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Al-Sarraj Y, Taha RZ, Al-Dous E, Ahram D, Abbasi S, Abuazab E, Shaath H, Habbab W, Errafii K, Bejaoui Y, AlMotawa M, Khattab N, Aqel YA, Shalaby KE, Al-Ansari A, Kambouris M, Abouzohri A, Ghazal I, Tolfat M, Alshaban F, El-Shanti H, Albagha OME. The genetic landscape of autism spectrum disorder in the Middle Eastern population. Front Genet 2024; 15:1363849. [PMID: 38572415 PMCID: PMC10987745 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1363849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by aberrations in social interaction and communication associated with repetitive behaviors and interests, with strong clinical heterogeneity. Genetic factors play an important role in ASD, but about 75% of ASD cases have an undetermined genetic risk. Methods: We extensively investigated an ASD cohort made of 102 families from the Middle Eastern population of Qatar. First, we investigated the copy number variations (CNV) contribution using genome-wide SNP arrays. Next, we employed Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to identify de novo or inherited variants contributing to the ASD etiology and its associated comorbid conditions in families with complete trios (affected child and the parents). Results: Our analysis revealed 16 CNV regions located in genomic regions implicated in ASD. The analysis of the 88 ASD cases identified 41 genes in 39 ASD subjects with de novo (n = 24) or inherited variants (n = 22). We identified three novel de novo variants in new candidate genes for ASD (DTX4, ARMC6, and B3GNT3). Also, we have identified 15 de novo variants in genes that were previously implicated in ASD or related neurodevelopmental disorders (PHF21A, WASF1, TCF20, DEAF1, MED13, CREBBP, KDM6B, SMURF1, ADNP, CACNA1G, MYT1L, KIF13B, GRIA2, CHM, and KCNK9). Additionally, we defined eight novel recessive variants (RYR2, DNAH3, TSPYL2, UPF3B KDM5C, LYST, and WNK3), four of which were X-linked. Conclusion: Despite the ASD multifactorial etiology that hinders ASD genetic risk discovery, the number of identified novel or known putative ASD genetic variants was appreciable. Nevertheless, this study represents the first comprehensive characterization of ASD genetic risk in Qatar's Middle Eastern population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Al-Sarraj
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rowaida Z. Taha
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eman Al-Dous
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dina Ahram
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States
| | - Somayyeh Abbasi
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eman Abuazab
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hibah Shaath
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wesal Habbab
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khaoula Errafii
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yosra Bejaoui
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maryam AlMotawa
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Namat Khattab
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasmin Abu Aqel
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karim E. Shalaby
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amina Al-Ansari
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marios Kambouris
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Department, Genetics Division, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adel Abouzohri
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Iman Ghazal
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Tolfat
- The Shafallah Center for Children with Special Needs, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fouad Alshaban
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem El-Shanti
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Omar M. E. Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Bauleo A, Montesanto A, Pace V, Guarasci F, Apa R, Brando R, De Stefano L, Sestito S, Concolino D, Falcone E. 7p22.2 Microduplication: A Pathogenic CNV? Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1292. [PMID: 37372471 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 7 is a rare chromosome rearrangement. The phenotype spectrum associated with this rearrangement is extremely variable even if in the last decade the use of high-resolution microarray technology for the investigation of patients carrying this rearrangement allowed for the identification of the 7p22.1 sub-band causative of this phenotype and to recognize the corresponding 7p22.1 microduplication syndrome. We report two unrelated patients that carry a microduplication involving the 7.22.2 sub-band. Unlike 7p22.1 microduplication carriers, both patients only show a neurodevelopmental disorder without malformations. We better characterized the clinical pictures of these two patients providing insight into the clinical phenotype associated with the microduplication of the 7p22.2 sub-band and support for a possible role of this sub-band in the 7p22 microduplication syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bauleo
- BIOGENET, Medical and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenza Pace
- BIOGENET, Medical and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Guarasci
- BIOGENET, Medical and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rosalbina Apa
- BIOGENET, Medical and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rossella Brando
- BIOGENET, Medical and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Laura De Stefano
- BIOGENET, Medical and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Simona Sestito
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Science of Health, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Concolino
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Science of Health, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elena Falcone
- BIOGENET, Medical and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, 87100 Cosenza, Italy
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Leveraging a translational research approach to drive diagnostic and treatment advances for autism. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2650-2658. [PMID: 35365807 PMCID: PMC9167797 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent and poorly understood neurodevelopmental disorder. There are currently no laboratory-based diagnostic tests to detect ASD, nor are there any disease-modifying medications that effectively treat ASD's core behavioral symptoms. Scientific progress has been impeded, in part, by overreliance on model organisms that fundamentally lack the sophisticated social and cognitive abilities essential for modeling ASD. We therefore saw significant value in studying naturally low-social rhesus monkeys to model human social impairment, taking advantage of a large outdoor-housed colony for behavioral screening and biomarker identification. Careful development and validation of our animal model, combined with a strong commitment to evaluating the translational utility of our preclinical findings directly in patients with ASD, yielded a robust neurochemical marker (cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin concentration) of trans-primate social impairment and a first-in-class medication (intranasal vasopressin) shown in a small phase 2a pilot trial to improve social abilities in children with ASD. This translational research approach stands to advance our understanding of ASD in a manner not readily achievable with existing animal models, and can be adapted to investigate a variety of other human brain disorders which currently lack valid preclinical options, thereby streamlining translation and amplifying clinical impact more broadly.
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Cheng X, Shi J, Jia Z, Ha P, Soo C, Ting K, James AW, Shi B, Zhang X. NELL-1 in Genome-Wide Association Studies across Human Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:395-405. [PMID: 34890556 PMCID: PMC8895422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural epidermal growth factor-like (EGFL)-like protein (NELL)-1 is a potent and key osteogenic factor in the development and regeneration of skeletal tissues. Intriguingly, accumulative data from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have started unveiling potential broader roles of NELL-1 beyond its functions in bone and cartilage. With exploration of the genetic variants of the entire genome in large-scale disease cohorts, GWASs have been used for establishing the connection between specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms of NELL1, in addition to osteoporosis, metabolic diseases, inflammatory conditions, neuropsychiatric diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and malignant tumors. This review summarizes the findings from GWASs on the manifestation, significance level, implications on function, and correlation of specific NELL1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in various disorders in humans. By offering a unique and comprehensive correlation between genetic variants and plausible functions of NELL1 in GWASs, this review illustrates the wide range of potential effects of a single gene on the pathogenesis of multiple disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and the Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhonglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and the Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pin Ha
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Forsyth Institute, affiliate of the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and the Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Moldenhauer HJ, Dinsdale RL, Alvarez S, Fernández-Jaén A, Meredith AL. Effect of an autism-associated KCNMB2 variant, G124R, on BK channel properties. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:404-413. [PMID: 36203817 PMCID: PMC9531041 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BK K+ channels are critical regulators of neuron and muscle excitability, comprised of a tetramer of pore-forming αsubunits from the KCNMA1 gene and cell- and tissue-selective β subunits (KCNMB1-4). Mutations in KCNMA1 are associated with neurological disorders, including autism. However, little is known about the role of neuronal BK channel β subunits in human neuropathology. The β2 subunit is expressed in central neurons and imparts inactivation to BK channels, as well as altering activation and deactivation gating. In this study, we report the functional effect of G124R, a novel KCNMB2 mutation obtained from whole-exome sequencing of a patient diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Residue G124, located in the extracellular loop between TM1 and TM2, is conserved across species, and the G124R missense mutation is predicted deleterious with computational tools. To investigate the pathogenicity potential, BK channels were co-expressed with β2WT and β2G124R subunits in HEK293T cells. BK/β2 currents were assessed from inside-out patches under physiological K+ conditions (140/6 mM K+ and 10 μM Ca2+) during activation and inactivation (voltage-dependence and kinetics). Using β2 subunits lacking inactivation (β2IR) revealed that currents from BK/β2IRG124R channels activated 2-fold faster and deactivated 2-fold slower compared with currents from BK/β2IRWT channels, with no change in the voltage-dependence of activation (V1/2). Despite the changes in the BK channel opening and closing, BK/β2G124R inactivation rates (τinact and τrecovery), and the V1/2 of inactivation, were unaltered compared with BK/β2WT channels under standard steady-state voltage protocols. Action potential-evoked current was also unchanged. Thus, the mutant phenotype suggests the β2G124R TM1-TM2 extracellular loop could regulate BK channel activation and deactivation kinetics. However, additional evidence is needed to validate pathogenicity for this patient-associated variant in KCNMB2. KCNMA1 channelopathy is a neurobehavioral disorder associated with seizures, dyskinesia, and intellectual disability. KCNMB2 encodes an accessory β subunit that confers inactivation to the KCNMA1 pore-forming α subunit BK channel. The KCNMB2-G124R variant, identified in an autistic individual, affects BK/β2 channel activation but not inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. Moldenhauer
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ria L. Dinsdale
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Alberto Fernández-Jaén
- Dept. of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Europea de, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea L. Meredith
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author. Dept. of Physiology University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St. Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Liu Z, Yang X, Guo P, Wang F, Xia W, Chen Y, Zou M, Sun C. The association between gene polymorphisms in voltage-gated potassium channels Kv2.1 and Kv4.2 and susceptibility to autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:994166. [PMID: 36756634 PMCID: PMC9900626 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.994166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heritable form of neurodevelopmental disorder that arises through synaptic dysfunction. Given the involvement of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, we aimed to explore the relationship between the genetic variants in the KCNB1 and KCND2 genes (encoding Kv2.1 and Kv4.2, respectively) and the risk of developing ASD. METHODS A total of 243 patients with ASD and 243 healthy controls were included in the present study. Sixty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (35 in KCNB1 and 25 in KCND2) were genotyped using the Sequenom Mass Array. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the distribution of allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in KCNB1 between cases and controls. However, the differences were significant in the allelic distribution of KCND2 rs1990429 (p Bonferroni < 0.005) and rs7793864 (p Bonferroni < 0.005) between the two groups. KCND2 rs7800545 (p FDR = 0.045) in the dominant model and rs1990429 (p FDR < 0.001) and rs7793864 (p FDR < 0.001) in the over-dominant model were associated with ASD risk. The G/A genotype of rs1990429 in the over-dominant model and the G/A-G/G genotype of rs7800545 in the dominant model were correlated with lower severity in the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) restricted repetitive behavior (RRB) domain. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that KCND2 gene polymorphism is strongly associated with ASD susceptibility and the severity of RRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Liu
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolei Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mingyang Zou
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Caihong Sun
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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EWAS of Monozygotic Twins Implicate a Role of mTOR Pathway in Pathogenesis of Tic Spectrum Disorder. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101510. [PMID: 34680906 PMCID: PMC8535383 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tic spectrum disorder (TSD) is an umbrella term which includes Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and chronic tic disorder (CTD). They are considered highly heritable, yet the genetic components remain largely unknown. In this study we aimed to investigate disease-associated DNA methylation differences to identify genes and pathways which may be implicated in TSD aetiology. For this purpose, we performed an exploratory analysis of the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in whole blood samples of 16 monozygotic twin pairs, of which eight were discordant and six concordant for TSD, while two pairs were asymptomatic. Although no sites reached genome-wide significance, we identified several sites and regions with a suggestive significance, which were located within or in the vicinity of genes with biological functions associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. The two top genes identified (TSC1 and CRYZ/TYW3) and the enriched pathways and components (phosphoinosides and PTEN pathways, and insulin receptor substrate binding) are related to, or have been associated with, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Genes in this pathway have previously been associated with GTS, and mTOR signalling has been implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. It is thus possible that altered mTOR signalling plays a role in the complex pathogenesis of TSD.
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Cheng P, Qiu Z, Du Y. Potassium channels and autism spectrum disorder: An overview. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:479-491. [PMID: 34008235 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities. It had been demonstrated that potassium channels played a key role in regulating neuronal excitability, which was closely associated with neurological diseases including epilepsy, ataxia, myoclonus, and psychiatric disorders. In recent years, a growing body of evidence from whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing had identified several ASD susceptibility genes of potassium channels in ASD subjects. Genetically dysfunction of potassium channels may be involved in altered neuronal excitability and abnormal brain function in the pathogenesis of ASD. This review summarizes current findings on the features of ASD-risk genes (KCND2, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, KCNH5, KCNJ2, KCNJ10, and KCNMA1) and further expatiate their potential role in the pathogenicity of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Cheng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasong Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Al-Sarraj Y, Al-Dous E, Taha RZ, Ahram D, Alshaban F, Tolfat M, El-Shanti H, Albagha OM. Family-Based Genome-Wide Association Study of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Middle Eastern Families. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:761. [PMID: 34069769 PMCID: PMC8157263 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease characterized by abnormalities in language and social communication with substantial clinical heterogeneity. Genetic factors play an important role in ASD with heritability estimated between 70% to 80%. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple loci associated with ASD. However, most studies were performed on European populations and little is known about the genetic architecture of ASD in Middle Eastern populations. Here, we report the first GWAS of ASD in the Middle eastern population of Qatar. We analyzed 171 families with ASD, using linear mixed models adjusting for relatedness and other confounders. Results showed that common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in seven loci are associated with ASD (p < 1 × 10-5). Although the identified loci did not reach genome-wide significance, many of the top associated SNPs are located within or near genes that have been implicated in ASD or related neurodevelopmental disorders. These include GORASP2, GABBR2, ANKS6, THSD4, ERCC6L, ARHGEF6, and HDAC8. Additionally, three of the top associated SNPs were significantly associated with gene expression. We also found evidence of association signals in two previously reported ASD-susceptibility loci (rs10099100 and rs4299400). Our results warrant further functional studies and replication to provide further insights into the genetic architecture of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Al-Sarraj
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (Y.A.-S.); (E.A.-D.)
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
| | - Eman Al-Dous
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (Y.A.-S.); (E.A.-D.)
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
| | - Rowaida Z. Taha
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
| | - Dina Ahram
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fouad Alshaban
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
| | - Mohammed Tolfat
- The Shafallah Center for Children with Special Needs, Doha 33123, Qatar;
| | - Hatem El-Shanti
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Omar M.E. Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (Y.A.-S.); (E.A.-D.)
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar; (R.Z.T.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (H.E.-S.)
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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10
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Tiwari D, Schaefer TL, Schroeder-Carter LM, Krzeski JC, Bunk AT, Parkins EV, Snider A, Danzer R, Williams MT, Vorhees CV, Danzer SC, Gross C. The potassium channel Kv4.2 regulates dendritic spine morphology, electroencephalographic characteristics and seizure susceptibility in mice. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113437. [PMID: 32822706 PMCID: PMC7642025 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv4.2 is a critical regulator of dendritic excitability in the hippocampus and is crucial for dendritic signal integration. Kv4.2 mRNA and protein expression as well as function are reduced in several genetic and pharmacologically induced rodent models of epilepsy and autism. It is not known, however, whether reduced Kv4.2 is just an epiphenomenon or a disease-contributing cause of neuronal hyperexcitability and behavioral impairments in these neurological disorders. To address this question, we used male and female mice heterozygous for a Kv.2 deletion and adult-onset manipulation of hippocampal Kv4.2 expression in male mice to assess the role of Kv4.2 in regulating neuronal network excitability, morphology and anxiety-related behaviors. We observed a reduction in dendritic spine density and reduced proportions of thin and stubby spines but no changes in anxiety, overall activity, or retention of conditioned freezing memory in Kv4.2 heterozygous mice compared with wildtype littermates. Using EEG analyses, we showed elevated theta power and increased spike frequency in Kv4.2 heterozygous mice under basal conditions. In addition, the latency to onset of kainic acid-induced seizures was significantly shortened in Kv4.2 heterozygous mice compared with wildtype littermates, which was accompanied by a significant increase in theta power. By contrast, overexpressing Kv4.2 in wildtype mice through intrahippocampal injection of Kv4.2-expressing lentivirus delayed seizure onset and reduced EEG power. These results suggest that Kv4.2 is an important regulator of neuronal network excitability and dendritic spine morphology, but not anxiety-related behaviors. In the future, manipulation of Kv4.2 expression could be used to alter seizure susceptibility in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Tiwari
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tori L Schaefer
- Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - Joseph C Krzeski
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alexander T Bunk
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Emma V Parkins
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew Snider
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Reese Danzer
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Steve C Danzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Christina Gross
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Many of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) molecules play pivotal roles in cell communication. The Sidekick (Sdk) gene, first described in Drosophila, encodes the single-pass transmembrane protein, Sdk, which is one of the largest among IgSF membrane proteins. Sdk first appeared in multicellular animals during the Precambrian age and later evolved to Sdk1 and Sdk2 in vertebrates by gene duplication. In flies, a single Sdk is involved in positioning photoreceptor neurons and their axons in the visual system and is responsible for dynamically rearranging cell shapes by strictly populating tricellular adherens junctions in epithelia. In vertebrates, Sdk1 and Sdk2 are expressed by unique sets of cell types and distinctively participate in the formation and/or maintenance of neural circuits in the retina, indicating that they are determinants of synaptic specificity. These functions are mediated by specific homophilic binding of their ectodomains and by intracellular association with PDZ scaffold proteins. Recent human genetic studies as well as animal experiments implicate that Sdk genes may influence various neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, addiction, and depression. The gigantic Sdk1 gene is susceptible to erratic gene rearrangements or mutations in both somatic and germ-line cells, potentially contributing to neurological disorders and some types of cancers. This review summarizes what is known about the structure and roles of Sdks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamagata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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12
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Talbot CF, Garner JP, Maness AC, McCowan B, Capitanio JP, Parker KJ. A Psychometrically Robust Screening Tool To Rapidly Identify Socially Impaired Monkeys In The General Population. Autism Res 2020; 13:1465-1475. [PMID: 32677285 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Naturally low-social rhesus macaques exhibit social impairments with direct relevance to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To more efficiently identify low-social individuals in a large colony, we exploited, refined, and psychometrically assessed the macaque Social Responsiveness Scale (mSRS), an instrument previously derived from the human ASD screening tool. We performed quantitative social behavior assessments and mSRS ratings on a total of N = 349 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed in large, outdoor corrals. In one cohort (N = 116), we conducted inter-rater and test-retest reliabilities, and in a second cohort (N = 233), we evaluated the convergent construct and predictive validity of the mSRS-Revised (mSRS-R). Only 17 of the original 36 items demonstrated inter-rater and test-retest reliability, resulting in the 17-item mSRS-R. The mSRS-R showed strong validity: mSRS-R scores robustly predicted monkeys' social behavior frequencies in home corrals. Monkeys that scored 1.5 standard deviations from the mean on nonsocial behavior likewise exhibited significantly more autistic-like traits, and mSRS-R scores predicted individuals' social classification (low-social vs. high-social) with 96% accuracy (likelihood ratio chi-square = 25.07; P < 0.0001). These findings indicate that the mSRS-R is a reliable, valid, and sensitive measure of social functioning, and like the human SRS, can be used as a high-throughput screening tool to identify socially impaired individuals in the general population. LAY SUMMARY: Variation in autistic traits can be measured in humans using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Here, we revised this scale for rhesus macaques (i.e., the mSRS-R), and showed that macaques exhibit individual differences in mSRS-R scores, and at the behavioral extremes, low-social vs. high-social monkeys exhibit more autistic-like traits. These results suggest that the mSRS-R can be used as a screening tool to rapidly and accurately identify low-social monkeys in the general population. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1465-1475. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Talbot
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joseph P Garner
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alyssa C Maness
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brenda McCowan
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - John P Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karen J Parker
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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13
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Quantitative genome-wide association study of six phenotypic subdomains identifies novel genome-wide significant variants in autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:215. [PMID: 32624584 PMCID: PMC7335742 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable and are characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Twin studies on phenotypic subdomains suggest a differing underlying genetic etiology. Studying genetic variation explaining phenotypic variance will help to identify specific underlying pathomechanisms. We investigated the effect of common variation on ASD subdomains in two cohorts including >2500 individuals. Based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), we identified and confirmed six subdomains with a SNP-based genetic heritability h2SNP = 0.2-0.4. The subdomains nonverbal communication (NVC), social interaction (SI), and peer interaction (PI) shared genetic risk factors, while the subdomains of repetitive sensory-motor behavior (RB) and restricted interests (RI) were genetically independent of each other. The polygenic risk score (PRS) for ASD as categorical diagnosis explained 2.3-3.3% of the variance of SI, joint attention (JA), and PI, 4.5% for RI, 1.2% of RB, but only 0.7% of NVC. We report eight genome-wide significant hits-partially replicating previous findings-and 292 known and novel candidate genes. The underlying biological mechanisms were related to neuronal transmission and development. At the SNP and gene level, all subdomains showed overlap, with the exception of RB. However, no overlap was observed at the functional level. In summary, the ADI-R algorithm-derived subdomains related to social communication show a shared genetic etiology in contrast to restricted and repetitive behaviors. The ASD-specific PRS overlapped only partially, suggesting an additional role of specific common variation in shaping the phenotypic expression of ASD subdomains.
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14
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Almandil NB, Alkuroud DN, AbdulAzeez S, AlSulaiman A, Elaissari A, Borgio JF. Environmental and Genetic Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Special Emphasis on Data from Arabian Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040658. [PMID: 30813406 PMCID: PMC6406800 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide is autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterized by language delay, impaired communication interactions, and repetitive patterns of behavior caused by environmental and genetic factors. This review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of recently published literature on ASD and especially novel insights into excitatory synaptic transmission. Even though numerous genes have been discovered that play roles in ASD, a good understanding of the pathophysiologic process of ASD is still lacking. The protein⁻protein interactions between the products of NLGN, SHANK, and NRXN synaptic genes indicate that the dysfunction in synaptic plasticity could be one reason for the development of ASD. Designing more accurate diagnostic tests for the early diagnosis of ASD would improve treatment strategies and could enhance the appropriate monitoring of prognosis. This comprehensive review describes the psychotropic and antiepileptic drugs that are currently available as effective pharmacological treatments and provides in-depth knowledge on the concepts related to clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and genetic perspectives of ASD. An increase in the prevalence of ASD in Gulf Cooperation Council countries is also addressed in the review. Further, the review emphasizes the need for international networking and multidimensional studies to design novel and effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor B Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Deem N Alkuroud
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sayed AbdulAzeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulla AlSulaiman
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEP-UMR 5007, F-69622 Lyon, France.
| | - J Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Rubenstein E, Wiggins LD, Schieve LA, Bradley C, DiGuiseppi C, Moody E, Pandey J, Pretzel RE, Howard AG, Olshan AF, Pence BW, Daniels J. Associations between parental broader autism phenotype and child autism spectrum disorder phenotype in the Study to Explore Early Development. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 23:436-448. [PMID: 29376397 PMCID: PMC6027594 DOI: 10.1177/1362361317753563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The autism spectrum disorder phenotype varies by social and communication ability and co-occurring developmental, behavioral, and medical conditions. Etiology is also diverse, with myriad potential genetic origins and environmental risk factors. Examining the influence of parental broader autism phenotype-a set of sub-clinical characteristics of autism spectrum disorder-on child autism spectrum disorder phenotypes may help reduce heterogeneity in potential genetic predisposition for autism spectrum disorder. We assessed the associations between parental broader autism phenotype and child phenotype among children of age 30-68 months enrolled in the Study to Explore Early Development (N = 707). Child autism spectrum disorder phenotype was defined by a replication of latent classes derived from multiple developmental and behavioral measures: Mild Language Delay with Cognitive Rigidity, Mild Language and Motor Delay with Dysregulation (e.g. anxiety/depression), General Developmental Delay, and Significant Developmental Delay with Repetitive Motor Behaviors. Scores on the Social Responsiveness Scale-Adult measured parent broader autism phenotype. Broader autism phenotype in at least one parent was associated with a child having increased odds of being classified as mild language and motor delay with dysregulation compared to significant developmental delay with repetitive motor behaviors (odds ratio: 2.44; 95% confidence interval: 1.16, 5.09). Children of parents with broader autism phenotype were more likely to have a phenotype qualitatively similar to broader autism phenotype presentation; this may have implications for etiologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric Moody
- University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
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16
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Mehta D, Czamara D. GWAS of Behavioral Traits. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 42:1-34. [PMID: 31407241 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have evolved into a powerful tool to investigate genetic risk factors for human diseases via a hypothesis-free scan of the genome. The success of GWAS for psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits have been somewhat mixed, partly owing to the complexity and heterogeneity of these traits. Significant progress has been made in the last few years in the development and implementation of complex statistical methods and algorithms incorporating GWAS. Such advanced statistical methods applied to GWAS hits in combination with incorporation of different layers of genomics data have catapulted the search for novel genes for behavioral traits and improved our understanding of the complex polygenic architecture of these traits.This chapter will give a brief overview on GWAS and statistical methods currently used in GWAS. The chapter will focus on reviewing the current literature and highlight some of the most important GWAS on psychiatric and other behavioral traits and will conclude with a discussion on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mehta
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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17
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Li C, Zheng Z, Ha P, Chen X, Jiang W, Sun S, Chen F, Asatrian G, Berthiaume EA, Kim JK, Chen EC, Pang S, Zhang X, Ting K, Soo C. Neurexin Superfamily Cell Membrane Receptor Contactin-Associated Protein Like-4 (Cntnap4) Is Involved in Neural EGFL-Like 1 (Nell-1)-Responsive Osteogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1813-1825. [PMID: 29905970 PMCID: PMC6390490 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Contactin-associated protein-like 4 (Cntnap4) is a member of the neurexin superfamily of transmembrane molecules that have critical functions in neuronal cell communication. Cntnap4 knockout mice display decreased presynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and increased dopamine release that is associated with severe, highly penetrant, repetitive, and perseverative movements commonly found in human autism spectrum disorder patients. However, no known function of Cntnap4 has been revealed besides the nervous system. Meanwhile, secretory protein neural EGFL-like 1 (Nell-1) is known to exert potent osteogenic effects in multiple small and large animal models without the off-target effects commonly found with bone morphogenetic protein 2. In this study, while searching for a Nell-1-specific cell surface receptor during osteogenesis, we identified and validated a ligand/receptor-like interaction between Nell-1 and Cntnap4 by demonstrating: 1) Nell-1 and Cntnap4 colocalization on the surface of osteogenic-committed cells; 2) high-affinity interaction between Nell-1 and Cntnap4; 3) abrogation of Nell-1-responsive Wnt and MAPK signaling transduction, as well as osteogenic effects, via Cntnap4 knockdown; and 4) replication of calvarial cleidocranial dysplasias-like defects observed in Nell-1-deficient mice in Wnt1-Cre-mediated Cntnap4-knockout transgenic mice. In aggregate, these findings indicate that Cntnap4 plays a critical role in Nell-1-responsive osteogenesis. Further, this is the first functional annotation for Cntnap4 in the musculoskeletal system. Intriguingly, Nell-1 and Cntnap4 also colocalize on the surface of human hippocampal interneurons, implicating Nell-1 as a potential novel ligand for Cntnap4 in the nervous system. This unexpected characterization of the ligand/receptor-like interaction between Nell-1 and Cntnap4 indicates a novel biological functional axis for Nell-1 and Cntnap4 in osteogenesis and, potentially, in neural development and function. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuang Li
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pin Ha
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wenlu Jiang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily A Berthiaume
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jong Kil Kim
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric C Chen
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shen Pang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Joensuu M, Lanoue V, Hotulainen P. Dendritic spine actin cytoskeleton in autism spectrum disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:362-381. [PMID: 28870634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small actin-rich protrusions from neuronal dendrites that form the postsynaptic part of most excitatory synapses. Changes in the shape and size of dendritic spines correlate with the functional changes in excitatory synapses and are heavily dependent on the remodeling of the underlying actin cytoskeleton. Recent evidence implicates synapses at dendritic spines as important substrates of pathogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although synaptic perturbations are not the only alterations relevant for these diseases, understanding the molecular underpinnings of the spine and synapse pathology may provide insight into their etiologies and could reveal new drug targets. In this review, we will discuss recent findings of defective actin regulation in dendritic spines associated with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vanessa Lanoue
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Lie E, Li Y, Kim R, Kim E. SALM/Lrfn Family Synaptic Adhesion Molecules. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:105. [PMID: 29674953 PMCID: PMC5895706 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion-like molecules (SALMs) are a family of cell adhesion molecules involved in regulating neuronal and synapse development that have also been implicated in diverse brain dysfunctions, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). SALMs, also known as leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and fibronectin III domain-containing (LRFN) proteins, were originally identified as a group of novel adhesion-like molecules that contain LRRs in the extracellular region as well as a PDZ domain-binding tail that couples to PSD-95, an abundant excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein. While studies over the last decade have steadily explored the basic properties and synaptic and neuronal functions of SALMs, a number of recent studies have provided novel insights into molecular, structural, functional and clinical aspects of SALMs. Here we summarize these findings and discuss how SALMs act in concert with other synaptic proteins to regulate synapse development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Lie
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ryunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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20
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Genetic variant in CACNA1C is associated with PTSD in traumatized police officers. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:247-257. [PMID: 29362489 PMCID: PMC5838973 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that may develop after a traumatic event. Here we aimed to identify epigenetic and genetic loci associated with PTSD. We included 73 traumatized police officers with extreme phenotypes regarding symptom severity despite similar trauma history: n = 34 had PTSD and n = 39 had minimal PTSD symptoms. Epigenetic and genetic profiles were based on the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. We searched for differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and differentially methylated regions (DMRs). For genetic associations we analyzed the CpG-SNPs present on the array. We detected no genome-wide significant DMPs and we did not replicate previously reported DMPs associated with PTSD. However, GSE analysis of the top 100 DMPs showed enrichment of three genes involved in the dopaminergic neurogenesis pathway. Furthermore, we observed a suggestive association of one relatively large DMR between patients and controls, which was located at the PAX8 gene and previously associated with other psychiatric disorders. Finally, we validated five PTSD-associated CpG-SNPs identified with the array using sanger sequencing. We subsequently replicated the association of one common SNP (rs1990322) in the CACNA1C locus with PTSD in an independent cohort of traumatized children. The CACNA1C locus was previously associated with other psychiatric disorders, but not yet with PTSD. Thus, despite the small sample size, inclusion of extreme symptom severity phenotypes in a highly homogenous traumatized cohort enabled detection of epigenetic and genetic loci associated with PTSD. Moreover, here we showed that genetically confounded 450K probes are informative for genetic association analysis.
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21
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Reconstructing the Molecular Function of Genetic Variation in Regulatory Networks. Genetics 2017; 207:1699-1709. [PMID: 29046401 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, genetic studies have recognized hundreds of polymorphic DNA loci called response QTLs (reQTLs) as potential contributors to interindividual variation in transcriptional responses to stimulations. Such reQTLs commonly affect the transduction of signals along the regulatory network that controls gene transcription. Identifying the pathways through which reQTLs perturb the underlying network has been a major challenge. Here, we present GEVIN ("Genome-wide Embedding of Variation In Networks"), a methodology that simultaneously identifies a reQTL and the particular pathway in which the reQTL affects downstream signal transduction along the network. Using synthetic data, we show that this algorithm outperforms existing pathway identification and reQTL identification methods. We applied GEVIN to the analysis of murine and human dendritic cells in response to pathogenic components. These analyses revealed significant reQTLs together with their perturbed Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. GEVIN thus offers a powerful framework that renders a comprehensive picture of disease-related DNA loci and their molecular functions within regulatory networks.
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22
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Cadherin-10 Maintains Excitatory/Inhibitory Ratio through Interactions with Synaptic Proteins. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11127-11139. [PMID: 29030434 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1153-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance is essential for normal cortical function and is altered in some psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that control the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapse function remain poorly understood; no proteins that regulate excitatory and inhibitory synapse strength in a coordinated reciprocal manner have been identified. Using super-resolution imaging, electrophysiology, and molecular manipulations, we show that cadherin-10, encoded by CDH10 within the ASD risk locus 5p14.1, maintains both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic scaffold structure in cultured cortical neurons from rats of both sexes. Cadherin-10 localizes to both excitatory and inhibitory synapses in neocortex, where it is organized into nanoscale puncta that influence the size of their associated PSDs. Knockdown of cadherin-10 reduces excitatory but increases inhibitory synapse size and strength, altering the E/I ratio in cortical neurons. Furthermore, cadherin-10 exhibits differential participation in complexes with PSD-95 and gephyrin, which may underlie its role in maintaining the E/I ratio. Our data provide a new mechanism whereby a protein encoded by a common ASD risk factor controls E/I ratios by regulating excitatory and inhibitory synapses in opposing directions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The correct balance between excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) is crucial for normal brain function and is altered in psychiatric disorders such as autism. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this balance remain elusive. To address this, we studied cadherin-10, an adhesion protein that is genetically linked to autism and understudied at the cellular level. Using a combination of advanced microscopy techniques and electrophysiology, we show that cadherin-10 forms nanoscale puncta at excitatory and inhibitory synapses, maintains excitatory and inhibitory synaptic structure, and is essential for maintaining the correct balance between excitation and inhibition in neuronal dendrites. These findings reveal a new mechanism by which E/I balance is controlled in neurons and may bear relevance to synaptic dysfunction in autism.
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23
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Reilly J, Gallagher L, Chen JL, Leader G, Shen S. Bio-collections in autism research. Mol Autism 2017; 8:34. [PMID: 28702161 PMCID: PMC5504648 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders with diverse clinical manifestations and symptoms. In the last 10 years, there have been significant advances in understanding the genetic basis for ASD, critically supported through the establishment of ASD bio-collections and application in research. Here, we summarise a selection of major ASD bio-collections and their associated findings. Collectively, these include mapping ASD candidate genes, assessing the nature and frequency of gene mutations and their association with ASD clinical subgroups, insights into related molecular pathways such as the synapses, chromatin remodelling, transcription and ASD-related brain regions. We also briefly review emerging studies on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to potentially model ASD in culture. These provide deeper insight into ASD progression during development and could generate human cell models for drug screening. Finally, we provide perspectives concerning the utilities of ASD bio-collections and limitations, and highlight considerations in setting up a new bio-collection for ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Reilly
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, BioMedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James Hospital Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - June L Chen
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Geraldine Leader
- Irish Centre for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Research (ICAN), Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, BioMedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
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24
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Vojinovic D, Brison N, Ahmad S, Noens I, Pappa I, Karssen LC, Tiemeier H, van Duijn CM, Peeters H, Amin N. Variants in TTC25 affect autistic trait in patients with autism spectrum disorder and general population. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:982-987. [PMID: 28513607 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex genetic architecture. To identify genetic variants underlying ASD, we performed single-variant and gene-based genome-wide association studies using a dense genotyping array containing over 2.3 million single-nucleotide variants in a discovery sample of 160 families with at least one child affected with non-syndromic ASD using a binary (ASD yes/no) phenotype and a quantitative autistic trait. Replication of the top findings was performed in Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and Erasmus Rucphen Family (ERF) cohort study. Significant association of quantitative autistic trait was observed with the TTC25 gene at 17q21.2 (effect size=10.2, P-value=3.4 × 10-7) in the gene-based analysis. The gene also showed nominally significant association in the cohort-based ERF study (effect=1.75, P-value=0.05). Meta-analysis of discovery and replication improved the association signal (P-valuemeta=1.5 × 10-8). No genome-wide significant signal was observed in the single-variant analysis of either the binary ASD phenotype or the quantitative autistic trait. Our study has identified a novel gene TTC25 to be associated with quantitative autistic trait in patients with ASD. The replication of association in a cohort-based study and the effect estimate suggest that variants in TTC25 may also be relevant for broader ASD phenotype in the general population. TTC25 is overexpressed in frontal cortex and testis and is known to be involved in cilium movement and thus an interesting candidate gene for autistic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Vojinovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Brison
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Noens
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), Leuven, Belgium.,Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irene Pappa
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,PolyOmica, s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Gene-set analysis shows association between FMRP targets and autism spectrum disorder. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:863-868. [PMID: 28422133 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by problems with social interaction, communication, and repetitive and restricted behavior. Despite its high heritability and the substantial progress made in elucidating genetic associations, the corresponding biological mechanisms are largely unknown. Our objective is to investigate the contribution of common genetic variation to biological pathways functionally involved in ASD. We conducted gene-set analyses to identify ASD-associated functional biological pathways using the statistical tools MAGMA and INRICH. Gene-set selection was based on previously reported associations with psychiatric disorders and resulted in testing of specific synaptic and glial sets, a glutamate pathway gene-set, mitochondrial gene-sets and gene-sets consisting of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) targets. In total 32 gene-sets were tested. We used Psychiatric Genomics Consortium genome-wide association studies summary statistics of ASD. The study is based on the largest ASD sample to date (N=5305). We found one significantly associated gene-set consisting of FMRP-targeting transcripts (MAGMA: p corr.=0.014, INRICH: p corr.=0.031; all competitive P-values). The results indicate the involvement of FMRP-targeted transcripts in ASD in common genetic variation. This novel finding is in line with the literature as FMRP has been linked to fragile X syndrome, ASD and cognitive development in whole-exome sequencing and copy number variant studies. This gene-set has also been linked to Schizophrenia suggesting that FMRP-targeted transcripts might be involved in a general mechanism with shared genetic etiology between psychiatric disorders.
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26
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Kirsch P. Oxytocin in the socioemotional brain: implications for psychiatric disorders. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 26869847 PMCID: PMC4734884 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2015.17.4/pkirsch] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT), highly conserved during evolution, is an important modulator of social and emotional processes across many species. During the last decade, a large body of literature has revealed its effects on different aspects of social behavior, including social stress and anxiety, social memory, affiliation and bonding, emotion recognition, mentalizing, empathy, and interpersonal trust. In addition, as impairments in these social domains can be observed in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism, social anxiety disorder, depression, schizophrenia, and borderline personality disorder, the role of OXT in mental disorders and their treatment has been intensively studied. The present paper gives a short overview of these lines of research and shows how OXT has become a promising target for novel treatment approaches for mental disorders characterized by social impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Lin YC, Frei JA, Kilander MBC, Shen W, Blatt GJ. A Subset of Autism-Associated Genes Regulate the Structural Stability of Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:263. [PMID: 27909399 PMCID: PMC5112273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a range of neurological conditions that affect individuals’ ability to communicate and interact with others. People with ASD often exhibit marked qualitative difficulties in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Alterations in neurite arborization and dendritic spine morphology, including size, shape, and number, are hallmarks of almost all neurological conditions, including ASD. As experimental evidence emerges in recent years, it becomes clear that although there is broad heterogeneity of identified autism risk genes, many of them converge into similar cellular pathways, including those regulating neurite outgrowth, synapse formation and spine stability, and synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms together regulate the structural stability of neurons and are vulnerable targets in ASD. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of those autism risk genes that affect the structural connectivity of neurons. We sub-categorize them into (1) cytoskeletal regulators, e.g., motors and small RhoGTPase regulators; (2) adhesion molecules, e.g., cadherins, NCAM, and neurexin superfamily; (3) cell surface receptors, e.g., glutamatergic receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases; (4) signaling molecules, e.g., protein kinases and phosphatases; and (5) synaptic proteins, e.g., vesicle and scaffolding proteins. Although the roles of some of these genes in maintaining neuronal structural stability are well studied, how mutations contribute to the autism phenotype is still largely unknown. Investigating whether and how the neuronal structure and function are affected when these genes are mutated will provide insights toward developing effective interventions aimed at improving the lives of people with autism and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lin
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jeannine A Frei
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Michaela B C Kilander
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Gene J Blatt
- Laboratory of Autism Neurocircuitry, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
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28
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Choi H, Song J, Park G, Kim J. Modeling of Autism Using Organoid Technology. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7789-7795. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Yin J, Schaaf CP. Autism genetics - an overview. Prenat Diagn 2016; 37:14-30. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
| | - Christian P. Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
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30
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Justice AE, Howard AG, Chittoor G, Fernandez-Rhodes L, Graff M, Voruganti VS, Diao G, Love SAM, Franceschini N, O’Connell JR, Avery CL, Young KL, North KE. Genome-wide association of trajectories of systolic blood pressure change. BMC Proc 2016; 10:321-327. [PMID: 27980656 PMCID: PMC5133524 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-016-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is great interindividual variation in systolic blood pressure (SBP) as a result of the influences of several factors, including sex, ancestry, smoking status, medication use, and, especially, age. The majority of genetic studies have examined SBP measured cross-sectionally; however, SBP changes over time, and not necessarily in a linear fashion. Therefore, this study conducted a genome-wide association (GWA) study of SBP change trajectories using data available through the Genetic Analysis Workshop 19 (GAW19) of 959 individuals from 20 extended Mexican American families from the San Antonio Family Studies with up to 4 measures of SBP. We performed structural equation modeling (SEM) while taking into account potential genetic effects to identify how, if at all, to include covariates in estimating the SBP change trajectories using a mixture model based latent class growth modeling (LCGM) approach for use in the GWA analyses. RESULTS The semiparametric LCGM approach identified 5 trajectory classes that captured SBP changes across age. Each LCGM identified trajectory group was ranked based on the average number of cumulative years as hypertensive. Using a pairwise comparison of these classes the heritability estimates range from 12 to 94 % (SE = 17 to 40 %). CONCLUSION These identified trajectories are significantly heritable, and we identified a total of 8 promising loci that influence one's trajectory in SBP change across age. Our results demonstrate the potential utility of capitalizing on extant genetic data and longitudinal SBP assessments available through GAW19 to explore novel analytical methods with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Annie Green Howard
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Geetha Chittoor
- Department of Nutrition, and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
| | | | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - V. Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition, and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
| | - Guoqing Diao
- Department of Statistics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
| | - Shelly-Ann M. Love
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | | | - Christy L. Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Kristin L. Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
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31
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Dwyer CA, Esko JD. Glycan susceptibility factors in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:104-14. [PMID: 27418189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders with unknown etiology. An estimated 1:68 children in the U.S. are diagnosed with ASDs, making these disorders a substantial public health issue. Recent advances in genome sequencing have identified numerous genetic variants across the ASD patient population. Many genetic variants identified occur in genes that encode glycosylated extracellular proteins (proteoglycans or glycoproteins) or enzymes involved in glycosylation (glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases). It remains unknown whether "glycogene" variants cause changes in glycosylation and whether they contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of ASDs. Insights into glycan susceptibility factors are provided by studies in the normal brain and congenital disorders of glycosylation, which are often accompanied by ASD-like behaviors. The purpose of this review is to present evidence that supports a contribution of extracellular glycans and glycoconjugates to the etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic ASDs and other types of pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissa A Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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32
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal phenotypic data provides a rich potential resource for genetic studies which may allow for greater understanding of variants and their covariates over time. Herein, we review 3 longitudinal analytical approaches from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 19 (GAW19). These contributions investigated both genome-wide association (GWA) and whole genome sequence (WGS) data from odd numbered chromosomes on up to 4 time points for blood pressure-related phenotypes. The statistical models used included generalized estimating equations (GEEs), latent class growth modeling (LCGM), linear mixed-effect (LME), and variance components (VC). The goal of these analyses was to test statistical approaches that use repeat measurements to increase genetic signal for variant identification. RESULTS Two analytical methods were applied to the GAW19: GWA using real phenotypic data, and one approach to WGS using 200 simulated replicates. The first GWA approach applied a GEE-based model to identify gene-based associations with 4 derived hypertension phenotypes. This GEE model identified 1 significant locus, GRM7, which passed multiple test corrections for 2 hypertension-derived traits. The second GWA approach employed the LME to estimate genetic associations with systolic blood pressure (SBP) change trajectories identified using LCGM. This LCGM method identified 5 SBP trajectories and association analyses identified a genome-wide significant locus, near ATOX1 (p = 1.0E(-8)). Finally, a third VC-based model using WGS and simulated SBP phenotypes that constrained the β coefficient for a genetic variant across each time point was calculated and compared to an unconstrained approach. This constrained VC approach demonstrated increased power for WGS variants of moderate effect, but when larger genetic effects were present, averaging across time points was as effective. CONCLUSION In this paper, we summarize 3 GAW19 contributions applying novel statistical methods and testing previously proposed techniques under alternative conditions for longitudinal genetic association. We conclude that these approaches when appropriately applied have the potential to: (a) increase statistical power; (b) decrease trait heterogeneity and standard error;
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Feng Chiu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
| | - Phillip E Melton
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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33
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Synaptic Wnt/GSK3β Signaling Hub in Autism. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:9603751. [PMID: 26881141 PMCID: PMC4736967 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9603751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of genes have been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and the interaction of weak and de novo variants derive from distinct autistic phenotypes thus making up the “spectrum.” The convergence of these variants in networks of genes associated with synaptic function warrants the study of cell signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the synapse. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a central role in the development and regulation of the central nervous system and several genes belonging to the cascade have been genetically associated with ASDs. In the present paper, we review basic information regarding the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in excitatory/inhibitory balance (E/I balance) through the regulation of pre- and postsynaptic compartments. Furthermore, we integrate information supporting the role of the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in the onset/development of ASDs through direct modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Finally, given GSK3β activity as key modulator of synaptic plasticity, we explore the potential of this kinase as a therapeutic target for ASD.
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34
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Yoo H. Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Status and Possible Clinical Applications. Exp Neurobiol 2015; 24:257-72. [PMID: 26713075 PMCID: PMC4688327 DOI: 10.5607/en.2015.24.4.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most complex behavioral disorders with a strong genetic influence. The objectives of this article are to review the current status of genetic research in ASD, and to provide information regarding the potential candidate genes, mutations, and genetic loci possibly related to pathogenesis in ASD. Investigations on monogenic causes of ASD, candidate genes among common variants, rare de novo mutations, and copy number variations are reviewed. The current possible clinical applications of the genetic knowledge and their future possibilities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea
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35
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Merikangas AK, Segurado R, Heron EA, Anney RJL, Paterson AD, Cook EH, Pinto D, Scherer SW, Szatmari P, Gill M, Corvin AP, Gallagher L. The phenotypic manifestations of rare genic CNVs in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1366-72. [PMID: 25421404 PMCID: PMC4759095 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Significant evidence exists for the association between copy number variants (CNVs) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); however, most of this work has focused solely on the diagnosis of ASD. There is limited understanding of the impact of CNVs on the 'sub-phenotypes' of ASD. The objective of this paper is to evaluate associations between CNVs in differentially brain expressed (DBE) genes or genes previously implicated in ASD/intellectual disability (ASD/ID) and specific sub-phenotypes of ASD. The sample consisted of 1590 cases of European ancestry from the Autism Genome Project (AGP) with a diagnosis of an ASD and at least one rare CNV impacting any gene and a core set of phenotypic measures, including symptom severity, language impairments, seizures, gait disturbances, intelligence quotient (IQ) and adaptive function, as well as paternal and maternal age. Classification analyses using a non-parametric recursive partitioning method (random forests) were employed to define sets of phenotypic characteristics that best classify the CNV-defined groups. There was substantial variation in the classification accuracy of the two sets of genes. The best variables for classification were verbal IQ for the ASD/ID genes, paternal age at birth for the DBE genes and adaptive function for de novo CNVs. CNVs in the ASD/ID list were primarily associated with communication and language domains, whereas CNVs in DBE genes were related to broader manifestations of adaptive function. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the associations between sub-phenotypes and CNVs genome-wide in ASD. This work highlights the importance of examining the diverse sub-phenotypic manifestations of CNVs in ASD, including the specific features, comorbid conditions and clinical correlates of ASD that comprise underlying characteristics of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Merikangas
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. E-mail:
| | - R Segurado
- Centre for Support and Training in Analysis and Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - E A Heron
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - R J L Anney
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - A D Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - E H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Pinto
- Departments of Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center, The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S W Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P Szatmari
- The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - A P Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - L Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
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36
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1 in 68 children in the US and is distinguished by core deficits in social interactions. Developing pharmacologic treatments for ASD is complicated by clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Although pharmacological treatments have not been shown to be effective in treating the core symptoms of ASD (i.e., social deficits), there is evidence that the burden of emotional and behavioral problems can be reduced with pharmacotherapy. Numerous randomized clinical trials of treatments for the core ASD deficits have been conducted; however, most have provided inconclusive results due to the substantial variation in treatment response. Variation also exists in the considerable metabolic side effects of many of the current treatments. Some of this variation may be explained by differences in the underlying genetic pathways. Exploiting the link between genetic heterogeneity and clinical variation associated with behavioral problems may provide an opportunity for targeted treatment of ASD. In this review, we summarize the recent findings from pharmacogenomics studies of ASD and suggest further how understanding how genetic liability modifies the effect of drugs may present an opportunity to address the challenges of personalized medicine in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bowers
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA,
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Hus Bal V, Lord C. Replication of Standardized ADOS Domain Scores in the Simons Simplex Collection. Autism Res 2015; 8:583-92. [PMID: 25712123 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Raw totals from diagnostic and screening measures for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are frequently used as dimensional measures of autism symptom severity without appropriate correction for confounding factors, such as developmental level or non-ASD-specific behavior problems. Although these associated features are important to consider when diagnosing ASD and developing intervention plans, both researchers and clinicians sometimes need metrics of ASD severity that are not influenced by these factors. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) domain calibrated severity scores (CSS) were created to provide separate estimates of social affect (SA-CSS) and restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRB-CSS) that are relatively independent of child characteristics (Hus et al., 2014). Using a sample of 2,509 probands with ASD from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC), this study provides the first replication of the ADOS domain CSS in an independent sample. Consistent with the original standardization study, when applied to existing SSC data, the ADOS domain CSS were less influenced by age and cognitive ability compared to raw domain totals. Domain CSS were also relatively independent of behavior problems. Use of the ADOS domain CSS to assess relationships between ASD symptoms and genetic risk factors will increase confidence that associations reflect domain-specific relationships. Scores also offer less developmentally-influenced estimates of ASD severity for future phenotypic explorations in the SSC. This independent replication provides support for the application of the ADOS domain CSS in other samples, though further replication in population-based samples will be an important next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hus Bal
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine Lord
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, New York
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Taylor MJ, Charman T, Robinson EB, Hayiou-Thomas ME, Happé F, Dale PS, Ronald A. Language and traits of autism spectrum conditions: evidence of limited phenotypic and etiological overlap. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:587-95. [PMID: 25088445 PMCID: PMC4419741 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Language difficulties have historically been viewed as integral to autism spectrum conditions (ASC), leading molecular genetic studies to consider whether ASC and language difficulties have overlapping genetic bases. The extent of genetic, and also environmental, overlap between ASC and language is, however, unclear. We hence conducted a twin study of the concurrent association between autistic traits and receptive language abilities. Internet-based language tests were completed by ~3,000 pairs of twins, while autistic traits were assessed via parent ratings. Twin model fitting explored the association between these measures in the full sample, while DeFries-Fulker analysis tested these associations at the extremes of the sample. Phenotypic associations between language ability and autistic traits were modest and negative. The degree of genetic overlap was also negative, indicating that genetic influences on autistic traits lowered language scores in the full sample (mean genetic correlation = -0.13). Genetic overlap was also low at the extremes of the sample (mean genetic correlation = 0.14), indicating that genetic influences on quantitatively defined language difficulties were largely distinct from those on extreme autistic traits. Variation in language ability and autistic traits were also associated with largely different nonshared environmental influences. Language and autistic traits are influenced by largely distinct etiological factors. This has implications for molecular genetic studies of ASC and understanding the etiology of ASC. Additionally, these findings lend support to forthcoming DSM-5 changes to ASC diagnostic criteria that will see language difficulties separated from the core ASC communication symptoms, and instead listed as a clinical specifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Taylor
- Genes Environment Lifespan Laboratory, Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
,Correspondence to: Mark J. Taylor, Genes Environment Lifespan Laboratory, Centre for Brain, Cognitive Development, School of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square, London, WC1E 7JL, UK,
| | - Tony Charman
- King’s College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Elise B. Robinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Francesca Happé
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Philip S. Dale
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Angelica Ronald
- Genes Environment Lifespan Laboratory, Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
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Smith RM, Banks W, Hansen E, Sadee W, Herman GE. Family-based clinical associations and functional characterization of the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2014; 7:459-67. [PMID: 24753316 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) harbors two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are frequent in populations of African and European descent; rs6311, which affects mRNA expression, and rs6314, which changes the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein and affects the signaling properties of the receptor. Multiple clinical associations support a role for these SNPs in cognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes, although studies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain equivocal. Here, we tested transmission disequilibrium of rs6311 and rs6314 in a cohort of 158 ASD trios (simplex and multiplex), observing significant under-transmission of the minor "A" allele of rs6311 to offspring with ASD (permuted P = 0.0004). Consistent with our previous findings in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of unaffected individuals, rs6311/A decreases expression of HTR2A mRNA with an extended 5' untranslated region (UTR) in the frontopolar cortex in brain samples from 54 ASD patients and controls. Interpreting the clinical results in the context of our mRNA expression analysis, we speculate that any risk associated with rs6311 is conferred by greater expression of the long 5'UTR mRNA isoform. The current study corroborates earlier associations between rs6311 and ASD in a family study, supporting the hypothesis that rs6311 plays a modulatory role in ASD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, OSU College of Medicine Center for Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Robinson MR, Wray NR, Visscher PM. Explaining additional genetic variation in complex traits. Trends Genet 2014; 30:124-32. [PMID: 24629526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided valuable insights into the genetic basis of complex traits, discovering >6000 variants associated with >500 quantitative traits and common complex diseases in humans. The associations identified so far represent only a fraction of those that influence phenotype, because there are likely to be many variants across the entire frequency spectrum, each of which influences multiple traits, with only a small average contribution to the phenotypic variance. This presents a considerable challenge to further dissection of the remaining unexplained genetic variance within populations, which limits our ability to predict disease risk, identify new drug targets, improve and maintain food sources, and understand natural diversity. This challenge will be met within the current framework through larger sample size, better phenotyping, including recording of nongenetic risk factors, focused study designs, and an integration of multiple sources of phenotypic and genetic information. The current evidence supports the application of quantitative genetic approaches, and we argue that one should retain simpler theories until simplicity can be traded for greater explanatory power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Robinson
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
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Carayol J, Schellenberg GD, Dombroski B, Amiet C, Génin B, Fontaine K, Rousseau F, Vazart C, Cohen D, Frazier TW, Hardan AY, Dawson G, Rio Frio T. A scoring strategy combining statistics and functional genomics supports a possible role for common polygenic variation in autism. Front Genet 2014; 5:33. [PMID: 24600472 PMCID: PMC3927086 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable complex neurodevelopmental disorders with a 4:1 male: female ratio. Common genetic variation could explain 40-60% of the variance in liability to autism. Because of their small effect, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have only identified a small number of individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To increase the power of GWASs in complex disorders, methods like convergent functional genomics (CFG) have emerged to extract true association signals from noise and to identify and prioritize genes from SNPs using a scoring strategy combining statistics and functional genomics. We adapted and applied this approach to analyze data from a GWAS performed on families with multiple children affected with autism from Autism Speaks Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE). We identified a set of 133 candidate markers that were localized in or close to genes with functional relevance in ASD from a discovery population (545 multiplex families); a gender specific genetic score (GS) based on these common variants explained 1% (P = 0.01 in males) and 5% (P = 8.7 × 10(-7) in females) of genetic variance in an independent sample of multiplex families. Overall, our work demonstrates that prioritization of GWAS data based on functional genomics identified common variants associated with autism and provided additional support for a common polygenic background in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beth Dombroski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Cohen
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Université Pierre et Marie CurieParis, France
| | - Thomas W. Frazier
- Center for Pediatric Behavioral Health and Center for Autism, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Antonio Y. Hardan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA
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Heavner K, Newschaffer C, Hertz-Picciotto I, Bennett D, Burstyn I. Quantifying the potential impact of measurement error in an investigation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 68:438-45. [PMID: 24470431 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI), an ongoing study of a risk-enriched pregnancy cohort, examines genetic and environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We simulated the potential effects of both measurement error (ME) in exposures and misclassification of ASD-related phenotype (assessed as Autism Observation Scale for Infants (AOSI) scores) on measures of association generated under this study design. We investigated the impact on the power to detect true associations with exposure and the false positive rate (FPR) for a non-causal correlate of exposure (X2, r=0.7) for continuous AOSI score (linear model) versus dichotomised AOSI (logistic regression) when the sample size (n), degree of ME in exposure, and strength of the expected (true) OR (eOR)) between exposure and AOSI varied. Exposure was a continuous variable in all linear models and dichotomised at one SD above the mean in logistic models. Simulations reveal complex patterns and suggest that: (1) There was attenuation of associations that increased with eOR and ME; (2) The FPR was considerable under many scenarios; and (3) The FPR has a complex dependence on the eOR, ME and model choice, but was greater for logistic models. The findings will stimulate work examining cost-effective strategies to reduce the impact of ME in realistic sample sizes and affirm the importance for EARLI of investment in biological samples that help precisely quantify a wide range of environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Heavner
- Drexel University School of Public Health, , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sesarini CV, Costa L, Naymark M, Grañana N, Cajal AR, García Coto M, Pallia RC, Argibay PF. Evidence for interaction between markers in GABA(A) receptor subunit genes in an Argentinean autism spectrum disorder population. Autism Res 2013; 7:162-6. [PMID: 24249596 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can be conceptualized as a genetic dysfunction that disrupts development and function of brain circuits mediating social cognition and language. At least some forms of ASD may be associated with high level of excitation in neural circuits, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in its etiology. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located within the GABA receptor (GABAR) subunit genes GABRA1, GABRG2, GABRB3, and GABRD were screened. A hundred and thirty-six Argentinean ASD patients and 150 controls were studied, and the contribution of the SNPs in the etiology of ASD was evaluated independently and/or through gene-gene interaction using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method. From the 18 SNP studied, 11 were not present in our Argentinean population (patients and controls) and 1 SNP had minor allele frequency < 0.1%. For the remaining six SNPs, none provided statistical significant association with ASD when considering allelic or genotypic frequencies. Non-significant association with ASD was found for the haplotype analysis. MDR identified evidence for synergy between markers in GABRB3 (chromosome 15) and GABRD (chromosome 1), suggesting potential gene-gene interaction across chromosomes associated with increased risk for autism (testing balanced accuracy: 0.6081 and cross-validation consistency: 10/10, P < 0.001). Considering our Argentinean ASD sample, it can be inferred that GABRB3 would be involved in the etiology of autism through interaction with GABRD. These results support the hypothesis that GABAR subunit genes are involved in autism, most likely via complex gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla V Sesarini
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Experimental (ICBME), CABA, Argentina
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Tsang KM, Croen LA, Torres AR, Kharrazi M, Delorenze GN, Windham GC, Yoshida CK, Zerbo O, Weiss LA. A genome-wide survey of transgenerational genetic effects in autism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76978. [PMID: 24204716 PMCID: PMC3811986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of parental genotype or parent-offspring genetic interaction are well established in model organisms for a variety of traits. However, these transgenerational genetic models are rarely studied in humans. We have utilized an autism case-control study with 735 mother-child pairs to perform genome-wide screening for maternal genetic effects and maternal-offspring genetic interaction. We used simple models of single locus parent-child interaction and identified suggestive results (P<10−4) that cannot be explained by main effects, but no genome-wide significant signals. Some of these maternal and maternal-child associations were in or adjacent to autism candidate genes including: PCDH9, FOXP1, GABRB3, NRXN1, RELN, MACROD2, FHIT, RORA, CNTN4, CNTNAP2, FAM135B, LAMA1, NFIA, NLGN4X, RAPGEF4, and SDK1. We attempted validation of potential autism association under maternal-specific models using maternal-paternal comparison in family-based GWAS datasets. Our results suggest that further study of parental genetic effects and parent-child interaction in autism is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Tsang
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony R. Torres
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Martin Kharrazi
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald N. Delorenze
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Gayle C. Windham
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Cathleen K. Yoshida
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Ousseny Zerbo
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Berger JM, Rohn TT, Oxford JT. Autism as the Early Closure of a Neuroplastic Critical Period Normally Seen in Adolescence. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, OPEN ACCESS 2013; 1:10.4172/2329-6577.1000118. [PMID: 24353985 PMCID: PMC3864123 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6577.1000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most severe cases of autism are diagnosed by extreme social dysfunction and other behavioral abnormalities. A number of genetic studies have been conducted to correlate behavioral phenotypes to genetic dysfunctions, but no "autism gene" has yet been discovered. In addition, environmental factors have been found to influence the development of autistic traits with high probability. This review will examine the role of a shortened period of neuroplasticity as a unifying feature of the autistic phenotype. The neuroplastic period of interest normally extends into adolescence, allowing for neural integration and the development of language and social skills. Early closure of this period may result in a shortened period of development, forcing the brain to rely on underdeveloped structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Corresponding author;Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Research Center, 1910 University Drive, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, 83725-1515, , 208.426.2395
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Persico AM, Napolioni V. Autism genetics. Behav Brain Res 2013; 251:95-112. [PMID: 23769996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disease with strong genetic underpinnings. However, genetic contributions to autism are extremely heterogeneous, with many different loci underlying the disease to a different extent in different individuals. Moreover, the phenotypic expression (i.e., "penetrance") of these genetic components is also highly variable, ranging from fully penetrant point mutations to polygenic forms with multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Furthermore, many genes involved in ASD are also involved in intellectual disability, further underscoring their lack of specificity in phenotypic expression. We shall hereby review current knowledge on the genetic basis of ASD, spanning genetic/genomic syndromes associated with autism, monogenic forms due to copy number variants (CNVs) or rare point mutations, mitochondrial forms, and polygenic autisms. Finally, the recent contributions of genome-wide association and whole exome sequencing studies will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Persico
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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Anderson-Schmidt H, Beltcheva O, Brandon MD, Byrne EM, Diehl EJ, Duncan L, Gonzalez SD, Hannon E, Kantojärvi K, Karagiannidis I, Kos MZ, Kotyuk E, Laufer BI, Mantha K, McGregor NW, Meier S, Nieratschker V, Spiers H, Squassina A, Thakur GA, Tiwari Y, Viswanath B, Way MJ, Wong CCP, O'Shea A, DeLisi LE. Selected rapporteur summaries from the XX World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, Hamburg, Germany, October 14-18, 2012. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:96-121. [PMID: 23341144 PMCID: PMC4090768 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The XXth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics (WCPG), sponsored by The International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG) took place in Hamburg, Germany on October 14-18, 2012. Approximately 600 participants gathered to discuss the latest findings in this rapidly advancing field. The following report was written by student travel awardees. Each was assigned sessions as rapporteurs. This manuscript represents topics covered in most, but not all, oral presentations during the conference, and some of the major notable new findings reported at this 2012 WCPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Anderson-Schmidt
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Psychiatric Genetics, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany, Phone: 0049 551 3920485
| | - Olga Beltcheva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University – Sofia, 2 Zdrave str., SBALAG “Maichin dom”, et. 14, Phone: +359 2 9172 268
| | - Mariko D Brandon
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 421 Van Buren Street, Nashville, TN 37208, Phone: 205-529-2138
| | - Enda M Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, Queensland Brain Institute, Upland Road, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia, Phone: +61 7 3346 6300
| | - Eric J Diehl
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London Ontario Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Laramie Duncan
- Harvard School of Public Health, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, phone: (303) 819-8952, fax: 617- 726-0830
| | - Suzanne D Gonzalez
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Center of Excellence in Neurosciences, 454 Soledad St. Suite 200, San Antonio, TX, 78205, Phone: 210-270-1980, Fax: 210-270-1985
| | - Eilis Hannon
- Institute of Psychologoical Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, +44 02920 687863
| | - Katri Kantojärvi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Phone: +358 50 3598450, Fax: +358 9 191 25105
| | - Iordanis Karagiannidis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Panepistimioupoli, Dragana Alexandroupoli 68100, Greece, Phone: +306943023084
| | - Mark Z Kos
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 N.W. Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, Phone: (210) 258-9880, Fax: (210) 258-9444
| | - Eszter Kotyuk
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, 1064 Budapest, Izabella utca 46. Phone: +36306572144
| | - Benjamin I Laufer
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7, phone: 519 661 2111 x86928
| | - Katarzyna Mantha
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7, Phone: 519-661-2111 x86928
| | - Nathaniel W McGregor
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Medical Campus, Tygerberg, South Africa, 7505, Phone: (+27)21 938 9692 (lab), Fax: (+27)21 938 9863
| | - Sandra Meier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany, Phone: 49 621 1703 6071, Fax: 49 621 1703 6065
| | - Vanessa Nieratschker
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Phone: 004962117036091, Fax: 004962117036055
| | - Helen Spiers
- King's College London, MRC SGDP Centre PO82, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, Phone: 020 7848 0873, Fax: 020 7848 0866
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sp 8, Sestu-Monserrato, Km 0.700, 09042 Cagliari, Italy, Phone +39 070 675 4334, Fax +39 070 675 4320
| | - Geeta A Thakur
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4H 1R3, Phone: 1-514-761-6131 ext. 3429, Fax: 1-514-888-4064
| | - Yash Tiwari
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia, Phone: (+61) 02 93991112, Fax: (+61) 02 9399 1005
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore – 560029, Phone: +91 80 26995261, Fax: +91 80 26564822
| | - Michael J Way
- University College London, Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, UCL Mental Health Sciences Unit, Rockefeller Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT
| | - Cybele CP Wong
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, PO80, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom, Phone: (44) 20 7848 0521
| | - Anne O'Shea
- Coordinator and editor of reports. Address all correspondence to Lynn E DeLisi, MD, Harvard Medical School, Brockton VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, Phone: 774-826-3155, Fax: 774-826-1758, DeLisi76aol.com
| | - Lynn E DeLisi
- Coordinator and editor of reports. Address all correspondence to Lynn E DeLisi, MD, Harvard Medical School, Brockton VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, Phone: 774-826-3155, Fax: 774-826-1758, DeLisi76aol.com
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