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von Schmalensee L, Süess P, Roberts KT, Gotthard K, Lehmann P. A quantitative model of temperature-dependent diapause progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2407057121. [PMID: 39196619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2407057121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Winter diapause in insects is commonly terminated through cold exposure, which, like vernalization in plants, prevents development before spring arrives. Currently, quantitative understanding of the temperature dependence of diapause termination is limited, likely because diapause phenotypes are generally cryptic to human eyes. We introduce a methodology to tackle this challenge. By consecutively moving butterfly pupae of the species Pieris napi from several different cold conditions to 20 °C, we show that diapause termination proceeds as a temperature-dependent rate process, with maximal rates at relatively cold temperatures and low rates at warm and extremely cold temperatures. Further, we show that the resulting thermal reaction norm can predict P. napi diapause termination timing under variable temperatures. Last, we show that once diapause is terminated in P. napi, subsequent development follows a typical thermal performance curve, with a maximal development rate at around 31 °C and a minimum at around 2 °C. The sequence of these thermally distinct processes (diapause termination and postdiapause development) facilitates synchronous spring eclosion in nature; cold microclimates where diapause progresses quickly do not promote fast postdiapause development, allowing individuals in warmer winter microclimates to catch up, and vice versa. The unveiling of diapause termination as one temperature-dependent rate process among others promotes a parsimonious, quantitative, and predictive model, wherein winter diapause functions both as an adaptation against premature development during fall and winter and for synchrony in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loke von Schmalensee
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- RT4, Climate, Ecosystems and Biodiversity, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Philip Süess
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- RT4, Climate, Ecosystems and Biodiversity, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
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2
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Toxopeus J, Dowle EJ, Andaloori L, Ragland GJ. Variation in Thermal Sensitivity of Diapause Development among Individuals and over Time Predicts Life History Timing in a Univoltine Insect. Am Nat 2024; 203:E200-E217. [PMID: 38781522 DOI: 10.1086/729515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
AbstractPhysiological time is important for understanding the development and seasonal timing of ectothermic animals but has largely been applied to developmental processes that occur during spring and summer, such as morphogenesis. There is a substantial knowledge gap in the relationship between temperature and development during winter, a season that is increasingly impacted by climate change. Most temperate insects overwinter in diapause, a developmental process with little obvious morphological change. We used principles from the physiological time literature to measure and model the thermal sensitivity of diapause development rate in the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella, a univoltine fly whose diapause duration varies substantially within and among populations. We show that diapause duration can be predicted by modeling a relationship between temperature and development rate that is shifted toward lower temperatures compared with typical models of morphogenic, nondiapause development. However, incorporating interindividual variation and ontogenetic variation in the temperature-to-development rate relationship was critical for accurately predicting fly emergence, as diapause development proceeded more quickly at high temperatures later in diapause. We conclude that the conceptual framework may be flexibly applied to other insects and discuss possible mechanisms of diapause timers and implications for phenology with warming winters.
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Roe AD, Wardlaw AA, Butterson S, Marshall KE. Diapause survival requires a temperature-sensitive preparatory period. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 5:100073. [PMID: 38371385 PMCID: PMC10869763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Diapause is a form of internally-controlled dormancy that allows insects to avoid stressful conditions and periods of low food availability. Eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens), like many cold-adapted insects, enter diapause well in advance of winter conditions, thus exposing them to elevated temperatures during fall that can deplete energy stores and impact post-diapause survival. We explored the impact of fall conditions on C. fumiferana by manipulating the length of the fall period and exposure temperatures during the diapause initiation phase of second instar larvae in a factorial design. We exposed second instar larvae to four fall temperatures (10, 15, 20, and 25°C) and five exposure times (1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks) prior to standardized diapause conditions. We measured metabolites (glycogen, glycerol, and protein) prior to and during diapause for a subset of individuals. We also measured post-diapause survival by quantifying emergence following diapause conditions for a subset of individuals. We found that long, warm fall conditions depleted glycogen content and lowered post-diapause survival. We also found that short, cool conditions impacted post-diapause survival, although glycogen content remained high. Our results showed that fall conditions have substantial fitness consequences to overwintering insects. Optimal fall conditions struck a balance between exposure time and temperature. Our findings point to a potentially adaptive reason for early diapause onset: that an undescribed, but temperature-sensitive process is occurring in C. fumiferana larvae during the diapause initiation period that is essential for overwintering survival and successful post-diapause emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Roe
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5
| | - Ashlyn A Wardlaw
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5
| | - Skye Butterson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4
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Süess P, Roberts KT, Lehmann P. Temperature dependence of gas exchange patterns shift as diapause progresses in the butterfly Pieris napi. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 151:104585. [PMID: 37977342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Insects have the capacity to significantly modify their metabolic rate according to environmental conditions and physiological requirement. Consequently, the respiratory patterns can range from continuous gas exchange (CGE) to discontinuous gas exchange (DGE). In the latter, spiracles are kept closed during much of the time, and gas exchange occurs only during short periods when spiracles are opened. While ultimate causes and benefits of DGE remain debated, it is often seen during insect diapause, a deep resting stage that insects induce to survive unfavourable environmental conditions, such as winter. The present study explores the shifts between CGE and DGE during diapause by performing long continuous respirometry measurements at multiple temperatures during key diapause stages in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi. The primary goal is to explore respiratory pattern as a non-invasive method to assess whether pupae are in diapause or have transitioned to post-diapause. Respiratory pattern can also provide insight into endogenous processes taking place during diapause, and the prolonged duration of diapause allows for the detailed study of the thermal dependence of the DGE pattern. Pupae change from CGE to DGE a few days after pupation, and this shift coincides with metabolic rate suppression during diapause initiation. Once in diapause, pupae maintain DGE even at elevated temperatures that significantly increase CO2 production. Instead of shifting respiratory pattern to CGE, pupae increase the frequency of DGE cycles. Since total CO2 released during a single open phase remains unchanged, our results suggest that P. napi pupae defend a maximum internal ρCO2 set point, even in their heavily suppressed diapause state. During post-diapause development, CO2 production increases as a function of development and changes to CGE during temperature conditions permissive for development. Taken together, the results show that respiratory patterns are highly regulated during diapause in P. napi and change predictably as diapause progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Süess
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden; Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Durak R, Materowska M, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Bartoszewski S. Two distinct aphid diapause strategies: slow development or development arrest. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 150:104569. [PMID: 37734703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Aphids adapt to unfavourable environmental conditions, such as low temperatures in winter, by laying diapausing eggs that overwinter. Diapause is a stress-resistant and developmentally arrested stage that can be adopted in order to increase the chance of survival in adverse environmental conditions. The diapause process of aphids is still very poorly understood. We followed the development of two species of aphids, Brachycorynella asparagi and Appendiseta robiniae, using the immunostained embryos of the aphids to identify mitotic cell divisions. Two different models of aphid diapause were demonstrated for the first time. In the first strategy, the embryo developed continuously during winter diapause, while in the second case, there was an embryonic arrest. The possibility of slow development of the whole body during diapause is a characteristic feature of aphids. The link to the plant's phenology appears to be a key factor in determining the diapause strategy in aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Durak
- Institute of Biology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Martyna Materowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 159, PL-60-594 Poland
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Ortis G, Marini L, Cavaletto G, Mazzon L. Increasing temperatures affect multiyear life cycle of the outbreak bush-cricket Barbitistes vicetinus (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:530-538. [PMID: 35758173 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although outbreaks of rare species are unusual, several insect species have become emerging pests probably due to the ongoing environmental changes. Barbitistes vicetinus was first described in 1993 as an endemic bush-cricket of north-east Italy and was considered rare until 2008, when it became an established pest, causing severe damages to forests and crops. The possible role of temperature in changing its life cycle has still to be fully understood. Here, we explored the effect of summer temperature on egg diapause and the effect of winter temperature on egg survival. Field observations showed that the proportion of embryos that can complete development at the end of summer ranged from zero to nearly 90% depending on summer temperatures. A substantial shift in the rate of development from 20% to nearly 80% occurred in a thermal range of about 1 °C. On the contrary, overwinter egg survival was high and constant (90%) across a wide range of winter temperatures that go well beyond both the cold and warm thermal limits of the current species range. Overall, the results suggest a potential key role of summer temperature warming on the outbreak propensity of this species that is able to switch from a multiyear to an annual life cycle with just a 1-2 °C warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Ortis
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cavaletto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luca Mazzon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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Numata H, Shintani Y. Diapause in Univoltine and Semivoltine Life Cycles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:257-276. [PMID: 36198404 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although it is generally more adaptive for insects to produce additional generations than to have longer life cycles, some insects produce one or fewer generations per year (univoltine or semivoltine life cycles, respectively). Some insects with the potential to produce multiple generations per year produce a univoltine life cycle in response to environmental conditions. Obligatory univoltine insects have a single long diapause or multiple diapauses in different seasons. Semivoltine insects have multiple diapauses in different years, a prolonged diapause for more than a year, or diapause controlled by a circannual rhythm. Diapause in these insects greatly varies among species both in the physiological mechanism and in the evolutionary background, and there is no general rule defining it. In this review, we survey the physiological control of univoltine and semivoltine insects' diapause and discuss the adaptive significance of the long life cycles. Although constraints such as slow development are sometimes responsible for these life cycles, the benefits of these life cycles can be explained by bet-hedging in many cases. We also discuss the effect of climate warming on these life cycles as a future area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Numata
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Yoshinori Shintani
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Environmental and Horticultural Sciences, Minami Kyushu University, Miyakonojo, Japan;
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Süess P, Dircksen H, Roberts KT, Gotthard K, Nässel DR, Wheat CW, Carlsson MA, Lehmann P. Time- and temperature-dependent dynamics of prothoracicotropic hormone and ecdysone sensitivity co-regulate pupal diapause in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 149:103833. [PMID: 36084800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diapause, a general shutdown of developmental pathways, is a vital adaptation allowing insects to adjust their life cycle to adverse environmental conditions such as winter. Diapause in the pupal stage is regulated by the major developmental hormones prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) and ecdysone. Termination of pupal diapause in the butterfly Pieris napi depends on low temperatures; therefore, we study the temperature-dependence of PTTH secretion and ecdysone sensitivity dynamics throughout diapause, with a focus on diapause termination. While PTTH is present throughout diapause in the cell bodies of two pairs of neurosecretory cells in the brain, it is absent in the axons, and the PTTH concentration in the haemolymph is significantly lower during diapause than during post diapause development, indicating that the PTTH signaling is reduced during diapause. The sensitivity of pupae to ecdysone injections is dependent on diapause stage. While pupae are sensitive to ecdysone during early diapause initiation, they gradually lose this sensitivity and become insensitive to non-lethal concentrations of ecdysone about 30 days into diapause. At low temperatures, reflecting natural overwintering conditions, diapause termination propensity after ecdysone injection is precocious compared to controls. In stark contrast, at high temperatures reflecting late summer and early autumn conditions, sensitivity to ecdysone does not return. Thus, here we show that PTTH secretion is reduced during diapause, and additionally, that the low ecdysone sensitivity of early diapause maintenance is lost during termination in a temperature dependent manner. The link between ecdysone sensitivity and low-temperature dependence reveals a putative mechanism of how diapause termination operates in insects that is in line with adaptive expectations for diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Süess
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden.
| | - Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | - Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael A Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden; Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Yu N, Zhang X. Discrete stage-structured tick population dynamical system with diapause and control. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:12981-13006. [PMID: 36654031 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A discrete stage-structured tick population dynamical system with diapause is studied, and spraying acaricides as the control strategy is considered in detail. We stratify vector populations in terms of their maturity status as immature and mature subgroups. The immature subgroup is divided into two categories: normal immature and diapause immature. We compute the net reproduction number $ R_0 $ and perform a qualitative analysis. When $ R_0 < 1 $, the global asymptotic stability of tick-free fixed point is well proved by the inherent projection matrix; there exists a unique coexistence fixed point and the conditions for its asymptotic stability are obtained if and only if $ R_0 > 1; $ the model has transcritical bifurcation if $ R_0 = 1. $ Moreover, we calculate the net reproduction numbers of the model with constant spraying acaricides and periodic spraying acaricides, respectively, and compare the effects of the two methods on controlling tick populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yu
- Department of Mathematics, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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Takeda M, Suzuki T. Circadian and Neuroendocrine Basis of Photoperiodism Controlling Diapause in Insects and Mites: A Review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:867621. [PMID: 35812309 PMCID: PMC9257128 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.867621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoperiodic system is concealed in the highly complex black-box, comprising four functional subunits: 1) a photo/thermo-sensitive input unit, 2) a photoperiodic clock based on a circadian system, 3) a condenser unit counting the number of inductive signals, and 4) a neuroendocrine switch that triggers a phenotypic shift. This review aims to summarize the research history and current reach of our understanding on this subject to connect it with the molecular mechanism of the circadian clock rapidly being unveiled. The review also focuses on the mode of intersubunit information transduction. It will scan the recent advancement in research on each functional subunit, but special attention will be given to the circadian clock–endocrine conjunct and the role of melatonin signaling in the regulation of insect photoperiodism. Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) probably plays the most crucial role in the regulation of pupal diapause, which is the simplest model system of diapause regulation by hormones investigated so far, particularly in the Chinese oak silkmoth (Antheraea pernyi). A search for the trigger to release the PTTH found some candidates, that is, indoleamines. Indolamine metabolism is controlled by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (aaNAT). Indolamine dynamics and aaNAT enzymatic activity changed according to photoperiods. aaNAT activity and melatonin content in the brain showed not only a photoperiodic response but also a circadian fluctuation. aaNAT had multiple E-boxes, suggesting that it is a clock-controlled gene (ccg), which implies that cycle (cyc, or brain–muscle Arnt-like 1 = Bmal1)/Clock (Clk) heterodimer binds to E-box and stimulates the transcription of aaNAT, which causes the synthesis of melatonin. RNAi against transcription modulators, cyc, or Clk downregulated aaNAT transcription, while RNAi against repressor of cyc/Clk, per upregulated aaNAT transcription. Immunohistochemical localization showed that the circadian neurons carry epitopes of melatonin-producing elements such as aaNAT, the precursor serotonin, HIOMT, and melatonin as well as clock gene products such as cyc-ir, Per-ir, and dbt-ir, while PTTH-producing neurons juxtaposed against the clock neurons showed hMT2-ir in A. pernyi brain. Melatonin probably binds to the putative melatonin receptor (MT) that stimulates Ca2+ influx, which in turn activates PKC. This induces Rab 8 phosphorylation and exocytosis of PTTH, leading to termination of diapause. All the PTTH-expressing neurons have PKC-ir, and Rab8-ir. When diapause is induced and maintained under short days, serotonin binding to 5HTR1B suppresses PTTH release in a yet unknown way. RNAi against this receptor knocked out photoperiodism; short day response is blocked and diapause was terminated even under the short day condition. The result showed that a relatively simple system controls both induction and termination in pupal diapause of A. pernyi: the circadian system regulates the transcription of aaNAT as a binary switch, the enzyme produces a melatonin rhythm that gates PTTH release, and 5HTR1B and MT are probably also under photoperiodic regulation. Finally, we listed the remaining riddles which need to be resolved, to fully understand this highly complex system in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makio Takeda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- *Correspondence: Makio Takeda,
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Chovsepian A, Berchtold D, Winek K, Mamrak U, Ramírez Álvarez I, Dening Y, Golubczyk D, Weitbrecht L, Dames C, Aillery M, Fernandez‐Sanz C, Gajewski Z, Dieterich M, Janowski M, Falkai P, Walczak P, Plesnila N, Meisel A, Pan‐Montojo F. A Primeval Mechanism of Tolerance to Desiccation Based on Glycolic Acid Saves Neurons in Mammals from Ischemia by Reducing Intracellular Calcium-Mediated Excitotoxicity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103265. [PMID: 34904402 PMCID: PMC8811841 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatments, such as pharmacological thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, reopen occluded arteries but do not protect against ischemia-induced damage that occurs before reperfusion or neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion. It has been shown that disrupting the conversion of glyoxal to glycolic acid (GA) results in a decreased tolerance to anhydrobiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva and that GA itself can rescue this phenotype. During the process of desiccation/rehydration, a metabolic stop/start similar to the one observed during ischemia/reperfusion occurs. In this study, the protective effect of GA is tested in different ischemia models, i.e., in commonly used stroke models in mice and swine. The results show that GA, given during reperfusion, strongly protects against ischemic damage and improves functional outcome. Evidence that GA exerts its effect by counteracting the glutamate-dependent increase in intracellular calcium during excitotoxicity is provided. These results suggest that GA treatment has the potential to reduce mortality and disability in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chovsepian
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalNussbaumstrasse. 780336MunichGermany
| | - Daniel Berchtold
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
| | - Katarzyna Winek
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
- Present address:
Present address: Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Uta Mamrak
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke ResearchInstitute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD)University of Munich Medical CenterFeodor‐Lynen‐Strasse 1781377MunichGermany
| | - Inés Ramírez Álvarez
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
| | - Yanina Dening
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalNussbaumstrasse. 780336MunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
| | | | - Luis Weitbrecht
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
| | - Claudia Dames
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
| | - Marine Aillery
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
- Present address:
Present address: SeppicÎle‐de‐FranceLa Garenne‐Colombes92250France
| | - Celia Fernandez‐Sanz
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
- Present address:
Present address: Center for Translational MedicineDepartment of MedicineThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPA19107USA
| | - Zdzislaw Gajewski
- Center for Translational MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsaw02‐787Poland
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Program in Image Guided NeurointerventionsDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201USA
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalNussbaumstrasse. 780336MunichGermany
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Program in Image Guided NeurointerventionsDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201USA
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke ResearchInstitute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD)University of Munich Medical CenterFeodor‐Lynen‐Strasse 1781377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of NeurologyNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCenter for Stroke ResearchCharité University MedicineCharitéplatz 110117BerlinGermany
| | - Francisco Pan‐Montojo
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalNussbaumstrasse. 780336MunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilian University HospitalMarchioninstrasse. 1581377MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilian University Munich81377MunichGermany
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12
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Escape-hatching decisions show adaptive ontogenetic changes in how embryos manage ambiguity in predation risk cues. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Xiang M, Zhang HZ, Jing XY, Wang MQ, Mao JJ, Li YY, Zang LS, Zhang LS. Sequencing, Expression, and Functional Analyses of Four Genes Related to Fatty Acid Biosynthesis During the Diapause Process in the Female Ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata L. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706032. [PMID: 34489726 PMCID: PMC8417001 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ladybird Coccinella septempunctata L., a predatory insect, serves as an excellent biological control agent against common agricultural pests. It undergoes a diapause phenomenon, during which a large amount of fat accumulates in the abdomen. A comprehensive analysis of this lipid accumulation can reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying diapause regulation, which can be exploited to improve the shipping and transport of the insect for agricultural applications. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of C. septempunctata during non-diapause, diapause, and post-diapause and screened four key genes related to lipid metabolism. The cDNA of these four relevant enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase (ACSL), elongase of very-long-chain fatty acids (ELO), and very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase (KAR), were cloned using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Their expression profiles were analyzed during the preparation and maintenance phases of diapause and the post-diapause phase. The functions of these four key enzymes in diapause were further verified using RNA interference. All four genes were most closely related to the homeotic gene from Tribolium castaneum. The expression profiles of these four genes were significantly affected under diapause-inducing conditions; their expression level was the highest in the diapause preparation phase, and it gradually decreased with the diapause induction time. RNA interference showed that the target genes play important roles in fat storage during early diapause, and the decrease in their expression leads to a decrease in lipid content in C. septempunctata. These results indicate an important role of ACC, ACSL, ELO, and KAR in lipid accumulation. Our findings could help elucidate the production and accumulation of lipids by insects during the preparation for diapause and improve biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xiao-Yu Jing
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng-Qing Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Mao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Yan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Bandara K, Varpe Ø, Wijewardene L, Tverberg V, Eiane K. Two hundred years of zooplankton vertical migration research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1547-1589. [PMID: 33942990 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vertical migration is a geographically and taxonomically widespread behaviour among zooplankton that spans across diel and seasonal timescales. The shorter-term diel vertical migration (DVM) has a periodicity of up to 1 day and was first described by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1817. In 1888, the German marine biologist Carl Chun described the longer-term seasonal vertical migration (SVM), which has a periodicity of ca. 1 year. The proximate control and adaptive significance of DVM have been extensively studied and are well understood. DVM is generally a behaviour controlled by ambient irradiance, which allows herbivorous zooplankton to feed in food-rich shallower waters during the night when light-dependent (visual) predation risk is minimal and take refuge in deeper, darker waters during daytime. However, DVMs of herbivorous zooplankton are followed by their predators, producing complex predator-prey patterns that may be traced across multiple trophic levels. In contrast to DVM, SVM research is relatively young and its causes and consequences are less well understood. During periods of seasonal environmental deterioration, SVM allows zooplankton to evacuate shallower waters seasonally and take refuge in deeper waters often in a state of dormancy. Both DVM and SVM play a significant role in the vertical transport of organic carbon to deeper waters (biological carbon sequestration), and hence in the buffering of global climate change. Although many animal migrations are expected to change under future climate scenarios, little is known about the potential implications of global climate change on zooplankton vertical migrations and its impact on the biological carbon sequestration process. Further, the combined influence of DVM and SVM in determining zooplankton fitness and maintenance of their horizontal (geographic) distributions is not well understood. The contrasting spatial (deep versus shallow) and temporal (diel versus seasonal) scales over which these two migrations occur lead to challenges in studying them at higher spatial, temporal and biological resolution and coverage. Extending the largely population-based vertical migration knowledge base to individual-based studies will be an important way forward. While tracking individual zooplankton in their natural habitats remains a major challenge, conducting trophic-scale, high-resolution, year-round studies that utilise emerging field sampling and observation techniques, molecular genetic tools and computational hardware and software will be the best solution to improve our understanding of zooplankton vertical migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Bandara
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Biosciences and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lishani Wijewardene
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vigdis Tverberg
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Ketil Eiane
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
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15
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Fyie LR, Gardiner MM, Meuti ME. Artificial light at night alters the seasonal responses of biting mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 129:104194. [PMID: 33482172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban light pollution caused by artificial light at night (ALAN) profoundly affects the ecology, behavior, and physiology of plants and animals. Further, this widespread environmental pollutant has the potential to negatively impact human and animal health by changing the seasonal dynamics of disease-transmitting insects. In response to short days, females of the Northern house mosquito enter an overwintering dormancy, or diapause. While in diapause, female mosquitoes divert energy away from reproduction, cease blood-feeding, and no longer transmit disease. We demonstrate that exposure to dim ALAN (~4 lx) causes female mosquitoes to avert diapause and become reproductively active, as these females acquired less fat content, developed larger egg follicles, imbibed vertebrate blood, and produced viable eggs and larvae. Our findings suggest that mosquitoes in highly light-polluted areas such as cities may be actively reproducing and biting later in the season, thereby extending the period of disease risk for urban residents. Our results suggest that ALAN should be considered when modeling mosquito abundance, disease risk, and when deciding how long mosquito surveillance and control should persist in temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia R Fyie
- The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Mary M Gardiner
- The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Megan E Meuti
- The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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16
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Wilsterman K, Ballinger MA, Williams CM. A unifying, eco‐physiological framework for animal dormancy. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wilsterman
- Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
- Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley CA USA
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17
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Jacquier L, Doums C, Four-Chaboussant A, Peronnet R, Tirard C, Molet M. Urban colonies are more resistant to a trace metal than their forest counterparts in the ant Temnothorax nylanderi. Urban Ecosyst 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Dowle EJ, Powell THQ, Doellman MM, Meyers PJ, Calvert MB, Walden KKO, Robertson HM, Berlocher SH, Feder JL, Hahn DA, Ragland GJ. Genome-wide variation and transcriptional changes in diverse developmental processes underlie the rapid evolution of seasonal adaptation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23960-23969. [PMID: 32900926 PMCID: PMC7519392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002357117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms enter a dormant state in their life cycle to deal with predictable changes in environments over the course of a year. The timing of dormancy is therefore a key seasonal adaptation, and it evolves rapidly with changing environments. We tested the hypothesis that differences in the timing of seasonal activity are driven by differences in the rate of development during diapause in Rhagoletis pomonella, a fly specialized to feed on fruits of seasonally limited host plants. Transcriptomes from the central nervous system across a time series during diapause show consistent and progressive changes in transcripts participating in diverse developmental processes, despite a lack of gross morphological change. Moreover, population genomic analyses suggested that many genes of small effect enriched in developmental functional categories underlie variation in dormancy timing and overlap with gene sets associated with development rate in Drosophila melanogaster Our transcriptional data also suggested that a recent evolutionary shift from a seasonally late to a seasonally early host plant drove more rapid development during diapause in the early fly population. Moreover, genetic variants that diverged during the evolutionary shift were also enriched in putative cis regulatory regions of genes differentially expressed during diapause development. Overall, our data suggest polygenic variation in the rate of developmental progression during diapause contributes to the evolution of seasonality in R. pomonella We further discuss patterns that suggest hourglass-like developmental divergence early and late in diapause development and an important role for hub genes in the evolution of transcriptional divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina J Dowle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217;
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, 9016 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University-State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Peter J Meyers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - McCall B Calvert
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217
| | - Kimberly K O Walden
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Stewart H Berlocher
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217;
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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19
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Powell THQ, Nguyen A, Xia Q, Feder JL, Ragland GJ, Hahn DA. A rapidly evolved shift in life‐history timing during ecological speciation is driven by the transition between developmental phases. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1371-1386. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Q. Powell
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University (State University of New York) Binghamton New York USA
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Qinwen Xia
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana USA
| | - Gregory J. Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver Denver Colorado USA
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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20
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Batz ZA, Clemento AJ, Fritzenwanker J, Ring TJ, Garza JC, Armbruster PA. Rapid adaptive evolution of the diapause program during range expansion of an invasive mosquito. Evolution 2020; 74:1451-1465. [PMID: 32490563 PMCID: PMC8023039 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In temperate climates, the recurring seasonal exigencies of winter represent a fundamental physiological challenge for a wide range of organisms. In response, many temperate insects enter diapause, an alternative developmental program, including developmental arrest, that allows organisms to synchronize their life cycle with seasonal environmental variation. Geographic variation in diapause phenology contributing to local climatic adaptation is well documented. However, few studies have examined how the rapid evolution of a suite of traits expressed across the diapause program may contribute to climatic adaptation on a contemporary timescale. Here, we investigate the evolution of the diapause program over the past 35 years by leveraging a "natural experiment" presented by the recent invasion of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, across the eastern United States. We sampled populations from two distinct climatic regions separated by 6° of latitude (∼700 km). Using common-garden experiments, we identified regional genetic divergence in diapause-associated cold tolerance, diapause duration, and postdiapause starvation tolerance. We also found regional divergence in nondiapause thermal performance. In contrast, we observed minimal regional divergence in nondiapause larval growth traits and at neutral molecular marker loci. Our results demonstrate rapid evolution of the diapause program and imply strong selection caused by differences in winter conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Batz
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDC20057
- Current Address: Neurobiology‐Neurodegeneration and Repair LaboratoryNational Eye Institute, National Institute of Health6 Center Drive, Room 307BethesdaMaryland20892
| | - Anthony J. Clemento
- Department of Ocean SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia95064
| | | | | | - John Carlos Garza
- Institute of Marine SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia95064
- Department of Ocean SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia95064
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21
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Durak R, Dampc J, Dampc J, Bartoszewski S, Michalik A. Uninterrupted Development of Two Aphid Species Belonging to Cinara Genus during Winter Diapause. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030150. [PMID: 32121261 PMCID: PMC7143459 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aphids are herbivores carrying the status of major pests for crops and ornamental plants. The many specific biological features of aphids allow them to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. As for other insects, a predominant strategy for aphids surviving winter, is laying diapausing eggs. During diapause, the expression of development may vary between species. Most of the insects stop growing during diapause; however, there is limited information about this process. We immunostained the embryos of aphids in order to detect cell division during diapause. Here, for the first time, we present that two species of aphids belonging to Cinara grow and develop throughout the duration of the winter diapause. Our results showed that the “resting stage” does not occur in embryos of these aphid species. The embryo of C. cupressi and C. juniperi undergoes a type of diapause, with slow growth. It seems that this feature is conducive to the rapid development of embryos in the egg, which may be another specific feature for aphid biology of overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Durak
- Department of Experimental Biology and Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Dampc
- Department of Experimental Biology and Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Jagoda Dampc
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Rzeszów, Rejtana 16c, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Bartoszewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
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22
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Costa CP, Duennes MA, Fisher K, Der JP, Watrous KM, Okamoto N, Yamanaka N, Woodard SH. Transcriptome analysis reveals nutrition‐ and age‐related patterns of gene expression in the fat body of pre‐overwintering bumble bee queens. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:720-737. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaleigh Fisher
- Department of Entomology University of California Riverside CA USA
| | - Joshua P. Der
- Department of Biological Science California State University Fullerton CA USA
| | | | - Naoki Okamoto
- Department of Entomology University of California Riverside CA USA
| | - Naoki Yamanaka
- Department of Entomology University of California Riverside CA USA
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23
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Ramírez-Soria MJ, Wäckers F, Sanchez JA. When natural enemies go to sleep: diapause induction and termination in the pear psyllid predator Pilophorus gallicus (Hemiptera: Miridae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:3293-3301. [PMID: 31006973 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pilophorus gallicus can establish resident populations in orchards by entering diapause in winter. We studied diapause induction and termination to predict seasonal activity and improve its management in IPM programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ramírez-Soria
- Department of Biological Pest Control and Ecosystemic Services, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario - IMIDA), Murcia, Spain
- Biobest Belgium N.V, Westerlo, Belgium
| | | | - Juan A Sanchez
- Department of Biological Pest Control and Ecosystemic Services, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario - IMIDA), Murcia, Spain
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24
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Shimazaki S, Ullah MS, Gotoh T. Seasonal occurrence and development of three closely related Oligonychus species (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their associated natural enemies on fagaceous trees. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:47-68. [PMID: 31388896 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We compared the life cycles and diapause attributes among three closely related spider mites, Oligonychus castaneae on Castanea crenata, and O. gotohi and O. amiensis on Lithocarpus edulis. The lower thermal thresholds from egg to egg were 10.5, 8.5 and 8.9 °C, respectively, and the thermal constants were 177.8, 229.5 and 232.5 degree-days, respectively. The cumulative hatching rates of diapause eggs of O. castaneae and O. gotohi increased as the season progressed in and after early-to-mid January, which indicates diapause termination. In contrast, O. amiensis showed higher hatching rates in December and January, but hatchability gradually decreased in and after February because some of the eggs died from the cold. Oligonychus castaneae and O. gotohi females produced diapause eggs in response to the short photoperiod in late September to early October and in early-to-late October, respectively, which corresponded to the times predicted by the critical photoperiods (at 15 °C) of 12 h 15 min and 11 h 15 min for the respective species. Oligonychus castaneae showed at least a single population peak over the 3-year observation period, but the time of peak population varied from mid-July to mid-September. The population of O. gotohi was higher between November and May when diapause eggs were present on host plants in early winter and the first-generation females laid eggs on leaves in spring. The population of O. amiensis, which is a non-diapause species, was only high between September and December, because eggs were laid on leaves in autumn to winter and then gradually disappeared and/or died during winter. Natural enemies were observed as the number of spider mites declined, and the density suppression effect by natural enemies was confirmed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimazaki
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - M S Ullah
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Acarology, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - T Gotoh
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
- Faculty of Economics, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki, Ibaraki, 301-8555, Japan.
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25
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Green DA, Kronforst MR. Monarch butterflies use an environmentally sensitive, internal timer to control overwintering dynamics. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3642-3655. [PMID: 31338928 PMCID: PMC6834359 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) complements its iconic migration with diapause, a hormonally controlled developmental programme that contributes to winter survival at overwintering sites. Although timing is a critical adaptive feature of diapause, how environmental cues are integrated with genetically-determined physiological mechanisms to time diapause development, particularly termination, is not well understood. In a design that subjected western North American monarchs to different environmental chamber conditions over time, we modularized constituent components of an environmentally-controlled, internal diapause termination timer. Using comparative transcriptomics, we identified molecular controllers of these specific diapause termination components. Calcium signalling mediated environmental sensitivity of the diapause timer, and we speculate that it is a key integrator of environmental condition (cold temperature) with downstream hormonal control of diapause. Juvenile hormone (JH) signalling changed spontaneously in diapause-inducing conditions, capacitating response to future environmental condition. Although JH is a major target of the internal timer, it is not itself the timer. Epigenetic mechanisms are implicated to be the proximate timing mechanism. Ecdysteroid, JH, and insulin/insulin-like peptide signalling are major targets of the diapause programme used to control response to permissive environmental conditions. Understanding the environmental and physiological mechanisms of diapause termination sheds light on fundamental properties of biological timing, and also helps inform expectations for how monarch populations may respond to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delbert A. Green
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Chicago. Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Current Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Marcus R. Kronforst
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Chicago. Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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26
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Spurgeon DW, Suh CPC. Termination of Diapause in the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:633-643. [PMID: 30590501 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major pest of cotton (Gossypium spp. (Malvales: Malvaceae)) in Mexico, South America, and South Texas in the United States. The ability of the boll weevil to survive extended cotton-free periods has been key to its persistence as a pest despite intensive control efforts. However, the mechanism facilitating survival has been subject to debate. Whereas adult diapause has long been considered the principal survival mechanism, some authors have characterized the dormancy as a quiescence. We induced dormancy in the weevil and examined whether food type, enforced starvation, or induced flight influenced termination of the dormancy. Providing dormant adult weevils a diet favoring reproduction for 7-14 d prompted a modest termination response in female weevils and virtually no response in males. Some weevils starved ≥21 d resumed reproduction after exposure to a favorable diet, but most weevils remained dormant. Induced flight followed by exposure to a favorable diet prompted >50% of the weevils to terminate the dormancy. Patterns of feeding and oviposition were also useful in interpreting the termination response. These results indicate that the dormancy exhibited by the weevil is a diapause of variable intensity rather than a quiescence. A conceptual model recognizing population heterogeneity in diapause induction and intensity is consistent with reports of host-free survival and accommodates perceived differences in boll weevil ecology among temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. This model provides a framework that will be valuable to research, management, and eradication efforts in the tropics and subtropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Spurgeon
- Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, USDA, ARS, ALARC, Maricopa
| | - Charles P-C Suh
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, USDA, ARS, College Station
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27
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Barragan‐Fonseca KB, Dicke M, van Loon JJ. Influence of larval density and dietary nutrient concentration on performance, body protein, and fat contents of black soldier fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens). ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA 2018; 166:761-770. [PMID: 30449896 PMCID: PMC6221057 DOI: 10.1111/eea.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Performance and body composition of insect larvae depend on quality and quantity of their diet, and on biotic factors such as larval density. We investigated the effect of dietary nutrient concentration and larval rearing density on survival, development, growth, and protein and fat contents of larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Neonate larvae were fed with a low (NC1), intermediate (NC2), or high nutrient concentration (NC3), and with four rearing densities (50, 100, 200, or 400 larvae per container). Two feeding regimes (FR) were tested: in FR1, the amount of diet added during the experiment was based on the visually estimated larval mass present, whereas in FR2, a fixed feeding ration of 0.6 g of food per larva was applied at the start. FR1 resulted in food limitation, resulting in significantly lower body crude protein content on diet NC1 than on NC2 at larval densities 100 and 200. Larval crude fat content was higher on diets with higher nutrient concentration and at lower larval densities. For FR2, development time was shorter on diets with higher nutrient concentration and at lower larval densities. Individual larval weight and total larval yield increased with higher nutrient concentration at all four larval densities. At lower nutrient concentration, higher larval density resulted in higher individual larval weight and total larval yield, revealing an interaction between larval density and dietary quality. Larval crude protein content was higher at lower densities and lower nutrient concentration. Larval crude fat was higher at higher larval densities and nutrient concentrations. This study indicates that larval protein content is regulated within narrow limits, whereas larval crude fat content is strongly affected by nutrient concentration and by larval density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol B. Barragan‐Fonseca
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 166700 AAWageningenThe Netherlands
- Departamento de Producción AnimalFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de ZootecniaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 166700 AAWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joop J.A. van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 166700 AAWageningenThe Netherlands
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Phenotypic Plasticity Promotes Overwintering Survival in A Globally Invasive Crop Pest, Drosophila suzukii. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030105. [PMID: 30134571 PMCID: PMC6164111 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is a major pest of small fruit worldwide in temperate and subtropical growing regions. In Northern climates, D. suzukii likely overwinters locally under leaf litter and snow pack, but our understanding of the factors affecting thermal susceptibility is limited. While previous investigations of thermal susceptibility in this species have employed conventional static acclimation protocols, we aimed to determine whether gradual cooling, or dynamic acclimation, may extend the limits of known thermal tolerance by more closely approximating naturally occurring shifts in temperature. First, we assessed survival among adult and pupal D. suzukii using static acclimation. Then, we re-assessed survival using a novel dynamic acclimation method. We found that while static acclimation was sufficient to induce cold tolerance, dynamic acclimation significantly improved survival at temperatures as low as -7.5 °C. Following static acclimation, the lower lethal limit of adult D. suzukii was -1.1 °C in winter morphotype (WM) adults compared to 1.7 °C in non-acclimated summer morphotype (SM) adults. Dynamic acclimation reduced the lower limit to -5 °C in SM flies. At the end of our study 50% of WM flies survived 72 h at -7.5 °C. Below 0 °C pupal survival declined significantly regardless of acclimation procedure. However, pupal acclimation improved survival outcomes significantly compared to non-acclimated pupae, suggesting that while juvenile diapause is unlikely, cold hardening likely benefits those flies which may develop into the overwintering WM population. These data suggest that the degree of cold hardening is proportional to the thermal environment, a finding previously unrecognized in this species. Given the economic impact of this pest, these data may have important implications for offseason population monitoring and management. We discuss how phenotypic plasticity may drive geographical range expansion, and the impact of climate change on the spread of this species.
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Sundqvist L, Godhe A, Jonsson PR, Sefbom J. The anchoring effect-long-term dormancy and genetic population structure. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2929-2941. [PMID: 30068937 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic structure of populations is key to revealing past and present demographic and evolutionary processes in a species. In the past decade high genetic differentiation has been observed in many microbial species challenging the previous view of cosmopolitan distribution. Populations have displayed high genetic differentiation, even at small spatial scales, despite apparent high dispersal. Numerous species of microalgae have a life-history strategy that includes a long-term resting stage, which can accumulate in sediments and serve as refuge during adverse conditions. It is presently unclear how these seed banks affect the genetic structure of populations in aquatic environments. Here we provide a conceptual framework, using a simple model, to show that long-term resting stages have an anchoring effect on populations leading to increased genetic diversity and population differentiation in the presence of gene flow. The outcome that species with resting stages have a higher degree of genetic differentiation compared to species without, is supported by empirical data obtained from a systematic literature review. With this work we propose that seed banks in aquatic microalgae play an important role in the contradicting patterns of gene flow, and ultimately the adaptive potential and population dynamics in species with long-term resting stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sundqvist
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE, 40530, Sweden
| | - Anna Godhe
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE, 40530, Sweden
| | - Per R Jonsson
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, SE, 45296, Sweden
| | - Josefin Sefbom
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE, 40530, Sweden. .,Department of Biology, Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, Gent, B-9000, Belgium.
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30
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Edwards B, Burghardt LT, Kovach KE, Donohue K. Canalization of Seasonal Phenology in the Presence of Developmental Variation: Seed Dormancy Cycling in an Annual Weed. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:1021-1039. [PMID: 28992196 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in the developmental timing in one life stage may ramify within and across generations to disrupt optimal phenology of other life stages. By focusing on a common mechanism of developmental arrest in plants-seed dormancy-we investigated how variation in flowering time influenced seed germination behavior and identified potential processes that can lead to canalized germination behavior despite variation in reproductive timing. We quantified effects of reproductive timing on dormancy cycling by experimentally manipulating the temperature during seed maturation and the seasonal timing of seed dispersal/burial, and by assessing temperature-dependent germination of un-earthed seeds over a seasonal cycle. We found that reproductive timing, via both seed-maturation temperature and the timing of dispersal, strongly influenced germination behavior in the weeks immediately following seed burial. However, buried seeds subsequently canalized their germination behavior, after losing primary dormancy and experiencing natural temperature and moisture conditions in the field. After the complete loss of primary dormancy, germination behavior was similar across seed-maturation and dispersal treatments, even when secondary dormancy was induced. Maternal effects themselves may contribute to the canalization of germination: first, by inducing stronger dormancy in autumn-matured seeds, and second by modifying the responses of those seeds to their ambient environment. Genotypes differed in dormancy cycling, with functional alleles of known dormancy genes necessary for the suppression of germination at warm temperatures in autumn through spring across multiple years. Loss of function of dormancy genes abolished almost all dormancy cycling. In summary, effects of reproductive phenology on dormancy cycling of buried seeds were apparent only as long as seeds retained primary dormancy, and a combination of genetically imposed seed dormancy, maternally induced seed dormancy, and secondary dormancy can mitigate variation in germination behavior imposed by variation in reproductive phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Edwards
- Biology Department, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Liana T Burghardt
- Biology Department, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Donohue
- Biology Department, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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31
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Bentz BJ, Hansen EM. Evidence for a Prepupal Diapause in the Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:175-183. [PMID: 29293921 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy strategies, including diapause and quiescence, enable insects to evade adverse conditions and ensure seasonally appropriate life stages. A mechanistic understanding of a species' dormancy is necessary to predict population response in a changing climate. Climate change is influencing distribution patterns and population success of many species, including Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), the most important mortality agent of pines in western North America. Diapause is considered absent in D. ponderosae, and quiescence in the final larval stage prior to pupation (i.e., prepupal) is considered the main dormancy strategy. We evaluated if a facultative diapause in the prepupal stage, rather than a pupation threshold ~15°C (i.e., quiescence), could describe pupation patterns in two latitudinally separated D. ponderosae populations in the western United States. We hypothesized that if pupation occurs at lower temperatures than previously described, and if significant prepupal developmental delays occur, diapause is a likely physiological mechanism. Although there was considerable variation within and between populations, pupation occurred below the previously established threshold suggesting a prepupal facultative diapause that is induced when late instars experience cool temperatures. Individuals that pupated at temperatures below 15°C also had developmental delays, relative to development at warmer temperatures, consistent with diapause development. Pupation patterns differed between populations wherein diapause was induced at cooler temperatures and diapause development was shorter in southern compared with northern D. ponderosae. Recognition of a facultative diapause that varies among and between populations is critical for making predictions about future population response and range expansion in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Bentz
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Logan, UT
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Caporale A, Romanowski HP, Mega NO. Winter is coming: Diapause in the subtropical swallowtail butterfly Euryades corethrus (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) is triggered by the shortening of day length and reinforced by low temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 327:182-188. [PMID: 29356405 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diapause is modulated by genetic responses to some environmental cues. The most common stimulus to trigger diapause is photoperiod, but temperature and humidity can also be important. Subtropical grasslands insects are overexposed to seasonality and can use diapause as strategy to overcome harsh conditions, avoiding freezing winter temperatures and drought summer conditions. Here, we investigate if photoperiod, temperature, and humidity can induce and terminate dormancy using the model Euryades corethrus, a butterfly from Pampa that diapause as pupae. We hypothesize that photoperiod, temperature, and humidity can induce dormancy; to test the hypothesis, individuals from a stock population were subjected to experiments controlling these three factors. Photoperiod and temperature interactions were also tested. To evaluate if the removal of the harsh factor that induced diapause trigger diapause termination, 50% of dormant pupae in each experiment were exposed to amenable conditions. The results indicated that diapause is mainly induced by short photophases, while temperature and humidity separately do not increase dormancy frequency. Short photoperiods and low temperatures interact with each other, increasing dormancy in experimental populations. The evidences suggest that diapause is trigger by short-day lengths and boosted by low temperatures as winter approaches. The incidence of obligatory summer diapause was not supported, but the occurrence of dormant pupae in high-temperature treatments suggests that high temperatures produce facultative diapause. Regarding diapause termination, the softening of harsh conditions that induced diapause was not sufficient to reverse the dormancy state, suggesting that diapause termination is more complex than previously thought, probably involving internal clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Caporale
- Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Piccoli Romanowski
- Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Zoology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Oliveira Mega
- Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Zoology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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33
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Spurgeon DW, Suh CPC. Temperature Influences on Diapause Induction and Survival in the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 17:124. [PMCID: PMC5751032 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has been the most important pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.) wherever it occurs. Although eradication programs in the United States have reduced the range of this pest, the weevil remains an intractable problem in subtropical Texas, Mexico, and much of South America. A key to managing the weevil in the subtropics and tropics might lie in better understanding its diapause and overwintering survival in regions characterized by relatively high late-season temperatures. We examined the temporal patterns of acquisition of diapause characters at 18.3, 23.9, and 29.4°C, and the effects of temperature during the diapause-induction period on subsequent host-free survival at 23.9°C. Occurrence of the diapause characters generally increased with weevil age at all temperatures but appeared more rapidly at higher temperatures. Acquisition of the diapause characters tended to occur slightly earlier in female weevils compared with the male weevils. Despite the slower development of diapause characters at lower temperatures, when adult weevils were fed under low temperatures, subsequent host-free survival was enhanced. These results are consistent with reports of increased weevil survival with delayed entry into overwintering. Our findings also suggest that the potential host-free survival facilitated by diapause occurring in subtropical or tropical production regions may be reduced compared with dormancy developing in southern temperate regions. This reduced survival potential emphasizes the importance of a maximized host-free season and suggests that the late-season diapause spray intervals should be short enough to ensure that the number of dormant weevils developing in late-season cotton is minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Spurgeon
- USDA, ARS, Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, Maricopa, AZ
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Charles P-C Suh
- USDA, ARS, Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, College Station, TX
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34
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Hemmati C, Moharramipour S, Talebi AA. Diapause Induced by Temperature and Photoperiod Affects Fatty Acid Compositions and Cold Tolerance of Phthorimaea Operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1456-1463. [PMID: 29126214 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To find out the potential condition for diapause induction in the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), combination of constant temperatures (15, 20, and 30°C) and photoperiods (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 16 h) were employed from egg to adult emergence. In addition, changes in the total phospholipid fatty acid content and cold tolerance of non-diapausing and diapausing pupae were examined. The critical daylength for diapause induction were 12.43 h at 20°C and lower temperatures that can induce in 50% of population. Moreover, the composition of total phospholipid fatty acids in the pupae revealed seven major fatty acids in both non-diapausing and diapausing pupae: oleic (26-32%), palmitic (21-29%), linoleic (18-21%), palmitoleic (4-10%), stearic (9%), linolenic (7-8%), and pentadecanoic acids (3-5%) with an increase in proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in diapause state. In contrast to increase of oleic acid (C18:1) from 26 to 32% in non-diapausing to diapausing pupae, a decrement trend from 29 to 21% in palmitic acid (C16:0) was observed at the same state. Additionally, supercooling point was observed to be significantly lower in diapausing (-22.6°C) than in non-diapausing pupae (-18.5°C) and the fresh weight of diapausing pupae was found to be significantly higher than non-diapausing ones. The significance of these findings would allow us a better understanding of interrelationship between diapause and cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamran Hemmati
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
| | - Saeid Moharramipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Talebi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
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35
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Arezo MJ, Papa NG, Berois N, Clivio G, Montagne J, De la Piedra S. Annual killifish adaptations to ephemeral environments: Diapause i in twoaustrolebiasspecies. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:848-857. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María José Arezo
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay. Depto, de Biología Celular y Molecular
| | - Nicolás G. Papa
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay. Depto, de Biología Celular y Molecular
| | - Nibia Berois
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay. Depto, de Biología Celular y Molecular
| | - Graciela Clivio
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay. Depto, de Biología Celular y Molecular
| | - Jimena Montagne
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay. Depto, de Biología Celular y Molecular
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36
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Dhillon MK, Hasan F, Tanwar AK, Bhadauriya AS. Effects of thermo-photoperiod on induction and termination of hibernation in Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:294-302. [PMID: 27829469 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Determination of critical threshold for induction and termination of diapause (hibernation) are important for better understanding the bio-ecology and population dynamics of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) under varying climatic conditions. We studied initiation and termination of hibernation under five temperature and photoperiod regimes viz., 27°C + 12L:12D, 22°C + 11.5L:12.5D, 18°C + 11L:13D, 14°C + 10.5L:13.5D and 10°C + 10L:14D under fixed and ramping treatments, and the observations were recorded on various phenological and developmental characteristics at weekly intervals. Present studies revealed that the induction of hibernation in C. partellus larvae takes from 46 to 56 days depending upon temperature and photoperiod conditions. Induction of hibernation varied from 7.9 to 18.3% across treatment conditions, indicating that not all C. partellus larvae undergo diapause under prevailing environmental conditions. Weight, length and head capsule width of diapausing larvae were found significantly lower than the non-diapausing larvae. The non-diapausing C. partellus larvae required a thermal threshold of 1068 degree-days under ambient conditions, while in case of hibernating larvae it varied significantly across treatment conditions. Diapausing larvae underwent up to five supernumerary moults, wherein highest percentage of diapausing larvae (35.7%) exhibited two supernumerary moults. The developmental time of diapausing larvae varied from 94.9 to 160.4 days across treatments. A population loss of 17.2-28.3% was recorded in C. partellus due to hibernation, which has implications for population buildup of post-hibernation first brood and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Dhillon
- Division of Entomology,ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi 110012,India
| | - F Hasan
- Division of Entomology,ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi 110012,India
| | - A K Tanwar
- Division of Entomology,ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi 110012,India
| | - A S Bhadauriya
- Division of Entomology,ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi 110012,India
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Blanckenhorn WU. ADAPTIVE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND BODY SIZE IN THE YELLOW DUNG FLY. Evolution 2017; 52:1394-1407. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/1997] [Accepted: 06/08/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Zoologisches Museum; Universität Zürich-Irchel; Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich Switzerland
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38
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Thompson AW, Ortí G. Annual Killifish Transcriptomics and Candidate Genes for Metazoan Diapause. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:2391-5. [PMID: 27297470 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormancy has evolved in all major metazoan lineages. It is critical for survival when environmental stresses are not conducive to growth, maturation, or reproduction. Embryonic diapause is a form of dormancy where development is reversibly delayed and metabolism is depressed. We report the diapause transcriptome of the annual killifish Nematolebias whitei, and compare gene expression between diapause embryos and free-living larvae to identify a candidate set of 945 differentially expressed "diapause" genes for this species. Similarity of transcriptional patterns among N. whitei and other diapausing animals is striking for a small set of genes associated with stress resistance, circadian rhythm, and metabolism, while other genes show discordant patterns. Although convergent evolution of diapause may require shared molecular mechanisms for fundamental processes, similar physiological phenotypes also may arise through modification of alternative pathways. Annual killifishes are a tractable model system for comparative transcriptomic studies on the evolution of diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University
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Summer diapause induced by high temperatures in the oriental tobacco budworm: ecological adaptation to hot summers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27443. [PMID: 27271223 PMCID: PMC4895216 DOI: 10.1038/srep27443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Summer diapause in Helicoverpa assulta (Hübner), which prolongs the pupal stage, particularly in males, is induced by high temperatures. In the laboratory, 3rd-, 4th-, 6th-instar and prepupal larvae were exposed to high temperatures – 33 and 35 °C with a photoperiod of LD16:8 – until pupation to induce summer diapause. The results showed that the incidence of summer diapause was influenced by temperature, stage exposed, and sex. The higher the temperature, the more often summer diapause was attained. Sixth-instar and prepupal larvae were the sensitive stages for summer diapause induction. H. assulta summer-diapausing pupae needed diapause development to resume development when temperatures became favorable. Furthermore, both body mass and energy storage capacity (lipid and glycogen) were significantly affected by diapause rather than sex, and were significantly higher in summer-diapausing pupae than in non-diapausing pupae. In addition, the body mass loss and respiration rate showed that the rate of metabolism in the summer-diapausing pupae was consistently lower than in non-diapausing pupae, which were significantly affected by diapause and pupal age. We conclude that summer diapause in H. assulta is a true diapause, and H. assulta has evolved mechanisms to accumulate energy storage and to lower its metabolism to adapt to hot summers.
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Preparing for Winter: The Transcriptomic Response Associated with Different Day Lengths in Drosophila montana. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:1373-81. [PMID: 26976440 PMCID: PMC4856088 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.027870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
At northern latitudes, the most robust cue for assessing the onset of winter is the shortening of day lengths. Many species use day length as a cue to increase their cold tolerance and/or enter into diapause, but little is known about changes in gene expression that occur under different day lengths. We investigate the gene expression changes associated with differences in light/dark cycles in Drosophila montana, a northerly distributed species with a strong adult photoperiodic reproductive diapause. To examine gene expression changes induced by light both prior to and during diapause, we used both nondiapausing and diapausing flies. We found that the majority of genes that are differentially expressed between different day lengths in nondiapausing and diapausing flies differ. However, the biological processes involved were broadly similar. These included neuron development and metabolism, which are largely consistent with an increase in cold tolerance previously observed to occur in these flies. We also found that many genes associated with reproduction change in expression level between different day lengths, suggesting that D. montana use changes in day length to cue changes in reproduction both before and after entering into diapause. Finally, we also identified several interesting candidate genes for light-induced changes including Lsp2, para, and Ih.
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Yoon HJ, Lee KY. A Combination Method of CO2-Narcosis and Cold Treatment for Breaking Diapause of Bombus ignitus and Bombus terrestris Bumblebee Queens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7852/ijie.2014.28.2.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ecophysiology of Anopheles gambiae s.l.: persistence in the Sahel. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:648-61. [PMID: 24933461 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The dry-season biology of malaria vectors is poorly understood, especially in arid environments when no surface waters are available for several months, such as during the dry season in the Sahel. Here we reappraise results on the dry-season physiology of members of the Anopheles gambiae s.l. complex in the broad context of dormancy in insects and especially in mosquitoes. We examine evidence on seasonal changes in reproduction, metabolism, stress tolerance, nutrition, molecular regulation, and environmental conditions and determine if the current results are compatible with dry-season diapause (aestivation) as the primary strategy for persistence throughout the dry season in the Sahel. In the process, we point out critical gaps in our knowledge that future studies can fill. We find compelling evidence that members of the An. gambiae s.l. complex undergo a form of aestivation during the Sahelian dry season by shifting energetic resources away from reproduction and towards increased longevity. Considering the differences between winter at temperate latitudes, which entails immobility of the insect and hence reliance on physiological solutions, as opposed to the Sahelian dry season, which restricts reproduction exclusively, we propose that behavioral changes play an important role in complementing physiological changes in this strategy.
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An ecological study of the Indian-meal mothPlodia interpunctella(Hübner) with emphasis on diapause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v29n05p205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Diapause, a dominant feature in the life history of many mosquito species, offers a mechanism for bridging unfavorable seasons in both temperate and tropical environments and serves to synchronize development within populations, thus directly affecting disease transmission cycles. The trait appears to have evolved independently numerous times within the Culicidae, as exemplified by the diverse developmental stages of diapause in closely related species. Its impact is pervasive, not only influencing the arrested stage, but also frequently altering physiological processes both before and after diapause. How the diapause response can be molded evolutionarily is critical for understanding potential range expansions of native and newly introduced species. The study of hormonal regulation of mosquito diapause has focused primarily on adult diapause, with little current information available on larval diapause or the intriguing maternal effects that regulate egg diapause. Recent quantitative trait locus, transcriptome, and RNA interference studies hold promise for interpreting the complex suite of genes that subserve the diapause phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
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Poelchau MF, Reynolds JA, Denlinger DL, Elsik CG, Armbruster PA. Transcriptome sequencing as a platform to elucidate molecular components of the diapause response in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus.. PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 38:173-181. [PMID: 23833391 PMCID: PMC3700550 DOI: 10.1111/phen.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Diapause has long been recognized as a crucial ecological adaptation to spatio-temporal environmental variation. More recently, rapid evolution of the diapause response has been implicated in response to contemporary global warming and during the range expansion of invasive species. Although the molecular regulation of diapause remains largely unresolved, rapidly emerging next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provide exciting opportunities to address this longstanding question. Herein, a new assembly from life-history stages relevant to diapause in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is presented, along with unique methods for the analysis of NGS data and transcriptome assembly. A digital normalization procedure that significantly reduces computational resources required for transcriptome assembly is evaluated. Additionally, a method for protein reference-based and genomic reference-based merged assembly of 454 and Illumina reads is described. Finally, a gene ontology analysis is presented, which creates a platform to identify physiological processes associated with diapause. Taken together, these methods provide valuable tools for analyzing the transcriptional underpinnings of many complex phenotypes, including diapause, and provide a basis for determining the molecular regulation of diapause in Ae. albopictus.
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Xie D, Luo L, Sappington TW, Jiang X, Zhang L. Comparison of reproductive and flight capacity of Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), developing from diapause and non-diapause larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:1199-1207. [PMID: 23068178 DOI: 10.1603/en11068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), uses both diapause and migration as life history strategies. To determine the role of diapause plays in the population dynamics of L. sticticalis, the reproductive and flight potentials of adults originating from diapause and nondiapause larvae were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Preoviposition period, lifetime fecundity, and daily egg production of females originating from diapause larvae were not significantly different from those originating from nondiapause larvae, showing that diapause has no significant effect on reproductive capacity when adults are provided with an adequate carbohydrate source. However, females that developed from diapause larvae lived significantly longer than those from nondiapause larvae. Flight capacity, including flight duration, distance and velocity of 3-d-old adults were all significantly greater in adults originating from diapause larvae than those from nondiapause larvae. L. sticticalis adults developing from diapause larvae tended to have more extreme values of longest flight duration and furthest flight distance than those from nondiapause larvae. Together, these results suggest that long-distance flight potential of L. sticticalis is greater after larval diapause than after direct development to adulthood. However, there were no significant differences between sexes within the two categories of moths in terms of total flight duration, total flight distance, flight velocity, and longest flight duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daosong Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
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Chen H, Zhang H, Zhu KY, Throne JE. Induction of reproductive diapause in Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) when reared at different photoperiods at low temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:697-705. [PMID: 22732629 DOI: 10.1603/en11311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at low temperatures was determined to identify rearing conditions that might result in adults that were in reproductive diapause. Diapausing adults would be expected to survive cold storage longer than nondiapausing adults for use in biological control programs. Only a few eggs were found in the ovaries when H. hebetor females were reared during the immature stages at 17.5 and 20°C with a 16-h photoperiod, and the ovaries were poorly developed and contained no eggs when females were reared with a 10-h photoperiod in these low temperatures. Rearing H. hebetor at 17.5 and 20°C did not result in diapause of immature stages, but did appear to result in possible adult reproductive diapause when the immature stages were reared with a 10-h photoperiod. Females reared during the immature stages at 17.5°C with a10-h photoperiod lived longer and took longer to lay their first eggs and to lay 50% of their eggs than those females reared at 17.5°C with a16-h photoperiod. Females reared during the immature stages at 20°C with a10-h photoperiod took longer to lay their first eggs and to lay 50% of their eggs, and they had a lower respiration rate, than those females reared at 20°C with a16-h photoperiod. Females that were reared in conditions that appeared to induce reproductive diapause resumed oviposition and their respiration rate increased soon after being transferred to a higher temperature (27.5°C). Thus, females reared at a 10-h photoperiod at 17.5 and 20°C appear to enter reproductive diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Urbanski J, Mogi M, O'Donnell D, DeCotiis M, Toma T, Armbruster P. Rapid adaptive evolution of photoperiodic response during invasion and range expansion across a climatic gradient. Am Nat 2012; 179:490-500. [PMID: 22437178 DOI: 10.1086/664709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to spatiotemporal environmental variation is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. This issue also has important implications for anticipating biological responses to contemporary climate warming and determining the processes by which invasive species are able to spread rapidly across broad geographic ranges. Here, we compare data from a historical study of latitudinal variation in photoperiodic response among Japanese and U.S. populations of the invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus with contemporary data obtained using comparable methods. Our results demonstrated rapid adaptive evolution of the photoperiodic response during invasion and range expansion across ∼15° of latitude in the United States. In contrast to the photoperiodic response, size-based morphological traits implicated in climatic adaptation in a wide range of other insects did not show evidence of adaptive variation in Ae. albopictus across either the U.S. (invasive) or Japanese (native) range. These results show that photoperiodism has been an important adaptation to climatic variation across the U.S. range of Ae. albopictus and, in conjunction with previous studies, strongly implicate the photoperiodic control of seasonal development as a critical evolutionary response to ongoing contemporary climate change. These results also emphasize that photoperiodism warrants increased attention in studies of the evolution of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Urbanski
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Warkentin KM. Environmentally Cued Hatching across Taxa: Embryos Respond to Risk and Opportunity. Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:14-25. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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