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Ni Y, Szpiro AA, Loftus CT, Workman T, Sullivan A, Wallace ER, Riederer AM, Day DB, Murphy LE, Nguyen RHN, Sathyanarayana S, Barrett ES, Zhao Q, Enquobahrie DA, Simpson C, Ahmad SI, Arizaga JA, Collett BR, Derefinko KJ, Kannan K, Bush NR, LeWinn KZ, Karr CJ. Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and executive functions at school age: Results from a combined cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 260:114407. [PMID: 38879913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functions develop rapidly in childhood, enabling problem-solving, focused attention, and planning. Exposures to environmental toxicants in pregnancy may impair healthy executive function development in children. There is increasing concern regarding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) given their ability to transfer across the placenta and the fetal blood-brain barrier, yet evidence from epidemiological studies is limited. METHODS We examined associations between prenatal PAH exposure and executive functions in 814 children of non-smoking mothers from two U.S. cohorts in the ECHO-PATHWAYS Consortium. Seven mono-hydroxylated PAH metabolites were measured in mid-pregnancy urine and analyzed individually and as mixtures. Three executive function domains were measured at age 8-9: cognitive flexibility, working memory, and inhibitory control. A composite score quantifying overall performance was further calculated. We fitted linear regressions adjusted for socio-demographics, maternal health behaviors, and psychological measures, and examined modification by child sex and stressful life events in pregnancy. Bayesian kernel machine regression was performed to estimate the interactive and overall effects of the PAH mixture. RESULTS The results from primary analysis of linear regressions were generally null, and no modification by child sex or maternal stress was indicated. Mixture analyses suggested several pairwise interactions between individual PAH metabolites in varied directions on working memory, particularly interactions between 2/3/9-FLUO and other PAH metabolites, but no overall or individual effects were evident. CONCLUSION We conducted a novel exploration of PAH-executive functions association in a large, combined sample from two cohorts. Although findings were predominantly null, the study carries important implications for future research and contributes to evolving science regarding developmental origins of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ni
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine T Loftus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexis Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin R Wallace
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne M Riederer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Drew B Day
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura E Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ruby H N Nguyen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel A Enquobahrie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shaikh I Ahmad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Arizaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brent R Collett
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen J Derefinko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine J Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Attia H, ElBanna SA, Khattab RA, Farag MA, Yassin AS, Aziz RK. Integrating Microbiome Analysis, Metabolomics, Bioinformatics, and Histopathology to Elucidate the Protective Effects of Pomegranate Juice against Benzo-alpha-pyrene-Induced Colon Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10691. [PMID: 37445869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are common dietary pollutants with potential carcinogenic activity, while polyphenols are potential chemopreventive antioxidants. Although several health benefits are attributed to polyphenol-rich pomegranate, little is known about its interaction with BaP. This study integrates histochemical, microbiomic, and metabolomic approaches to investigate the protective effects of pomegranate juice from BaP-induced pathologies. To this end, 48 Sprague-Dawley rats received, for four weeks, either pomegranate, BaP, both, or neither (n = 12 rats per group). Whereas histochemical examination of the colon indicated tissue damage marked by mucin depletion in BaP-fed animals, which was partially restored by administration of pomegranate juice, the fecal microbiome and metabolome retained their resilience, except for key changes related to pomegranate and BaP biotransformation. Meanwhile, dramatic microbiome restructuring and metabolome shift were observed as a consequence of the elapsed time (age factor). Additionally, the analysis allowed a thorough examination of fecal microbiome-metabolome associations, which delineated six microbiome clusters (marked by a differential abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae, Rumincococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae) and two major metabolome clusters (a sugar- and amino-acids-dominated metabotype vs. a cluster of fatty acids and hydrocarbons), with sugar alcohols maintaining a unique signature. In conclusion, using paired comparisons to minimize inter-individual animal variations allowed the dissection of temporal vs. treatment-derived variations. Microbiome-metabolome association clusters may be further exploited for metabotype prediction and gut-health biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Center for Genome and Microbiome Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Shahira A ElBanna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Center for Genome and Microbiome Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Rania A Khattab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Aymen S Yassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Center for Genome and Microbiome Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Center for Genome and Microbiome Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo 11617, Egypt
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Wang XS, Liu YL, Xue LX, Song H, Pan XR, Huang Z, Xu SY, Ma J, Wang L. Anthracite Releases Aromatic Carbons and Reacts with Chlorine to Form Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1103-1113. [PMID: 36574338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthracite is globally used as a filter material for water purification. Herein, it was found that up to 15 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were formed in the chlorination of anthracite-filtered pure water, while the levels of DBPs were below the detection limit in the chlorination of zeolite-, quartz sand-, and porcelain sandstone-filtered pure water. In new-anthracite-filtered water, the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) ranged from 266.3 to 305.4 μg/L, 37 to 61 μg/L, and 8.6 to 17.1 μg/L, respectively. In aged anthracite (collected from a filter at a DWTP after one year of operation) filtered water, the levels of the above substances ranged from 475.1 to 597.5 μg/L, 62.1 to 125.6 μg/L, and 14 to 28.9 μg/L, respectively. Anthracite would release dissolved substances into filtered water, and aged anthracite releases more substances than new anthracite. The released organics were partly (around 5%) composed by the μg/L level of toxic and carcinogenic aromatic carbons including pyridine, paraxylene, benzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene, while over 95% of the released organics could not be identified. Organic carbon may be torn off from the carbon skeleton structure of anthracite due to hydrodynamic force in the water filtration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Xu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiang-Rui Pan
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shu-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Volk HE, Perera F, Braun JM, Kingsley SL, Gray K, Buckley J, Clougherty JE, Croen LA, Eskenazi B, Herting M, Just AC, Kloog I, Margolis A, McClure LA, Miller R, Levine S, Wright R. Prenatal air pollution exposure and neurodevelopment: A review and blueprint for a harmonized approach within ECHO. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110320. [PMID: 33098817 PMCID: PMC8060371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution exposure is ubiquitous with demonstrated effects on morbidity and mortality. A growing literature suggests that prenatal air pollution exposure impacts neurodevelopment. We posit that the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program will provide unique opportunities to fill critical knowledge gaps given the wide spatial and temporal variability of ECHO participants. OBJECTIVES We briefly describe current methods for air pollution exposure assessment, summarize existing studies of air pollution and neurodevelopment, and synthesize this information as a basis for recommendations, or a blueprint, for evaluating air pollution effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes in ECHO. METHODS We review peer-reviewed literature on prenatal air pollution exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes, including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intelligence, general cognition, mood, and imaging measures. ECHO meta-data were compiled and evaluated to assess frequency of neurodevelopmental assessments and prenatal and infancy residential address locations. Cohort recruitment locations and enrollment years were summarized to examine potential spatial and temporal variation present in ECHO. DISCUSSION While the literature provides compelling evidence that prenatal air pollution affects neurodevelopment, limitations in spatial and temporal exposure variation exist for current published studies. As >90% of the ECHO cohorts have collected a prenatal or infancy address, application of advanced geographic information systems-based models for common air pollutant exposures may be ideal to address limitations of published research. CONCLUSIONS In ECHO we have the opportunity to pioneer unifying exposure assessment and evaluate effects across multiple periods of development and neurodevelopmental outcomes, setting the standard for evaluation of prenatal air pollution exposures with the goal of improving children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Volk
- Department of Mental Health and Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Frederica Perera
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Gray
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessie Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering and Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa A Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Megan Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amy Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leslie A McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Miller
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Levine
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosalind Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, And Pediatrics, Institute for Exposomics Research, Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Eskenazi B, Ames J, Rauch S, Signorini S, Brambilla P, Mocarelli P, Siracusa C, Holland N, Warner M. Dioxin exposure associated with fecundability and infertility in mothers and daughters of Seveso, Italy. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:794-807. [PMID: 33367671 PMCID: PMC7891815 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is there an association between 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure and fecundability and infertility among Seveso women and their daughters? SUMMARY ANSWER TCDD exposure is associated with a decrease in fecundability and increased risk of infertility in women, as well as their daughters. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In animal studies, maternal exposure to TCDD is associated with decreased fertility in offspring. Effects of TCDD are mediated by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS) has followed 981 women exposed to TCDD in a 1976 accident since 1996. In 2014, we initiated the Seveso Second Generation Study to follow-up their children. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We obtained information on pregnancy history including time of trying to conceive from SWHS women and their daughters who were 18 years or older. We considered TCDD exposure as initial 1976 serum TCDD concentration and estimated TCDD at pregnancy. We examined relationships of TCDD exposure with time to pregnancy (TTP, the monthly probability of conception within the first 12 months of trying) and infertility (≥12 months of trying to conceive). We also assessed contributions of polymorphisms in the AHR pathway via genetic risk score. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Among SWHS women (n = 446), median TTP was 3 months and 18% reported taking ≥12 months to conceive. Initial 1976 TCDD (log10) was associated with longer TTP (adjusted fecundability odds ratio = 0.82; 95% CI 0.68-0.98) and increased risk of infertility (adjusted relative risk = 1.35; 95% CI 1.01-1.79). TCDD at pregnancy yielded similar associations. Among SWHS daughters (n = 66), median TTP was 2 months and 11% reported taking ≥12 months to conceive. Daughters showed similar, but non-significant, associations with maternal TCDD exposure. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION A limitation of this study is time to pregnancy was reported retrospectively, although previous studies have found women are able to recall time to conception with a high degree of accuracy many years after the fact. The number of SWHS daughters who had a live birth was small and we were unable to examine fecundability of SWHS sons. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Consistent with previous findings in animal studies, our study found that TCDD exposure may be associated with decreased fertility in Seveso mothers and potentially in their daughters exposed in utero. There may be susceptible genetic subgroups. The literature has largely considered the genetics of the AHR pathway in the context of male fertility but not female fertility, despite strong biological plausibility. These findings should be replicated in larger populations and of different ancestry. Future studies in Seveso should examine the sons and the grandchildren of exposed mothers given the animal literature suggesting potential heritable epigenetic effects. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by grant numbers F06 TW02075-01 from the National Institutes of Health, R01 ES07171 and 2P30-ESO01896-17 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, R82471 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and #2896 from Regione Lombardia and Fondazione Lombardia Ambiente, Milan, Italy. J.A. was supported by F31ES026488 from the National Institutes of Health. The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Ames
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Signorini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Desio-Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Desio-Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Mocarelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Desio-Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Siracusa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Desio-Milano, Italy
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marcella Warner
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Bocato MZ, Bianchi Ximenez JP, Hoffmann C, Barbosa F. An overview of the current progress, challenges, and prospects of human biomonitoring and exposome studies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:131-156. [PMID: 31543064 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1661588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human Biomonitoring (HB), the process for determining whether and to what extent chemical substances penetrated our bodies, serves as a useful tool to quantify human exposure to pollutants. In cases of nutrition and physiologic status, HB plays a critical role in the identification of excess or deficiency of essential nutrients. In pollutant HB studies, levels of substances measured in body fluids (blood, urine, and breast milk) or tissues (hair, nails or teeth) aid in the identification of potential health risks or associated adverse effects. However, even as a widespread practice in several countries, most HB studies reflect exposure to a single compound or mixtures which are measured at a single time point in lifecycle. On the other hand, throughout an individual's lifespan, the contact with different physical, chemical, and social stressors occurs at varying intensities, differing times and durations. Further, the interaction between stressors and body receptors leads to dynamic responses of the entire biological system including proteome, metabolome, transcriptome, and adductome. Bearing this in mind, a relatively new vision in exposure science, defined as the exposome, is postulated to expand the traditional practice of measuring a single exposure to one or few chemicals at one-time point to an approach that addresses measures of exposure to multiple stressors throughout the lifespan. With the exposome concept, the science of exposure advances to an Environment-Wide Association Perspective, which might exhibit a stronger relationship with good health or disease conditions for an individual (phenotype). Thus, this critical review focused on the current progress of HB and exposome investigations, anticipating some challenges, strategies, and future needs to be taken into account for designing future surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Zuccherato Bocato
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Christian Hoffmann
- Departmento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Perera F. Pollution from Fossil-Fuel Combustion is the Leading Environmental Threat to Global Pediatric Health and Equity: Solutions Exist. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:E16. [PMID: 29295510 PMCID: PMC5800116 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fossil-fuel combustion by-products are the world's most significant threat to children's health and future and are major contributors to global inequality and environmental injustice. The emissions include a myriad of toxic air pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is the most important human-produced climate-altering greenhouse gas. Synergies between air pollution and climate change can magnify the harm to children. Impacts include impairment of cognitive and behavioral development, respiratory illness, and other chronic diseases-all of which may be "seeded" in utero and affect health and functioning immediately and over the life course. By impairing children's health, ability to learn, and potential to contribute to society, pollution and climate change cause children to become less resilient and the communities they live in to become less equitable. The developing fetus and young child are disproportionately affected by these exposures because of their immature defense mechanisms and rapid development, especially those in low- and middle-income countries where poverty and lack of resources compound the effects. No country is spared, however: even high-income countries, especially low-income communities and communities of color within them, are experiencing impacts of fossil fuel-related pollution, climate change and resultant widening inequality and environmental injustice. Global pediatric health is at a tipping point, with catastrophic consequences in the absence of bold action. Fortunately, technologies and interventions are at hand to reduce and prevent pollution and climate change, with large economic benefits documented or predicted. All cultures and communities share a concern for the health and well-being of present and future children: this shared value provides a politically powerful lever for action. The purpose of this commentary is to briefly review the data on the health impacts of fossil-fuel pollution, highlighting the neurodevelopmental impacts, and to briefly describe available means to achieve a low-carbon economy, and some examples of interventions that have benefited health and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederica Perera
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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8
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Lubczyńska MJ, Sunyer J, Tiemeier H, Porta D, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Jaddoe VWV, Basagaña X, Dalmau-Bueno A, Forastiere F, Wittsiepe J, Hoffmann B, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Hoek G, de Hoogh K, Brunekreef B, Guxens M. Exposure to elemental composition of outdoor PM 2.5 at birth and cognitive and psychomotor function in childhood in four European birth cohorts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 109:170-180. [PMID: 28988795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about developmental neurotoxicity of particulate matter composition. We aimed to investigate associations between exposure to elemental composition of outdoor PM2.5 at birth and cognitive and psychomotor functions in childhood. METHODS We analyzed data from 4 European population-based birth cohorts in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Spain, with recruitment in 2000-2006. Elemental composition of PM2.5 measurements were performed in each region in 2008-2011 and land use regression models were used to predict concentrations at participants' residential addresses at birth. We selected 8 elements (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium and zinc) and used principal component analysis to combine elements from the same sources. Cognitive (general, verbal, and non-verbal) and psychomotor (fine and gross) functions were assessed between 1 and 9years of age. Adjusted cohort-specific effect estimates were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS 7246 children were included in this analysis. Single element analysis resulted in negative association between estimated airborne iron and fine motor function (-1.25 points [95% CI -2.45 to -0.06] per 100ng/m3 increase of iron). Association between the motorized traffic component, derived from principal component analysis, and fine motor function was not significant (-0.29 points [95% CI -0.64 to 0.06] per unit increase). None of the elements were associated with gross motor function or cognitive function, although the latter estimates were predominantly negative. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that iron, a highly prevalent element in motorized traffic pollution, may be a neurotoxic compound. This raises concern given the ubiquity of motorized traffic air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata J Lubczyńska
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein, 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniela Porta
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112 Rome, Italy.
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Albert Dalmau-Bueno
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112 Rome, Italy.
| | - Jürgen Wittsiepe
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mònica Guxens
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein, 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Iyer S, Wang Y, Xiong W, Tang D, Jedrychowski W, Chanock S, Wang S, Stigter L, Mróz E, Perera F. Significant interactions between maternal PAH exposure and single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes on B[ a ]P-DNA adducts in a cohort of non-smoking Polish mothers and newborns. Carcinogenesis 2017; 37:1110-1115. [PMID: 27565807 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a class of chemicals common in the environment. Certain PAH are carcinogenic, although the degree to which genetic variation influences susceptibility to carcinogenic PAH remains unclear. Also unknown is the influence of genetic variation on the procarcinogenic effect of in utero exposures to PAH. Benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P) is a well-studied PAH that is classified as a known human carcinogen. Within our Polish cohort, we explored interactions between maternal exposure to airborne PAH during pregnancy and maternal and newborn single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in plausible B[ a ]P metabolism genes on B[ a ]P-DNA adducts in paired cord blood samples. The study subjects included non-smoking women ( n = 368) with available data on maternal PAH exposure, paired cord adducts, and genetic data who resided in Krakow, Poland. We selected eight common variants in maternal and newborn candidate genes related to B[ a ]P metabolism, detoxification, and repair for our analyses: CYP1A1 , CYP1A2 , CYP1B1 , GSTM1 , GSTT2 , NQO1 , and XRCC1 . We observed significant interactions between maternal PAH exposure and SNPs on cord B[ a ]P-DNA adducts in the following genes: maternal CYP1A1 and GSTT2 , and newborn CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 . These novel findings highlight differences in maternal and newborn genetic contributions to B[ a ]P-DNA adduct formation and have the potential to identify at-risk subpopulations who are susceptible to the carcinogenic potential of B[ a ]P.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Biostatistics , Mailman School of Public Health , Columbia University , New York , NY 10032 , USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics , Mailman School of Public Health , Columbia University , New York , NY 10032 , USA
| | | | - Wieslaw Jedrychowski
- Former Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow 31-007 , Poland
| | - Stephen Chanock
- National Cancer Institute , Gaithersburg , MD 20877 , USA and
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics , Mailman School of Public Health , Columbia University , New York , NY 10032 , USA
| | | | - Elzbieta Mróz
- Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow 31-007 , Poland
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10
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Ruiz JDC, Quackenboss JJ, Tulve NS. Contributions of a Child's Built, Natural, and Social Environments to Their General Cognitive Ability: A Systematic Scoping Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147741. [PMID: 26840411 PMCID: PMC4739499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of a child’s cognitive ability is complex, with research suggesting that it is not attributed to a single determinant or even a defined period of exposure. Rather, cognitive development is the product of cumulative interactions with the environment, both negative and positive, over the life course. The aim of this systematic scoping review was to collate evidence associated with children’s cognitive health, including inherent factors as well as chemical and non-chemical stressors from the built, natural, and social environments. Three databases were used to identify recent epidemiological studies (2003–2013) that examined exposure factors associated with general cognitive ability in children. Over 100 factors were evaluated from 258 eligible studies. We found that recent literature mainly assessed the hypothesized negative effects of either inherent factors or chemical exposures present in the physical environment. Prenatal growth, sleep health, lead and water pollutants showed consistent negative effects. Of the few studies that examined social stressors, results consistently showed cognitive development to be influenced by both positive and negative social interactions at home, in school or the community. Among behavioral factors related to diet and lifestyle choices of the mother, breastfeeding was the most studied, showing consistent positive associations with cognitive ability. There were mostly inconsistent results for both chemical and non-chemical stressors. The majority of studies utilized traditional exposure assessments, evaluating chemical and non-chemical stressors separately. Collective evidence from a limited number of studies revealed that cumulative exposure assessment that incorporates multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors over the life course may unravel the variability in effect on cognitive development and help explain the inconsistencies across studies. Future research examining the interactions of multiple stressors within a child’s total environment, depicting a more real-world exposure, will aid in understanding the cumulative effects associated with a child’s ability to learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Del Carmen Ruiz
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: ;
| | - James J. Quackenboss
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America
| | - Nicolle S. Tulve
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States of America
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11
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in serum samples of autopsied individuals from Tennessee. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 12:322-34. [PMID: 25547400 PMCID: PMC4306864 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in human blood sera samples (n = 650) obtained at autopsy from individuals who died of drug abuse, alcohol toxicity, homicide, suicide and other unknown causes. The analyzed samples from decedents revealed the presence of PAHs of which B(a)P was the most predominant one, followed by benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene. The other PAHs detected sporadically and measured were benzo(g,h,i)perylene, acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene The mean concentrations of PAHs were greater in the twenties to fifties age groups compared to others. The PAH residue levels detected were high in African Americans compared to Caucasians, Asians, and Hispanics. It appears that environmental exposure, dietary intake and in some cases occupational exposure may have contributed to the PAH body burden. While the PAH residue concentrations measured fall within the range of those reported for healthy adults elsewhere, in isolated cases, the concentrations detected were high, calling the need for a reduction in PAH emissions and human biomonitoring studies for purposes of risk assessment.
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12
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Polanska K, Dettbarn G, Jurewicz J, Sobala W, Magnus P, Seidel A, Hanke W. Effect of prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure on birth outcomes: the Polish mother and child cohort study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:408939. [PMID: 25140312 PMCID: PMC4129920 DOI: 10.1155/2014/408939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of PAH exposure on various anthropometric measures of birth outcomes. The study population consisted of 210 nonsmoking pregnant women. Urine samples collected between 20th and 24th week of pregnancy were used for analysis of the following PAH metabolites: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 9-OH-PHE), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), 1,6 + 1,8-dihydroxypyrene (DI-OH-PYR), phenanthrene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol (PHE-1,2-diol), and phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol (PHE-9,10-diol) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) was assessed by cotinine level in saliva using a stable isotope dilution LC-ESI-MS/MS method. The mean PAH metabolite concentrations were in the range of 0.15 µg/g creatinine for 9-OH-PHE to 5.9 µg/g creatinine for PHE-9,10-diol. It was shown that none of the individual PAH exposure markers demonstrate a statistically significant influence on birth outcomes. Interestingly a statistically significant association was found between the sum of OH-PHE along with cotinine level and the cephalization index after adjusting for potential confounders (P = 0.04). This study provides evidence that combined exposure of pregnant women to common environmental pollutants such as PAH and ETS might adversely affect fetal development. Thus, reduction of human exposure to these mixtures of hazardous compounds would in particular result in substantial health benefits for newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Polanska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Gerhard Dettbarn
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, Lurup 4, D-22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Joanna Jurewicz
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sobala
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Per Magnus
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, Lurup 4, D-22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Wojciech Hanke
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
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13
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Polanska K, Hanke W, Dettbarn G, Sobala W, Gromadzinska J, Magnus P, Seidel A. The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urine of non-smoking Polish pregnant women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:102-109. [PMID: 24784734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the PAH exposure level among the non-smoking Polish pregnant women and to identify the minimal set of PAH metabolites that specifically reflect environmental PAH exposure. The study population consisted of 210 non-smoking pregnant women. The urine sample was used for analysis of the following PAH metabolites: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 9-OH-PHE), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), 1,6+1,8-dihydroxypyrene (DI-OH-PYR), phenanthrene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol (PHE-1,2-diol) and phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol (PHE-9,10-diol). The analysis of all the biomarkers was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after their derivatization. The mean PAH metabolite concentrations were in the range of 0.15 (± 0.2) μg/g creatinine for 9-OH-PHE to 5.9 (± 10.6) μg/g creatinine for PHE-9,10-diol. Women living in the city center had higher concentrations of 1-OH-PHE (β=0.6; p=0.04), 3-OH-PHE (β=0.8; p=0.02), 9-OH-PHE (β=0.9; p=0.02), and DI-OH-PYR (β=1.0; p=0.006) than those living outside the city center. The usage of coal for residential heating was a significant predictor of all PAH metabolites except for 9-OH-PHE (p=0.1) and PHE-9,10-diol (p=0.08). With the increasing cotinine levels we observed a significant increase in the concentrations of the following PAH metabolites: 3-OH-PHE (β=0.2; p=0.007), 4-OH-PHE (β=0.3; p=0.002), PHE-1,2-diol (β=0.3; p<0.001), 1-OH-PYR (β=0.2; p=0.01). High-density housing, usage of coal for residential heating, cotinine level in saliva, season of urine collection and distance from the place of residence to the main road explained 26% of the variance of 3-OH-PHE and 21% of the variance of 1-OH-PHE. 2-OH-PHE, 3-OH-PHE, 9-OH-PHE and PHE-9,10-diol are sufficient to predict environmental PAH exposure. The urinary PAH biomarker levels found in this study indicate that non-smoking Polish pregnant women suffer from a higher PAH exposure than those in other western countries. This higher PAH exposure level probably poses a significant health risk for the newborns and young children and will require further attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Polanska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Hanke
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Gerhard Dettbarn
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, 4 Lurup Str., D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Wojciech Sobala
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Gromadzinska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Per Magnus
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, 4 Lurup Str., D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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14
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Iyer S, Perera F, Zhang B, Chanock S, Wang S, Tang D. Significant interactions between maternal PAH exposure and haplotypes in candidate genes on B[a]P-DNA adducts in a NYC cohort of non-smoking African-American and Dominican mothers and newborns. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:69-75. [PMID: 24177223 PMCID: PMC3871941 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a class of chemicals common in the environment. Certain PAH are carcinogenic, although the degree to which genetic variation influences susceptibility to carcinogenic PAH remains unclear. Also unknown is the influence of genetic variation on the procarcinogenic effect of in utero exposures to PAH. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a well-studied PAH that is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Within our New York City-based cohort, we explored interactions between maternal exposure to airborne PAH during pregnancy and maternal and newborn haplotypes (and in one case, a single-nucleotide polymorphism) in key B[a]P metabolism genes on B[a]P-DNA adducts in paired cord blood samples. The study subjects included non-smoking African-American (n = 132) and Dominican (n = 235) women with available data on maternal PAH exposure, paired cord adducts and genetic data who resided in the Washington Heights, Central Harlem and South Bronx neighborhoods of New York City. We selected seven maternal and newborn genes related to B[a]P metabolism, detoxification and repair for our analyses: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, GSTM3, GSTT2, NQO1 and XRCC1. We found significant interactions between maternal PAH exposure and haplotype on cord B[a]P-DNA adducts in the following genes: maternal CYP1B1, XRCC1 and GSTM3, and newborn CYP1A2 and XRCC1 in African-Americans; and maternal XRCC1 and newborn NQO1 in Dominicans. These novel findings highlight differences in maternal and newborn genetic contributions to B[a]P-DNA adduct formation, as well as ethnic differences in gene-environment interactions, and have the potential to identify at-risk subpopulations who are susceptible to the carcinogenic potential of B[a]P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba Iyer
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health and
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA and
- National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Frederica Perera
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health and
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA and
- National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Bingzhi Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA and
| | | | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA and
| | - Deliang Tang
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 212 3051704; Fax: +212 3050596;
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15
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Developmental effects of exposures to environmental factors: the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:629716. [PMID: 24191247 PMCID: PMC3804037 DOI: 10.1155/2013/629716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper estimates the effects of exposure to environmental factors, including lead, mercury, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), on child psychomotor development. The study population consists of mother-child pairs in the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to environmental factors was determined from biomarker measurements as follows: for lead exposure—cord blood lead level, for mercury—maternal hair mercury level, for ETS—cotinine level in saliva and urine, and for PAH—1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine. At the age of 12 (406 subjects) and 24 months (198 subjects) children were assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. There were no statistically significant effects of prenatal exposure to mercury or 1-HP on child psychomotor development. After adjusting for potential confounders, adverse effects of prenatal exposure to ETS on motor development (β = −2.6; P = 0.02) and postnatal exposure to ETS on cognitive (β = −0.2; P = 0.05) and motor functions (β = −0.5; P = 0.01) were found. The adverse effect of prenatal lead exposure on cognitive score was of borderline significance (β = −6.2; P = 0.06). The study underscores the importance of policies and public health interventions that aim to reduce prenatal and postnatal exposure to lead and ETS.
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16
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Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children's cognitive development and behavioral problems. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013; 26:185-204. [PMID: 23715930 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-013-0099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays a special attention is focused on prenatal and childhood exposures to a variety of contaminants in the environment, especially toxicants widely present in the environment and their impact on children's health and neurodevelopment. This article aims at evaluating the impact of exposure to several widespread toxicants including: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and gas cooking on children's cognitive development and behavioral problems by reviewing most recent published literature. Epidemiological studies focusing on exposure to widespread toxicants and children's development for the last eleven years were identified by a search of the PubMed, Medline, Ebsco and Toxnet literature bases. The combination of following key words was used: 1) referring to the exposure: pregnancy, prenatal exposure, postnatal exposure, gas cooking, exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, PAHs and 2) referring to outcome: neurodevelopment, neurobehavior, psychomotor development, behavioral problems, cognitive development, mental health, school achievements, learning abilities. The results from the presented studies suggest that there are strong and rather consistent indications that the developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to insult from low levels of exposure to widespread environmental contaminants such as: phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gas cooking. Considering the suggested health effects, more epidemiologic data is urgently needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented.
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17
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Choi H, Wang L, Lin X, Spengler JD, Perera FP. Fetal window of vulnerability to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on proportional intrauterine growth restriction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35464. [PMID: 22545107 PMCID: PMC3335852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the entire duration of fetal development is generally considered a highly susceptible period, it is of public health interest to determine a narrower window of heightened vulnerability to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in humans. We posited that exposure to PAHs during the first trimester impairs fetal growth more severely than a similar level of exposure during the subsequent trimesters. Methods In a group of healthy, non-smoking pregnant women with no known risks of adverse birth outcomes, personal exposure to eight airborne PAHs was monitored once during the second trimester for the entire cohort (n = 344), and once each trimester within a subset (n = 77). Both air monitoring and self-reported PAH exposure data were used in order to statistically estimate PAH exposure during the entire gestational period for each individual newborn. Results One natural-log unit increase in prenatal exposure to the eight summed PAHs during the first trimester was associated with the largest decrement in the Fetal Growth Ratio (FGR) (−3%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), −5 to −0%), birthweight (−105 g, 95% CI, −188 to −22 g), and birth length (−0.78 cm, 95% CI, −1.30 to −0.26 cm), compared to the unit effects of PAHs during the subsequent trimesters, after accounting for confounders. Furthermore, a unit exposure during the first trimester was associated with the largest elevation in Cephalization Index (head to weight ratio) (3 μm/g, 95% CI, 1 to 5 μm/g). PAH exposure was not associated with evidence of asymmetric growth restriction in this cohort. Conclusion PAH exposure appears to exert the greatest adverse effect on fetal growth during the first trimester. The present data support the need for the protection of pregnant women and the embryo/fetus, particularly during the earliest stage of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunok Choi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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18
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Li Z, Chadalapaka G, Ramesh A, Khoshbouei H, Maguire M, Safe S, Rhoades RE, Clark R, Jules G, McCallister M, Aschner M, Hood DB. PAH particles perturb prenatal processes and phenotypes: protection from deficits in object discrimination afforded by dampening of brain oxidoreductase following in utero exposure to inhaled benzo(a)pyrene. Toxicol Sci 2012; 125:233-47. [PMID: 21987461 PMCID: PMC3243744 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The wild-type (WT) Cpr(lox/lox) (cytochrome P(450) oxidoreductase, Cpr) mouse is an ideal model to assess the contribution of P(450) enzymes to the metabolic activation and disposition of environmental xenobiotics. In the present study, we examined the effect of in utero exposure to benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] aerosol on Sp4 and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent systems as well as a resulting behavioral phenotype (object discrimination) in Cpr offspring. Results from in utero exposure of WT Cpr(lox/lox) mice were compared with in utero exposed brain-Cpr-null offspring mice. Null mice were used as they do not express brain cytochrome P(450)1B1-associated NADPH oxidoreductase (CYP1B1-associated NADPH oxidoreductase), thus reducing their capacity to produce neural B(a)P metabolites. Subsequent to in utero (E14-E17) exposure to B(a)P (100 μg/m(3)), Cpr(lox/lox) offspring exhibited: (1) elevated B(a)P metabolite and F(2)-isoprostane neocortical tissue burdens, (2) elevated concentrations of cortical glutamate, (3) premature developmental expression of Sp4, (4) decreased subunit ratios of NR2B:NR2A, and (5) deficits in a novelty discrimination phenotype monitored to in utero exposed brain-Cpr-null offspring. Collectively, these findings suggest that in situ generation of metabolites by CYP1B1-associated NADPH oxidoreductase promotes negative effects on NMDA-mediated signaling processes during the period when synapses are first forming as well as effects on a subsequent behavioral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Gayathri Chadalapaka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4466
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas 77030-3303
| | | | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Mark Maguire
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4466
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas 77030-3303
| | - Raina E. Rhoades
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Ryan Clark
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - George Jules
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Pharmacology, Center in Molecular Toxicology and Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Darryl B. Hood
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
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19
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Guxens M, Sunyer J. A review of epidemiological studies on neuropsychological effects of air pollution. Swiss Med Wkly 2012; 142:w13322. [DOI: 10.57187/smw.2012.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to provide an update of the epidemiological evidence of the effects of air pollution on neuropsychological development and impairment, as well as of the evidence on individual susceptibility to these effects. Animal studies have shown deposition of ultrafine particles containing metals in olfactory bulb and frontal cortical and subcortical areas, and overexpression of inflammatory responses, white matter lesions and vascular pathology in these areas that could be the basis for functional and structural brain effects. Several observational studies in the general population have observed cognitive deficits and behavioural impairment in children and the elderly. These effects, however, are not conclusive given the limited number of studies, their small size and their methodological constraints.
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20
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Diggs DL, Huderson AC, Harris KL, Myers JN, Banks LD, Rekhadevi PV, Niaz MS, Ramesh A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and digestive tract cancers: a perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2011; 29:324-57. [PMID: 22107166 PMCID: PMC3247201 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2011.629974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancers of the colon are most common in the Western world. In majority of these cases, there is no familial history and sporadic gene damage seems to play an important role in the development of tumors in the colon. Studies have shown that environmental factors, especially diet, play an important role in susceptibility to gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers. Consequently, environmental chemicals that contaminate food or diet during preparation become important in the development of GI cancers. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one such family of ubiquitous environmental toxicants. These pollutants enter the human body through consumption of contaminated food, drinking water, inhalation of cigarette smoke, automobile exhausts, and contaminated air from occupational settings. Among these pathways, dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Although many reviews and books on PAHs and their ability to cause toxicity and breast or lung cancer have been published, aspects on contribution of diet, smoking and other factors toward development of digestive tract cancers, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to PAHs have received much less attention. This review, therefore, focuses on dietary intake of PAHs in humans, animal models, and cell cultures used for GI cancer studies along with epidemiological findings. Bioavailability and biotransformation processes, which influence the disposition of PAHs in body and the underlying causative mechanisms of GI cancers, are also discussed. The existing data gaps and scope for future studies is also emphasized. This information is expected to stimulate research on mechanisms of sporadic GI cancers caused by exposure to environmental carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deacqunita L. Diggs
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Ashley C. Huderson
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Kelly L. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Jeremy N. Myers
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Leah D. Banks
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Perumalla V. Rekhadevi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Mohammad S. Niaz
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Aramandla Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208
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21
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Sheng L, Ding X, Ferguson M, McCallister M, Rhoades R, Maguire M, Ramesh A, Aschner M, Campbell D, Levitt P, Hood DB. Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure leads to behavioral deficits and downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinase, MET. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:625-34. [PMID: 20889680 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene by environment interactions (G × E) are thought to underlie neurodevelopmental disorder, etiology, neurodegenerative disorders, including the multiple forms of autism spectrum disorder. However, there is limited biological information, indicating an interaction between specific genes and environmental components. The present study focuses on a major component of airborne pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], which negatively impacts cognitive development in children who have been exposed in utero. In our study, prenatal exposure of Cpr(lox/lox) timed-pregnant dams to B(a)P (0, 150, 300, and 600 μg/kg body weight via oral gavage) on embryonic day (E14-E17) consistent with our susceptibility-exposure paradigm was combined with the analysis of a replicated autism risk gene, the receptor tyrosine kinase, Met. The results demonstrate a dose-dependent increase in B(a)P metabolite generation in B(a)P-exposed Cpr(lox/lox) offspring. Additionally, a sustained persistence of hydroxy metabolites during the onset of synapse formation was noted, corresponding to the peak of Met expression. Prenatal B(a)P exposure also downregulated Met RNA and protein levels and dysregulated normal temporal patterns of expression during synaptogenesis. Consistent with these data, transcriptional cell-based assays demonstrated that B(a)P exposure directly reduces human MET promoter activity. Furthermore, a functional readout of in utero B(a)P exposure showed a robust reduction in novel object discrimination in B(a)P-exposed Cpr(lox/lox) offspring. These results confirm the notion that common pollutants, such as the PAH B(a)P, can have a direct negative impact on the regulated developmental expression of an autism risk gene with associated negative behavioral learning and memory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Sheng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
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