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Law KC, O'Connell KL, Jacobson SV, Baer MM, Baker PM, Tull MT. Influences of sleep, cortisol reactivity, and risk/reward-based decision-making on suicide. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 85:101975. [PMID: 38870548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Poor sleep quality is a known contributor to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This study examines whether sleep quality modulates the effect of an individual's stress response and risk/reward-based decision making on suicide risk. METHODS Participants were 160 adults at a residential substance use treatment facility with lifetime exposure to trauma who completed a clinician-administered measure of suicide risk, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and a self-report measure of sleep. Cortisol reactivity (i.e., changes in cortisol before and after a personalized trauma script) was used to measure stress response. We used quantile regression to examine the effects of sleep, cortisol, and risk/reward decision-making on suicide risk. RESULTS We found poor sleep quality to be increasingly salient in individuals at greater risk for suicide than those at lower risk for suicide. Furthermore, individuals with moderate to moderate-high levels of suicide risk seem to have greater cortisol reactivity. In the low-moderate quantile, we found suicide risk to be associated with both high stress reactivity and low-risk, high-reward decision-making, as well as low stress reactivity and high-risk/low-reward decision-making. LIMITATIONS These findings should be interpreted considering several methodological constraints, such as the use of a pre-determined sample and instruments not tailored for our hypotheses, the MINI 'Suicide' Module's limited differentiation between suicidal ideation and behavior, and variably timed cortisol sampling. CONCLUSIONS Despite these limitations, the findings from this study support the use of evidence-based interventions focused on improving sleep quality and managing emotional reactivity to decrease suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne C Law
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Samantha V Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Margaret M Baer
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Phillip M Baker
- Department of Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; Lyra Health Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA
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2
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Rosi A. Do older adults make more risky decisions in the Hungry Donkey Task or in the Iowa Gambling Task? NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:203-220. [PMID: 36222013 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2134549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Hungry Donkey Task (HDT) are well-known tasks employed to assess decisions under ambiguity. Although the two tasks are equal in terms of wins and losses, they differ in terms of the recipient: while in the IGT participants make decisions for themselves, in the HDT decisions are made to help a hungry donkey. Decisions for themselves versus another one in a situation of ambiguity are particularly important in the field of aging because of older adults' changes in motivational and other-oriented behavior. The present study aimed to test whether older adults make different decisions under ambiguity for themselves than for another one (i.e., the hungry donkey) as compared to younger adults. Forty-five young adults (M = 23.31; SD = 1.58) and 45 older adults (M = 72.47; SD = 5.49) performed the IGT and the HDT. In addition, participants performed tasks on working memory, set-shifting, and inhibition. Results showed age-related differences in the HDT but not in the IGT. Older adults, compared to younger adults, made disadvantageous decisions to help the hungry donkey as compared to themselves. Interestingly, this pattern of results is not explained by the age-related decline in cognitive functioning. The findings seem to suggest that older adults' decisions made under the condition of ambiguity are affected by motivational and emotional changes associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Rosi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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3
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Blankenstein NE, Huettel SA, Li R. Resolving ambiguity: Broadening the consideration of risky decision making over adolescent development. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Garrido-Chaves R, Perez V, Perez-Alarcón M, Crespo-Sanmiguel I, Paiva TO, Hidalgo V, Pulopulos MM, Salvador A. Subjective Memory Complaints and Decision Making in Young and Older Adults: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:695275. [PMID: 34803649 PMCID: PMC8595984 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.695275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) may affect decision-making processes. This study aimed to investigate the neuronal correlates of feedback processing during a decision-making task in young and older adults with and without SMCs. Event-related potentials and behavioral performance during the Iowa gambling task were recorded in a total of 136 participants (65 young adults, 71 older adults). The participants were divided into two groups according to their SMCs (with SMCs: n = 60, without SMCs: n = 76). Feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P3 were analyzed in the feedback stage of the decision-making process. Older adults with SMCs scored worse in the ambiguity phase than older adults without SMCs. The FRN latency was longer for losses in older people with SMCs than in older people without SMCs in the first block. No significant differences between young and older adults with and without SMCs were observed in the other ERP measures. Compared to young adults, older adults showed delayed latency in the FRN component and reduced amplitudes and delayed latency in the P3 component. In conclusion, older people with SMCs present deficits in the decision-making process. These deficits are observed at the behavioral level, but also in neural mechanisms of early feedback processing of negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Garrido-Chaves
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Perez
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Perez-Alarcón
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Crespo-Sanmiguel
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tiago O Paiva
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanesa Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Psychology and Sociology, Area of Psychobiology, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Matias M Pulopulos
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Psychology and Sociology, Area of Psychobiology, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Alicia Salvador
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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5
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Carolien K, Annika M. Affective decision-making in children prenatally exposed to opioids. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:529-536. [PMID: 34037260 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although opioid maintenance therapy (OMT) is currently recommended for pregnant opioid-dependent women, potential effects on children's long-term development are still largely unknown. The current study assessed the long-term cognitive development of children born to women in OMT. Particularly, children's decision-making performance was assessed with a child-friendly version of the Iowa Gambling Task. Using a prospective longitudinal design, a cohort of children was followed from birth to middle childhood. Data were collected in Norway between 2005 and 2017. Participants included 41 children (aged 9-11 years), 20 of whom had histories of prenatal methadone or buprenorphine exposure. Background data were collected from personal interviews and medical records in 2005-2006. Children's affective decision-making was assessed in 2016-2017. Results showed no main effect of group on the net scores in the gambling task, F(1, 39) = 1.44, p = 0.24, η2 = 0.04, demonstrating no group differences in decision-making performance. A main effect of group was found on sensitivity to punishment, with children in the control group choosing the doors with the infrequent, but high punishment more often compared to children in the OMT group, F(1, 39) = 4.90, p = 0.03, η2 = 0.11. No main effect of group on decision-making speed was found, although results showed a significant interaction effect between group and gain, F(1, 8,194) = 4.09, p = 0.04, η2 = 0.001. Children prenatally exposed to opioids were found to have normal decision-making performance on an affective decision-making task and were able to consider future consequences when making decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konijnenberg Carolien
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway.,Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Melinder Annika
- Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Child- and Adolescents Mental Health, Oslo University hospital, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Pandey G, Zayas V. What is a face worth? Facial attractiveness biases experience-based monetary decision-making. Br J Psychol 2021; 112:934-963. [PMID: 33969477 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that attractive individuals, across diverse domains, are judged more favourably. But most research has focused on single/one-shot decisions, where decision-makers receive no feedback following their decisions, and outcomes of their judgements are inconsequential to the self. Would attractive individuals still be judged favourably in experience-based decision-making where people make iterative decisions and receive consequential feedback (money gained/lost) following each decision? To investigate this question, participants viewed headshots of four financial partners presented side-by-side and repeatedly (over 50-100 trials) selected partners that would help maximize their profits. Following every partner-selection, participants received feedback about the net monetary gains/losses the partner had conferred. Unbeknownst to participants, two partners (one attractive, one unattractive) were equally advantageous (conferred net-gains overtime) and two partners (one attractive and one unattractive) were equally disadvantageous (conferred net-losses overtime). Even though attractive and unattractive partners were equally profitable and despite receiving feedback, participants selected attractive partners more throughout the task were quicker to reselect them even when they conferred losses and judged them as more helpful. Indeed, attractive-disadvantageous partners were preferred to the same extent (or more) as unattractive-advantageous partners. Importantly, the effect of attractiveness on decision-making was fully explained by the perceived trustworthiness of the financial partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Pandey
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Vivian Zayas
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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7
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Yu M, Liu T, Shangguan F, Sui J, Shi J. The neurodevelopment of delay discounting for monetary rewards in pre-adolescent children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8337. [PMID: 33863945 PMCID: PMC8052366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Children are found to exhibit high degrees of delay discounting compared with adults in many delay discounting studies, which might be due to the asynchronous development of "bottom-up" and "top-down" neural systems. However, the temporal dynamics associated with the two systems in the development of delay discounting processes are not well known. In this study, we chose two age groups of participants and adopted event-related potential (ERP) techniques to investigate the neural dynamic differences between children and adults during delay discounting processes. Behavioral findings showed that children discounted more than adults and chose more immediate choices. Electrophysiological findings revealed that children exhibited longer neural processing (longer P2 latency) than adults during the early detection and identification phase. Children showed less cognitive control (smaller N2 amplitude) than adults over the middle frontal areas, and they devoted more neural effort (larger P3 amplitudes) to making final choices than adults. The factors of reward amount and time delay could influence the development of delay discounting in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Tongran Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Fangfang Shangguan
- grid.253663.70000 0004 0368 505XBeijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxin Sui
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Student Office, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029 Liaoning China
| | - Jiannong Shi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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8
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Li D, Wu M, Zhang X, Wang M, Shi J. The Roles of Fluid Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence in Affective Decision-Making During the Transition to Early Adolescence. Front Psychol 2020; 11:574903. [PMID: 33391090 PMCID: PMC7772350 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study mainly explored the influence of fluid intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EI) on affective decision-making from a developmental perspective, specifically, during the transition from childhood into early adolescence. Meanwhile, their age-related differences in affective decision-making were explored. A total of 198 participants aged 8-12 completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test and the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Child Form. Based on the net scores of IGT, the development of affective decision-making ability did not increase monotonically with age, and there was a developmental trend of an impaired IGT performance in early adolescence (aged 11-12), especially in the early learning phase (first 40 trials) of the IGT. More importantly, IQ and EI played different roles for children and early adolescents: IQ and EI jointly predicted the IGT performance for 8-10 years old children, whereas only EI contributed to the IGT performance of 11-12 years old early adolescents. The present study extends the evidence how cognitive processing and emotional processing interact in affective decision-making from the developmental perspective. Furthermore, it provides insights of future research and intervention with early adolescents' poor affective decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Mengli Wu
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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9
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Buelow MT, Hupp JM, Porter BL, Coleman CE. The effect of prosody on decision making: Speech rate influences speed and quality of decisions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Martins CMDL, Bandeira PFR, Lemos NBAG, Bezerra TA, Clark CCT, Mota J, Duncan MJ. A Network Perspective on the Relationship between Screen Time, Executive Function, and Fundamental Motor Skills among Preschoolers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8861. [PMID: 33260528 PMCID: PMC7730191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze the dynamic and nonlinear association between screen time, executive function (EF), and fundamental motor skills (FMS) in preschoolers, considering sex and body mass index (BMI) from a network perspective. Forty-two preschoolers (24 boys, 3.91 ± 0.77 years old) provided screen time, EF, FMS, and BMI data. EF was measured using the Go/No Go task, and accuracy of Go (sustain attention), reaction time of Go, and accuracy of No Go (inhibitory control) were considered. Relationships between screen time, EF, FMS, sex, and BMI were explored using a network analysis. The emerged network highlights that screen time is intensely associated with the other variables in the network, while the accuracy of Go has the greater connectivity with other nodes in the network (2.27), being the most sensitive to potential intervention changes. Moreover, sex (1.74), screen time (0.93), and accuracy of Go (0.71) showed the greatest closeness. This study showed that in the emerged network, independent of sex, screen exposure affects the accuracy on Go task, and these components affect the variables in the network, as motor abilities and tasks involved in inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thaynã Alves Bezerra
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58000-000, Brazil; (C.M.d.L.M.); (T.A.B.)
| | - Cain Craig Truman Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (C.C.T.C.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Jorge Mota
- Centre of Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, 4500 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Michael Joseph Duncan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (C.C.T.C.); (M.J.D.)
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11
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Na E, Jang KM, Kim MS. An Event-Related Potential Study of Decision-Making and Feedback Utilization in Female College Students Who Binge Drink. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2606. [PMID: 31824383 PMCID: PMC6883468 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the ability to use feedback for decision-making in female college students who binge drink (BD) using the iowa gambling task (IGT) and event-related potentials (ERPs). Twenty-seven binge drinkers and 23 non-binge drinkers (non-BD) were identified based on scores on the Korean version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Test and the Alcohol Use Questionnaire. The IGT consists of four cards, including two cards that result in a net loss, with large immediate gains but greater losses in the long term, and two cards that result in a net gain, with small immediate gains but reduced losses in the long term. Participants were required to choose one card at a time to maximize profit until the end of the task while avoiding losses. The BD group showed a significantly lower total net score than the non-BD group, indicating that the BD group chose more disadvantageous cards. The BD group showed significantly smaller ΔFRN amplitudes [difference in amplitudes of feedback-related negativity (FRN) between gain and loss feedback] but not in P3 amplitudes. Additionally, ΔFRN amplitudes in the fronto-central area were positively correlated with the total net score and net scores for sectors 4 and 5. Thus, total net scores and later performance on the IGT increased as ΔFRN amplitudes from the fronto-central area increased. FRN is known to reflect early feedback evaluation employing a bottom-up mechanism, whereas P3 is known to reflect late feedback processing and allocation of attentional resources using a top-down mechanism. These results indicate that college students who binge drink have deficits in early evaluation of positive or negative feedback and that this deficit may be related to decision-making deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchan Na
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mi Jang
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Guo H, Song H, Liu Y, Xu K, Shen H. Social distance modulates the process of uncertain decision-making: evidence from event-related potentials. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2019; 12:701-714. [PMID: 31686926 PMCID: PMC6709518 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s210910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Social distance affects risk perception in uncertain decision-making, but how this effect works and the mechanism of how social distance influences the early processing stages of uncertain decision-making are still unclear. This investigation aimed to explore how social distance influences risk-taking during uncertain decision-making using the Iowa Gambling Task with recording of event-related potentials. Methods A total of 57 healthy subjects (36 female) participated in the modified single-choice Iowa Gambling Task when they gambled based on three quantified social distances (self, friend, and stranger). The social distance between participant and beneficiary was quantified on a scale of 0–100 points, with 0 representing self, 5 representing a close friend, and 100 representing a stranger. Results Three stages of uncertain decision-making were analyzed. Behavioral results showed that social distance worked interactively with choice frame, and high social distance made people choose a more advantageous deck and a less disadvantageous deck than low social distance. The P300 in the choice-evaluation stage, which reflects stimulus discrimination, directly proved this result by showing that gambling for a stranger caused higher P300 when evaluating an advantageous deck and lower P300 when evaluating a disadvantageous deck than for others. Decision preceding negativity in the response-selection stage represents the anticipation of risky choices: this was larger with high social distance when choosing a disadvantageous deck. Feedback-related negativity and feedback-related P300 had motivational significance, showing smaller amplitudes when gambling for a stranger than for oneself. Conclusion These results provide evidence that social distance works interactively with choice frames of uncertain decision-making. People at high social distance are more risk-taking in an advantageous frame and more risk-avoid ant in a disadvantageous frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyong Shen
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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Lin Y, Duan L, Xu P, Li X, Gu R, Luo Y. Electrophysiological indexes of option characteristic processing. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13403. [PMID: 31134663 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Decision making is vital to human behavior and can be divided into multiple stages including option assessment, behavioral output, and feedback evaluation. Studying how people evaluate option characteristics in the option assessment stage would provide important knowledge on human decision making. Using the event-related potential (ERP) method, the present study investigated the neural mechanism of evaluating two types of option characteristics (i.e., reward magnitude and degree of uncertainty) in the temporal dimension. Thirty-five volunteers participated in a monetary gambling task, where they either accepted or rejected gambles. The ERP results showed a double dissociation pattern, with the early P1 component being sensitive to magnitude but insensitive to degree of uncertainty, while both the N2 and P3 components showed the opposite pattern. The results suggest that these two fundamental option features are assessed rapidly and separately in the human brain. Specifically, small magnitude elicited a larger P1 than did large magnitude, indicating that the perceptual and attentional processing of options is modulated by magnitude. Both the N2 and P3 amplitudes evoked by the risky context were larger than those evoked by the ambiguous one, reflecting that more cognitive conflicts and resources are involved in the former condition. Furthermore, the P1, but not the N2 or P3, amplitude was sensitive to decisions, suggesting that early attentional processes may contribute to human decision making. These findings may provide insight into the temporal mechanisms of option characteristic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Lin
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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14
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The effect of malicious envy on the framing effect: The mediating role of fear of failure. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-019-09767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Tull MT, Forbes CN, Weiss NH, Gratz KL. An investigation of the effect of trauma script exposure on risk-taking among patients with substance use disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 62:77-85. [PMID: 30639994 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that patients with substance use disorders (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at high risk for engaging in risky behaviors. However, these studies do not speak to the context in which these behaviors are more likely to occur. This study examined whether SUD patients with current PTSD, compared to those without a history of PTSD, are more likely to exhibit risk-taking on a laboratory-based risk-taking task, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), following exposure to a personalized trauma script versus a neutral script. The sample consisted of 122 trauma-exposed SUD patients with and without PTSD. Participants were administered a series of diagnostic interviews and personalized trauma scripts were created. On separate days, participants were exposed to a neutral or trauma script, followed by the IGT. Contrary to expectations, PTSD-SUD patients exhibited significantly greater risk-taking after the neutral (vs. trauma) script than those without PTSD. Moreover, whereas SUD patients without PTSD evidenced stability in IGT performance across scripts, those with PTSD exhibited significantly lower risk-taking on the IGT following the trauma (vs. neutral) script. Results provide support for the context dependent nature of risk-taking in PTSD-SUD patients and suggest they may become more risk averse in the context of trauma-related distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | | | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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Riggins T, Scott LS. P300 development from infancy to adolescence. Psychophysiology 2019; 57:e13346. [PMID: 30793775 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of P300 research from infancy through adolescence. First, a brief historical overview is provided highlighting seminal studies that began exploration of the P300 component in developmental groups. Overall, these studies suggest that the P300 can be detected in children and appears to reflect similar cognitive processes to those in adults; however, it is significantly delayed in its latency to peak. Second, two striking findings from developmental research are the lack of a clear P300 component in infancy and differential electrophysiological responses to novel, unexpected stimuli in children, adolescents, and adults. Third, contemporary questions are described, which include P300-like components in infancy, alteration of P300 in atypically developing groups, relations between P300 and behavior, individual differences of P300, and neural substrates of P300 across development. Finally, we conclude with comments regarding the power of a developmental perspective and suggestions for important issues that should be addressed in the next 50 years of P300 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Lisa S Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Hodel AS, Brumbaugh JE, Hunt RH, Van Den Heuvel SE, Wiltgen AM, Thomas KM. Individual differences in ERP measures of executive function in early childhood: Relation to low-risk preterm birth and parent-reported behavior. Child Neuropsychol 2018; 25:914-942. [PMID: 30376759 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2018.1540690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although behavioral studies have demonstrated that executive function (EF) develops rapidly during early childhood, few studies have investigated neural systems supporting EF during the preschool years. These systems are sensitive to variations in children's early life experiences, including preterm birth. The current study collected behavioral and event related potential (ERP) data during an EF task (directional Stroop) in a sample of 150 full-term and low-risk preterm children aged 4-years. Children's IQ and processing speed (WPPSI-III), and parent report of EF (BRIEF-P), were also measured. Forty-nine children born full-term and 43 low-risk preterm children provided useable ERP data. Similar to prior studies with adults and older children, preschool-aged children showed modulation of ERP components (N2, P3) by cognitive conflict. Effects of trial type were also present for early attentional components (N1 and P2). Exploratory analyses demonstrated that ERP measures of EF were correlated with individual differences in cognitive and behavioral functioning in both full-term and low-risk preterm populations. Future research investigating the neural correlates of early measures of EF in low-risk preterm children and other at-risk groups is warranted to better understand how trajectories of EF development are altered in the first years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Hodel
- a Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Jane E Brumbaugh
- b Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Ruskin H Hunt
- a Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | | | - Anika M Wiltgen
- a Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Kathleen M Thomas
- a Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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Abstract
The study examined the effects of a social stressor (Trier Social Stress Test) on 24 male and 32 female college students' affective and physiological reactivity and their subsequent performance on a decision-making task (Iowa Gambling Task). The 56 participants were randomly assigned to a social stressor or a control condition. Compared to controls, participants in the stress condition responded with higher heart rates and skin conductance responses, reported more negative affect, and on the decision-making task made less advantageous choices. An exploratory regression analysis revealed that among men higher levels of heart rate were positively correlated with riskier choices on the Iowa Gambling Task, whereas for women this relationship was curvilinear. Exploratory correlational analyses showed that lower levels of skin conductance within the stress condition were associated with greater levels of substance use and gambling. The results suggest that the presence of a stressor may generally result in failure to attend to the full range of possible consequences of a decision. The relationship pattern between the degree of stress responding and successful decision making may be different for men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Wemm
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
| | - Edelgard Wulfert
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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Ba Y, Zhang W, Peng Q, Salvendy G, Crundall D. Risk-taking on the road and in the mind: behavioural and neural patterns of decision making between risky and safe drivers. ERGONOMICS 2015; 59:27-38. [PMID: 26230746 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1056236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drivers' risk-taking is a key issue of road safety. This study explored individual differences in drivers' decision-making, linking external behaviours to internal neural activity, to reveal the cognitive mechanisms of risky driving. Twenty-four male drivers were split into two groups (risky vs. safe drivers) via the Drivier Behaviour Questionnaire-violation. The risky drivers demonstrated higher preference for the risky choices in the paradigms of Iowa Gambling Task and Balloon Analogue Risk Task. More importantly, the risky drivers showed lower amplitudes of feedback-related negativity (FRN) and loss-minus-gain FRN in both paradigms, which indicated their neural processing of error-detection. A significant difference of P300 amplitudes was also reported between groups, which indicated their neural processing of reward-evaluation and were modified by specific paradigm and feedback. These results suggested that the neural basis of risky driving was the decision patterns less revised by losses and more motivated by rewards. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY Risk-taking on the road is largely determined by inherent cognitive mechanisms, which can be indicated by the behavioural and neural patterns of decision-making. In this regard, it is feasible to quantize drivers’ riskiness in the cognitive stage before actual risky driving or accidents, and intervene accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Ba
- a State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - QiJia Peng
- a State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Gavriel Salvendy
- a State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - David Crundall
- b Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , UK
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Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Scheres A, Tobon CA, Damm J, Baez S, Huepe D, Marino J, Marder S, Manes F, Abrevaya S, Ibanez A. Stop Saying That It Is Wrong! Psychophysiological, Cognitive, and Metacognitive Markers of Children's Sensitivity to Punishment. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218584 PMCID: PMC4517808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental evidence suggests that children’s main decision-making strategy is to avoid options likely to induce punishment. However, the cognitive and affective factors contributing to children’s avoidance to high punishment frequency remain unknown. The present study explored psychophysiological, cognitive, and metacognitive processes associated with sensitivity to punishment frequency. We evaluated 54 participants (between 8 and 15 years old) with a modified Iowa Gambling Task for children (IGT-C) which included options with varying long-term profit and punishment frequencies. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded during this task. Additionally, we assessed IGT-C metacognitive knowledge, fluid intelligence, and executive functions. Participants exhibited behavioral avoidance and high anticipatory SCRs to options with high frequency of punishment. Moreover, age, IGT-C metacognitive knowledge, and inhibitory control were associated with individual differences in sensitivity to punishment frequency. Our results suggest that children’s preference for infrequently punished decisions is partially explained by psychophysiological signals as well as task complexity and development of cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Gonzalez-Gadea
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Developmental Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Andres Tobon
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Grupo de Neuropsicología y Conducta, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Sandra Baez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Huepe
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neurosciences, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julian Marino
- Laboratorio de Neuroimágenes, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Sandra Marder
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y Facultad de Psicología (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sofia Abrevaya
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Balconi M, Finocchiaro R, Canavesio Y. Left Hemispheric Imbalance and Reward Mechanisms Affect Gambling Behavior: The Contribution of the Metacognition and Cortical Brain Oscillations. Clin EEG Neurosci 2015; 46:197-207. [PMID: 24677014 DOI: 10.1177/1550059413513261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present research used the Iowa Gambling Task to test the effect of the reward-sensitivity Behavioral Activation System-Reward (BAS-Reward) construct on the ability to distinguish between high- and low-risk decisions. To elucidate the individual differences that influence the decisional processes, making the strategies more or less advantageous, we considered the impact of the BAS motivational system and the frontal left and right cortical activity on subjects' decisions. More specifically, the lateralization effect, which is related to the increased activation of the left (BAS-Reward-related) hemisphere, was explored by using frequency band analysis. Specifically, behavioral responses (gain/loss options), metacognition, and delta, theta, alpha, and beta band modulation (asymmetry index) were considered. Thirty subjects were divided into high-BAS and low-BAS groups. In comparison with low-BAS, the high-BAS group showed an increased tendency to opt in favor of the immediate reward (losing strategy) instead of the long-term option (winning strategy), and members of this group were more impaired in metacognitive monitoring of their strategies and showed an increased left hemisphere activation when they responded to losing choices. A "reward bias" effect was hypothesized to act for high BAS, based on a left-hemisphere hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Finocchiaro
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Ylenia Canavesio
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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Drislane LE, Brislin SJ, Kendler KS, Andershed H, Larsson H, Patrick CJ. A triarchic model analysis of the youth psychopathic traits inventory. J Pers Disord 2015; 29:15-41. [PMID: 24932874 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2014_28_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Triarchic model of psychopathy characterizes this complex condition in terms of distinct phenotypic constructs of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. The current study evaluated the coverage of these constructs provided by a well-established inventory for assessing psychopathy in adolescents, the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). A consensus rating approach was used to identify YPI items relevant to each Triarchic model construct, and convergent and discriminant validity of the resulting YPI-Triarchic scales were examined in relation to criterion measures consisting of scores on other psychopathy measures and relevant personality trait variables (N = 618, M age = 18.8). The YPI-Triarchic scales showed good internal consistency and exhibited properties largely consistent with predictions based on the Triarchic model, aside from somewhat greater than expected covariance between boldness and other facet scales. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for interpreting scores on the YPI and for investigating distinctive components of psychopathy in youth.
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Balconi M, Finocchiaro R, Canavesio Y, Messina R. Reward bias and lateralization in gambling behavior: behavioral activation system and alpha band analysis. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:570-6. [PMID: 25017618 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present research explored the main factors that can influence subjects' choices in the case of decisions. In order to elucidate the individual differences that influence the decisional processes, making their strategies more or less advantageous, we tested the effect of a reward sensitivity in the behavioral activation system (BAS-Reward) constructed on the ability to distinguish between high- and low-risk decisions. Secondly, the lateralization effect, related to increased activation of the left (BAS-related) hemisphere, was explored. Thirty-one subjects were tested using the Iowa Gambling Task, and the BAS-Reward measure was applied to distinguish between high-BAS and low-BAS groups. Behavioral responses (gain/loss options) and alpha-band modulation were considered. It was found that high-BAS group increased their tendency to opt in favor of the immediate reward (loss strategy) rather than the long-term option (win strategy). Secondly, high-BAS subjects showed an increased left-hemisphere activation in response to losing (with immediate reward) choices in comparison with low-BAS subjects. A "reward bias" effect was supposed to explain both the bad strategy and the unbalanced hemispheric activation for high-BAS and more risk-taking subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Finocchiaro
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Ylenia Canavesio
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Messina
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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Reward Sensitivity, Decisional Bias, and Metacognitive Deficits in Cocaine Drug Addiction. J Addict Med 2014; 8:399-406. [PMID: 25303980 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Garon N, Longard J. Loss Frequency Versus Long-Term Outcome in Preschoolers' Decision Making on a Child Variant of the Iowa Gambling Task. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2014; 4:221-9. [PMID: 25265197 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2013.856311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored the effect of loss frequency and long-term expected outcome on decision making in 86 preschoolers. Children were randomly assigned to 2 versions of a child-friendly Iowa Gambling Task. In the high-conflict condition, the deck with the highest long-term outcome also had the highest frequency of loss, whereas the deck with the lowest long-term outcome had the lowest frequency of loss, setting up a conflict between preference for lower frequency of loss and preference for a higher long-term outcome. In the low-conflict condition, the highest long-term outcome deck had the lowest frequency of loss and the lowest long-term outcome deck had the highest frequency of loss. Results suggested age and sex differences in decision making. Specifically, the results suggested that preschoolers are able to make advantageous decisions when choices do not conflict in terms of loss frequency and long-term outcome. Finally, the results suggest that girls tend to focus more on loss frequency than boys when making choices. The findings have implications for assessment of decision making and hot executive functions in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Garon
- a Department of Psychology , Mount Allison University , Sackville , New Brunswick , Canada
| | - Julie Longard
- b Department of Psychology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
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Cassotti M, Aïte A, Osmont A, Houdé O, Borst G. What have we learned about the processes involved in the Iowa Gambling Task from developmental studies? Front Psychol 2014; 5:915. [PMID: 25191295 PMCID: PMC4138612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental studies using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) or child-friendly adaptations of the IGT converged in showing that children and adolescents exhibit a strong bias in favor of disadvantageous choices whereas adults learn to decide advantageously during the course of the task. In the present article, we reviewed developmental studies that used the IGT or child-friendly adaptations of the IGT to show how these findings provide a better understanding of the processes involved in decision-making under uncertainty. For instance, developmental studies have underlined that until late adolescence, the dominant strategy is to focus only on the frequency of punishment and to choose among options with infrequent losses. Indeed, school-aged children and adolescents' choices in the IGT seem to be guided by the loss frequency leading them to fail in distinguishing between advantageous and disadvantageous options. In addition, recent developmental studies revealed that adults switch less often after losses than school-aged children and adolescents. These findings suggest that psychological tolerance to loss may facilitate learning the characteristics of each option, which in turn improves the ability to choose advantageously. In conclusion, developmental studies help us refine our understanding of decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cassotti
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France
| | - Ania Aïte
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Osmont
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France
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Balconi M, Finocchiaro R, Canavesio Y. Reward-system effect (BAS rating), left hemispheric "unbalance" (alpha band oscillations) and decisional impairments in drug addiction. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1026-32. [PMID: 24629323 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current research explored the impact of cortical frontal asymmetry (left-lateralization effect) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) on Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in decisional processes using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Forty SUD participants and forty-two controls (CG) were tested using the IGT. Behavioral responses (gain/loss options), BIS/BAS scores and lateralized alpha band modulation (LTA) were considered. The SUD group increased the tendency to opt in favor of the immediate reward (loss strategy) more than the long-term option (win strategy) compared to the CG. Secondly, higher reward-subscale scores were observed in SUD. Thirdly, SUD showed an increase in left-hemisphere activation in response to losing (with immediate reward) choices in comparison with the CG. An imbalanced left hemispheric effect related to higher BAS trait could explain this "reward bias," because these components were found to explain (through the regression analysis) the main behavioral deficits.
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Harms MB, Zayas V, Meltzoff AN, Carlson SM. Stability of executive function and predictions to adaptive behavior from middle childhood to pre-adolescence. Front Psychol 2014; 5:331. [PMID: 24795680 PMCID: PMC4001056 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The shift from childhood to adolescence is characterized by rapid remodeling of the brain and increased risk-taking behaviors. Current theories hypothesize that developmental enhancements in sensitivity to affective environmental cues in adolescence may undermine executive function (EF) and increase the likelihood of problematic behaviors. In the current study, we examined the extent to which EF in childhood predicts EF in early adolescence. We also tested whether individual differences in neural responses to affective cues (rewards/punishments) in childhood serve as a biological marker for EF, sensation-seeking, academic performance, and social skills in early adolescence. At age 8, 84 children completed a gambling task while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. We examined the extent to which selections resulting in rewards or losses in this task elicited (i) the P300, a post-stimulus waveform reflecting the allocation of attentional resources toward a stimulus, and (ii) the SPN, a pre-stimulus anticipatory waveform reflecting a neural representation of a "hunch" about an outcome that originates in insula and ventromedial PFC. Children also completed a Dimensional Change Card-Sort (DCCS) and Flanker task to measure EF. At age 12, 78 children repeated the DCCS and Flanker and completed a battery of questionnaires. Flanker and DCCS accuracy at age 8 predicted Flanker and DCCS performance at age 12, respectively. Individual differences in the magnitude of P300 (to losses vs. rewards) and SPN (preceding outcomes with a high probability of punishment) at age 8 predicted self-reported sensation seeking (lower) and teacher-rated academic performance (higher) at age 12. We suggest there is stability in EF from age 8 to 12, and that childhood neural sensitivity to reward and punishment predicts individual differences in sensation seeking and adaptive behaviors in children entering adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline B Harms
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vivian Zayas
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew N Meltzoff
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Carlson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Cui JF, Chen YH, Wang Y, Shum DHK, Chan RCK. Neural correlates of uncertain decision making: ERP evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:776. [PMID: 24298248 PMCID: PMC3828619 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In our daily life, it is very common to make decisions in uncertain situations. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been widely used in laboratory studies because of its good simulation of uncertainty in real life activities. The present study aimed to examine the neural correlates of uncertain decision making with the IGT. Twenty-six university students completed this study. An adapted IGT was administered to them, and the EEG data were recorded. The adapted IGT we used allowed us to analyze the choice evaluation, response selection, and feedback evaluation stages of uncertain decision making within the same paradigm. In the choice evaluation stage, the advantageous decks evoked larger P3 amplitude in the left hemisphere, while the disadvantageous decks evoked larger P3 in the right hemisphere. In the response selection stage, the response of “pass” (the card was not turned over; the participants neither won nor lost money) evoked larger negativity preceding the response compared to that of “play” (the card was turned over; the participant either won or lost money). In the feedback evaluation stage, feedback-related negativity (FRN) was only sensitive to the valence (win/loss) but not the magnitude (large/small) of the outcome, and P3 was sensitive to both the valence and the magnitude of the outcome. These results were consistent with the notion that a positive somatic state was represented in the left hemisphere and a negative somatic state was represented in the right hemisphere. There were also anticipatory ERP effects that guided the participants' responses and provided evidence for the somatic marker hypothesis with more precise timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fang Cui
- Information center, National Institute of Education Sciences Beijing, China ; Institute of Developmental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
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Development of Children's Cool and Hot Executive Function and its Relationship to Children's Self-Regulation. ADONGHAKOEJI 2013. [DOI: 10.5723/kjcs.2013.34.5.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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31
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Burdick JD, Roy AL, Raver CC. Evaluating the Iowa Gambling Task as a Direct Assessment of Impulsivity with Low-Income Children. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013; 55:771-776. [PMID: 24072950 PMCID: PMC3780341 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994) as a measure of low-income school-aged children's affective decision-making and considered its utility as a direct indicator of impulsivity. One hundred and ninety-three 8-11 year olds performed a computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task, a validated measure of decision-making. Multi-level modeling was used to examine children's performance over the course of the task, with age, gender, and teachers' ratings of child impulsivity (BIS-11; Patton, Stanford, & Barratt, 1995) used to predict children's Iowa Gambling performance. Higher impulsivity scores predicted a decrease in slope of Iowa Gambling performance, indicating students rated higher on impulsivity chose more disadvantageously across the task blocks. Results support evidence of the validity of the Iowa Gambling Task as a measure of impulsivity in low-income minority children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda L. Roy
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University. 196 Mercer 8 floor, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - C. Cybele Raver
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University. 70 Washington Square South, Room 1230, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Stavropoulos KKM, Carver LJ. Reward sensitivity to faces versus objects in children: an ERP study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1569-75. [PMID: 24036961 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How children respond to social and nonsocial rewards has important implications for understanding social cognitive development. Adults find faces intrinsically rewarding. However, little is known about how children respond to face vs nonface rewards. We utilized event-related potentials (the stimulus-preceding negativity, SPN) to measure differences in reward anticipation during a guessing game in 6- to 8-year-olds. Children were presented with reward indicators accompanied by incidental face or nonface stimuli. Nonface stimuli were comprised of scrambled faces in the shape of arrows, controlling for low-level properties of the two conditions. Children showed an increased SPN when the reward stimuli were accompanied by faces, relative to nonface stimuli. This suggests that children find a face stimulus more rewarding than a nonface stimulus. The results have important implications for processing social vs nonsocial rewards in typically developing children, and allow testing of populations with deficits in social reward processing, such as autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K M Stavropoulos
- Psychology Department and Human Development Program, University of California, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0109, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Leslie J Carver
- Psychology Department and Human Development Program, University of California, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0109, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Psychology Department and Human Development Program, University of California, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0109, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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33
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Meaux E, Roux S, Batty M. Early visual ERPs are influenced by individual emotional skills. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1089-98. [PMID: 23720573 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing information from faces is crucial to understanding others and to adapting to social life. Many studies have investigated responses to facial emotions to provide a better understanding of the processes and the neural networks involved. Moreover, several studies have revealed abnormalities of emotional face processing and their neural correlates in affective disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate whether early visual event-related potentials (ERPs) are affected by the emotional skills of healthy adults. Unfamiliar faces expressing the six basic emotions were presented to 28 young adults while recording visual ERPs. No specific task was required during the recording. Participants also completed the Social Skills Inventory (SSI) which measures social and emotional skills. The results confirmed that early visual ERPs (P1, N170) are affected by the emotions expressed by a face and also demonstrated that N170 and P2 are correlated to the emotional skills of healthy subjects. While N170 is sensitive to the subject's emotional sensitivity and expressivity, P2 is modulated by the ability of the subjects to control their emotions. We therefore suggest that N170 and P2 could be used as individual markers to assess strengths and weaknesses in emotional areas and could provide information for further investigations of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Meaux
- UMR Inserm U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Centre Universitaire de Pédopsychiatrie, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvie Roux
- UMR Inserm U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Centre Universitaire de Pédopsychiatrie, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France
| | - Magali Batty
- UMR Inserm U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Centre Universitaire de Pédopsychiatrie, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France
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Wiebe SA, Sheffield TD, Andrews Espy K. Separating the fish from the sharks: a longitudinal study of preschool response inhibition. Child Dev 2012; 83:1245-61. [PMID: 22533453 PMCID: PMC3399978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of response inhibition was investigated using a computerized go/no-go task, in a lagged sequential design where 376 preschool children were assessed repeatedly between 3.0 and 5.25 years of age. Growth curve modeling was used to examine change in performance and predictors of individual differences. The most pronounced change was observed between 3 and 3.75 years. Better working memory and general cognitive ability were related to more accurate performance at all ages, but relations with speed changed with age, where better cognitive skills were initially related to slower responding, but faster responding at later ages. Boys responded more quickly and were more accurate on go trials, whereas girls were better able to withhold responding on no-go trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Wiebe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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35
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Aïte A, Cassotti M, Rossi S, Poirel N, Lubin A, Houdé O, Moutier S. Is human decision making under ambiguity guided by loss frequency regardless of the costs? A developmental study using the Soochow Gambling Task. J Exp Child Psychol 2012; 113:286-94. [PMID: 22727674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Converging developmental decision-making studies have demonstrated that until late adolescence, individuals prefer options for which the risk of a loss is low regardless of the final outcome. Recent works have shown a similar inability to consider both loss frequency and final outcome among adults. The current study aimed to identify developmental changes in feedback-monitoring ability to consider both loss frequency and final outcome in decision making under ambiguity. Children, adolescents, and adults performed an adapted version of the Soochow Gambling Task. Our results showed that children and adolescents presented an exclusive preference for options associated with infrequent punishment. In contrast, only adults seemed to consider both loss frequency and the final outcome by favoring the advantageous options when the frequency of losses was low. These findings suggest that the ability to integrate both loss frequency and final outcome develops with age. Moreover, the analysis of strategic adjustments following gains and losses reveals that adults switch less often after losses compared with children and adolescents. This finding suggests that psychological tolerance to loss may facilitate learning the characteristics of each option and improve the ability to choose advantageously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Aïte
- LaPsyDÉ, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
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36
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Horstmann A, Villringer A, Neumann J. Iowa gambling task: there is more to consider than long-term outcome. Using a linear equation model to disentangle the impact of outcome and frequency of gains and losses. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:61. [PMID: 22593730 PMCID: PMC3350871 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been widely used to assess differences in decision-making under uncertainty. Recently, several studies have shown that healthy subjects do not meet the basic predictions of the task (i.e., prefer options with positive long-term outcome), hence questioning its basic assumptions. Since choice options are characterized by gain and net loss frequency in addition to long-term outcome, we hypothesized that a combination of features rather than a single feature would influence participants’ choices. Offering an alternative way of modeling IGT data, we propose to use a system of linear equations to estimate weights that quantify the influence of each individual feature on decision-making in the IGT. With our proposed model it is possible to disentangle and quantify the impact of each of these features. Results from 119 healthy young subjects suggest that choice behavior is predominantly influenced by gain and loss frequency. Subjects preferred choices associated with high-frequency gains to those with low-frequency gains, regardless of long-term outcome. However, among options with low-frequency gains, subjects learned to distinguish between choices that led to advantageous and disadvantageous long-term consequences. This is reflected in the relationship between the weights for gain frequency (highest), loss frequency (intermediate), and long-term outcome (lowest). Further, cluster analysis of estimated feature weights revealed sub-groups of participants with distinct weight patterns and associated advantageous decision behavior. However, subjects in general do not learn to solely base their preference for particular decks on expected long-term outcome. Consequently, long-term outcome alone is not able to drive choice behavior on the IGT. In sum, our model facilitates a more focused conclusion about the factors guiding decision-making in the IGT. In addition, differences between clinical groups can be assessed for each factor individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Horstmann
- Department Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
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Larson MJ, South M, Krauskopf E, Clawson A, Crowley MJ. Feedback and reward processing in high-functioning autism. Psychiatry Res 2011; 187:198-203. [PMID: 21122921 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with high-functioning autism often display deficits in social interactions and high-level cognitive functions. Such deficits may be influenced by poor ability to process feedback and rewards. The feedback-related negativity (FRN) is an event-related potential (ERP) that is more negative following losses than gains. We examined FRN amplitude in 25 individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 25 age- and IQ-matched typically developing control participants who completed a guessing task with monetary loss/gain feedback. Both groups demonstrated a robust FRN that was more negative to loss trials than gain trials; however, groups did not differ in FRN amplitude as a function of gain or loss trials. N1 and P300 amplitudes did not differentiate groups. FRN amplitude was positively correlated with age in individuals with ASD, but not measures of intelligence, anxiety, behavioral inhibition, or autism severity. Given previous findings of reduced-amplitude error-related negativity (ERN) in ASD, we propose that individuals with ASD may process external, concrete, feedback similar to typically developing individuals, but have difficulty with internal, more abstract, regulation of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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38
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Rivalan M, Coutureau E, Fitoussi A, Dellu-Hagedorn F. Inter-individual decision-making differences in the effects of cingulate, orbitofrontal, and prelimbic cortex lesions in a rat gambling task. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:22. [PMID: 21559308 PMCID: PMC3085860 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in decision-making is a hallmark of several neuropsychiatric pathologies but is also observed in some healthy individuals that could be at risk to develop these pathologies. Poor decision-making can be revealed experimentally in humans using the Iowa gambling task, through the inability to select options that ensure long term gains over larger immediate gratification. We devised an analogous task in the rat, based on uncertainty and conflicting choices, the rat gambling task (RGT). It similarly reveals good and poor performers within a single session. Using this task, we investigated the role of three prefrontal cortical areas, the orbitofrontal, prelimbic, and cingulate cortices on decision-making, taking into account inter-individual variability in behavioral performances. Here, we show that these three distinct subregions are differentially engaged to solve the RGT. Cingulate cortex lesion mainly delayed good decision-making whereas prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortices induced different patterns of inadapted behaviors in the task, indicating varying degree of functional specialization of these three areas. Their contribution largely depended on the level of adaptability demonstrated by each individual to the constraint of the task. The inter-individual differences in the effect of prefrontal cortex area lesions on decision-making revealed in this study open new perspectives in the search for vulnerability markers to develop disorders related to executive dysfunctioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rivalan
- Aquitaine Institute of Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287 Bordeaux, France
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Development of hot and cool executive function during the transition to adolescence. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 108:621-37. [PMID: 21044790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Steffen A, Rockstroh B, Wienbruch C, Miller GA. Distinct cognitive mechanisms in a gambling task share neural mechanisms. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:1037-46. [PMID: 21265864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Distinct psychological processes have been proposed to unfold in decision-making. The time course of neural mechanisms supporting these processes has not been fully identified. The present MEG study examined spatio-temporal activity related to components of decision-making proposed to support reward valuation, reward prediction, and outcome evaluation. Each trial presented information on reward value (10 or 50 cents) and reward probability (10%, 50%, or 90%). Brain activity related to those inputs and to outcome feedback was evaluated via electromagnetic responses in source space. Distributed dipole activity reflected reward value and reward probability 150-350 ms after information arrival. Neural responses to reward-value information peaked earlier than those to reward-probability information. Results suggest that valuation, prediction, and outcome evaluation share neural structures and mechanisms even on a relatively fine time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Steffen
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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South M, Dana J, White SE, Crowley MJ. Failure is Not an Option: Risk-Taking is Moderated by Anxiety and Also by Cognitive Ability in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2010; 41:55-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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