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Gätjens I, Fedde S, Schmidt SCE, Hasler M, Plachta-Danielzik S, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Relationship between Birth Weight, Early Growth Rate, and Body Composition in 5- to 7-Year-Old Children. Obes Facts 2022; 15:519-527. [PMID: 35292608 PMCID: PMC9421709 DOI: 10.1159/000522509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programing of body composition during intrauterine growth may contribute to the higher risk for cardio-metabolic disease in individuals born small or large for gestational age (SGA, LGA). Compensations of intrauterine growth by catch-up or catch-down postnatal growth may lead to adverse consequences like a thin-fat phenotype. METHODS The impact of (i) birth weight as well as (ii) the interaction between birth weight and catch-up or catch-down growth during the first 2 years of life on fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) in 3,204 5-7-year-old children were investigated using Hattori's body composition chart. Body composition results were compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) birth weight with the same body mass index (BMI). RESULTS In total, 299 children at age 5-7 years were categorized as SGA, 2,583 as AGA, and 322 as LGA. When compared to AGA-children, BMI at 5-7 years of age was higher in LGA-children (15.5 vs. 16.2 kg/m2; p < 0.001) but not different in SGA-children. Compared to AGA with the same BMI, LGA was associated with higher FMI and a lower FFMI in 5-7-year-old girls. This phenotype was also seen for both sexes with catch-down growth during the first 2 years of life whereas catch-up growth prevented the higher FMI and lower FFMI per BMI. By contrast, SGA was associated with a higher FFMI and lower FMI in 5-7-year-old boys compared to AGA boys with the same BMI. This phenotype was also seen with catch-down growth in both genders whereas catch-up growth in girls led to more gain in FMI per BMI. CONCLUSION LGA with a compensatory catch-down postnatal growth may be a risk factor for the development of disproportionate gain in fat over lean mass whereas SGA with a catch-down postnatal growth seems to favor the subsequent accretion of lean over fat mass. A higher propensity of lean mass accretion during postnatal growth in boys compared to girls explains sex differences in these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gätjens
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Svenja Fedde
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistics, Agricultural and Food Economics Faculty, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Plachta-Danielzik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Kompetenznetz Darmerkrankungen e.V., Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred James Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- *Anja Bosy-Westphal,
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Mitteroecker P, Stansfield E. A model of developmental canalization, applied to human cranial form. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008381. [PMID: 33591964 PMCID: PMC7909690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental mechanisms that canalize or compensate perturbations of organismal development (targeted or compensatory growth) are widely considered a prerequisite of individual health and the evolution of complex life, but little is known about the nature of these mechanisms. It is even unclear if and how a “target trajectory” of individual development is encoded in the organism’s genetic-developmental system or, instead, emerges as an epiphenomenon. Here we develop a statistical model of developmental canalization based on an extended autoregressive model. We show that under certain assumptions the strength of canalization and the amount of canalized variance in a population can be estimated, or at least approximated, from longitudinal phenotypic measurements, even if the target trajectories are unobserved. We extend this model to multivariate measures and discuss reifications of the ensuing parameter matrix. We apply these approaches to longitudinal geometric morphometric data on human postnatal craniofacial size and shape as well as to the size of the frontal sinuses. Craniofacial size showed strong developmental canalization during the first 5 years of life, leading to a 50% reduction of cross-sectional size variance, followed by a continual increase in variance during puberty. Frontal sinus size, by contrast, did not show any signs of canalization. Total variance of craniofacial shape decreased slightly until about 5 years of age and increased thereafter. However, different features of craniofacial shape showed very different developmental dynamics. Whereas the relative dimensions of the nasopharynx showed strong canalization and a reduction of variance throughout postnatal development, facial orientation continually increased in variance. Some of the signals of canalization may owe to independent variation in developmental timing of cranial components, but our results indicate evolved, partly mechanically induced mechanisms of canalization that ensure properly sized upper airways and facial dimensions. Developmental mechanisms that canalize or compensate perturbations of organismal development are a prerequisite of individual health and the evolution of complex life. However, surprisingly little is known about these mechanisms, partly because the “target trajectories” of individual development cannot be directly observed. Here we develop a statistical model of developmental canalization that allows one to estimate the strength of canalization and the amount of canalized variance in a population even if the target trajectories are unobserved. We applied these approaches to data on human postnatal craniofacial growth. Whereas overall craniofacial size was strongly canalized during the first 5 years of age, frontal sinus size did not show any signs of canalization. The relative dimensions of the nasopharynx showed strong canalization and a reduction of variance throughout postnatal development, whereas other shape features, such as facial orientation, continually increased in variance. Our results indicate evolved, partly mechanically induced mechanisms of canalization that ensure properly sized upper airways and facial dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Hjort L, Vryer R, Grunnet LG, Burgner D, Olsen SF, Saffery R, Vaag A. Telomere length is reduced in 9- to 16-year-old girls exposed to gestational diabetes in utero. Diabetologia 2018; 61:870-880. [PMID: 29362826 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Shortened telomere length is a marker of cell damage and is associated with oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and metabolic disease. We hypothesised that the offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases might exhibit shorter telomere length. METHODS We investigated telomere length in 439 GDM and 469 control group offspring, aged between 9 and 16 years, recruited from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Relative telomere length was measured in peripheral blood DNA (n = 908) using a quantitative PCR approach. Multivariate regression analysis was used to investigate the association between mothers' GDM status and telomere length in the offspring. RESULTS Female offspring had longer telomeres than males. Offspring of mothers with GDM had significantly shorter telomere length than control offspring, but this difference was observed only in girls. There was a negative association between telomere length and GDM exposure among the female offspring (14% shorter telomeres, p = 0.003) following adjustment for the age of the offspring. Telomere length in female offspring was negatively associated with fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR (p = 0.03). Maternal age, smoking, gestational age, birthweight and the offspring's anthropometric characteristics were not associated with telomere length (p ≥ 0.1). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The 9- to 16-year-old girls of mothers with GDM had shorter telomeres than those from the control population. Further studies are needed to understand the extent to which shortened telomere length predicts and/or contributes to the increased risk of disease later in life among the offspring of women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Hjort
- Department of Endocrinology (Diabetes and Metabolism), Section 7652, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Regan Vryer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise G Grunnet
- Department of Endocrinology (Diabetes and Metabolism), Section 7652, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allan Vaag
- Department of Endocrinology (Diabetes and Metabolism), Section 7652, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- AstraZeneca, Innovative Medicines, Early Clinical Development, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chung S. Growth and Puberty in Obese Children and Implications of Body Composition. J Obes Metab Syndr 2017; 26:243-250. [PMID: 31089526 PMCID: PMC6489471 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2017.26.4.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a major public health concern throughout the world. Nutrition, energy balance and hormones interplay in growth and pubertal development regulation. Frequently overweight and obese children are taller for their age and sex and tend to mature earlier than lean children. The increased leptin and sex hormone levels seen in obese children with excessive adiposity may be implicated in accelerated pubertal growth and accelerated epiphyseal growth plate maturation. Efforts to detect the impact of obesity in children are needed to prevent metabolic and cardiovascular disease in later life. This review aims to cover the process of growth in obese children and implications of body composition on growth and pubertal development and introduce the use of body composition charts in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sochung Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jordan K, Fromberger P, von Herder J, Steinkrauss H, Nemetschek R, Witzel J, Müller JL. Impaired Attentional Control in Pedophiles in a Sexual Distractor Task. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:193. [PMID: 27994559 PMCID: PMC5133255 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pedophilic disorder, a subtype of paraphilia, is defined as a recurrent sexual interest in prepubescent children, which is characterized by persistent thoughts, fantasies, urges, sexual arousal, or behavior. Besides a deviant sexual preference, sexual preoccupation was found to be a dynamic risk factor for reoffending. Thus, it is conceivable that sex offenders and especially sex offenders against children have difficulties to control their responses to sexual stimuli. In the current study pedophiles, forensic and non-forensic control subjects had to solve a cognitive task, while sexual distractors were presented simultaneously. This kind of task also requires control functions. Therefore, data were analyzed with respect to attentional control while comparing eye movements toward sexual distractors and toward the cognitive task. We were mainly interested in how early (fixation latency) and late (relative fixation time) attentional processes were allocated to both, the cognitive target stimuli and the sexual distractors. Pedophiles demonstrated significantly lower attentional control in the sexual distractor task than both control groups (non-pedophiles). They showed a shorter fixation latency and longer fixation time for sexual distractors than non-pedophiles. Furthermore, pedophiles demonstrated a longer fixation latency and shorter fixation time for cognitive target stimuli. For classification analyses, an attentional control index (ACI) was built, i.e., the difference between eye movements on cognitive target stimuli and sexual distractors. For the ACI of early attentional processes, i.e., fixation latency, a good classification between pedophiles and non-pedophiles was found. We assumed that the measured attentional control represents inhibitory executive functions, specifically interference control. Further studies should examine if low attentional control in pedophiles is due to low motivation to solve the task or rather to a lack of ability to control attention with respect to sexual and/or neutral distractors. Prospectively, this design could be useful to generate hypotheses about clinical important aspects of controllability, the capacity of self-control, and the severity of a paraphilic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jordan
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Fromberger
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jakob von Herder
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrike Steinkrauss
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Nemetschek
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Witzel
- Central State Forensic Psychiatric Hospital of Saxony-Anhalt, Uchtspringe, Germany
| | - Jürgen L. Müller
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Henje Blom E, Connolly CG, Ho TC, LeWinn KZ, Mobayed N, Han L, Paulus MP, Wu J, Simmons AN, Yang TT. Altered insular activation and increased insular functional connectivity during sad and happy face processing in adolescent major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 178:215-23. [PMID: 25827506 PMCID: PMC4412607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide and occurs commonly first during adolescence. The insular cortex (IC) plays an important role in integrating emotion processing with interoception and has been implicated recently in the pathophysiology of adult and adolescent MDD. However, no studies have yet specifically examined the IC in adolescent MDD during processing of faces in the sad-happy continuum. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the IC during sad and happy face processing in adolescents with MDD compared to healthy controls (HCL). METHODS Thirty-one adolescents (22 female) with MDD and 36 (23 female) HCL underwent a well-validated emotional processing fMRI paradigm that included sad and happy face stimuli. RESULTS The MDD group showed significantly less differential activation of the anterior/middle insular cortex (AMIC) in response to sad versus happy faces compared to the HCL group. AMIC also showed greater functional connectivity with right fusiform gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, and right amygdala/parahippocampal gyrus in the MDD compared to HCL group. Moreover, differential activation to sad and happy faces in AMIC correlated negatively with depression severity within the MDD group. LIMITATIONS Small age-range and cross-sectional nature precluded assessment of development of the AMIC in adolescent depression. CONCLUSIONS Given the role of the IC in integrating bodily stimuli with conscious cognitive and emotional processes, our findings of aberrant AMIC function in adolescent MDD provide a neuroscientific rationale for targeting the AMIC in the development of new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Henje Blom
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nisreen Mobayed
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alan N Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; The Veterans Affairs Health Care System of San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony T Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Growth charts for weight and height have provided the basis for assessment of children's nutritional status for over half a century, with charts for body mass index (BMI) introduced in the 1990s. However, BMI does not provide information on the proportions of fat and lean mass; and within the past decade, growth charts for children's body composition have been produced by using techniques such as skinfold thicknesses, body circumferences, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). For public health research, BIA and skinfold thicknesses show negligible average bias but have wider limits of agreement than specialized techniques. For patients, DXA is the best individual method, but multicomponent models remain ideal because they address perturbations in lean mass composition. Data can be expressed in age- and sex-specific SD scores, in some cases adjusting for height. Most such reference data derive from high-income countries, but techniques such as air-displacement plethysmography allow infant body composition growth charts to be developed in low- and middle-income settings, where the data may improve understanding of the effects of low birth weight, wasting, and stunting on body composition. Recent studies suggest that between-population variability in body composition may derive in part from genetic factors, suggesting a universal human body composition reference may not be viable. Body composition growth charts may be extended into adult life to evaluate changes in fat and lean mass through the entire life course. These reference data will improve the understanding of the association between growth, body composition, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Brown TT, Kuperman JM, Chung Y, Erhart M, McCabe C, Hagler DJ, Venkatraman VK, Akshoomoff N, Amaral DG, Bloss CS, Casey BJ, Chang L, Ernst TM, Frazier JA, Gruen JR, Kaufmann WE, Kenet T, Kennedy DN, Murray SS, Sowell ER, Jernigan TL, Dale AM. Neuroanatomical assessment of biological maturity. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1693-8. [PMID: 22902750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Structural MRI allows unparalleled in vivo study of the anatomy of the developing human brain. For more than two decades, MRI research has revealed many new aspects of this multifaceted maturation process, significantly augmenting scientific knowledge gathered from postmortem studies. Postnatal brain development is notably protracted and involves considerable changes in cerebral cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar structures, as well as significant architectural changes in white matter fiber tracts (see [12]). Although much work has described isolated features of neuroanatomical development, it remains a critical challenge to characterize the multidimensional nature of brain anatomy, capturing different phases of development among individuals. Capitalizing on key advances in multisite, multimodal MRI, and using cross-validated nonlinear modeling, we demonstrate that developmental brain phase can be assessed with much greater precision than has been possible using other biological measures, accounting for more than 92% of the variance in age. Further, our composite metric of morphology, diffusivity, and signal intensity shows that the average difference in phase among children of the same age is only about 1 year, revealing for the first time a latent phenotype in the human brain for which maturation timing is tightly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Brown
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Lenroot RK, Schmitt JE, Ordaz SJ, Wallace GL, Neale MC, Lerch JP, Kendler KS, Evans AC, Giedd JN. Differences in genetic and environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex associated with development during childhood and adolescence. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:163-74. [PMID: 18041741 PMCID: PMC6870600 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present the first regional quantitative analysis of age-related differences in the heritability of cortical thickness using anatomic MRI with a large pediatric sample of twins, twin siblings, and singletons (n = 600, mean age 11.1 years, range 5-19). Regions of primary sensory and motor cortex, which develop earlier, both phylogenetically and ontologically, show relatively greater genetic effects earlier in childhood. Later developing regions within the dorsal prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes conversely show increasingly prominent genetic effects with maturation. The observation that regions associated with complex cognitive processes such as language, tool use, and executive function are more heritable in adolescents than children is consistent with previous studies showing that IQ becomes increasingly heritable with maturity(Plomin et al. 1997: Psychol Sci 8:442-447). These results suggest that both the specific cortical region and the age of the population should be taken into account when using cortical thickness as an intermediate phenotype to link genes, environment, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoshel K Lenroot
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9692, USA.
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REFERENCES. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.1997.tb00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lenroot RK, Giedd JN. The changing impact of genes and environment on brain development during childhood and adolescence: initial findings from a neuroimaging study of pediatric twins. Dev Psychopathol 2008; 20:1161-75. [PMID: 18838036 PMCID: PMC2892674 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579408000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human brain development is created through continuing complex interactions of genetic and environmental influences. The challenge of linking specific genetic or environmental risk factors to typical or atypical behaviors has led to interest in using brain structural features as an intermediate phenotype. Twin studies in adults have found that many aspects of brain anatomy are highly heritable, demonstrating that genetic factors provide a significant contribution to variation in brain structures. Less is known about the relative impact of genes and environment while the brain is actively developing. We summarize results from the ongoing National Institute of Mental Health child and adolescent twin study that suggest that heritability of different brain areas changes over the course of development in a regionally specific fashion. Areas associated with more complex reasoning abilities become increasingly heritable with maturation. The potential mechanisms by which gene-environment interactions may affect heritability values during development is discussed.
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Giedd JN, Lenroot RK, Shaw P, Lalonde F, Celano M, White S, Tossell J, Addington A, Gogtay N. Trajectories of anatomic brain development as a phenotype. NOVARTIS FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 289:101-12; discussion 112-8, 193-5. [PMID: 18497098 PMCID: PMC3024856 DOI: 10.1002/9780470751251.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Many cognitive, emotional and behavioural traits, as well as psychiatric disorders are highly heritable. However, identifying the specific genes and mechanisms by which this heritability manifests has been elusive. One approach to make this problem more tractable has been to attempt to identify and quantify biological markers that are intermediate steps along the gene-to-behaviour path. The field of neuroimaging offers several anatomic and physiologic possibilities to quantify. Stability over time has been proposed as a desired feature for these intermediate phenotypes. However, in this paper we discuss the value of looking at trajectories of anatomic brain development (i.e. morphometric changes over time), as opposed to static measures, as a phenotype. Examples drawn from longitudinal anatomic magnetic resonance imaging studies of typical development, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and childhood-onset schizophrenia are used to demonstrate the utility of trajectories of brain development as a phenotypic bridge between genes and behaviour in health and in illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay N Giedd
- Brain Imaging Unit, Child Psychiatry Branch NIMH, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1367 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of recent guidelines from the UK joint working party of child health surveillance recommending that all children be measured at age 5 and again between 7 and 9 years of age to determine how many normal school age children are likely to be referred for specialist assessment. METHODS The longitudinal data of 486 children measured by school nurses in a community setting were examined and compared with measurements made in a research setting by a single, skilled observer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of children identified as having abnormal stature (< 0.4th or > 99.6th centile) and abnormal growth rate height standard deviation score (HSDS) change > 0.67). RESULTS The community survey identified seven (1.4%) children as having abnormal stature (four short, three tall), 11 (2.3%) were identified as "slow growing", and nine (1.9%) increased their HSDS by more than 0.67. These results were comparable to data collected in ideal research conditions. CONCLUSIONS Following the recommendations would not result in an excess number of inappropriate referrals. However, this study highlights several unresolved issues such as interobserver variability and time interval between measurements. A large scale prospective study should be considered to establish realistic and cost-effective criteria before implementation of a national screening programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mulligan
- University Child Health, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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Newell‐Morris L, Carrol B, Covey A, Medley S, Sackett GP. Postnatal growth and skeletal maturation of experimental preterm macaques
(Macaca nemestrina). J Med Primatol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1991.tb00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Newell‐Morris
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Brant Carrol
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Andrea Covey
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Stacey Medley
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Gene P. Sackett
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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