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Rådman G, Claréus B, Daukantaitė D. Adolescents' Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire-Extended: Further Development and Associations With Mental Health Problems in Adolescence. Assessment 2024; 31:482-501. [PMID: 37056041 PMCID: PMC10822064 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231164619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) is implicated in a range of psychopathologies and behavioral problems that are prevalent or have their initial onset in adolescence. In this study, we aim to evaluate the psychometric properties (factor structure, internal consistency, and construct validity) of the Adolescents' Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire-Extended (AERSQ-E), a modified and extended version of an ER instrument developed by Zhou et al. Across six sub-studies using data from different Swedish adolescent community samples (1,104 students in total), we generated and validated a 23-item version containing six subscales: rumination/negative thinking, positive reorientation, creative expression, aggressive outlet, social support, and distraction. Assessing test-retest reliability, internal consistency, measurement invariance as well as convergent and discriminant validity, we could establish, with some limitations, the general reliability and validity of the AERSQ-E as a valid measure of ER strategies for use in adolescence.
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2
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Klein RJ, Gyorda JA, Lekkas D, Jacobson NC. Dysregulated Emotion and Trying Substances in Childhood: Insights from a Large Nationally Representative Cohort Study. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1625-1633. [PMID: 37572018 PMCID: PMC11000575 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2223290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transdiagnostic perspectives on the shared origins of mental illness posit that dysregulated emotion may represent a key driving force behind multiple forms of psychopathology, including substance use disorders. The present study examined whether a link between dysregulated emotion and trying illicit substances could be observed in childhood. METHOD In a large (N = 7,418) nationally representative sample of children (Mage = 9.9), individual differences in emotion dysregulation were indexed using child and parent reports of frequency of children's emotional outbursts, as well as children's performance on the emotional N-Back task. Two latent variables, derived from either parental/child-report or performance-based indicators, were evaluated as predictors of having ever tried alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana. RESULTS Results showed that reports of dysregulated emotion were linked to a greater likelihood of trying both alcohol and tobacco products. These findings were also present when controlling for individual differences in executive control and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that well-established links between dysregulated negative emotion and substance use may emerge as early as in childhood and also suggest that children who experience excessive episodes of uncontrollable negative emotion may be at greater risk for trying substances early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Klein
- Center for technology and behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth college, Hanover, new Hampshire, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gyorda
- Center for technology and behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth college, Hanover, new Hampshire, USA
- Mathematical Data Science Program, Dartmouth college, Hanover, new Hampshire, USA
| | - Damien Lekkas
- Center for technology and behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth college, Hanover, new Hampshire, USA
- Quantitative biomedical Sciences Program, Dartmouth college, Hanover, new Hampshire, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Jacobson
- Center for technology and behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth college, Hanover, new Hampshire, USA
- Quantitative biomedical Sciences Program, Dartmouth college, Hanover, new Hampshire, USA
- Department of biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth college, Hanover, new Hampshire, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth college, Hanover, new Hampshire, USA
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3
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Noyek S, Davies C, Champagne M, Batorowicz B, Fayed N. Emotional Well-Being of Children and Youth with Severe Motor and Communication Impairment: A Conceptual Understanding. Dev Neurorehabil 2022; 25:554-575. [PMID: 35900109 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2022.2099997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and youth with severe motor and communication impairment (SMCI) have difficulty providing self-expression through typical speech, writing with a paper and pencil, or using a standard keyboard. Their emotional expressions can be missed by peers and novel caregivers. PURPOSE To describe the indicators and components of emotional experiences for children/youth with SMCI. METHODS Primary guardians of nine children/youth with SMCI were involved in photo/video data collection and follow-up qualitative interviews. Twenty-one familiar people (e.g., friends, family members, and/or care team) participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews. RESULTS A conceptual understanding of emotional well-being specific to the population has been developed consisting of nine themes, encompassed by four domains i) Core Attributes, ii) Personal Experiences, iii) Surroundings, iv) Expression and Reception. CONCLUSIONS Emotional experiences of children/youth with SMCI are diversely expressed. Primary guardian and familiar person insight can be amplified to positively impact care and participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Noyek
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Davies
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Maude Champagne
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Beata Batorowicz
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Nora Fayed
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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4
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Keil V, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schmitz J. Effects of Cognitive Reappraisal on Subjective and Neural Reactivity to Angry Faces in Children with Social Anxiety Disorder, Clinical Controls with Mixed Anxiety Disorders and Healthy Children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:886-898. [PMID: 33895894 PMCID: PMC9470612 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models of social anxiety suggest that social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by both enhanced emotional reactivity and deficits in emotion regulation. Emotional reactivity to socially threatening children's faces and their modulation through reappraisal were measured via subjective ratings and electrocortical responses in children (age 10-13) with SAD (n = 28), clinical controls with mixed anxiety disorders (n = 28), and healthy controls (n = 29). Children with SAD showed higher subjective reactivity to the images of angry children's faces while all children reported reduced reactivity in their subjective ratings following reappraisal. Reduced electrocortical reactivity after reappraisal was only evident in older children and boys and was unrelated to anxiety. The present study indicates that cognitive reappraisal may be beneficial in reducing subjective reactivity in children with anxiety disorders, while neural effects of reappraisal may emerge at older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Keil
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brunna Tuschen-Caffier
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schmitz
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany. .,Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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5
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Mazefsky CA, Conner CM, Breitenfeldt K, Leezenbaum N, Chen Q, Bylsma LM, Pilkonis P. Evidence Base Update for Questionnaires of Emotion Regulation and Reactivity for Children and Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 50:683-707. [PMID: 34436940 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1955372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Emotion regulation (ER) is a multi-faceted and dynamic process relevant to both normative emotional development and transdiagnostic emotional dysfunction for a range of psychological disorders. There has been tremendous growth in ER research over the past decade, including the development of numerous new measures to assess ER. This Evidence Base Update included a systematic review to identify self- and informant-report questionnaire measures of ER for children and adolescents, including measures of ER strategies and effectiveness (or emotion dysregulation).Methods: PubMed, PsycInfo, and Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases were searched using the terms emotion OR affect AND regulation OR control OR reactivity OR response, as well as terms related to questionnaires and psychometrics, restricted to articles on youth (< 18 years old). Each measure's psychometrics was evaluated based on modified criteria by De Los Reyes and Langer (2018).Results: Nine-hundred ninety-seven papers were identified yielding 87 measures that met inclusion for review. Although the majority (60%) of identified ER measures could not be recommended based on these criteria, 8% were Excellent, 14% were Good, and 17% were Adequate. The recommended measures included: 11 general ER measures (5 focused on strategies, 5 focused on dysregulation/ effectiveness), 13 measures of ER as it relates to specific emotions or contexts such as irritability or peer stress (4 focused on strategies, 9 focused on dysregulation/effectiveness), and 11 measures of other constructs that include an ER subscale (all focused on dysregulation). Conclusions: The characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of the recommended ER measures are described in order to guide measure selection for clinical or research uses. A synthesis of themes identified during this review includes commonly observed areas of weakness and gaps in the literature to provide a foundation for future research and measure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Caitlin M Conner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | - Nina Leezenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Lauren M Bylsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Paul Pilkonis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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6
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Kennedy H, Montreuil TC. The Late Positive Potential as a Reliable Neural Marker of Cognitive Reappraisal in Children and Youth: A Brief Review of the Research Literature. Front Psychol 2021; 11:608522. [PMID: 33679497 PMCID: PMC7925879 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mental health of young people is a growing public health concern. With socio-emotional difficulties in youth often resulting in psychiatric disorders later in life and most with mental health conditions rather stabilizing in time, it is essential to support healthy socio-emotional development. With a comprehensive definition of mental health, since emotion regulation (ER) plays a critical role in prevention, it becomes imperative to better understand how children effectively manage their emotions from an early age. Determining effective use of ER skills relies on adequate measurements. Typical methods of data collection in children present consistent shortcomings. This review addresses research findings considering the suitability of the late positive potential measured through electroencephalogram as a neural indicator of ER in children and youth. There is growing evidence, as reported in this review, that indicates that the late positive potential may be a reliable neural indicator of children's cognitive reappraisal abilities more specifically. Results generally suggest that the late positive potential amplitudes are sensitive to directed reappraisal in children. However, given the scant research, questions remain regarding developmental trends, methodology, interindividual variability, reappraisal of various stimuli, and how the late positive potential may relate to more traditional measures of ER. Directions for future research are provided, which are expected to address unanswered research questions and fill literature gaps. Taken together, the findings reviewed indicate that the late positive potential is generally sensitive to directed cognitive reappraisal in children and that there is promise of establishing this neural marker as an indicator of ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Kennedy
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tina C Montreuil
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute, Montreal University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Brinke LW, Menting ATA, Schuiringa HD, Zeman J, Deković M. The structure of emotion regulation strategies in adolescence: Differential links to internalizing and externalizing problems. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lysanne W. Brinke
- Department of Developmental Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Ankie T. A. Menting
- Department of Developmental Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Hilde D. Schuiringa
- Department of Developmental Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Janice Zeman
- Department of Psychological Sciences College of William and Mary Williamsburg VA USA
| | - Maja Deković
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
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8
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Golombek K, Lidle L, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schmitz J, Vierrath V. The role of emotion regulation in socially anxious children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1479-1501. [PMID: 31201527 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies suggest that emotion dysregulation is important in maintaining social anxiety among adults, the role of emotion regulation in children and adolescents with social anxiety is not yet well understood. In this systematic review, we use the process model of emotion regulation as a framework for understanding emotion regulation in children and adolescents with social anxiety. We performed a systematic literature search in the electronic data bases Medline and PsycINFO. Additional studies were identified by hand search. We identified 683 studies, screened their titles and abstracts, viewed 142 studies, and included 55 of these. Study results indicate that children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder or high social anxiety show emotion dysregulation across all five domains of emotion regulation, such as enhanced social avoidance, more safety behaviors, repetitive negative thinking, biased attention and interpretation of social information, and reduced emotional expression. While enhanced social avoidance seems to be specific to childhood social anxiety, other maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as repetitive negative thinking, seem to occur transdiagnostically across different childhood anxiety disorders. Implications for current theory, interventions and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Golombek
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstr 41, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Leonie Lidle
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brunna Tuschen-Caffier
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstr 41, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Julian Schmitz
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Verena Vierrath
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstr 41, Freiburg, 79106, Germany.
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9
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Sick J, Spinelli S, Dinnella C, Monteleone E. Children’s selection of emojis to express food-elicited emotions in varied eating contexts. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Emotion Regulation Style and Daily Rumination: Potential Mediators between Affect and Both Depression and Anxiety during Adolescence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186614. [PMID: 32932821 PMCID: PMC7559268 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a vulnerable period for depressive and anxious symptom development, and emotion regulation (ER) may be one mechanism linking temperament—i.e., positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA)—with such symptomatology. Rumination is a common ER strategy that is traditionally assessed using self-reported questionnaires, but it would also be interesting to examine it with an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) approach. Sixty-five adolescents (Mage = 14.69; SDage = 0.82; range = 14–17 years old; 53.80% girls) completed self-report measures of temperament, ER style, depression and anxiety, and underwent an EMA to investigate rumination use. Results revealed that negative ER style and rumination use mediated the relationship between NA and depression, while only rumination use mediated the relationship between PA and depression. Moreover, NA contributed to increase anxiety, but negative ER style did not significantly mediate this relationship. Rumination use also had no effect on anxiety. This study provides further support for the relationship between temperament, ER, and internalizing problems. It seems that both a negative ER style and rumination use mediate the relationship between NA and depression whereas only NA had a significant direct effect on anxiety. Furthermore, PA buffered the effect of rumination use on depression in this study.
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11
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The Influence of Maternal Parenting Style on the Neural Correlates of Emotion Processing in Children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:274-282. [PMID: 30877054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The importance of parenting in influencing mental health outcomes, particularly depression, during childhood and adolescence is well known. However, the mechanisms are unclear. Emotion processing impairments in children are believed to be influenced by negative parenting behaviors and fundamental to depression. As such, investigating the association between parenting behavior and the neural underpinnings of emotion processing in children could provide fundamental clues as to the link between parenting and depression. METHOD Eighty-six children (49 girls, mean age 10.1 years), as part of a longitudinal study, participated. Observational measures of maternal behavior were collected during 2 mother-child interactions. Children underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing an implicit emotion-processing task, and measures of child internalizing symptoms were collected. RESULTS Maternal negative behavior exhibited during an event-planning interaction was associated with decreased activation in the lingual gyrus in girls, whereas maternal negative behavior during a problem-solving interaction was associated with increased amygdala activation in the entire sample during processing of angry and fearful faces. Maternal communicative behavior during the 2 mother-child interactions was associated with increased activity in the bilateral middle orbitofrontal cortex in the entire sample. Negative behavior during the problem-solving interaction was associated with connectivity between the amygdala and superior parietal lobe. Brain activity/connectivity was not related to internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSION Results suggest that, in children, maternal behavior could be associated with activity in brain regions involved in emotion processing. However, more research is needed to elucidate the link among parenting, emotion processing, and depressive symptoms in young people.
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12
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Grabell AS, Huppert TJ, Fishburn FA, Li Y, Hlutkowsky CO, Jones HM, Wakschlag LS, Perlman SB. Neural correlates of early deliberate emotion regulation: Young children's responses to interpersonal scaffolding. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100708. [PMID: 31577981 PMCID: PMC6974895 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deliberate emotion regulation, the ability to willfully modulate emotional experiences, is shaped through interpersonal scaffolding and forecasts later functioning in multiple domains. However, nascent deliberate emotion regulation in early childhood is poorly understood due to a paucity of studies that simulate interpersonal scaffolding of this skill and measure its occurrence in multiple modalities. Our goal was to identify neural and behavioral components of early deliberate emotion regulation to identify patterns of competent and deficient responses. A novel probe was developed to assess deliberate emotion regulation in young children. Sixty children (age 4-6 years) were randomly assigned to deliberate emotion regulation or control conditions. Children completed a frustration task while lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) activation was recorded via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Facial expressions were video recorded and children self-rated their emotions. Parents rated their child's temperamental emotion regulation. Deliberate emotion regulation interpersonal scaffolding predicted a significant increase in frustration-related LPFC activation not seen in controls. Better temperamental emotion regulation predicted larger LPFC activation increases post- scaffolding among children who engaged in deliberate emotion regulation interpersonal scaffolding. A capacity to increase LPFC activation in response to interpersonal scaffolding may be a crucial neural correlate of early deliberate emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Grabell
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, United States.
| | - Theodore J Huppert
- University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, United States
| | - Frank A Fishburn
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Yanwei Li
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States; College of Preschool Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Hannah M Jones
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Northwestern University, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, United States
| | - Susan B Perlman
- Washington University, School of Medicine in St. Louis, Department of Psychiatry
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13
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Abstract
The current study examined emotional awareness as a predictor of differential outcomes for youth treated for an anxiety disorder. 37 youth ages 7-15 received either individual cognitive-behavioral therapy or family cognitive-behavioral therapy to treat generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and/or social phobia. Diagnoses were determined by independent evaluators, following semi-structured interviews (ADIS-IV-C/P) with youth and their parents. Self-report questionnaires, including the multidimensional anxiety scale for children and the emotion expressivity scale for children, were completed at pre- and posttreatment. Youth with higher levels of pretreatment emotional awareness had better treatment outcomes than youth with lower levels of emotional awareness, with specific regard to improved ability to cope with worry. Findings suggest that higher levels of emotional awareness facilitate better specific outcomes for anxious youth. Findings highlight the importance of understanding the emotions associated with worry during the treatment process.
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14
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Riley TN, Sullivan TN, Hinton TS, Kliewer W. Longitudinal relations between emotional awareness and expression, emotion regulation, and peer victimization among urban adolescents. J Adolesc 2019; 72:42-51. [PMID: 30825753 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are potential long-term psychosocial effects of experiencing peer victimization during adolescence, including: internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and risks behaviors such as substance use. While social-emotional theories of development note associations between deficits in emotion competencies and peer victimization in childhood, these associations are less established among adolescent samples. Identifying which inadequacies in emotional competence place particular adolescents at risk for peer victimization may provide insight into the developmental pathways leading to unfavorable outcomes. METHODS The current study examined the relation between emotional competence and overt peer victimization among adolescents. Adolescents living in a mid-sized urban city in the southeastern region of the United States (N = 357; Mage = 12.14 years, 92% African American) reported their emotional awareness and reluctance to express emotion at baseline. Two years later, adolescents reported their regulation of anger and caregivers reported on adolescents' global emotion regulation. Adolescents also reported on occurrences of overt peer victimization during the previous 30 days at baseline and during the two-year follow up. RESULTS Our hypothesized model fit the data adequately. Greater emotion awareness was associated with higher scores on caregiver-rated emotion regulation and adolescent-rated anger regulation two years later, and in turn, lower frequencies of overt victimization by peers. Further, greater expressive reluctance was associated with greater anger regulation, and in turn, lower frequencies of overt victimization by peers. Patterns of associations did not vary by sex or age. CONCLUSIONS The present study extends models of social-emotional development and peer interactions into the development age stage of adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiffany S Hinton
- Virginia Commonwealth University and Henrico County School District, USA
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15
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Richmond S, Schwartz O, Johnson KA, Seal ML, Bray K, Deane C, Sheeber LB, Allen NB, Whittle S. Exploratory Factor Analysis of Observational Parent-Child Interaction Data. Assessment 2018; 27:1758-1776. [PMID: 30221976 DOI: 10.1177/1073191118796557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The majority of studies using observational coding systems for family interaction data derive scales describing family members' behaviors based on rational/theoretical approaches. This study explored an empirical approach to identifying the component structure of parent-child observational data that incorporated the affective context of the interaction. Dyads of 155 typically developing 8-year-olds and their mothers completed questionnaires and two interaction tasks, one each designed to illicit positive and negative interactions. Behaviors were coded based on a modified version of the Family Interaction Macro-coding System. Multiple factor analysis identified four-component solutions for the maternal and child data. For both, two of the components included negative behaviors, one positive behavior, and one communicative behavior. Evidence for the validity of the maternal and child components was demonstrated by associations with child depression and anxiety symptoms and behavioral problems. Preliminary evidence supports an empirical approach to identify context-specific components in parent-child observational data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orli Schwartz
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Marc L Seal
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Camille Deane
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas B Allen
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Sarah Whittle
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Hastings PD. The socialization of emotion by parents: Following Saarni’s legacy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2018.1482210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Hastings
- Psychology, Center for Mind & Brain, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Structural Model of the Relationships Among Mothers' Reactions to Early Adolescents' Anger, Early Adolescents' Anger Management Styles, and Internalizing Problem Behaviors. ADONGHAKOEJI 2018. [DOI: 10.5723/kjcs.2018.39.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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Linking Mother–Child Discrepancies to Behavioral Observations of Children’s Anxiety. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-018-9441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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A Pilot Study of Stress System Activation in Children Enrolled in a Targeted Prevention Program: Implications for Personalization. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020361. [PMID: 29370111 PMCID: PMC5855583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirically validated interventions addressing childhood psychological problems are now readily available, but success likely depends in part on accurately identifying which children will benefit from which intervention. This pilot study examined the stress activation and response system, first as a way to differentiate high versus low-risk children, and second to explore indicators of the stress system associated with favorable intervention response. Method. Participants (N = 43, 58% male) were school-aged children who qualified for inclusion in the Early Risers “Skills for Success” Prevention Program based on their elevated levels of aggressive and/or socially withdrawn behavior and a normally developing comparison group. Compared to the normally developing group, children who were participants in the intervention exhibited a more blunted cortisol response to the stress paradigm. However, for the children in the intervention group, elevated cortisol levels at the start of the stress paradigm were concurrently associated with internalizing problems and predictive of improvement in internalizing problems over time. These findings provide preliminary evidence that hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis biological variables may be helpful tools for identifying children who would benefit from intervention and personalizing interventions.
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Contreras-Valdez JA, Hernández-Guzmán L, Freyre MÀ. Validez de constructo de la versión corta de la Escala de Desregulación Emocional para niños y adolescentes. PENSAMIENTO PSICOLÓGICO 2017. [DOI: 10.11144/javerianacali.ppsi16-1.vcvc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Keil V, Asbrand J, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schmitz J. Children with social anxiety and other anxiety disorders show similar deficits in habitual emotional regulation: evidence for a transdiagnostic phenomenon. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:749-757. [PMID: 28078476 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-0942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in emotion regulation (ER) are an important factor in maintaining social anxiety disorder (SAD) in adults. As SAD and ER problems typically develop during childhood and adolescence, and are maintained dynamically within the parent-child dyad, research on families can help to reveal the role ER plays in the early development of SAD. The current study assessed self-reported habitual ER in dyads of children with SAD (n = 31), children with mixed anxiety disorders (MAD; n = 41) and healthy control children (HC; n = 36), and their parents. Results indicate a transdiagnostic quality of ER in that, children with SAD and children with MAD similarly reported less adaptive and more maladaptive ER strategies than HC children, whereas no group differences in parental ER strategies emerged. Furthermore, children's ER strategies aggressive action, withdrawal and self-devaluation and the parental ER strategy reappraisal were associated with social anxiety symptoms. These results suggest that there may be deficits in ER which generalize across childhood anxiety disorders. Our results are discussed in relation to current theories and their implications for treatment of childhood SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Keil
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Asbrand
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brunna Tuschen-Caffier
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schmitz
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Reindl V, Job AK, Heinrichs N, Lohaus A, Konrad K. Multimethodale Erfassung der kindlichen Emotionsregulation. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2017. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die emotionale Go-Nogo Aufgabe ist ein computergestütztes Verfahren, das die kognitive Kontrolle, Emotionsregulation und Emotionserkennung erfassen soll. Ziel der Studie war es zu überprüfen, inwieweit die Kennwerte der Aufgabe relevant sind für die habituellen Emotionsregulationsstrategien und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten von Kindern. Insgesamt wurden 58 Kinder im Alter von 6 bis 8 Jahren in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die im Elternbericht (überwiegend Mütter) erfassten maladaptiven Emotionsregulationsstrategien der Kinder hingen signifikant mit ihren Verhaltensauffälligkeiten (ebenfalls Elternbericht, überwiegend Mütter) zusammen. Hingegen zeigten sich keine Assoziationen zwischen den Go-Nogo Kennwerten und den Fragebogendaten zur Erhebung der Emotionsregulation und der Verhaltensauffälligkeiten. Möglicherweise erfassen die beiden Messmethoden, computergestützte Verfahren und Fragebögen (Eltern-/Mutterbericht), unterschiedliche Aspekte des Konstrukts der Emotionsregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Reindl
- Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Klinische Neuropsychologie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
- JARA-BRAIN Institute 2: Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University
| | - Ann-Katrin Job
- Abteilung Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Diagnostik, Technische Universität Braunschweig
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- Abteilung Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Diagnostik, Technische Universität Braunschweig
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Arbeitseinheit Entwicklungspsychologie und Entwicklungspsychopathologie, Universität Bielefeld
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Klinische Neuropsychologie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
- JARA-BRAIN Institute 2: Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University
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Hankin BL, Davis EP, Snyder H, Young JF, Glynn LM, Sandman CA. Temperament factors and dimensional, latent bifactor models of child psychopathology: Transdiagnostic and specific associations in two youth samples. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:139-146. [PMID: 28264785 PMCID: PMC5439427 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Common emotional and behavioral symptoms co-occur and are associated with core temperament factors. This study investigated links between temperament and dimensional, latent psychopathology factors, including a general common psychopathology factor (p factor) and specific latent internalizing and externalizing liabilities, as captured by a bifactor model, in two independent samples of youth. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that temperament factors of negative affectivity (NA), positive affectivity (PA), and effortful control (EC) could serve as both transdiagnostic and specific risks in relation to recent bifactor models of child psychopathology. Sample 1 included 571 youth (average age 13.6, SD =2.37, range 9.3-17.5) with both youth and parent report. Sample 2 included 554 preadolescent children (average age 7.7, SD =1.35, range =5-11 years) with parent report. Structural equation modeling showed that the latent bifactor models fit in both samples. Replicated in both samples, the p factor was associated with lower EC and higher NA (transdiagnostic risks). Several specific risks replicated in both samples after controlling for co-occurring symptoms via the p factor: internalizing was associated with higher NA and lower PA, lower EC related to externalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States,Correspondence: Benjamin L. Hankin, Ph.D., 603 E. Daniels Street, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign IL 61820, 303-871-7468,
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Hannah Snyder
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jami F. Young
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Laura M. Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Curt A. Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
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Emotion Regulation Strategies in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:261-276. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Friedmann JS, Lumley MN, Lerman B. Cognitive schemas as longitudinal predictors of self-reported adolescent depressive symptoms and resilience. Cogn Behav Ther 2015; 45:32-48. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2015.1100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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van Geelen SM, Fuchs CE, van Geel R, Luyten P, van de Putte EM. The Self beyond Somatic Symptoms: A Narrative Approach to Self-Experience in Adolescent Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Psychopathology 2015; 48:278-86. [PMID: 26361007 DOI: 10.1159/000431258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The self and self-experience are often assumed to play an important role in adolescent patients presenting with severe somatic symptoms and bodily distress. Nonetheless, most empirical work on this subject is confined to studies of personality and patients' experience of negative emotionality. This study aims to move beyond mere descriptions of symptoms, traits and distress, and consequently adopts a narrative approach to self-experience in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). SAMPLING AND METHODS The self-confrontation method (SCM) is a well-validated instrument to systematically analyze narrative self-experience. The SCM was used to study 42 adolescents with CFS, compared to 36 adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and 25 matched healthy controls. The Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-CF87) was used to assess mental health, self-esteem, and physical and psychosocial functioning. RESULTS Both patient groups reported significantly less positive self-experience of autonomy and success compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, patients with CFS described significantly more negative self-experience of powerlessness, isolation and unfulfilled longing. In the CHQ-CF87, both patient groups scored significantly lower on physical functioning than controls. Adolescents with CFS also scored significantly lower on mental health and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent CFS entails a serious threat to the self, which might be inherent to the condition. Not only are patients more impaired in mental health, self-esteem, and physical and psychosocial functioning than patients with JIA, they also suffer from a distinct combination of high negative and low positive self-experience. These findings stress the need for strategies that empower patients towards a 'management of the self'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M van Geelen
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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Otterpohl N, Wild E. Cross-Lagged Relations Among Parenting, Children's Emotion Regulation, and Psychosocial Adjustment in Early Adolescence. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 44:93-108. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2013.862802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elke Wild
- a Department of Psychology and Sport , Bielefeld University
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I know it when I quantify it: ecological momentary assessment and recurrence quantification analysis of emotion dysregulation in children with ADHD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:283-94. [PMID: 23338519 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-013-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two studies examined the feasibility, utility, and validity of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) and Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) in assessing emotion dysregulation in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In Study 1, 11 parents of children with ADHD ages 8-11 completed EMA-based ratings of their children's mood three times daily for 28 days (84 ratings total) and questionnaires regarding their children's emotion dysregulation. RQA was used to quantify the temporal patterning of dysregulation of the children's mood. In Study 2, five children ages 8-11 completed EMA-based ratings of their mood three times daily for 28 days. Results supported the feasibility and validity of the parent report EMA protocol, with greater intensity, variability, and persistent patterning of variability associated with greater emotion dysregulation. Results did not support the validity of the child report protocol, as children were less likely to complete ratings when emotionally distressed and demonstrated substantial response bias.
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Brindal E, Hendrie G, Thompson K, Blunden S. How do Australian junior primary school children perceive the concepts of “healthy” and “unhealthy”? HEALTH EDUCATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1108/09654281211253425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Blankson AN, O'Brien M, Leerkes EM, Marcovitch S, Calkins SD, Weaver JM. Developmental dynamics of emotion and cognition processes in preschoolers. Child Dev 2012; 84:346-60. [PMID: 22925076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic relations during the preschool years across processes of control and understanding in the domains of emotion and cognition were examined. Participants were 263 children (42% non-White) and their mothers who were seen first when the children were 3 years old and again when they were 4. Results indicated dynamic dependence among the processes studied. Specifically, change in cognitive processes of control and understanding were dependent upon initial levels of the other processes. Changes in emotion control and understanding were not predicted by earlier performance in the other processes. Findings are discussed with regard to the constructs of control and understanding and the developmental interrelations among emotion and cognitive processes.
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Schwartz OS, Sheeber LB, Dudgeon P, Allen NB. Emotion socialization within the family environment and adolescent depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:447-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tze VMC, Klassen RM, Daniels LM, Li JCH, Zhang X. A Cross-Cultural Validation of the Learning-Related Boredom Scale (LRBS) With Canadian and Chinese College Students. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282912443670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Learning-Related Boredom Scale (LRBS) from the Academic Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ; Pekrun, Goetz, & Perry, 2005; Pekrun, Goetz, Titz, & Perry, 2002) in a sample of 405 university students from Canada and China. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the factor structure and measurement invariance of the LRBS across cultural settings, after which the relationships between the LRBS, boredom frequency in class, intrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy for self-regulated learning (SESRL) were examined. Results showed evidence of reliability and measurement invariance of the LRBS, and the relationships between the LRBS, boredom frequency, and SESRL were similar across settings. The study thus provided evidence that learning-related boredom is a valid construct across culturally diverse school settings and supported the use of the LRBS in both Canadian and Chinese student populations.
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Sarıtaş D, Gençöz T. Discrepancies between Turkish Mothers’ and Adolescents’ Reports of Adolescents’ Emotion Regulation Difficulties. J Clin Psychol 2012; 68:661-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Perry-Parrish C, Waasdorp TE, Bradshaw CP. Peer Nominations of Emotional Expressivity among Urban Children: Social and Psychological Correlates. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2012; 21:88-108. [PMID: 22350560 PMCID: PMC3281761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined associations between peer nominations of children's expression of negative emotions and psychological, social, and behavioral correlates in a sample of 523 first graders. Children (85% African American) completed a peer nomination measure for expressing negative emotions. In addition, three other domains of functioning were assessed using multiple raters: internalizing symptoms (self, parent), externalizing behavior (parent, teacher), and social competence (parent, teacher). Regression analyses indicated that peer nominations of negative emotions predicted higher levels of teacher-rated externalizing behavior and lower levels of teacher-rated social competence. Peer nominations of emotions were significantly associated with teacher ratings but unrelated to self- and parent-report measures. Adding to a small but growing literature, our findings underscore the importance of assessing peer perceptions of children's emotional expressivity and their associations to social and psychological functioning in an urban, predominantly African American sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carisa Perry-Parrish
- Division of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Schmitz A, Merikangas K, Swendsen H, Cui L, Heaton L, Grillon C. Measuring anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable threat in children and adolescents. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 110:159-70. [PMID: 21440905 PMCID: PMC3110515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research has highlighted the need for new methods to assess emotions in children on multiple levels to gain better insight into the complex processes of emotional development. The startle reflex is a unique translational tool that has been used to study physiological processes during fear and anxiety in rodents and in human participants. However, it has been challenging to implement developmentally appropriate startle experiments in children. This article describes a procedure that uses predictable and unpredictable aversive events to distinguish between phasic fear and sustained anxiety in children and adolescents. We investigated anxious responses, as measured with the startle reflex, in youths (N=36, mean age=12.63 years, range=7-17) across three conditions: no aversive events (N), predictable aversive events (P), and unpredictable aversive events (U). Short-duration cues were presented several times in each condition. Aversive events were signaled by the cues in the P condition but were presented randomly in the U condition. Participants showed fear-potentiated startle to the threat cue in the P condition. Startle responses were also elevated between cues in the U condition compared with the N condition, suggesting that unpredictable aversive events can evoke a sustained state of anxiety in youths. This latter effect was influenced by sex, being greater in girls than in boys. These findings indicate the feasibility of this experimental induction of the startle reflex in response to predictable and unpredictable events in children and adolescents, enabling future research on interindividual differences in fear and anxiety and their development in youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schmitz
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zalewski M, Lengua LJ, Wilson AC, Trancik A, Bazinet A. Associations of coping and appraisal styles with emotion regulation during preadolescence. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 110:141-58. [PMID: 21507423 PMCID: PMC3121308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the associations of appraisal and coping styles with emotion regulation in a community sample of preadolescents (N=196, 9-12 years of age), with appraisal, coping styles, and emotion regulation measured at a single time point. In a previous study, we identified five frustration and four anxiety emotion regulation profiles based on children's physiological, behavioral, and self-reported reactions to emotion-eliciting tasks. In this study, preadolescents' self-reported appraisal and coping styles were associated with those emotion regulation profiles. Overall, findings revealed that children who were more effective at regulating their emotions during the emotion-eliciting tasks had higher levels of positive appraisal and active coping when dealing with their own problems. Conversely, children who regulated their emotions less effectively had higher levels of threat appraisal and avoidant coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Zalewski
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Hourigan SE, Goodman KL, Southam-Gerow MA. Discrepancies in parents’ and children’s reports of child emotion regulation. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 110:198-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Adrian M, Zeman J, Veits G. Methodological implications of the affect revolution: A 35-year review of emotion regulation assessment in children. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 110:171-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schwartz OS, Dudgeon P, Sheeber LB, Yap MBH, Simmons JG, Allen NB. Parental Behaviors During Family Interactions Predict Changes in Depression and Anxiety Symptoms During Adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 40:59-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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40
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Suveg C, Zeman J. Creative applications and innovations to emotion assessment in children and adolescents: an introduction to the special section. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 110:133-40. [PMID: 21596388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lumley MN, Dozois DJA, Hennig KH, Marsh A. Cognitive Organization, Perceptions of Parenting and Depression Symptoms in Early Adolescence. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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42
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Tobin RM, Graziano WG. The disappointing gift: dispositional and situational moderators of emotional expressions. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 110:227-40. [PMID: 21477814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inferences about emotions in children are limited by studies that rely on only one research method. Convergence across methods provides a stronger basis for inference by identifying method variance. This multimethod study of 116 children (mean age=8.21 years) examined emotional displays during social exchange. Each child received a desirable gift and later an undesirable gift after performing tasks, with or without mother present. Children's reactions were observed and coded. Children displayed more positive affect with mother present than with mother absent. Independent ratings of children by adults revealed that children lower in the personality dimension of Agreeableness displayed more negative emotion than their peers following the receipt of an undesirable gift. A curvilinear interaction between Agreeableness and mother condition predicted negative affect displays. Emotional assessment is discussed in terms of links to social exchange and the development of expressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M Tobin
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA.
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Perry-Parrish C, Zeman J. Relations among Sadness Regulation, Peer Acceptance, and Social Functioning in Early Adolescence: The Role of Gender. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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44
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Goodman KL, Southam-Gerow MA. The regulating role of negative emotions in children's coping with peer rejection. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2010; 41:515-34. [PMID: 20464475 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-010-0185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of emotions as predictors of children's coping responses to peer rejection experiences. Children ages 7-12 (N = 79) completed questionnaires to assess emotional and coping responses to peer rejection scenarios. This study examined three coping factors specific to peer rejection (positive reappraisal, ruminative coping, and aggressive coping) and examined results separately for two negative peer experiences (teasing and exclusion). Children's emotions predicted coping responses after controlling for peer experiences. Specifically, anger was associated with aggressive coping, whereas sadness was associated with ruminative coping, supporting theory that emotions have distinct motivational-behavioral properties. Peer experiences were also important, as victimization was associated with aggressive coping, and receipt of prosocial peer behaviors was associated with positive reappraisal. These findings provide an empirical foundation for future research and the development of interventions to facilitate adaptive reactions to peer rejection.
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Suveg C, Hoffman B, Zeman JL, Thomassin K. Common and specific emotion-related predictors of anxious and depressive symptoms in youth. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2009; 40:223-39. [PMID: 19039662 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-008-0121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether specific emotion-related constructs may be uniquely related to anxious or depressive symptoms in youth. Although anxiety and depression are comorbid in both youth and adult populations, delineation of these disorders is a worthwhile endeavor given that such differentiation may lead to a clearer conceptualization of the disorders that in turn may facilitate more efficient diagnosis and effective treatment. Children in the 4th and 5th grades (N = 187; M age = 10 years, 3 months) completed measures to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression and emotion-related functioning. Using structural equation modeling, emotion-related variables were identified that were common to both anxiety and depression (poor emotion awareness, emotion dysregulation, poor emotion regulation coping, high frequency of negative affect), most strongly related to depression (low frequency of positive affect), and most distinctly associated with anxiety (frequency of emotion experience, somatic response to emotion activation). The findings suggest that comprehensive theoretical formulations of anxiety and depression in youth should consider emotion-related variables. The results also suggest potential avenues that may facilitate more efficient assessment and treatment of such youth.
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