthesis pathway. Moreover, CbMYB108 could also upregulated the expression of CbTTG1, key WD40 protein confirmed in this study to promote GT development, rather than through interaction between CbMYB108 and CbTTG1 proteins. Thus, results showed that the UV-B-induced CbMYB108 owned dual-function of simultaneously improving diterpene synthesis and GT development. Our research lays a theoretical foundation for cultivating C. blinii with high terpene content, and broadens the understanding of the integrated mechanism on terpene synthesis and GT development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Zhan
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Tiantian Di
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianrun Zheng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Planting Institute, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Min Zhou
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Nana Su
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Dalvi VC, de Sousa Silva M, Rios ABM, Coutinho ÍAC. Leaf secretory structures in Rosa lucieae (Rosaceae): two times of secretion-two ecological functions? PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:245-256. [PMID: 37698669 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Secretory trichomes and colleters are two of the secretory structures whose exudates may cover the body of the plant. Such secretions comprise resins or mucilages which are associated with an array of ecological roles. In Rosaceae, secretory trichomes have been reported for the leaves while colleters associated with leaf teeth. Our study aimed to identify the secretory structures of Rosa lucieae and understand the ecological role played by these glands as interpreted by morphoanatomical and histochemical studies. Samples from developing and fully mature leaves were collected, fixed, and processed according to usual techniques for light and scanning electron microscopy. In R. lucieae, colleters are restricted to the leaf and stipular margins and are associated with the teeth. They present a parenchymatous axis surrounded by a secretory palisade epidermis and usually fall off after the secretory activity is finished. Different from colleters, secretory trichomes are persistent. They present a multicellular secretory head and stalk. They are found at the base of the leaflet, petiolule, rachis, and petiole and occasionally on the stipular and leaf margins. The colleters predominantly secrete mucilages while the secretory trichomes secrete lipids and terpenes, both via cuticle rupture. The secretory activity of colleters is predominant in the leaf primordia, holding leaflets together and protecting meristems and leaves from desiccation, while the secretory trichomes maintain their secretory activity at different stages of leaf development, protecting different regions of the leaf against pathogens and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdnéa Casagrande Dalvi
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, Goiás, 75901-970, Brazil.
| | - Maycon de Sousa Silva
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, Goiás, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Alex Batista Moreira Rios
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, Goiás, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Antônio Cotta Coutinho
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Campus Do Pici, Bloco 906, Av. Mister Hull S/N, 60.440-900, Fortaleza, Brazil
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5
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Reddy VA, Saju JM, Nadimuthu K, Sarojam R. A non-canonical Aux/IAA gene MsIAA32 regulates peltate glandular trichome development in spearmint. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1284125. [PMID: 38375083 PMCID: PMC10875047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1284125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Phytohormone auxin controls various aspects of plant growth and development. The typical auxin signalling involves the degradation of canonical Aux/IAA proteins upon auxin perception releasing the auxin response factors (ARF) to activate auxin-regulated gene expression. Extensive research has been pursued in deciphering the role of canonical Aux/IAAs, however, the function of non-canonical Aux/IAA genes remains elusive. Here we identified a non-canonical Aux/IAA gene, MsIAA32 from spearmint (Mentha spicata), which lacks the TIR1-binding domain and shows its involvement in the development of peltate glandular trichomes (PGT), which are the sites for production and storage of commercially important essential oils. Using yeast two-hybrid studies, two canonical Aux/IAAs, MsIAA3, MsIAA4 and an ARF, MsARF3 were identified as the preferred binding partners of MsIAA32. Expression of a R2R3-MYB gene MsMYB36 and a cyclin gene MsCycB2-4 was altered in MsIAA32 suppressed plants indicating that these genes are possible downstream targets of MsIAA32 mediated signalling. Ectopic expression of MsIAA32 in Arabidopsis affected non-glandular trichome formation along with other auxin related developmental traits. Our findings establish the role of non-canonical Aux/IAA mediated auxin signalling in PGT development and reveal species-specific functionalization of Aux/IAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Li J, Hu H, Fu H, Li J, Zeng T, Li J, Wang M, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Exploring the co-operativity of secretory structures for defense and pollination in flowering plants. PLANTA 2024; 259:41. [PMID: 38270671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In flowers multiple secretory systems cooperate to deliver specialized metabolites to support specific roles in defence and pollination. The collective roles of cell types, enzymes, and transporters are discussed. The interplay between reproductive strategies and defense mechanisms in flowering plants has long been recognized, with trade-offs between investment in defense and reproduction predicted. Glandular trichomes and secretory cavities or ducts, which are epidermal and internal structures, play a pivotal role in the secretion, accumulation, and transport of specialized secondary metabolites, and contribute significantly to defense and pollination. Recent investigations have revealed an intricate connection between these two structures, whereby specialized volatile and non-volatile metabolites are exchanged, collectively shaping their respective ecological functions. However, a comprehensive understanding of this profound integration remains largely elusive. In this review, we explore the secretory systems and associated secondary metabolism primarily in Asteraceous species to propose potential shared mechanisms facilitating the directional translocation of these metabolites to diverse destinations. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cooperativity between epidermal and internal secretory structures in the biosynthesis, secretion, accumulation, and emission of terpenes, providing specific well-documented examples from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is renowned for its natural pyrethrin insecticides, which accumulate in the flower head, and more recently, for emitting an aphid alarm pheromone. These examples highlight the diverse specializations of secondary metabolism in pyrethrum and raise intriguing questions regarding the regulation of production and translocation of these compounds within and between its various epidermal and internal secretory systems, spanning multiple tissues, to serve distinct ecological purposes. By discussing the cooperative nature of secretory structures in flowering plants, this review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the ecological roles of terpenes in defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hansen Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Zhang ZN, Long L, Zhao XT, Shang SZ, Xu FC, Zhao JR, Hu GY, Mi LY, Song CP, Gao W. The dual role of GoPGF reveals that the pigment glands are synthetic sites of gossypol in aerial parts of cotton. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:314-328. [PMID: 37865884 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol and the related terpenoids are stored in the pigment gland to protect cotton plants from biotic stresses, but little is known about the synthetic sites of these metabolites. Here, we showed that GoPGF, a key gene regulating gland formation, was expressed in gland cells and roots. The chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis demonstrated that GoPGF targets GhJUB1 to regulate gland morphogenesis. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) showed high accumulation of gossypol biosynthetic genes in gland cells. Moreover, integrated analysis of the ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data revealed that GoPGF binds to the promoter of several gossypol biosynthetic genes. The cotton callus overexpressing GoPGF had dramatically increased the gossypol levels, indicating that GoPGF can directly activate the biosynthesis of gossypol. In addition, the gopgf mutant analysis revealed the existence of both GoPGF-dependent and -independent regulation of gossypol production in cotton roots. Our study revealed that the pigment glands are synthetic sites of gossypol in aerial parts of cotton and that GoPGF plays a dual role in regulating gland morphogenesis and gossypol biosynthesis. The study provides new insights for exploring the complex relationship between glands and the metabolites they store in cotton and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Nan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Lu Long
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Shen-Zhai Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Gai-Yuan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China
| | - Ling-Yu Mi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Wei Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
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Stack GM, Snyder SI, Toth JA, Quade MA, Crawford JL, McKay JK, Jackowetz JN, Wang P, Philippe G, Hansen JL, Moore VM, Rose JKC, Smart LB. Cannabinoids function in defense against chewing herbivores in Cannabis sativa L. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad207. [PMID: 38023471 PMCID: PMC10681003 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In the decades since the first cannabinoids were identified by scientists, research has focused almost exclusively on the function and capacity of cannabinoids as medicines and intoxicants for humans and other vertebrates. Very little is known about the adaptive value of cannabinoid production, though several hypotheses have been proposed including protection from ultraviolet radiation, pathogens, and herbivores. To test the prediction that genotypes with greater concentrations of cannabinoids will have reduced herbivory, a segregating F2 population of Cannabis sativa was leveraged to conduct lab- and field-based bioassays investigating the function of cannabinoids in mediating interactions with chewing herbivores. In the field, foliar cannabinoid concentration was inversely correlated with chewing herbivore damage. On detached leaves, Trichoplusia ni larvae consumed less leaf area and grew less when feeding on leaves with greater concentrations of cannabinoids. Scanning electron and light microscopy were used to characterize variation in glandular trichome morphology. Cannabinoid-free genotypes had trichomes that appeared collapsed. To isolate cannabinoids from confounding factors, artificial insect diet was amended with cannabinoids in a range of physiologically relevant concentrations. Larvae grew less and had lower rates of survival as cannabinoid concentration increased. These results support the hypothesis that cannabinoids function in defense against chewing herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Stack
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, United States
| | - Stephen I Snyder
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Jacob A Toth
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, United States
| | - Michael A Quade
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, United States
| | - Jamie L Crawford
- Plant Breeding Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - John K McKay
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | | | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, United States
| | - Glenn Philippe
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Julie L Hansen
- Plant Breeding Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Virginia M Moore
- Plant Breeding Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Lawrence B Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, United States
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Xu G, Zheng Q, Wei P, Zhang J, Liu P, Zhang H, Zhai N, Li X, Xu X, Chen Q, Cao P, Zhao J, Zhou H. Metabolic engineering of a 1,8-cineole synthase enhances aphid repellence and increases trichome density in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3342-3353. [PMID: 37132116 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) is a harmful agricultural pest that causes severe crop damage by directly feeding or indirectly vectoring viruses. 1,8-cineole synthase (CINS) is a multiproduct enzyme that synthesizes monoterpenes, with 1,8-cineole dominating the volatile organic compound profile. However, the relationship between aphid preference and CINS remains elusive. RESULTS Here, we present evidence that SoCINS, a protein from garden sage (Salvia officinalis), enhanced aphid repellence and increased trichome density in transgenic tobacco. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of SoCINS (SoCINS-OE) led to the emission of 1,8-cineole at a level of up to 181.5 ng per g fresh leaf. Subcellular localization assay showed that SoCINS localized to chloroplasts. A Y-tube olfactometer assay and free-choice assays revealed that SoCINS-OE plants had a repellent effect on aphids, without incurring developmental or fecundity-related penalties. Intriguingly, the SoCINS-OE plants displayed an altered trichome morphology, showing increases in trichome density and in the relative proportion of glandular trichomes, as well as enlarged glandular cells. We also found that SoCINS-OE plants had significantly higher jasmonic acid (JA) levels than wild-type plants. Furthermore, application of 1,8-cineole elicited increased JA content and trichome density. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that SoCINS-OE plants have a repellent effect on aphids, and suggest an apparent link between 1,8-cineole, JA and trichome density. This study presents a viable and sustainable approach for aphid management by engineering the expression of 1,8-cineole synthase gene in plants, and underscores the potential usefulness of monoterpene synthase for pest control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Xu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qingxia Zheng
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pan Wei
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Liu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Niu Zhai
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Tobacco Research Center, Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xiangli Xu
- Tobacco Research Center, Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Peijian Cao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Huina Zhou
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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10
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Akwu NA, Naidoo Y, Singh M, Dewir YH, Magyar-Tábori K, Lekhooa M, Aremu AO. Development and Biomechanics of Grewia lasiocarpa E. Mey. Ex Harv. Trichomes Exudate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112198. [PMID: 37299177 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grewia lasiocarpa E. Mey. Ex Harv., Malvaceae (forest raisin) is a tropical small tree or shrub valued for its ecological importance as well as its nutritional, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-cancer properties as well as its ecological and ornamental importance. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes are present on the fruits, stem bark and leaves of G. lasiocarpa and these trichomes are the first line of defense. They are important structures that plants use to combat biotic and abiotic stress. The development of G. lasiocarpa trichomes and the biomechanics of the exudates present in the glandular (capitate) trichome were investigated for the first time using advanced microscopy techniques [Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM)]. The pressurized cuticular striations may play a role in the exudates' biomechanics, i.e., releasing secondary metabolites present in the capitate trichome, which was observed to be multidirectional. The presence of many glandular trichomes on a plant implies an increase in the amount of phytometabolites. A common precursor for the development of trichomes (non-glandular and glandular) was observed to be DNA synthesis associated with a periclinal cell division, thus the final fate of the cell is determined by cell cycle regulation, polarity, and expansion. The glandular trichomes of G. lasiocarpa are multicellular and polyglandular, while the non-glandular (glandless) trichomes are either single-celled or multicellular. Since, trichomes 'house' phytocompounds of medicinal, nutritional, and agronomical benefits; the molecular and genetic study of the glandular trichomes of Grewia lasiocarpa will be beneficial to humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneka Augustina Akwu
- Biology Cluster, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, South Africa
- Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Yougasphree Naidoo
- Biology Cluster, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Biology Cluster, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Yaser Hassan Dewir
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katalin Magyar-Tábori
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm (IAREF), University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Makhotso Lekhooa
- Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu
- Biology Cluster, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, South Africa
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11
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Clancy MV, Mamin M, Flückiger G, Quijano-Medina T, Pérez-Niño B, Abdala-Roberts L, Turlings TCJ, Bustos-Segura C. Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 205:113454. [PMID: 36244403 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated plants of Gossypium hirsutum Cav. (cotton) consistently emit low levels of volatile organic compounds, primarily mono- and sesquiterpenoids, which are produced and stored in pigment glands. In this study, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of the terpene profiles of wild G. hirsutum plants sourced from sites located throughout natural distribution of this species, thus providing the first in-depth assessment of the scope of its intraspecific chemotypic diversity. Chemotypic variation can potentially influence resistance to herbivory and diseases, or interact with abiotic stress such as extreme temperatures. Under controlled environmental conditions, plants were grown from seeds of sixteen G. hirsutum populations collected along the coastline of the Yucatan Peninsula, which is its likely centre of origin. We found high levels of intraspecific diversity in the terpene profiles of the plants. Two distinct chemotypes were identified: one chemotype contained higher levels of the monoterpenes γ-terpinene, limonene, α-thujene, α-terpinene, terpinolene, and p-cymene, while the other chemotype was distinguished by higher levels of α- and β-pinene. The distribution of chemotypes followed a geographic gradient from west to east, with an increasing frequency of the former chemotype. Concurrent analysis of maternal plants revealed that chemotypes in wild G. hirsutum are highly heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Clancy
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marine Mamin
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Galien Flückiger
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Quijano-Medina
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xtmakuil s/n, Mérida, Yucatán, 97200, Mexico
| | - Biiniza Pérez-Niño
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xtmakuil s/n, Mérida, Yucatán, 97200, Mexico
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xtmakuil s/n, Mérida, Yucatán, 97200, Mexico
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Carlos Bustos-Segura
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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12
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Karalija E, Šamec D, Dahija S, Ibragić S. Plants strike back: Plant volatiles and their role in indirect defence against aphids. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13850. [PMID: 36628570 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved different strategies to defend themselves against various biotic stressors. An important aspect of the complex response of plants to biotic stress is the emission of volatile compounds (VOCs), which are involved in direct and indirect plant defence mechanisms. Indirect plant defences include a range of plant traits that mediate defence against herbivores and play an important ecological role by not only utilising plants' own capabilities, but also signalling and attracting natural enemies of herbivores. Often the combination of volatiles emitted is specific to herbivores; they are consequently recognised by parasites and other predators, providing a clear link between the volatile signature and the prey. In this review, we focus on indirect plant defence and summarise current knowledge and perspectives on relationships between plants, aphids and parasitic wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Karalija
- Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dunja Šamec
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Sabina Dahija
- Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Saida Ibragić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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13
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Lange BM, Srividya N, Lange I, Parrish AN, Benzenberg LR, Pandelova I, Vining KJ, Wüst M. Biochemical basis for the formation of organ-specific volatile blends in mint. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125065. [PMID: 37123862 PMCID: PMC10140540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Above-ground material of members of the mint family is commercially distilled to extract essential oils, which are then formulated into a myriad of consumer products. Most of the research aimed at characterizing the processes involved in the formation of terpenoid oil constituents has focused on leaves. We now demonstrate, by investigating three mint species, peppermint (Mentha ˣ piperita L.), spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and horsemint (Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.; accessions CMEN 585 and CMEN 584), that other organs - namely stems, rhizomes and roots - also emit volatiles and that the terpenoid volatile composition of these organs can vary substantially from that of leaves, supporting the notion that substantial, currently underappreciated, chemical diversity exists. Differences in volatile quantities released by plants whose roots had been dipped in a Verticillium dahliae-spore suspension (experimental) or dipped in water (controls) were evident: increases of some volatiles in the root headspace of mint species that are susceptible to Verticillium wilt disease (peppermint and M. longifolia CMEN 584) were detected, while the quantities of certain volatiles decreased in rhizomes of species that show resistance to the disease (spearmint and M. longifolia CMEN 585). To address the genetic and biochemical basis underlying chemical diversity, we took advantage of the newly sequenced M. longifolia CMEN 585 genome to identify candidate genes putatively coding for monoterpene synthases (MTSs), the enzymes that catalyze the first committed step in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoid volatiles. The functions of these genes were established by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, purification of the corresponding recombinant proteins, and enzyme assays, thereby establishing the existence of MTSs with activities to convert a common substrate, geranyl diphosphate, to (+)-α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, and (-)-bornyl diphosphate, but were not active with other potential substrates. In conjunction with previously described MTSs that catalyze the formation of (-)-β-pinene and (-)-limonene, the product profiles of the MTSs identified here can explain the generation of all major monoterpene skeletons represented in the volatiles released by different mint organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: B. Markus Lange,
| | - Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Amber N. Parrish
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lukas R. Benzenberg
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, WashingtonState University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-UniversitätBonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Iovanna Pandelova
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Kelly J. Vining
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-UniversitätBonn, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Zhang J, Zhao R, Jin L, Pan L, Lei D. Xanthanolides in Xanthium L.: Structures, Synthesis and Bioactivity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238136. [PMID: 36500229 PMCID: PMC9735877 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Xanthanolides were particularly characteristic of the genus Xanthium, which exhibited broad biological effects and have drawn much attention in pharmacological application. The review surveyed the structures and bioactivities of the xanthanolides in the genus Xanthium, and summarized the synthesis tactics of xanthanolides. The results indicated that over 30 naturally occurring xanthanolides have been isolated from the genus Xanthium in monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms. The bioassay-guided fractionation studies suggested that the effective fractions on antitumor activities were mostly from weak polar solvents, and xanthatin (1) was the most effective and well-studied xanthanolide. The varieties of structures and structure-activity relationships of the xanthanolides had provided the promising skeleton for the further study. The review aimed at providing guidance for the efficient preparation and the potential prospects of the xanthanolides in the medicinal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Rongmei Zhao
- Institute for Drug Control of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Le Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Dongyu Lei
- Department of Physiology, Preclinical School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (D.L.)
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15
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Qin W, Li Y, Peng B, Liu H, Chen T, Yan X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Yao X, Fu X, Li L, Tang K. A high-efficiency trichome collection system by laser capture microdissection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:985969. [PMID: 36072328 PMCID: PMC9441851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.985969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes, which are classified as glandular or non-glandular, are hair-like epidermal structures that are present on aerial parts of most plant species. Glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) have the capacity to secrete and store specialized metabolites, which are widely used as natural pesticides, food additives, fragrance ingredients or pharmaceuticals. Isolating individual trichomes is an essential way for identifying trichome-specific gene functions and discovering novel metabolites. However, the isolation of trichomes is difficult and time-consuming. Here, we report a method to isolate the GSTs from leaf epidermis dispense with fixation using laser capture microdissection (LCM). In this study, 150 GSTs were captured efficiently from Artemisia annua leaves and enriched for artemisinin measurement. UPLC analysis of microdissected samples indicated specific accumulation of secondary metabolites could be detected from a small number of GSTs. In addition, qRT-PCR revealed that the GST-specific structural genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis pathway were highly expressed in GSTs. Taken together, we developed an efficient method to collect comparatively pure GSTs from unfixed leaved, so that the metabolites were relatively obtained intact. This method can be implemented in metabolomics research of purely specific plant cell populations and has the potential to discover novel secondary metabolites.
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16
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Bewg WP, Harding SA, Engle NL, Vaidya BN, Zhou R, Reeves J, Horn TW, Joshee N, Jenkins JW, Shu S, Barry KW, Yoshinaga Y, Grimwood J, Schmitz RJ, Schmutz J, Tschaplinski TJ, Tsai CJ. Multiplex knockout of trichome-regulating MYB duplicates in hybrid poplar using a single gRNA. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:516-526. [PMID: 35298644 PMCID: PMC9157173 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As the focus for CRISPR/Cas-edited plants moves from proof-of-concept to real-world applications, precise gene manipulation will increasingly require concurrent multiplex editing for polygenic traits. A common approach for editing across multiple sites is to design one guide RNA (gRNA) per target; however, this complicates construct assembly and increases the possibility of off-target mutations. In this study, we utilized one gRNA to target MYB186, a known positive trichome regulator, as well as its paralogs MYB138 and MYB38 at a consensus site for mutagenesis in hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba INRA 717-1B4). Unexpected duplications of MYB186 and MYB138 resulted in eight alleles for the three targeted genes in the hybrid poplar. Deep sequencing and polymerase chain reaction analyses confirmed editing across all eight targets in nearly all of the resultant glabrous mutants, ranging from small indels to large genomic dropouts, with no off-target activity detected at four potential sites. This highlights the effectiveness of a single gRNA targeting conserved exonic regions for multiplex editing. Additionally, cuticular wax and whole-leaf analyses showed a complete absence of triterpenes in the trichomeless mutants, hinting at a previously undescribed role for the nonglandular trichomes of poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Bewg
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Scott A Harding
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Nancy L Engle
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Brajesh N Vaidya
- Department of Plant Science, Fort Valley State University, Georgia, 31030, USA
| | - Ran Zhou
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jacob Reeves
- Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Thomas W Horn
- Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Nirmal Joshee
- Department of Plant Science, Fort Valley State University, Georgia, 31030, USA
| | - Jerry W Jenkins
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Shengqiang Shu
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kerrie W Barry
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yuko Yoshinaga
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert J Schmitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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17
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Sugimoto K, Zager JJ, Aubin BS, Lange B, Howe GA. Flavonoid deficiency disrupts redox homeostasis and terpenoid biosynthesis in glandular trichomes of tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1450-1468. [PMID: 34668550 PMCID: PMC8896623 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes (GTs) are epidermal structures that provide the first line of chemical defense against arthropod herbivores and other biotic threats. The most conspicuous structure on leaves of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the type-VI GT (tVI-GT), which accumulates both flavonoids and volatile terpenoids. Although these classes of specialized metabolites are derived from distinct metabolic pathways, previous studies with a chalcone isomerase 1 (CHI1)-deficient mutant called anthocyanin free (af) showed that flavonoids are required for terpenoid accumulation in tVI-GTs. Here, we combined global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of isolated trichomes as a starting point to show that the lack of CHI1 is associated with reduced levels of terpenoid biosynthetic transcripts and enzymes. The flavonoid deficiency in af trichomes also resulted in the upregulation of abiotic stress-responsive genes associated with DNA damage and repair. Several lines of biochemical and genetic evidence indicate that the terpenoid defect in af mutants is specific for the tVI-GT and is associated with the absence of bulk flavonoids rather than loss of CHI1 per se. A newly developed genome-scale model of metabolism in tomato tVI-GTs helped identify metabolic imbalances caused by the loss of flavonoid production. We provide evidence that flavonoid deficiency in this cell type leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may impair terpenoid biosynthesis. Collectively, our findings support a role for flavonoids as ROS-scavenging antioxidants in GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sugimoto
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Jordan J Zager
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-7411, USA
| | - Brian St Aubin
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Bernd Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-7411, USA
| | - Gregg A Howe
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Author for communication:
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18
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Aktuelle Trends des Cannabiskonsums. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-022-00560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Cannabis ist weltweit immer noch die am häufigsten konsumierte illegale Droge, aber auch der Einsatz von Medizinalcannabis oder auch als Lebens‑/Nahrungsergänzungsmittel steigt stetig. Somit sind Kenntnisse über diese verschiedenen Produkte und die Komplexität der rechtlichen Einordnung von Cannabis für die Rechtsmedizin und die forensische Toxikologie von großer Relevanz.
Fragestellung
Ziel der Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über aktuelle Trends des Cannabiskonsums zu geben und hierbei die verschiedenen Cannabisprodukte darzustellen sowie diese rechtlich einzuordnen.
Material und Methode
Für diese Übersichtarbeit wurde eine Literaturrecherche zu den verschiedenen Cannabisprodukten und ihrer rechtlichen Einordnung durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse
Beim Konsum von Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)-reichem Cannabis zu Rauschzwecken ist ein Trend hin zu immer höheren THC-Gehalten im Pflanzenmaterial und zusätzlich zu intensiven Konsumformen wie dem „dabbing“ von Butan-Haschisch-Öl zu erkennen. Seit der Betäubungsmittelgesetzesänderung vom 10.03.2017 werden auch Cannabisblüten und -extrakte mit unterschiedlichen THC- bzw. Cannabidiol(CBD)-Gehalten auf Betäubungsmittelrezept stark zunehmend verordnet, einhergehend mit einer Steigerung der THC-Höchstverschreibungsmenge. Ein weiterer Trend besteht in dem Konsum von sogenannten CBD-Lifestyle-Produkten, die als Arzneimittel seit 2016 verschreibungspflichtig sind und als Lebensmittel nach Novel Food-Verordnung jeweils einzeln zu prüfen sind, ob sie als zulassungsbedürftiges neuartiges Lebensmittel einzustufen sind.
Schlussfolgerungen
Insgesamt ergibt sich für die forensisch-chemische sowie forensisch-toxikologische Beurteilung eine zunehmende Komplexität der potenziell konsumierten THC-haltigen Produkte, deren wissenschaftliche Untersuchung sowohl zur möglichen Differenzierbarkeit des Cannabismaterials als auch von biologischen Matrices nach Konsum verschiedener Cannabisprodukte notwendig macht.
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19
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Kippes N, Tsai H, Lieberman M, Culp D, McCormack B, Wilson RG, Dowd E, Comai L, Henry IM. Diploid mint (M. longifolia) can produce spearmint type oil with a high yield potential. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23521. [PMID: 34876628 PMCID: PMC8651677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mint oil is a key source of natural flavors with wide industrial applications. Two unbalanced polyploid cultivars named Native (Mentha Spicata L) and Scotch (M. × gracilis Sole) are the main producers of spearmint type oil, which is characterized by high levels of the monoterpenes (−)-carvone and (−)-limonene. These cultivars have been the backbone of spearmint oil production for decades, while breeding and improvement remained largely unexplored, in part, due to sterility in cultivated lines. Here we show that sexual breeding at the diploid level can be leveraged to develop new varieties that produce spearmint type oil, along with the improvement of other important traits. Using field trials and GC-FID oil analysis we characterized plant materials from a public germplasm repository and identified a diploid accession that exhibited 89.5% increase in oil yield, compared to the industry standard, and another that produces spearmint type oil. Spearmint-type oil was present at high frequency in a segregating F2 population (32/160) produced from these two accessions. Field-testing of ten of these F2 lines showed segregation for oil yield and confirmed the production of spearmint-type oil profiles. Two of these lines combined high yield and spearmint-type oil with acceptable analytic and sensory profiles. These results demonstrate that spearmint-type oil can be produced in a diploid background with high yield potential, providing a simpler genetic system for the development of improved spearmint varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Kippes
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Helen Tsai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Meric Lieberman
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Darrin Culp
- ANR, Intermountain Research and Extension Center, University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulelake, CA, 96134, USA
| | - Brian McCormack
- Ingredient Science, Mars Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk St, Chicago, IL, 60642, USA
| | - Rob G Wilson
- ANR, Intermountain Research and Extension Center, University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulelake, CA, 96134, USA
| | - Eric Dowd
- Ingredient Science, Mars Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk St, Chicago, IL, 60642, USA
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Isabelle M Henry
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Shanaida M, Hudz N, Białoń M, Kryvtsowa M, Svydenko L, Filipska A, Paweł Wieczorek P. Chromatographic profiles and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from some species and cultivars of the Mentheae tribe ( Lamiaceae). Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6145-6152. [PMID: 34759738 PMCID: PMC8568706 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was focused on the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils (EsO) obtained from five Lamiaceae representatives grown in the south of Ukraine. Among them are Salvia sclarea L., Monarda didyma (cultivar ‘Cambridge Scarlet’), Thymus pulegioides (cultivar ‘2/6-07’), Thymus vulgaris (cultivar ‘Jalos’), and Thymus serpyllum L. The component analysis of the EsO was carried out by gas chromatography method coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antimicrobial properties of the EsO were determined using the agar diffusion test against widespread pathogenic bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes) and opportunistic yeast Candida albicans. The EsO of Thymus serpyllum and Thymus vulgaris (cultivar ‘Jalos’) displayed noteworthy antibacterial properties against a wide spectrum of the microorganisms. These antimicrobial properties could be attributed to the high content of aromatic monoterpenoid thymol (52.56% and 47.33%, respectively). The EsO of Salvia sclarea with the dominance of linalyl acetate (45.51%) and linalool (38.98%) as well as Thymus pulegioides (cultivar ‘2/6-07’) containing α-citral (27.10%) and β-citral (17.11%) demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial effects on typical and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus with the inhibition zones in the range of 24.0–31.0 mm. The Salvia sclarea EsO demonstrated the most significant effect against clinical strains of Candida albicans. In conclusion, the present study revealed the chemical composition of five Lamiaceae species and cultivars grown in the south of Ukraine and considerable antimicrobial activity of the tested EsO, especially against the typical and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The obtained results could be perspective for applying in the pharmaceutical industry and for the conservation of food and cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Shanaida
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medical Botany, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil 4600, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Hudz
- Department of Drug Technology and Biopharmacy, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv 79010, Ukraine
| | - Marietta Białoń
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole 45-052, Poland
| | - Maryna Kryvtsowa
- Department of Genetic, Plant Physiology and Microbiology, Uzhgorod National University, Uzhhorod 88000, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Svydenko
- Sector of Mobilization and Conservation of Plant Resources of the Rice Institute of the NAAS, Plodove, Kherson Region, Kherson 74992, Ukraine
| | - Anna Filipska
- Department of Drug Technology and Biopharmacy, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv 79010, Ukraine
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21
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Čiamporová M, Nadubinská M, Banásová V, Ďurišová E, Zelinová V, Horak O, Gruber D, Lichtscheidl IK. Structural traits of leaf epidermis correspond to metal tolerance in Rumex acetosella populations growing on metal-contaminated soils. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1277-1290. [PMID: 33990860 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pseudometallophyte Rumex acetosella L. occupies habitats with normal and high soil concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu). It remains unclear if the plants respond to the toxic metals by altering their morphology and increasing the resilience of their cells. We compared plants growing on soils contaminated with Zn/Pb (populations Terézia, Lintich), or Cu (populations Špania Dolina, Staré Hory), with those from non-contaminated soil (Dúbravka) in Slovakia, and analysed leaf structure, physiology, and metal contents by light and electron microscopy, element localization by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) in scanning electron microscope, and by specific fluorescence dyes. In control population, the epidermis of the amphistomatic leaves of R. acetosella contained capitate glandular trichomes, consisting of four head (secretory), two stalk, and two basal cells. The ultrastructure of secretory cells revealed fine wall ingrowths bordered by plasma membrane protruding into the cytoplasm. The metallicolous populations had higher contents of Zn and Cu in the epidermal and glandular cells, and a higher density of both stomata and trichomes. Extensive cell wall labyrinth was present in the trichome secretory cells. Their abnormal number and elevated metal contents might indicate effects of heavy metals, especially of Cu, on mitosis and cell plate formation. Differences in leaf physiology were indicated by significantly higher cytoplasmic tolerance to Zn and Cu in metallicolous populations and by structural properties of glandular heads suggesting secretion of toxic metals. Our findings are suggestive of plant reactions to metal stress, which facilitate the populations to occupy the metal-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Čiamporová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Miriam Nadubinská
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viera Banásová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Ďurišová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Zelinová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Othmar Horak
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Gruber
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene K Lichtscheidl
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Zhang Y, Zhao M, Zhu W, Shi C, Bao M, Zhang W. Nonglandular prickle formation is associated with development and secondary metabolism-related genes in Rosa multiflora. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1147-1162. [PMID: 34343346 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Roses are among the most economically important ornamental plants worldwide. But prickles on the stem and leaves cause difficulties for cultivation or inconveniences during harvest and transportation, thus are an undesirable horticultural character. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of prickle development. In this study, we sought to develop Rosa multiflora (in the family Rosaceae) as a model plant to study prickle formation. The morphology, structure, and ontogeny of prickles were characterized, and transcriptome analysis of prickly and prickleless R. multiflora genotypes was performed. Morphological observation and microscopic analyses revealed that prickles of R. multiflora were non-glandular prickles (NGPs) and their maturation went through five developmental stages, which was accompanied by the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as lignin and anthocyanins. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified key pathways and hub genes potentially involved in prickle formation. Interestingly, among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), several notable development and secondary metabolism-related transcription factors (TFs) including NAC, TCP, MYB, homeobox, and WRKY were up-regulated in prickly internodes. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were enriched in the pathways related to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids in the prickly R. multiflora. Our study provides novel insights into the molecular network underlying the regulation of prickle morphogenesis in R. multiflora, and the identified candidates might be applied to the genetic improvement of roses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunmei Shi
- Key Laboratory of horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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23
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Chalvin C, Drevensek S, Gilard F, Mauve C, Chollet C, Morin H, Nicol E, Héripré E, Kriegshauser L, Gakière B, Dron M, Bendahmane A, Boualem A. Sclareol and linalyl acetate are produced by glandular trichomes through the MEP pathway. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:206. [PMID: 34593779 PMCID: PMC8484277 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sclareol, an antifungal specialized metabolite produced by clary sage, Salvia sclarea, is the starting plant natural molecule used for the hemisynthesis of the perfume ingredient ambroxide. Sclareol is mainly produced in clary sage flower calyces; however, the cellular localization of the sclareol biosynthesis remains unknown. To elucidate the site of sclareol biosynthesis, we analyzed its spatial distribution in the clary sage calyx epidermis using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (LDI-FTICR-MSI) and investigated the expression profile of sclareol biosynthesis genes in isolated glandular trichomes (GTs). We showed that sclareol specifically accumulates in GTs' gland cells in which sclareol biosynthesis genes are strongly expressed. We next isolated a glabrous beardless mutant and demonstrate that more than 90% of the sclareol is produced by the large capitate GTs. Feeding experiments, using 1-13C-glucose, and specific enzyme inhibitors further revealed that the methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) biosynthetic pathway is the main source of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) precursor used for the biosynthesis of sclareol. Our findings demonstrate that sclareol is an MEP-derived diterpene produced by large capitate GTs in clary sage emphasing the role of GTs as biofactories dedicated to the production of specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Chalvin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Drevensek
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Caroline Mauve
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Christel Chollet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Halima Morin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Edith Nicol
- Molecular Chemistry Laboratory (LCM), UMR 9168, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Eva Héripré
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Soils, Structures and Materials (MSSMAT), UMR 8579, CNRS, Ecole CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment Eiffel, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lucie Kriegshauser
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Michel Dron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Adnane Boualem
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France.
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Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis is a valuable plant, cultivated by humans for millennia. However, it has only been in the past several decades that biologists have begun to clarify the interesting Cannabis biosynthesis details, especially the production of its fascinating natural products termed acidic cannabinoids. Discussion: Acidic cannabinoids can experience a common organic chemistry reaction known as decarboxylation, transforming them into structural analogues referred to as neutral cannabinoids with far different pharmacology. This review addresses acidic and neutral cannabinoid structural pairs, when and where acidic cannabinoid decarboxylation occurs, the kinetics and mechanism of the decarboxylation reaction as well as possible future directions for this topic. Conclusions: Acidic cannabinoid decarboxylation is a unique transformation that has been increasingly investigated over the past several decades. Understanding how acidic cannabinoid decarboxylation occurs naturally as well as how it can be promoted or prevented during harvesting or storage is important for the various stakeholders in Cannabis cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crist N Filer
- PerkinElmer Health Sciences Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Gurav TP, Dholakia BB, Giri AP. A glance at the chemodiversity of Ocimum species: Trends, implications, and strategies for the quality and yield improvement of essential oil. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2021; 21:879-913. [PMID: 34366748 PMCID: PMC8326315 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ocimum species represent commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants. The essential oil biosynthesized by Ocimum species is enriched with specialized metabolites specifically, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. Interestingly, various Ocimum species are known to exhibit diverse chemical profiles, and this chemical diversity has been at the center of many studies to identify commercially important chemotypes. Here, we present various chemotypes from the Ocimum species and emphasize trends, implications, and strategies for the quality and yield improvement of essential oil. Globally, many Ocimum species have been analyzed for their essential oil composition in over 50 countries. Asia represents the highest number of chemotypes, followed by Africa, South America, and Europe. Ocimum basilicum L. has been the most widespread and well-studied species, followed by O. gratissimum L., O. tenuiflorum L., O. canum Sims, O. americanum and O. kilimandscharicum Gürke. Moreover, various molecular reasons, benefits, adverse health effects and mechanisms behind this vast chemodiversity have been discussed. Different strategies of plant breeding, metabolic engineering, transgenic, and tissue-culture, along with anatomical modifications, are surveyed to enhance specific chemotypic profiles and essential oil yield in numerous Ocimum species. Consequently, chemical characterization of the essential oil obtained from Ocimum species has become indispensable for its proper utilization. The present chemodiversity knowledge from Ocimum species will help to exploit various applications in the industrial, agriculture, biopharmaceutical, and food sectors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11101-021-09767-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja P. Gurav
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | | | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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26
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Yang C, Marillonnet S, Tissier A. The scarecrow-like transcription factor SlSCL3 regulates volatile terpene biosynthesis and glandular trichome size in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1102-1118. [PMID: 34143914 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) type VI glandular trichomes that occur on the surface of leaves, stems, young fruits and flowers produce and store a blend of volatile monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. These compounds play important roles in the interaction with pathogens and herbivorous insects. Although the function of terpene synthases in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes in tomato has been comprehensively investigated, the deciphering of their transcriptional regulation is only just emerging. We selected transcription factors that are over-expressed in trichomes based on existing transcriptome data and silenced them individually by virus-induced gene silencing. Of these, SlSCL3, a scarecrow-like (SCL) subfamily transcription factor, led to a significant decrease in volatile terpene content and expression of the corresponding terpene synthase genes when its transcription level was downregulated. Overexpression of SlSCL3 dramatically increased both the volatile terpene content and glandular trichome size, whereas its homozygous mutants showed reduced terpene biosynthesis. However, its heterozygous mutants also showed a significantly elevated volatile terpene content and enlarged glandular trichomes, similar to the overexpression plants. SlSCL3 modulates the expression of terpene biosynthetic pathway genes by transcriptional activation, but neither direct protein-DNA binding nor interaction with known regulators was observed. Moreover, transcript levels of the endogenous copy of SlSCL3 were decreased in the overexpression plants but increased in the heterozygous and homozygous mutants, suggesting feedback repression of its own promoter. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the role of SlSCL3 in the complex regulation of volatile terpene biosynthesis and glandular trichome development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yang
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Sylvestre Marillonnet
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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27
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Amrehn E, Spring O. Ultrastructural Alterations in Cells of Sunflower Linear Glandular Trichomes during Maturation. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081515. [PMID: 34451559 PMCID: PMC8398616 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sunflower and related taxa are known to possess a characteristic type of multicellular uniseriate trichome which produces sesquiterpenes and flavonoids of yet unknown function for this plant. Contrary to the metabolic profile, the cytological development and ultrastructural rearrangements during the biosynthetic activity of the trichome have not been studied in detail so far. Light, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were employed to investigate the functional structure of different trichome cells and their subcellular compartmentation in the pre-secretory, secretory and post-secretory phase. It was shown that the trichome was composed of four cell types, forming the trichome basis with a basal and a stalk cell, a variable number (mostly from five to eight) of barrel-shaped glandular cells and the tip consisting of a dome-shaped apical cell. Metabolic activity started at the trichome tip sometimes accompanied by the formation of small subcuticular cavities at the apical cell. Subsequently, metabolic activity progressed downwards in the upper glandular cells. Cells involved in the secretory process showed disintegration of the subcellular compartments and lost vitality in parallel to deposition of fluorescent and brownish metabolites. The subcuticular cavities usually collapsed in the early secretory stage, whereas the colored depositions remained in cells of senescent hairs.
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28
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Dai Z, Pomraning KR, Panisko EA, Hofstad BA, Campbell KB, Kim J, Robles AL, Deng S, Magnuson JK. Genetically Engineered Oleaginous Yeast Lipomyces starkeyi for Sesquiterpene α-Zingiberene Production. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1000-1008. [PMID: 33915043 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous yeast, such as Lipomyces starkeyi, are logical organisms for production of higher energy density molecules like lipids and terpenes. We demonstrate that transgenic L. starkeyi strains expressing an α-zingiberene synthase gene from lemon basil or Hall's panicgrass can produce up to 17 mg/L α-zingiberene in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) medium containing 4% glucose. The transgenic strain was further examined in 8% glucose media with C/N ratios of 20 or 100, and YPD. YPD medium resulted in 59 mg/L α-zingiberene accumulation. Overexpression of selected genes from the mevalonate pathway achieved 145% improvement in α-zingiberene synthesis. Optimization of the growth medium for α-zingiberene production led to 15% higher titer than YPD medium. The final transgenic strain produced 700 mg/L α-zingiberene in fed-batch bioreactor culture. This study opens a new synthetic route to produce α-zingiberene or other terpenoids in L. starkeyi and establishes this yeast as a platform for jet fuel biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Dai
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kyle R. Pomraning
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ellen A. Panisko
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Beth A. Hofstad
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kristen B. Campbell
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joonhoon Kim
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ana L. Robles
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Shuang Deng
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jon K. Magnuson
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Balestrini R, Brunetti C, Cammareri M, Caretto S, Cavallaro V, Cominelli E, De Palma M, Docimo T, Giovinazzo G, Grandillo S, Locatelli F, Lumini E, Paolo D, Patanè C, Sparvoli F, Tucci M, Zampieri E. Strategies to Modulate Specialized Metabolism in Mediterranean Crops: From Molecular Aspects to Field. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2887. [PMID: 33809189 PMCID: PMC7999214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (SMs) play an important role in the interaction with the environment and are part of the plant defense response. These natural products are volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds produced from common building blocks deriving from primary metabolic pathways and rapidly evolved to allow a better adaptation of plants to environmental cues. Specialized metabolites include terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, tannins, resins, etc. that can be used as phytochemicals, food additives, flavoring agents and pharmaceutical compounds. This review will be focused on Mediterranean crop plants as a source of SMs, with a special attention on the strategies that can be used to modulate their production, including abiotic stresses, interaction with beneficial soil microorganisms and novel genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Maria Cammareri
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Sofia Caretto
- CNR-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Valeria Cavallaro
- CNR-Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Eleonora Cominelli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Monica De Palma
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Teresa Docimo
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- CNR-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Silvana Grandillo
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Franca Locatelli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Erica Lumini
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Dario Paolo
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Cristina Patanè
- CNR-Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Marina Tucci
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Elisa Zampieri
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
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Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Niu M, Zhang T, Liu H, Zheng F, Yuan Y, Li Y, Fang L, Zeng S, Ma G. Functional characterization of an Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) dual-localized bifunctional nerolidol/linalool synthase gene involved in stress response. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 183:112610. [PMID: 33383368 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils extracted from the heartwood of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) contain linalool and nerolidol as minor components. However, nerolidol/linalool synthase (NES/LIS), which produce linalool and nerolidol, have yet to be characterized in sandalwood. Using a transcriptomic-based approach, a terpene synthase gene was screened from unigenes of transcriptome data derived from S. album seedlings exposed to low temperature (4 °C). The enzyme encoded by these complementary DNAs belongs to the TPS-b clade. Recombinant SaNES/LIS is a bifunctional enzyme that can catalyze the formation of (E)-nerolidol from farnesyl diphosphate and linalool from geranyl diphosphate, respectively. Whereas SaNES/LIS was primarily localized in chloroplastids, both as granular fluorescence and as diffuse fluorescence, it was also detected in the cytosol of a limited number of cells. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient gene expression in planta produced the same terpene products as those obtained in vitro. Real-time PCR analysis showed the highest expression of SaNES/LIS in fruits, with about a three-fold higher level than in leaves, followed by flowers, heartwood and roots. SaNES/LIS transcripts were differentially activated in different tissues in response to methyl jasmonate, cold, high temperature, strong illumination, and drought stress. Our results provide novel insight into the role of sandalwood terpenoids in response to various environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jaime A Teixeira da Silva
- Independent Researcher, P. O. Box 7, Miki Cho Post Office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-Ken, 761-0799, Japan
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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De La Peña R, Sattely ES. Rerouting plant terpene biosynthesis enables momilactone pathway elucidation. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:205-212. [PMID: 33106662 PMCID: PMC7990393 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Momilactones from rice have allelopathic activity, the ability to inhibit growth of competing plants. Transferring momilactone production to other crops is a potential approach to combat weeds, yet a complete momilactone biosynthetic pathway remains elusive. Here, we address this challenge through rapid gene screening in Nicotiana benthamiana, a heterologous plant host. This required us to solve a central problem: diminishing intermediate and product yields remain a bottleneck for multistep diterpene pathways. We increased intermediate and product titers by rerouting diterpene biosynthesis from the chloroplast to the cytosolic, high-flux mevalonate pathway. This enabled the discovery and reconstitution of a complete route to momilactones (>10-fold yield improvement in production versus rice). Pure momilactone B isolated from N. benthamiana inhibited germination and root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana, validating allelopathic activity. We demonstrated the broad utility of this approach by applying it to forskolin, a Hedgehog inhibitor, and taxadiene, an intermediate in taxol biosynthesis (~10-fold improvement in production versus chloroplast expression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo De La Peña
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Barnes EK, Kwon M, Hodgins CL, Qu Y, Kim SW, Yeung EC, Ro DK. The promoter sequences of lettuce cis-prenyltransferase and its binding protein specify gene expression in laticifers. PLANTA 2021; 253:51. [PMID: 33507397 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Promoters of lettuce cis-prenyltransferase 3 (LsCPT3) and CPT-binding protein 2 (LsCBP2) specify gene expression in laticifers, as supported by in situ β-glucuronidase stains and microsection analysis. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) has articulated laticifers alongside vascular bundles. In the cytoplasm of laticifers, natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) is synthesized by cis-prenyltransferase (LsCPT3) and CPT-binding protein (LsCBP2), both of which form an enzyme complex. Here we determined the gene structures of LsCPT3 and LsCBP2 and characterized their promoter activities using β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter assays in stable transgenic lines of lettuce. LsCPT3 has a single 7.4-kb intron while LsCBP2 has seven introns including a 940-bp intron in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR). Serially truncated LsCPT3 promoters (2.3 kb, 1.6 kb, and 1.1 kb) and the LsCBP2 promoter with (1.7 kb) or without (0.8 kb) the 940-bp introns were fused to GUS to examine their promoter activities. In situ GUS stains of the transgenic plants revealed that the 1.1-kb LsCPT3 and 0.8-kb LsCBP2 promoter without the 5'-UTR intron are sufficient to express GUS exclusively in laticifers. Fluorometric assays showed that the LsCBP2 promoter was several-fold stronger than the CaMV35S promoter and was ~ 400 times stronger than the LsCPT3 promoter in latex. Histochemical analyses confirmed that both promoters express GUS exclusively in laticifers, recognized by characteristic fused multicellular structures. We concluded that both the LsCPT3 and LsCBP2 promoters specify gene expression in laticifers, and the LsCBP2 promoter displays stronger expression than the CaMV35S promoter in laticifers. For the LsCPT3 promoter, it appears that unknown cis-elements outside of the currently examined LsCPT3 promoter are required to enhance LsCPT3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysabeth K Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Connor L Hodgins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Fredericton, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Edward C Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Metabolic Engineering of the Native Monoterpene Pathway in Spearmint for Production of Heterologous Monoterpenes Reveals Complex Metabolism and Pathway Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176164. [PMID: 32859057 PMCID: PMC7504178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spearmint produces and stores large amounts of monoterpenes, mainly limonene and carvone, in glandular trichomes and is the major natural source of these compounds. Towards producing heterologous monoterpenes in spearmint, we first reduced the flux into the native limonene pathway by knocking down the expression of limonene synthase (MsLS) by RNAi method. The MsLS RNAi lines exhibited a huge reduction in the synthesis of limonene and carvone. Detailed GC-MS and LC-MS analysis revealed that MsLS RNAi plants also showed an increase in sesquiterpene, phytosterols, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic metabolites, suggesting an interaction between the MEP, MVA shikimate and fatty acid pathways in spearmint. Three different heterologous monoterpene synthases namely, linalool synthase and myrcene synthase from Picea abies and geraniol synthase from Cananga odorata were cloned and introduced independently into the MsLS RNAi mutant background. The expression of these heterologous terpene synthases resulted mainly in production of monoterpene derivatives. Of all the introduced monoterpenes geraniol showed the maximum number of derivatives. Our results provide new insights into MEP pathway interactions and regulation and reveals the existence of mechanisms for complex metabolism of monoterpenes in spearmint.
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Ashaari NS, Ab. Rahim MH, Sabri S, Lai KS, Song AAL, Abdul Rahim R, Wan Abdullah WMAN, Ong Abdullah J. Functional characterization of a new terpene synthase from Plectranthus amboinicus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235416. [PMID: 32614884 PMCID: PMC7332032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is an aromatic medicinal herb known for its therapeutic and nutritional properties attributed by the presence of monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds. Up until now, research on terpenoid biosynthesis has focused on a few mint species with economic importance such as thyme and oregano, yet the terpene synthases responsible for monoterpene production in P. amboinicus have not been described. Here we report the isolation, heterologous expression and functional characterization of a terpene synthase involved in P. amboinicus terpenoid biosynthesis. A putative monoterpene synthase gene (PamTps1) from P. amboinicus was isolated with an open reading frame of 1797 bp encoding a predicted protein of 598 amino acids with molecular weight of 69.6 kDa. PamTps1 shares 60–70% amino acid sequence similarity with other known terpene synthases of Lamiaceae. The in vitro enzymatic activity of PamTps1 demonstrated the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate exclusively into linalool and nerolidol, respectively, and thus PamTps1 was classified as a linalool/nerolidol synthase. In vivo activity of PamTps1 in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain revealed production of linalool and nerolidol which correlated with its in vitro activity. This outcome validated the multi-substrate usage of this enzyme in producing linalool and nerolidol both in in vivo and in vitro systems. The transcript level of PamTps1 was prominent in the leaf during daytime as compared to the stem. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that maximal linalool level was released during the daytime and lower at night following a diurnal circadian pattern which correlated with the PamTps1 expression pattern. The PamTps1 cloned herein provides a molecular basis for the terpenoid biosynthesis in this local herb that could be exploited for valuable production using metabolic engineering in both microbial and plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Suhanawati Ashaari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hairul Ab. Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab of Emirates
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Duan Q, Bonn B, Kreuzwieser J. Terpenoids are transported in the xylem sap of Norway spruce. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1766-1778. [PMID: 32266975 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce is a conifer storing large amounts of terpenoids in resin ducts of various tissues. Parts of the terpenoids stored in needles can be emitted together with de novo synthesized terpenoids. Since previous studies provided hints on xylem transported terpenoids as a third emission source, we tested if terpenoids are transported in xylem sap of Norway spruce. We further aimed at understanding if they might contribute to terpenoid emission from needles. We determined terpenoid content and composition in xylem sap, needles, bark, wood and roots of field grown trees, as well as terpenoid emissions from needles. We found considerable amounts of terpenoids-mainly oxygenated compounds-in xylem sap. The terpenoid concentration in xylem sap was relatively low compared with the content in other tissues, where terpenoids are stored in resin ducts. Importantly, the terpenoid composition in the xylem sap greatly differed from the composition in wood, bark or roots, suggesting that an internal transport of terpenoids takes place at the sites of xylem loading. Four terpenoids were identified in xylem sap and emissions, but not within needle tissue, suggesting that these compounds are likely derived from xylem sap. Our work gives hints that plant internal transport of terpenoids exists within conifers; studies on their functions should be a focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiao Duan
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Boris Bonn
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Jongedijk E, Müller S, van Dijk ADJ, Schijlen E, Champagne A, Boutry M, Levisson M, van der Krol S, Bouwmeester H, Beekwilder J. Novel routes towards bioplastics from plants: elucidation of the methylperillate biosynthesis pathway from Salvia dorisiana trichomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3052-3065. [PMID: 32090266 PMCID: PMC7260718 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large variety of highly functionalized terpenoids. Functional groups such as partially unsaturated rings and carboxyl groups provide handles to use these compounds as feedstock for biobased commodity chemicals. For instance, methylperillate, a monoterpenoid found in Salvia dorisiana, may be used for this purpose, as it carries both an unsaturated ring and a methylated carboxyl group. The biosynthetic pathway of methylperillate in plants is still unclear. In this work, we identified glandular trichomes from S. dorisiana as the location of biosynthesis and storage of methylperillate. mRNA from purified trichomes was used to identify four genes that can encode the pathway from geranyl diphosphate towards methylperillate. This pathway includes a (-)-limonene synthase (SdLS), a limonene 7-hydroxylase (SdL7H, CYP71A76), and a perillyl alcohol dehydrogenase (SdPOHDH). We also identified a terpene acid methyltransferase, perillic acid O-methyltransferase (SdPAOMT), with homology to salicylic acid OMTs. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of these four genes, in combination with a geranyl diphosphate synthase to boost precursor formation, resulted in production of methylperillate. This demonstrates the potential of these enzymes for metabolic engineering of a feedstock for biobased commodity chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmer Jongedijk
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biometris, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elio Schijlen
- Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Champagne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Arrhenius laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc Boutry
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mark Levisson
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van der Krol
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam (UVA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chalvin C, Drevensek S, Dron M, Bendahmane A, Boualem A. Genetic Control of Glandular Trichome Development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:477-487. [PMID: 31983619 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant glandular trichomes are epidermal secretory structures producing various specialized metabolites. These metabolites are involved in plant adaptation to its environment and many of them have remarkable properties exploited by fragrance, flavor, and pharmaceutical industries. The identification of genes controlling glandular trichome development is of high interest to understand how plants produce specialized metabolites. Our knowledge about this developmental process is still limited, but genes controlling glandular trichome initiation and morphogenesis have recently been identified. In particular, R2R3-MYB and HD-ZIP IV transcription factors appear to play essential roles in glandular trichome initiation in Artemisia annua and tomato. In this review, we focus on the results obtained in these two species and we propose genetic regulation models integrating these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Chalvin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Drevensek
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Michel Dron
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Adnane Boualem
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405, Orsay, France.
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Schuurink R, Tissier A. Glandular trichomes: micro-organs with model status? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2251-2266. [PMID: 31651036 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are epidermal outgrowths that are the site of biosynthesis and storage of large quantities of specialized metabolites. Besides their role in the protection of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses, they have attracted interest owing to the importance of the compounds they produce for human use; for example, as pharmaceuticals, flavor and fragrance ingredients, or pesticides. Here, we review what novel concepts investigations on glandular trichomes have brought to the field of specialized metabolism, particularly with respect to chemical and enzymatic diversity. Furthermore, the next challenges in the field are understanding the metabolic network underlying the high productivity of glandular trichomes and the transport and storage of metabolites. Another emerging area is the development of glandular trichomes. Studies in some model species, essentially tomato, tobacco, and Artemisia, are now providing the first molecular clues, but many open questions remain: How is the distribution and density of different trichome types on the leaf surface controlled? When is the decision for an epidermal cell to differentiate into one type of trichome or another taken? Recent advances in gene editing make it now possible to address these questions and promise exciting discoveries in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schuurink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Science Research Cluster, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 1210, 1000 BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Gericke O, Hansen NL, Pedersen GB, Kjaerulff L, Luo D, Staerk D, Møller BL, Pateraki I, Heskes AM. Nerylneryl diphosphate is the precursor of serrulatane, viscidane and cembrane-type diterpenoids in Eremophila species. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:91. [PMID: 32111159 PMCID: PMC7049213 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eremophila R.Br. (Scrophulariaceae) is a diverse genus of plants with species distributed across semi-arid and arid Australia. It is an ecologically important genus that also holds cultural significance for many Indigenous Australians who traditionally use several species as sources of medicines. Structurally unusual diterpenoids, particularly serrulatane and viscidane-types, feature prominently in the chemical profile of many species and recent studies indicate that these compounds are responsible for much of the reported bioactivity. We have investigated the biosynthesis of diterpenoids in three species: Eremophila lucida, Eremophila drummondii and Eremophila denticulata subsp. trisulcata. RESULTS In all studied species diterpenoids were localised to the leaf surface and associated with the occurrence of glandular trichomes. Trichome-enriched transcriptome databases were generated and mined for candidate terpene synthases (TPS). Four TPSs with diterpene biosynthesis activity were identified: ElTPS31 and ElTPS3 from E. lucida were found to produce (3Z,7Z,11Z)-cembratrien-15-ol and 5-hydroxyviscidane, respectively, and EdTPS22 and EdtTPS4, from E. drummondii and E. denticulata subsp. trisulcata, respectively, were found to produce 8,9-dihydroserrulat-14-ene which readily aromatized to serrulat-14-ene. In all cases, the identified TPSs used the cisoid substrate, nerylneryl diphosphate (NNPP), to form the observed products. Subsequently, cis-prenyl transferases (CPTs) capable of making NNPP were identified in each species. CONCLUSIONS We have elucidated two biosynthetic steps towards three of the major diterpene backbones found in this genus. Serrulatane and viscidane-type diterpenoids are promising candidates for new drug leads. The identification of an enzymatic route to their synthesis opens up the possibility of biotechnological production, making accessible a ready source of scaffolds for further modification and bioactivity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gericke
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Lervad Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gustav Blichfeldt Pedersen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise Kjaerulff
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Luo
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Allison Maree Heskes
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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The Effect of Auxin and Auxin-Producing Bacteria on the Growth, Essential Oil Yield, and Composition in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:564-577. [PMID: 32080752 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic plants had been used since ancient times for their preservative and medicinal properties, and to impart aroma and flavor to food. Also their secondary metabolites are economically important as drugs, flavor and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dye, and pigments, pesticides, cosmetics, food additives, other industrially biochemical, and also play a major role in the adaptation of plants to their environment. Indole acetıc acid-producing rhizobacteria inoculations increase in stomatal density and level of secondary metabolite and have a synergistic effect on monoterpene biosynthesis. Bacterial inoculation significantly affected and increased the chemical composition of essential oil, citronellol, and geraniol content in rose-scented geranium; essential oil composition and total phenolic content in marigold; density, number, and size of glandular trichomes in sweet wormwood and peppermint essential oil components such as geranyl acetate, limonene, and β-pinene in coriander; oil yield and content in calendula; yield of the herb in hyssop; oxygenated compounds, essential oil content and yield, anethol and changing the chemical composition in fennel; growth, number of glandular trichomes and essential oil yield, root branching and length, and total amount of essential oil, production of monoterpenes such as pulegone, menthol, menthone, menthofuran, and terpineol content, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in peppermint; growth and essential oil yield in marjoram; glandular hair abundance, essential oil yield, and monoterpene biosynthesis in basil; phellandrene, limonene, borneol, and campor in rosemary; carvacrol, thymol, linalool, and borneol in oregano; and α-thujene, α-pinene, α-terpinene, p-simen, β-pinene, and γ-terpinene contents and essential oil yield in summer savory. Inoculation with IAA-producing bacteria medicinal roots increased the valerenic acid in valerian, essential oil and quality in vetiver, curcumin content in turmeric alkaloid and ginsenoside content in ginseng, and inulin content in Jerusalem artichoke.
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Böszörményi A, Dobi A, Skribanek A, Pávai M, Solymosi K. The Effect of Light on Plastid Differentiation, Chlorophyll Biosynthesis, and Essential Oil Composition in Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis) Leaves and Cotyledons. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:196. [PMID: 32194595 PMCID: PMC7063033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether light affects the structure and activity of exogenous secretory tissues like glandular hairs. Therefore, transmission electron microscopy was first used to study plastid differentiation in glandular hairs and leaves of light-grown rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis "Arp") plants kept for 2 weeks under ambient light conditions. During our detailed analyses, among others, we found leucoplasts with tubuloreticular membrane structures resembling prolamellar bodies in stalk cell plastids of peltate glandular hairs. To study the effect of darkness on plastid differentiation, we then dark-forced adult, light-grown rosemary plants for 2 weeks and observed occasionally the development of new shoots with elongated internodes and pale leaves on them. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses of the chlorophyllous pigment contents, the native arrangement of the pigment-protein complexes and photosynthetic activity confirmed that the first and second pairs of leaf primordia of dark-forced shoots were partially etiolated (contained low amounts of protochlorophyll/ide and residual chlorophylls, had etio-chloroplasts with prolamellar bodies and low grana, and impaired photosynthesis). Darkness did not influence plastid structure in fifth leaves or secretory tissues (except for head cells of peltate glandular hairs in which rarely tubuloreticular membranes appeared). The mesophyll cells of cotyledons of 2-week-old dark-germinated rosemary seedlings contained etioplasts with highly regular prolamellar bodies similar to those in mesophyll etio-chloroplasts of leaves and clearly differing from tubuloreticular membranes of secretory cells. Analyses of the essential oil composition obtained after solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy showed that in addition to light, the age of the studied organ (i.e., first leaf primordia and leaf tip vs. fifth, fully developed green leaves) and the type of the organ (cotyledon vs. leaves) also strongly influenced the essential oil composition. Therefore, light conditions and developmental stage are both important factors to be considered in case of potential therapeutic, culinary or aromatic uses of rosemary leaves and their essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrienn Dobi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Skribanek
- Department of Biology, ELTE Savaria University Centre, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Melinda Pávai
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Katalin Solymosi, ;
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Cappellari LDR, Santoro MV, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Banchio E. Improving Phenolic Total Content and Monoterpene in Mentha x piperita by Using Salicylic Acid or Methyl Jasmonate Combined with Rhizobacteria Inoculation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E50. [PMID: 31861733 PMCID: PMC6981552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of plant inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and those resulting from the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasmonte (MeJA) on total phenolic content (TPC) and monoterpenes in Mentha x piperita plants were investigated. Although the PGPR inoculation response has been studied for many plant species, the combination of PGPR and exogenous phytohormones has not been investigated in aromatic plant species. The exogenous application of SA produced an increase in TPC that, in general, was of a similar level when applied alone as when combined with PGPR. This increase in TPC was correlated with an increase in the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Also, the application of MeJA at different concentrations in combination with inoculation with PGPR produced an increase in TPC, which was more relevant at 4 mM, with a synergism effect being observed. With respect to the main monoterpene concentrations present in peppermint essential oil (EO), it was observed that SA or MeJA application produced a significant increase similar to that of the combination with rhizobacteria. However, when plants were exposed to 2 mM MeJA and inoculated, an important increase was produced in the concentration on menthol, pulegone, linalool, limonene, and menthone concentrations. Rhizobacteria inoculation, the treatment with SA and MeJA, and the combination of both were found to affect the amount of the main monoterpenes present in the EO of M. piperita. For this reason, the expressions of genes related to the biosynthesis of monoterpene were evaluated, with this expression being positively affected by MeJA application and PGPR inoculation, but was not modified by SA application. Our results demonstrate that MeJA or SA application combined with inoculation with PGPR constitutes an advantageous management practice for improving the production of secondary metabolites from M. piperita.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maricel Valeria Santoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Erika Banchio
- INBIAS (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto), Campus Universitario, 5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina;
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Kis B, Ifrim FC, Buda V, Avram S, Pavel IZ, Antal D, Paunescu V, Dehelean CA, Ardelean F, Diaconeasa Z, Soica C, Danciu C. Cannabidiol-from Plant to Human Body: A Promising Bioactive Molecule with Multi-Target Effects in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5905. [PMID: 31775230 PMCID: PMC6928757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a plant long used for its textile fibers, seed oil, and oleoresin with medicinal and psychoactive properties. It is the main source of phytocannabinoids, with over 100 compounds detected so far. In recent years, a lot of attention has been given to the main phytochemicals present in Cannabis sativa L., namely, cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Compared to THC, CBD has non-psychoactive effects, an advantage for clinical applications of anti-tumor benefits. The review is designed to provide an update regarding the multi-target effects of CBD in different types of cancer. The main focus is on the latest in vitro and in vivo studies that present data regarding the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cytotoxic, anti-invasive, anti-antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties of CBD together with their mechanisms of action. The latest clinical evidence of the anticancer effects of CBD is also outlined. Moreover, the main aspects of the pharmacological and toxicological profiles are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Kis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer- OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Liviu Rebreanu Blvd. 156, 300736 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Feng Chen Ifrim
- Department of Marketing, medical technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Buda
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Ioana Zinuca Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Diana Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (D.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Virgil Paunescu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer- OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Liviu Rebreanu Blvd. 156, 300736 Timişoara, Romania;
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, “Victor Babeş“University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Florina Ardelean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (D.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Zorita Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Manastur, 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Codruta Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
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Bergman ME, Davis B, Phillips MA. Medically Useful Plant Terpenoids: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Mechanism of Action. Molecules 2019; 24:E3961. [PMID: 31683764 PMCID: PMC6864776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized plant terpenoids have found fortuitous uses in medicine due to their evolutionary and biochemical selection for biological activity in animals. However, these highly functionalized natural products are produced through complex biosynthetic pathways for which we have a complete understanding in only a few cases. Here we review some of the most effective and promising plant terpenoids that are currently used in medicine and medical research and provide updates on their biosynthesis, natural occurrence, and mechanism of action in the body. This includes pharmacologically useful plastidic terpenoids such as p-menthane monoterpenoids, cannabinoids, paclitaxel (taxol®), and ingenol mebutate which are derived from the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, as well as cytosolic terpenoids such as thapsigargin and artemisinin produced through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. We further provide a review of the MEP and MVA precursor pathways which supply the carbon skeletons for the downstream transformations yielding these medically significant natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Davis
- Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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Wang Z, Yang Z, Li F. Updates on molecular mechanisms in the development of branched trichome in Arabidopsis and nonbranched in cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1706-1722. [PMID: 31111642 PMCID: PMC6686129 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal cells and a vital plant organ that protect plants from various harms and provide valuable resources for plant development and use. Some key genes related to trichomes have been identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana through glabrous mutants and gene cloning, and the hub MYB-bHLH-WD40, consisting of several factors including GLABRA1 (GL1), GL3, TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1), and ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (EGL3), has been established. Subsequently, some upstream transcription factors, phytohormones and epigenetic modification factors have also been studied in depth. In cotton, a very important fibre and oil crop globally, in addition to the key MYB-like factors, more important regulators and potential molecular mechanisms (e.g. epigenetic modifiers, distinct metabolic pathways) are being exploited during different fibre developmental stages. This occurs due to increased cotton research, resulting in the discovery of more complex regulation mechanisms from the allotetraploid genome of cotton. In addition, some conservative as well as specific mediators are involved in trichome development in other species. This study summarizes molecular mechanisms in trichome development and provides a detailed comparison of the similarities and differences between Arabidopsis and cotton, analyses the possible reasons for the discrepancy in identification of regulators, and raises future questions and foci for understanding trichome development in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Zuoren Yang
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
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Cappellari LDR, Santoro MV, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Banchio E. Induction of essential oil production in Mentha x piperita by plant growth promoting bacteria was correlated with an increase in jasmonate and salicylate levels and a higher density of glandular trichomes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:142-153. [PMID: 31163341 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are agriculturally important soil bacteria that increase plant growth. We subjected peppermint to inoculation with three species of PGPB. After inoculation, the plants were sprayed with methyl jasmonate solution (MeJA) or SA (salicylic acid). Then, the plants were harvested and the plant growth parameters, trichome density, EO content and endogenous phytohormones were measured. Shoot fresh weight was reduced in plants inoculated and treated with MeJA whereas EO content varied depending on the MeJA concentration applied. Plants inoculated and treated with MeJA 2 mM showed the maximum increase in EO production, revealing a synergism between PGPB and MeJA. SA treatments also enhanced EO yield. The increased growth and EO production observed upon PGPB application were at least partly due to an increase in the JA and SA concentrations in the plant, as well as to an associated rise in the glandular trichome density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Del Rosario Cappellari
- Dpto. Biología Molecular, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Campus Universitario, 5800, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Maricel Valeria Santoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Banchio
- Dpto. Biología Molecular, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Campus Universitario, 5800, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
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Knudsen C, Gallage NJ, Hansen CC, Møller BL, Laursen T. Dynamic metabolic solutions to the sessile life style of plants. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:1140-1155. [PMID: 30324199 PMCID: PMC6254060 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms. To compensate for not being able to escape when challenged by unfavorable growth conditions, pests or herbivores, plants have perfected their metabolic plasticity by having developed the capacity for on demand dynamic biosynthesis and storage of a plethora of phytochemicals.
Covering: up to 2018 Plants are sessile organisms. To compensate for not being able to escape when challenged by unfavorable growth conditions, pests or herbivores, plants have perfected their metabolic plasticity by having developed the capacity for on demand synthesis of a plethora of phytochemicals to specifically respond to the challenges arising during plant ontogeny. Key steps in the biosynthesis of phytochemicals are catalyzed by membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzymes which in plants constitute a superfamily. In planta, the P450s may be organized in dynamic enzyme clusters (metabolons) and the genes encoding the P450s and other enzymes in a specific pathway may be clustered. Metabolon formation facilitates transfer of substrates between sequential enzymes and therefore enables the plant to channel the flux of general metabolites towards biosynthesis of specific phytochemicals. In the plant cell, compartmentalization of the operation of specific biosynthetic pathways in specialized plastids serves to avoid undesired metabolic cross-talk and offers distinct storage sites for molar concentrations of specific phytochemicals. Liquid–liquid phase separation may lead to formation of dense biomolecular condensates within the cytoplasm or vacuole allowing swift activation of the stored phytochemicals as required upon pest or herbivore attack. The molecular grid behind plant plasticity offers an endless reservoir of functional modules, which may be utilized as a synthetic biology tool-box for engineering of novel biological systems based on rational design principles. In this review, we highlight some of the concepts used by plants to coordinate biosynthesis and storage of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Knudsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Takemori A, Nakashima T, Ômura H, Tanaka Y, Nakata K, Nonami H, Takemori N. Quantitative assay of targeted proteome in tomato trichome glandular cells using a large-scale selected reaction monitoring strategy. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:40. [PMID: 31049073 PMCID: PMC6480907 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glandular trichomes found in vascular plants are called natural cell factories because they synthesize and store secondary metabolites in glandular cells. To systematically understand the metabolic processes in glandular cells, it is indispensable to analyze cellular proteome dynamics. The conventional proteomics methods based on mass spectrometry have enabled large-scale protein analysis, but require a large number of trichome samples for in-depth analysis and are not suitable for rapid and sensitive quantification of targeted proteins. RESULTS Here, we present a high-throughput strategy for quantifying targeted proteins in specific trichome glandular cells, using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assays. The SRM assay platform, targeting proteins in type VI trichome gland cells of tomato as a model system, demonstrated its effectiveness in quantifying multiple proteins from a limited amount of sample. The large-scale SRM assay uses a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer connected online to a nanoflow liquid chromatograph, which accurately measured the expression levels of 221 targeted proteins contained in the glandular cell sample recovered from 100 glandular trichomes within 120 min. Comparative quantitative proteomics using SRM assays of type VI trichome gland cells between different organs (leaves, green fruits, and calyx) revealed specific organ-enriched proteins. CONCLUSIONS We present a targeted proteomics approach using the established SRM assays which enables quantification of proteins of interest with minimum sampling effort. The remarkable success of the SRM assay and its simple experimental workflow will increase proteomics research in glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Takemori
- Department of Bioresource Production Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8566 Japan
| | - Taiken Nakashima
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Hisashi Ômura
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528 Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Toon, 791-0295 Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakata
- Department of Bioresource Production Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8566 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonami
- Department of Bioresource Production Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8566 Japan
- Plant Biophysics/Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8566 Japan
- Division of Proteomics Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, 791-0295 Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takemori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Toon, 791-0295 Japan
- Division of Proteomics Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, 791-0295 Japan
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Zhang X, Niu M, Teixeira da Silva JA, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Jia Y, Xiao Y, Li Y, Fang L, Zeng S, Ma G. Identification and functional characterization of three new terpene synthase genes involved in chemical defense and abiotic stresses in Santalum album. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:115. [PMID: 30922222 PMCID: PMC6437863 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that aromatic essential oils extracted from the heartwood of Santalum album L. have wide economic value. However, little is known about the role of terpenoids in response to various adverse environmental stresses as other plants do in the form of signals during plant-environment interactions. RESULTS In this study, trace amounts of volatiles consisting of α-santalene, epi-β-santalene, β-santalene, α-santalol, β-santalol, (E)-α-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene and β-bisabolene were found in the leaves of mature S. album trees. We identified more than 40 candidate terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes by mining publicly-available RNA-seq data and characterized the enzymes encoded by three cDNAs: one mono-TPS catalyzes the formation of mostly α-terpineol, and two multifunctional sesqui-TPSs, one of which produces (E)-α-bergamotene and sesquisabinene as major products and another which catalyzes the formation of (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol and (E,E)-farnesol as main products. Metabolite signatures and gene expression studies confirmed that santalol content is closely related with santalene synthase (SaSSY) transcripts in heartwood, which is key enzyme responsible for santalol biosynthesis. However, the expression of three new SaTPS genes differed significantly from SaSSY in the essential oil-producing heartwood. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, were detected in different tissues of S. album plants after applying 1 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and 1 mM salicylic acid (SA), or exposure to 4°C, 38°C and high light intensity. MeJA and SA dramatically induced the expression of SaTPS1 and SaTPS2 in leaves. SaTPS1 to 3 transcripts were differentially activated among different tissues under adverse temperature and light stresses. In contrast, almost all SaSSY transcripts decreased in response to these environmental stresses, unlike SaTPS1 to 3. CONCLUSIONS Multifunctional enzymes were biochemically characterized, including one chloroplastic mono-TPS and two cytosolic sesqui-TPSs in sandalwood. Our results suggest the ecological importance of these three new SaTPS genes in defensive response to biotic attack and abiotic stresses in S. album.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yueya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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50
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De Vargas W, Fortuna-Perez AP, Lewis GP, Piva TC, Vatanparast M, Machado SR. Ultrastructure and secretion of glandular trichomes in species of subtribe Cajaninae Benth (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:431-445. [PMID: 30203160 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The subtribe Cajaninae of papilionoid legumes has a pantropical distribution and comprises approximately 490 species. These species have diversified throughout dry environments where there are high temperatures and strong light. The subtribe stands out because all its representatives have vesicular glands. In addition, bulbous-based and capitate trichomes are important secretory structures present in all genera of the Cajaninae. We analyzed the ultrastructure and histochemistry of these glandular trichome types in leaflets of the three species of the subtribe. Using transmission electron microscopy and histochemical analyses, we link the glandular secretions to subcellular structures. We here report for the first time the type of exudate and ultrastructure of the glands of subtribe Cajaninae. Terpenoids and phenolics were confirmed by histochemistry tests, and we observed that the organelles responsible for biosynthesis of oils are the most representative in these glands. Each glandular trichome showed particular ultrastructural features compatible with the compounds produced. We suggest that these glandular trichomes, with their respective exudates, act in defense against herbivory and against possible damage by ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderleia De Vargas
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Fortuna-Perez
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gwilym Peter Lewis
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Tayeme Cristina Piva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Mohammad Vatanparast
- US National Herbarium (US), Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution-NMNH, MRC 166, 10th and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Silvia Rodrigues Machado
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
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