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Conde-Valverde M, Martínez I, Quam R, Arsuaga JL. The ear of the Sima de los Huesos hominins (Atapuerca, Spain). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2410-2424. [PMID: 36825485 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on the morphology of the inner ear (semicircular canals and cochlea) in the Sima de los Huesos hominin sample have provided important results on the evolution of these structures in the Neandertal lineage. Similarly, studies of the anatomy of the external and middle ear cavities of the Sima de los Huesos hominins have also provided important data on the auditory capacities of this European Middle Pleistocene population. The present contribution provides unpublished data on three new middle ear variables from the Sima de los Huesos fossils and compares these data with values from samples of Pan troglodytes, Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. The results of this analysis are combined with those obtained in previous studies to characterize the anatomy of the outer, middle and inner ear in the Sima de los Huesos fossils, as well as to establish the order of appearance of the features that characterize Neandertal ears. As in other cranial structures, the ear region in the Sima de los Huesos show a mosaic evolutionary pattern that includes primitive traits, others shared exclusively with Neandertals, and others that are specific to the Sima de los Huesos hominins. Neandertals and Sima de los Huesos hominins share two exclusive features of the middle ear that are among the first characteristics of the Neandertal lineage: a long tympanic cavity and a large entrance and exit of the mastoid antrum. Along with these traits, the Sima de los Huesos hominins present two specialized features: large volumes of the tympanic cavity and the mastoid antrum. Finally, the middle ear of the Neandertals is characterized by the presence of small angles between the tympanic axis and the plane of the oval window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Conde-Valverde
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Cátedra de Otoacústica Evolutiva y Paleoantropología (HM Hospitales-Universidad de Alcalá), Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), New York, USA
- Centro de Investigación Francisco Javier Muñiz, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Martínez
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Cátedra de Otoacústica Evolutiva y Paleoantropología (HM Hospitales-Universidad de Alcalá), Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Francisco Javier Muñiz, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rolf Quam
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Cátedra de Otoacústica Evolutiva y Paleoantropología (HM Hospitales-Universidad de Alcalá), Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), New York, USA
- Centro Mixto (UCM-ISCIII) de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Centro Mixto (UCM-ISCIII) de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Somjee U, Marting P, Anzaldo S, Simmons LW, Painting CJ. Extreme range in adult body size reveals hidden trade-offs among sexually selected traits. Evolution 2024:qpae084. [PMID: 38900629 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Sexually selected weapons used to monopolize mating opportunities are predicted to trade-off with traits used in competition for fertilization. Yet, the limited size range typically found among adults of a species often precludes clear comparisons between population-level and individual-level relative trait investment. The jousting weevil, Brentus anchorago (Coleoptera: Brentidae), varies more than 26-fold in body mass, which is among the most extreme adult body size ranges of any solitary terrestrial species. We reveal a trade-off at a population level: hypermetric scaling in male weapons (slope = 1.59) and a closely mirrored reversal in allocation to postcopulatory traits (slope = 0.54). Yet, at the individual level, we find the opposite pattern; males that invest relatively more in weapons for their size class also invest more in postcopulatory traits. Across 36 dung beetle and 41 brentine weevil species, we find the allometric slope explains more trait variation at larger body size ranges; in brentines, population-level scaling patterns become more detectable in species with a larger range in adult body size. Our findings reveal that population-level allometries and individual-level trade-offs can both be important in shaping relative trait allocation; we highlight that the adult body size range is rarely examined but may be integral to gaining a deeper understanding of trade-offs in reproductive allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummat Somjee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Peter Marting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Salvatore Anzaldo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Leigh W Simmons
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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3
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Andrade-Santos J, Rosa RS, Ramos TPA. Spotting mistakes: Reappraisal of Spotted Drum Stellifer punctatissimus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1925) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) reveals species misidentification trends and suggests latitudinal sexual dimorphism. ZOOLOGY 2024; 165:126180. [PMID: 38850629 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
A major part of the described species is understudied, falling into the Linnean shortfall. This is a major concern for cryptic species, which require integrative approaches to better evaluate their diversity. We conducted morphological analyses using specimens of Stellifer punctatissimus, S. gomezi, and S. menezesi to reassess their taxonomical identity. We evaluated the allometric and sexual components of the morphology of the Stellifer punctatissimus species complex, and tested and discussed species hypotheses. The combined evidence of our work and previous studies agrees with the current morphological hypothesis of three species, as opposed to the two-lineage molecular hypothesis. However, as cryptic species, they overlap in most their traits, especially females and juveniles. Previously unaccounted variation of allometric and sexually dimorphic characters in this species complex revealed a confounding effect that might explain past and current taxonomic errors. Taxonomical practice of using body depth as a diagnostic character had led to juveniles and females being, respectively, described as a different species or wrongfully identified. Hence, taxonomical studies demand better assessment of allometric and sexual dimorphism components. Herein, we present new characters in a key to the Atlantic species of Stellifer, which disclose size and sexual variation unnoticed in previous studies. The contrasting growth patterns among these species could imply distinct habitat use. As a result, it could be suggested that such species are under different threats, which highlights the need of differential management and conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Andrade-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; Setor de Ictiologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Vertebrados, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20940-040, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo S Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Telton P A Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; Instituto Peixes da Caatinga, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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4
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Jensen B, Chang YH, Bamforth SD, Mohun T, Sedmera D, Bartos M, Anderson RH. The changing morphology of the ventricular walls of mouse and human with increasing gestation. J Anat 2024; 244:1040-1053. [PMID: 38284175 PMCID: PMC11095311 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
That the highly trabeculated ventricular walls of the developing embryos transform to the arrangement during the fetal stages, when the mural architecture is dominated by the thickness of the compact myocardium, has been explained by the coalescence of trabeculations, often erroneously described as 'compaction'. Recent data, however, support differential rates of growth of the trabecular and compact layers as the major driver of change. Here, these processes were assessed quantitatively and visualized in standardized views. We used a larger dataset than has previously been available of mouse hearts, covering the period from embryonic day 10.5 to postnatal day 3, supported by images from human hearts. The volume of the trabecular layer increased throughout development, in contrast to what would be expected had there been 'compaction'. During the transition from embryonic to fetal life, the rapid growth of the compact layer diminished the proportion of trabeculations. Similarly, great expansion of the central cavity reduced the proportion of the total cavity made up of intertrabecular recesses. Illustrations of the hearts with the median value of left ventricular trabeculation confirm a pronounced growth of the compact wall, with prominence of the central cavity. This corresponds, in morphological terms, to a reduction in the extent of the trabecular layer. Similar observations were made in the human hearts. We conclude that it is a period of comparatively slow growth of the trabecular layer, rather than so-called compaction, that is the major determinant of the changing morphology of the ventricular walls of both mouse and human hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Yun Hee Chang
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Simon D. Bamforth
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | | | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin Bartos
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Robert H. Anderson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
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Katsuki M, Uesugi K, Yokoi T, Ozawa T, O'Brien DM, Emlen DJ, Okada K, Okada Y. Morphological and functional analyses for investigation of sexually selected legs in the frog legged beetle Sagra femorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2024; 80:101360. [PMID: 38704965 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2024.101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Mate choice and male-male combat over successful mating often cause disproportionate exaggeration of male trait relative to body size. However, the exaggeration is often not the only trait involved with male-male combat and mate choice: suites of co-expressed traits may function together as a coordinated unit. When this occurs, dimorphism may be expected for these additional, non-exaggerated, structures. S. femorata males have disproportionately large hind-legs used in male-male combat over females. During the fights, fore- and mid-legs are used to keep males in positions where advantageous for leverage. Because use of the exaggerated hind-legs is coordinated with the other legs, they will coevolve as a functional unit. Here, we show that 1) S. femorata has sexual size differences in all three legs; 2) males show positive allometry in the relative sizes of all three legs; and 3) microstructures of tarsi on the fore- and mid-legs are also sexually dimorphic. Despite these differences in the tarsal microstructure, 4) adhesion forces of the tarsi had no sexual difference in flat surface. The microstructure would be specialized on attaching elytra surface. These results suggest that the three pairs of legs function together during fighting behavior, with hind-legs employed primarily for fighting, and the fore- and mid-legs functioning to grip females, keeping males positioned on the back of the female during combat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Katsuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Uesugi
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokoi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takane Ozawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Devin M O'Brien
- Department of Natural Sciences, SUNY Cobleskill, Cobleskill, NY, 12043, USA
| | - Douglas J Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okada
- Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 111, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Okada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Jensen B, Salvatori D, Schouten J, Meijborg VMF, Lauridsen H, Agger P. Trabeculations of the porcine and human cardiac ventricles are different in number but similar in total volume. Clin Anat 2024; 37:440-454. [PMID: 38217386 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
An intricate meshwork of trabeculations lines the luminal side of cardiac ventricles. Compaction, a developmental process, is thought to reduce trabeculations by adding them to the neighboring compact wall which is then enlarged. When pig, a plausible cardiac donor for xenotransplantation, is compared to human, the ventricular walls appear to have fewer trabeculations. We hypothesized the trabecular volume is proportionally smaller in pig than in human. Macroscopically, we observed in 16 pig hearts that the ventricular walls harbor few but large trabeculations. Close inspection revealed a high number of tiny trabeculations, a few hundred, within the recesses of the large trabeculations. While tiny, these were still larger than embryonic trabeculations and even when considering their number, the total tally of trabeculations in pig was much fewer than in human. Volumetrics based on high-resolution MRI of additional six pig hearts compared to six human hearts, revealed the left ventricles were not significantly differently trabeculated (21.5 versus 22.8%, respectively), and the porcine right ventricles were only slightly less trabeculated (42.1 vs 49.3%, respectively). We then analyzed volumetrically 10 pig embryonic hearts from gestational day 14-35. The trabecular and compact layer always grew, as did the intertrabecular recesses, in contrast to what compaction predicts. The proportions of the trabecular and compact layers changed substantially, nonetheless, due to differences in their growth rate rather than compaction. In conclusion, processes that affect the trabecular morphology do not necessarily affect the proportion of trabecular-to-compact myocardium and they are then distinct from compaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Salvatori
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobine Schouten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique M F Meijborg
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Peter Agger
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Schmidt M, Melzer RR. The "elongate chelicera problem": A virtual approach in an extinct pterygotid sea scorpion from a 3D kinematic point of view. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11303. [PMID: 38766312 PMCID: PMC11099745 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chelicerae, distinctive feeding appendages in chelicerates, such as spiders, scorpions, or horseshoe crabs, can be classified based on their orientation relative to the body axis simplified as either orthognathous (parallel) or labidognathous (inclined), exhibiting considerable diversity across various taxa. Among extinct chelicerates, sea scorpions belonging to the Pterygotidae represent the only chelicerates possessing markedly elongated chelicerae relative to body length. Despite various hypotheses regarding the potential ecological functions and feeding movements of these structures, no comprehensive 3D kinematic investigation has been conducted yet to test these ideas. In this study, we generated a comprehensive 3D model of the pterygotid Acutiramus, making the elongated right chelicera movable by equipping it with virtual joint axes for conducting Range of Motion analyses. Due to the absence in the fossil record of a clear indication of the chelicerae orientation and their potential lateral or ventral movements (vertical or horizontal insertion of joint axis 1), we explored the Range of Motion analyses under four distinct kinematic settings with two orientation modes (euthygnathous, klinogathous) analogous to the terminology of the terrestrial relatives. The most plausible kinematic setting involved euthygnathous chelicerae being folded ventrally over a horizontal joint axis. This configuration positioned the chelicera closest to the oral opening. Concerning the maximum excursion angle, our analysis revealed that the chela could open up to 70°, while it could be retracted against the basal element to a maximum of 145°. The maximum excursion in the proximal joint varied between 55° and 120° based on the insertion and orientation. Our findings underscore the utility of applying 3D kinematics to fossilized arthropods for addressing inquiries on functional ecology such as prey capture and handling, enabling insights into their possible behavioral patterns. Pterygotidae likely captured and processed their prey using the chelicerae, subsequently transporting it to the oral opening with the assistance of other prosomal appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Schmidt
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for PalaeobiologyYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and PalaeoenvironmentYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
- Bavarian State Collection of ZoologyBavarian Natural History CollectionsMünchenGermany
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichFaculty of BiologyBiocentreMunichGermany
| | - Roland R. Melzer
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and PalaeoenvironmentYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
- Bavarian State Collection of ZoologyBavarian Natural History CollectionsMünchenGermany
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichFaculty of BiologyBiocentreMunichGermany
- GeoBio‐CenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMünchenGermany
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Xiao Y, Liu X, Song Z, Lu Y, Zhang L, Huang M, Cheng Y, Chen S, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhou S. Plant size-dependent influence of foliar fungal pathogens promotes diversity through allometric growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:687-699. [PMID: 38396376 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The effect of pathogens on host diversity has attracted much attention in recent years, yet how the influence of pathogens on individual plants scales up to affect community-level host diversity remains unclear. Here, we assessed the effects of foliar fungal pathogens on plant growth and species richness using allometric growth theory in population-level and community-level foliar fungal pathogen exclusion experiments. We calculated growth scaling exponents of 24 species to reveal the intraspecific size-dependent effects of foliar fungal pathogens on plant growth. We also calculated the intercepts to infer the growth rates of relatively larger conspecific individuals. We found that foliar fungal pathogens inhibited the growth of small conspecific individuals more than large individuals, resulting in a positive allometric growth. After foliar fungal pathogen exclusion, species-specific growth scaling exponents and intercepts decreased, but became positively related to species' relative abundance, providing a growth advantage for individuals of abundant species with a higher growth scaling exponent and intercept compared with rare species, and thus reduced species diversity. By adopting allometric growth theory, we elucidate the size-dependent mechanisms through which pathogens regulate species diversity and provide a powerful framework to incorporate antagonistic size-dependent processes in understanding species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yawen Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mengjiao Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yikang Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shiliang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Qinghai Haibei National Field Research Station of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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Mitchell DR, Sherratt E, Weisbecker V. Facing the facts: adaptive trade-offs along body size ranges determine mammalian craniofacial scaling. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:496-524. [PMID: 38029779 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian cranium (skull without lower jaw) is representative of mammalian diversity and is thus of particular interest to mammalian biologists across disciplines. One widely retrieved pattern accompanying mammalian cranial diversification is referred to as 'craniofacial evolutionary allometry' (CREA). This posits that adults of larger species, in a group of closely related mammals, tend to have relatively longer faces and smaller braincases. However, no process has been officially suggested to explain this pattern, there are many apparent exceptions, and its predictions potentially conflict with well-established biomechanical principles. Understanding the mechanisms behind CREA and causes for deviations from the pattern therefore has tremendous potential to explain allometry and diversification of the mammalian cranium. Here, we propose an amended framework to characterise the CREA pattern more clearly, in that 'longer faces' can arise through several kinds of evolutionary change, including elongation of the rostrum, retraction of the jaw muscles, or a more narrow or shallow skull, which all result in a generalised gracilisation of the facial skeleton with increased size. We define a standardised workflow to test for the presence of the pattern, using allometric shape predictions derived from geometric morphometrics analysis, and apply this to 22 mammalian families including marsupials, rabbits, rodents, bats, carnivores, antelopes, and whales. Our results show that increasing facial gracility with size is common, but not necessarily as ubiquitous as previously suggested. To address the mechanistic basis for this variation, we then review cranial adaptations for harder biting. These dictate that a more gracile cranium in larger species must represent a structural sacrifice in the ability to produce or withstand harder bites, relative to size. This leads us to propose that facial gracilisation in larger species is often a product of bite force allometry and phylogenetic niche conservatism, where more closely related species tend to exhibit more similar feeding ecology and biting behaviours and, therefore, absolute (size-independent) bite force requirements. Since larger species can produce the same absolute bite forces as smaller species with less effort, we propose that relaxed bite force demands can permit facial gracility in response to bone optimisation and alternative selection pressures. Thus, mammalian facial scaling represents an adaptive by-product of the shifting importance of selective pressures occurring with increased size. A reverse pattern of facial 'shortening' can accordingly also be found, and is retrieved in several cases here, where larger species incorporate novel feeding behaviours involving greater bite forces. We discuss multiple exceptions to a bite force-mediated influence on facial proportions across mammals which lead us to argue that ecomorphological specialisation of the cranium is likely to be the primary driver of facial scaling patterns, with some developmental constraints as possible secondary factors. A potential for larger species to have a wider range of cranial functions when less constrained by bite force demands might also explain why selection for larger sizes seems to be prevalent in some mammalian clades. The interplay between adaptation and constraint across size ranges thus presents an interesting consideration for a mechanistically grounded investigation of mammalian cranial allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rex Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Emma Sherratt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
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10
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Fernández Navarro V, Godinho RM, García Martínez D, Garate Maidagan D. Exploring the utility of Geometric Morphometrics to analyse prehistoric hand stencils. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6336. [PMID: 38491272 PMCID: PMC10943054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand stencils are a remarkable graphic expression in Prehistoric rock art, dating back to 42 ka BP. Although these stencils provide direct impressions of the artists' hands, the characterization of their biological profile (i.e., biological sex and age) is very challenging. Previous studies have attempted this analysis with traditional morphometrics (TM), whereas little research has been undertaken using Geometric Morphometrics (GM), a method widely used in other disciplines but only tentatively employed in rock art studies. However, the large variation in relative finger position in archaeological hands poses the question of whether these representations can be examined through GM, or, in contrast, if this creates an unmanageable error in the results. To address this issue, a 2D hand scans sample of 70 living individuals (F = 35; M = 35) has been collected in three standardized positions (n = 210) and digitized with 32 2D conventional landmarks. Results show that the intra-individual distance (mean Procrustes distance between Pos. 1-2 = 0.132; 2-3 = 0.191; 1-3 = 0.292) is larger than the inter-individual distance (mean in 1 = 0.122; 2 = 0.142; 3 = 0.165). Finally, it has been demonstrated that the relative finger positions, as well as the inclusion of all hand parts in the analysis, have an overshadowing effect on other variables potentially involved in the morphometric variability of the hand, such as biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fernández Navarro
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (IIIPC), Universidad de Cantabria, Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain.
| | - R M Godinho
- Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArHEB), Faculdade das Ciências Humanas e Sociais, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - D García Martínez
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Garate Maidagan
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (IIIPC), Universidad de Cantabria, Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain
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11
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Bizhanova N, Nanova O, Fadakar D, Grachev A, Hong Z, Mohd Sah SA, Bizhanova Z, Sablin M, Grachev Y. Insights into subspecies classification and conservation priorities of Central Asian lynx populations revealed by morphometric and genetic analyses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5186. [PMID: 38431728 PMCID: PMC10908838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) exhibits geographic variability and phylogenetic intraspecific relationships. Previous morphological studies have suggested the existence of multiple lynx subspecies, but recent genetic research has questioned this classification, particularly in Central Asia. In this study, we aimed to analyse the geographic and genetic variation in Central Asian lynx populations, particularly the Turkestan lynx and Altai lynx populations, using morphometric data and mtDNA sequences to contribute to their taxonomic classification. The comparative analysis of morphometric data revealed limited clinal variability between lynx samples from the Altai and Tien Shan regions. By examining mtDNA fragments (control region and cytochrome b) obtained from Kazakhstani lynx populations, two subspecies were identified: L. l. isabellinus (represented by a unique haplotype of the South clade, H46) and L. l. wrangeli (represented by haplotypes H36, H45, and H47 of the East clade). L. l. isabellinus was recognized only in Tien Shan Mountain, while Altai lynx was likely identical to L. l. wrangeli and found in northern Kazakhstan, Altai Mountain, Saur and Tarbagatai Mountains, and Tien Shan Mountain. The morphological and mtDNA evidence presented in this study, although limited in sample size and number of genetic markers, renders the differentiation of the two subspecies challenging. Further sampling and compilation of whole-genome sequencing data are necessary to confirm whether the proposed subspecies warrant taxonomic standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazerke Bizhanova
- Laboratory of Theriology, Institute of Zoology, 050060, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Wildlife Without Borders Public Fund, 050063, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Olga Nanova
- Zoological Museum, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Davoud Fadakar
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156‑83111, Iran.
| | - Alexey Grachev
- Laboratory of Theriology, Institute of Zoology, 050060, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Wildlife Without Borders Public Fund, 050063, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zijia Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Mikhail Sablin
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yuriy Grachev
- Laboratory of Theriology, Institute of Zoology, 050060, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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12
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Godfrey LR, Shapiro LJ, Wall CE, Wunderlich RE. In memoriam: William Lee Jungers, Jr. J Hum Evol 2024; 189:103515. [PMID: 38422880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie R Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Liza J Shapiro
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Christine E Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology and Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA; Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, 11568, USA
| | - Roshna E Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
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13
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Salamanca-Carreño A, Parés-Casanova PM, Vélez-Terranova M, Martínez-Correal G, Rangel-Pachón DE. Early Cannon Development in Females of the "Sanmartinero" Creole Bovine Breed. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:527. [PMID: 38396495 PMCID: PMC10886118 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The variation in the dimensions of the body of living beings in relation to their size, function, or shape is known as allometry. Allometry studies allow the analysis of the function of body structures and their relationship with the performance and survival of breeds and species. The aim of this study was to describe the ontogenetic characteristics of the weight of certain bone elements of the Sanmartinero creole bovine breed, from an early age (6 months) until maturity. A total of 79 females of the Sanmartinero creole bovine breed with an age range of 0.5 to 10 years were studied. Body measurements were obtained individually using standard procedures: cannon perimeter, thoracic perimeter, body length, withers height, and body weight. Functional and production indices were obtained for animals aged more than 3 years (n = 53): corporal index, anamorphosis index, dactylo thoracic index, and the relative thickness of the cannon. The correlation between body weight and the cannon perimeter showed no trend towards a plateau. In the Sanmartinero creole bovine, therefore, a very early development of the cannon perimeter is detected, which could lead to bone fragility in heavier animals. Therefore, data suggest little harmony with appendicular bone development, i.e., with less robust cannons which are those necessary to support body mass. It is suggested that in genetic improvement programs of the Sanmartinero creole bovine, the measurement of the cannon perimeter, the withers height, and the thoracic perimeter should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcesio Salamanca-Carreño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio 500001, Colombia
| | | | - Mauricio Vélez-Terranova
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Palmira, Palmira 763531, Colombia
| | - Germán Martínez-Correal
- Asociación de Criadores de Bovinos de Razas Criollas y Colombianas de los Llanos Orientales, Villavicencio 500001, Colombia
| | - David E. Rangel-Pachón
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio 500001, Colombia
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14
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Ouyang M, Tian D, Niklas KJ, Yan Z, Han W, Yu Q, Chen G, Ji C, Tang Z, Fang J. The scaling of elemental stoichiometry and growth rate over the course of bamboo ontogeny. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1088-1099. [PMID: 37991013 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Stoichiometric rules may explain the allometric scaling among biological traits and body size, a fundamental law of nature. However, testing the scaling of elemental stoichiometry and growth to size over the course of plant ontogeny is challenging. Here, we used a fast-growing bamboo species to examine how the concentrations and contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), relative growth rate (G), and nutrient productivity scale with whole-plant mass (M) at the culm elongation and maturation stages. The whole-plant C content vs M and N content vs P content scaled isometrically, and the N or P content vs M scaled as a general 3/4 power function across both growth stages. The scaling exponents of G vs M and N (and P) productivity in newly grown mass vs M relationships across the whole growth stages decreased as a -1 power function. These findings reveal the previously undocumented generality of stoichiometric allometries over the course of plant ontogeny and provide new insights for understanding the origin of ubiquitous quarter-power scaling laws in the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ouyang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Di Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Zhengbing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wenxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingshui Yu
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chengjun Ji
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhiyao Tang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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15
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Rohner PT, Hu Y, Moczek AP. Utilizing geometric morphometrics to investigate gene function during organ growth: Insights through the study of beetle horn shape allometry. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12464. [PMID: 38041612 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Static allometry is a major component of morphological variation. Much of the literature on the development of allometry investigates how functional perturbations of diverse pathways affect the relationship between trait size and body size. Often, this is done with the explicit objective to identify developmental mechanisms that enable the sensing of organ size and the regulation of relative growth. However, changes in relative trait size can also be brought about by a range of other distinctly different developmental processes, such as changes in patterning or tissue folding, yet standard univariate biometric approaches are usually unable to distinguish among alternative explanations. Here, we utilize geometric morphometrics to investigate the degree to which functional genetic manipulations known to affect the size of dung beetle horns also recapitulate the effect of horn shape allometry. We reasoned that the knockdown phenotypes of pathways governing relative growth should closely resemble shape variation induced by natural allometric variation. In contrast, we predicted that if genes primarily affect alternative developmental processes, knockdown effects should align poorly with shape allometry. We find that the knockdown effects of several genes (e.g., doublesex, Foxo) indeed closely aligned with shape allometry, indicating that their corresponding pathways may indeed function primarily in the regulation of relative trait growth. In contrast, other knockdown effects (e.g., Distal-less, dachs) failed to align with allometry, implicating these pathways in potentially scaling-independent processes. Our findings moderate the interpretation of studies focusing on trait length and highlight the usefulness of multivariate approaches to study allometry and phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rohner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yonggang Hu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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16
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Schmidt M, Martin I, Melzer RR. Just a matter of size? Evaluating allometry and intersexual heterometry in Pagurus bernhardus using ratios and indices (Decapoda, Anomura). Integr Zool 2023. [PMID: 38123465 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterochely denotes the presence of dissimilarly sized chelipeds on opposite sides of the body, a prevalent occurrence in diverse crustaceans. Conversely, heterometry pertains to the quantifiable disparities in size between these chelipeds. Both chelipeds hold pivotal roles in activities such as foraging, mating, and defense. Consequently, individuals of both genders in heterochelic species exhibit this morphological pattern. Previous studies have identified sexual dimorphism in cheliped size, with males displaying larger major chelipeds compared to females, albeit solely relying on propodus length as a size proxy and focusing solely on the major cheliped. In our study, we meticulously examined 190 specimens of the common European hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus from two collections. We sought to elucidate allometric relationships and assess whether heterometry exhibited sex-based differences when adjusting for body size by using ratios. Our findings revealed that male chelipeds displayed hyperallometric growth relative to females, and all three calculated heterometry indices exhibited significant disparities between the sexes. Consequently, male specimens exhibited larger major and minor chelipeds, even when theoretically matched for body size with females. This phenomenon may be attributed, among other factors, to male-male contests. Should indirect mate selection favor males with larger chelipeds in proportion to their body size, this dynamic could potentiate sexual selection in their favor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Schmidt
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roland R Melzer
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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17
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Snyder WE, Vértes PE, Kyriakopoulou V, Wagstyl K, Williams LZJ, Moraczewski D, Thomas AG, Karolis VR, Seidlitz J, Rivière D, Robinson EC, Mangin JF, Raznahan A, Bullmore ET. A bipolar taxonomy of adult human brain sulcal morphology related to timing of fetal sulcation and trans-sulcal gene expression gradients. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.19.572454. [PMID: 38168226 PMCID: PMC10760196 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.19.572454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We developed a computational pipeline (now provided as a resource) for measuring morphological similarity between cortical surface sulci to construct a sulcal phenotype network (SPN) from each magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in an adult cohort (N=34,725; 45-82 years). Networks estimated from pairwise similarities of 40 sulci on 5 morphological metrics comprised two clusters of sulci, represented also by the bipolar distribution of sulci on a linear-to-complex dimension. Linear sulci were more heritable and typically located in unimodal cortex; complex sulci were less heritable and typically located in heteromodal cortex. Aligning these results with an independent fetal brain MRI cohort (N=228; 21-36 gestational weeks), we found that linear sulci formed earlier, and the earliest and latest-forming sulci had the least between-adult variation. Using high-resolution maps of cortical gene expression, we found that linear sulcation is mechanistically underpinned by trans-sulcal gene expression gradients enriched for developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Snyder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Petra E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa Kyriakopoulou
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konrad Wagstyl
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Logan Z J Williams
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dustin Moraczewski
- Data Science and Sharing Team, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam G Thomas
- Data Science and Sharing Team, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vyacheslav R Karolis
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denis Rivière
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Emma C Robinson
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Mangin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Packard GC. What is complex allometry? Biol Open 2023; 12:bio060148. [PMID: 38126464 PMCID: PMC10751937 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex allometry describes a smooth, curvilinear relationship between logarithmic transformations of a biological variable and a corresponding measure for body size when the observations are displayed on a bivariate graph with linear scaling. The curvature in such a display is commonly captured by fitting a quadratic equation to the distribution; and the quadratic term is typically interpreted, in turn, to mean that the mathematically equivalent equation for describing the arithmetic distribution is a two-parameter power equation with an exponent that changes with body size. A power equation with an exponent that is itself a function of body size is virtually uninterpretable, yet numerous attempts have been made in recent years to incorporate such an exponent into theoretical models for the evolution of form and function in both plants and animals. However, the curvature that is described by a quadratic equation fitted to logarithms usually means that an explicit, non-zero intercept is required in the power equation describing the untransformed distribution - not that the exponent in the power equation varies with body size. Misperceptions that commonly accompany reports of complex allometry can be avoided by using nonlinear regression to examine untransformed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C. Packard
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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19
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Dharmarathne C, McLean DJ, Herberstein ME, Schneider JM. Intraspecific body size variation and allometry of genitalia in the orb-web spider- Argiope lobata. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16413. [PMID: 38047024 PMCID: PMC10691382 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current consensus is that sexual selection is responsible for the rapid and diverse evolution of genitalia, with several mutually exclusive mechanisms under debate, including non-antagonistic, antagonistic and stabilizing mechanisms. We used the orb-web spider, Argiope lobata (Araneidae), as a study model to quantify the allometric relationship between body size and genitalia, and to test for any impact of genital structures on male mating success or outcome in terms of copulation duration, leg loss or cannibalism. Our data do not support the 'one-size-fits-all' hypothesis that predicts a negative allometric slope between genitalia and body size. Importantly, we measured both male and female genitalia, and there was no sex specific pattern in allometric slopes. Unexpectedly, we found no predictor for reproductive success as indicated by copulation duration, cannibalism, and leg loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald James McLean
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie E. Herberstein
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Morinaga G, Wiens JJ, Moen DS. The radiation continuum and the evolution of frog diversity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7100. [PMID: 37925440 PMCID: PMC10625520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of life's vast diversity of species and phenotypes is often attributed to adaptive radiation. Yet its contribution to species and phenotypic diversity of a major group has not been examined. Two key questions remain unresolved. First, what proportion of clades show macroevolutionary dynamics similar to adaptive radiations? Second, what proportion of overall species richness and phenotypic diversity do these adaptive-radiation-like clades contain? We address these questions with phylogenetic and morphological data for 1226 frog species across 43 families (which represent >99% of all species). Less than half of frog families resembled adaptive radiations (with rapid diversification and morphological evolution). Yet, these adaptive-radiation-like clades encompassed ~75% of both morphological and species diversity, despite rapid rates in other clades (e.g., non-adaptive radiations). Overall, we support the importance of adaptive-radiation-like evolution for explaining diversity patterns and provide a framework for characterizing macroevolutionary dynamics and diversity patterns in other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Morinaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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21
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Rohner PT, Moczek AP. Vertically inherited microbiota and environment-modifying behaviors indirectly shape the exaggeration of secondary sexual traits in the gazelle dung beetle. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10666. [PMID: 37915805 PMCID: PMC10616735 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many organisms actively manipulate the environment in ways that feed back on their own development, a process referred to as developmental niche construction. Yet, the role that constructed biotic and abiotic environments play in shaping phenotypic variation and its evolution is insufficiently understood. Here, we assess whether environmental modifications made by developing dung beetles impact the environment-sensitive expression of secondary sexual traits. Gazelle dung beetles both physically modify their ontogenetic environment and structure their biotic interactions through the vertical inheritance of microbial symbionts. By experimentally eliminating (i) physical environmental modifications and (ii) the vertical inheritance of microbes, we assess the degree to which (sym)biotic and physical environmental modifications shape the exaggeration of several traits varying in their degree and direction of sexual dimorphism. We expected the experimental reduction of a larva's ability to shape its environment to affect trait size and scaling, especially for traits that are sexually dimorphic and environmentally plastic. We find that compromised developmental niche construction indeed shapes sexual dimorphism in overall body size and the absolute sizes of male-limited exaggerated head horns, the strongly sexually dimorphic fore tibia length and width, as well as the weakly dimorphic elytron length and width. This suggests that environmental modifications affect sex-specific phenotypic variation in functional traits. However, most of these effects can be attributed to nutrition-dependent plasticity in size and non-isometric trait scaling rather than body-size-independent effects on the developmental regulation of trait size. Our findings suggest that the reciprocal relationship between developing organisms, their symbionts, and their environment can have considerable impacts on sexual dimorphism and functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Rohner
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and EvolutionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Armin P. Moczek
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
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22
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Rohner PT, Casasa S, Moczek AP. Assessing the evolutionary lability of insulin signalling in the regulation of nutritional plasticity across traits and species of horned dung beetles. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1641-1648. [PMID: 37885148 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition-dependent growth of sexual traits is a major contributor to phenotypic diversity, and a large body of research documents insulin signalling as a major regulator of nutritional plasticity. However, findings across studies raise the possibility that the role of individual components within the insulin signalling pathway diverges in function among traits and taxa. Here, we use RNAi-mediated transcript depletion in the gazelle dung beetle to investigate the functions of forkhead box O (Foxo) and two paralogs of the insulin receptor (InR1 and InR2) in shaping nutritional plasticity in polyphenic male head horns, exaggerated fore legs, and weakly nutrition-responsive genitalia. Our functional genetic manipulations led to three main findings: FoxoRNAi reduced the length of exaggerated head horns in large males, while neither InR1 nor InR2 knock-downs resulted in measurable horn phenotypes. These results are similar to those documented previously for another dung beetle (Onthophagus taurus), but in stark contrast to findings in rhinoceros beetles. Secondly, knockdown of Foxo, InR1, and InR2 led to an increase in the intercept or slope of the scaling relationship of genitalia size. These findings are in contrast even to results documented previously for O. taurus. Lastly, while FoxoRNAi reduces male forelegs in D. gazella and O. taurus, the effects of InR1 and InR2 knockdowns diverged across dung beetle species. Our results add to the growing body of literature indicating that despite insulin signalling's conserved role as a regulator of nutritional plasticity, the functions of its components may diversify among traits and species, potentially fuelling the evolution of scaling relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rohner
- Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Sofia Casasa
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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23
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Weber JN, Kojima W, Boisseau RP, Niimi T, Morita S, Shigenobu S, Gotoh H, Araya K, Lin CP, Thomas-Bulle C, Allen CE, Tong W, Lavine LC, Swanson BO, Emlen DJ. Evolution of horn length and lifting strength in the Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4285-4297.e5. [PMID: 37734374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
What limits the size of nature's most extreme structures? For weapons like beetle horns, one possibility is a tradeoff associated with mechanical levers: as the output arm of the lever system-the beetle horn-gets longer, it also gets weaker. This "paradox of the weakening combatant" could offset reproductive advantages of additional increases in weapon size. However, in contemporary populations of most heavily weaponed species, males with the longest weapons also tend to be the strongest, presumably because selection drove the evolution of compensatory changes to these lever systems that ameliorated the force reductions of increased weapon size. Therefore, we test for biomechanical limits by reconstructing the stages of weapon evolution, exploring whether initial increases in weapon length first led to reductions in weapon force generation that were later ameliorated through the evolution of mechanisms of mechanical compensation. We describe phylogeographic relationships among populations of a rhinoceros beetle and show that the "pitchfork" shaped head horn likely increased in length independently in the northern and southern radiations of beetles. Both increases in horn length were associated with dramatic reductions to horn lifting strength-compelling evidence for the paradox of the weakening combatant-and these initial reductions to horn strength were later ameliorated in some populations through reductions to horn length or through increases in head height (the input arm for the horn lever system). Our results reveal an exciting geographic mosaic of weapon size, weapon force, and mechanical compensation, shedding light on larger questions pertaining to the evolution of extreme structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse N Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Wataru Kojima
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Romain P Boisseau
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shinichi Morita
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Trans-Scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Oya, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kunio Araya
- Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-city Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chung-Ping Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No.88 Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Camille Thomas-Bulle
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Cerisse E Allen
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Wenfei Tong
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Laura Corley Lavine
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Brook O Swanson
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, 502 East Boone Avenue, Spokane, WA 99258-0102, USA
| | - Douglas J Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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24
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Alfieri F, Botton-Divet L, Wölfer J, Nyakatura JA, Amson E. A macroevolutionary common-garden experiment reveals differentially evolvable bone organization levels in slow arboreal mammals. Commun Biol 2023; 6:995. [PMID: 37770611 PMCID: PMC10539518 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Eco-morphological convergence, i.e., similar phenotypes evolved in ecologically convergent taxa, naturally reproduces a common-garden experiment since it allows researchers to keep ecological factors constant, studying intrinsic evolutionary drivers. The latter may result in differential evolvability that, among individual anatomical parts, causes mosaic evolution. Reconstructing the evolutionary morphology of the humerus and femur of slow arboreal mammals, we addressed mosaicism at different bone anatomical spatial scales. We compared convergence strength, using it as indicator of evolvability, between bone external shape and inner structure, with the former expected to be less evolvable and less involved in convergent evolution, due to anatomical constraints. We identify several convergent inner structural traits, while external shape only loosely follows this trend, and we find confirmation for our assumption in measures of convergence magnitude. We suggest that future macroevolutionary reconstructions based on bone morphology should include structural traits to better detect ecological effects on vertebrate diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Alfieri
- Comparative Zoology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Léo Botton-Divet
- Comparative Zoology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Wölfer
- Comparative Zoology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - John A Nyakatura
- Comparative Zoology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eli Amson
- Paleontology Department, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1-3, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
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25
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Lemic D, Viric Gasparic H, Majcenic P, Pajač Živković I, Bjeliš M, Suazo MJ, Correa M, Hernández J, Benítez HA. Wing Shape Variation between Terrestrial and Coastal Populations of the Invasive Box Tree Moth, Cydalima perspectalis, in Croatia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3044. [PMID: 37835650 PMCID: PMC10571768 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis Walker, 1859; Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an invasive species naturally distributed in Asia. The caterpillars in all developmental stages cause damage through defoliation of plants, and ultimately the death of the plant itself may occur. It is possible to recognize this species by its silk barriers and threads, and in the case of an intense attack, the entire plant will be covered with them. In Europe, this species' presence was first recorded in 2007 in Germany and the Netherlands, and it is now widely distributed. In Croatia, its existence was first recorded in 2012, in Istria, while substantial damages were recorded in 2013. This work aimed to determine the morphological variability of C. perspectalis from Croatia and assess its invasive character, the possibility of flight, and the risk of further spread. The methods of geometric morphometrics were used as the analysis of wing shape. A total of 269 moths from different locations in Croatia were collected, the upper wings of males and females were analyzed using 14 landmarks. Significant differences in wing shapes between terrestrial and coastal populations were found, as well as subtle wing shape sexual dimorphism. The implications of this variability in species invasiveness and capacity of spread are discussed in this paper. We also extrapolate the usefulness of our results and suggest strategies for predicting and managing invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Lemic
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.L.); (P.M.); (I.P.Ž.)
| | - Helena Viric Gasparic
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.L.); (P.M.); (I.P.Ž.)
| | - Patricija Majcenic
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.L.); (P.M.); (I.P.Ž.)
| | - Ivana Pajač Živković
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.L.); (P.M.); (I.P.Ž.)
| | - Mario Bjeliš
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 31, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Manuel J. Suazo
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica 1000000, Chile;
| | - Margarita Correa
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile; (M.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Jordan Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile; (M.C.); (J.H.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Salud Ecosistémica, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Puerto Williams 6350000, Chile
| | - Hugo A. Benítez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile; (M.C.); (J.H.)
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago 8370993, Chile
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26
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Jiang D, Zhang J. Detecting natural selection in trait-trait coevolution. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:50. [PMID: 37700252 PMCID: PMC10496359 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
No phenotypic trait evolves independently of all other traits, but the cause of trait-trait coevolution is poorly understood. While the coevolution could arise simply from pleiotropic mutations that simultaneously affect the traits concerned, it could also result from multivariate natural selection favoring certain trait relationships. To gain a general mechanistic understanding of trait-trait coevolution, we examine the evolution of 220 cell morphology traits across 16 natural strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the evolution of 24 wing morphology traits across 110 fly species of the family Drosophilidae, along with the variations of these traits among gene deletion or mutation accumulation lines (a.k.a. mutants). For numerous trait pairs, the phenotypic correlation among evolutionary lineages differs significantly from that among mutants. Specifically, we find hundreds of cases where the evolutionary correlation between traits is strengthened or reversed relative to the mutational correlation, which, according to our population genetic simulation, is likely caused by multivariate selection. Furthermore, we detect selection for enhanced modularity of the yeast traits analyzed. Together, these results demonstrate that trait-trait coevolution is shaped by natural selection and suggest that the pleiotropic structure of mutation is not optimal. Because the morphological traits analyzed here are chosen largely because of their measurability and thereby are not expected to be biased with regard to natural selection, our conclusion is likely general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohan Jiang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Present address: Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Jianzhi Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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27
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Emberts Z, Somjee U, Wiens JJ. Selection on weapon allometry in the wild. Evolution 2023; 77:2090-2099. [PMID: 37395491 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Allometry is the scaling relationship between a trait and body size. This relationship can often explain considerable morphological variation within and among species. Nevertheless, much remains unknown about the factors that underlie allometric patterns. For example, when different allometric relationships are observed amongst closely related species, these differences are regularly considered to be products of selection. However, directional selection on allometry (particularly the slope) has rarely been tested and observed in natural populations. Here, we investigate selection on the scaling relationship between weapon size and body size (i.e., weapon allometry) in a wild population of giant mesquite bugs, Pachylis neocalifornicus (previously Thasus neocalifornicus). Males in this species use their weapons (enlarged femurs) to compete with one another over access to resources and females. We found that large males with relatively large weapons successfully secured access to mates. However, we also found that small males with relatively small weapons could access mates as well. These two patterns together can increase the allometric slope of the sexually selected weapon, suggesting a straightforward process by which the allometric slope can evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Emberts
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ummat Somjee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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28
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Carreras Pereira KA, Wolf AA, Kou-Giesbrecht S, Akana PR, Funk JL, Menge DNL. Allometric relationships for eight species of 4-5 year old nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing trees. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289679. [PMID: 37603572 PMCID: PMC10441808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Allometric equations are often used to estimate plant biomass allocation to different tissue types from easier-to-measure quantities. Biomass allocation, and thus allometric equations, often differs by species and sometimes varies with nutrient availability. We measured biomass components for five nitrogen-fixing tree species (Robinia pseudoacacia, Gliricidia sepium, Casuarina equisetifolia, Acacia koa, Morella faya) and three non-fixing tree species (Betula nigra, Psidium cattleianum, Dodonaea viscosa) grown in field sites in New York and Hawaii for 4-5 years and subjected to four fertilization treatments. We measured total aboveground, foliar, main stem, secondary stem, and twig biomass in all species, and belowground biomass in Robinia pseudoacacia and Betula nigra, along with basal diameter, height, and canopy dimensions. The individuals spanned a wide size range (<1-16 cm basal diameter; 0.24-8.8 m height). For each biomass component, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and total biomass, we determined the following four allometric equations: the most parsimonious (lowest AIC) overall, the most parsimonious without a fertilization effect, the most parsimonious without canopy dimensions, and an equation with basal diameter only. For some species, the most parsimonious overall equation included fertilization effects, but fertilization effects were inconsistent across fertilization treatments. We therefore concluded that fertilization does not clearly affect allometric relationships in these species, size classes, and growth conditions. Our best-fit allometric equations without fertilization effects had the following R2 values: 0.91-0.99 for aboveground biomass (the range is across species), 0.95 for belowground biomass, 0.80-0.96 for foliar biomass, 0.94-0.99 for main stem biomass, 0.77-0.98 for secondary stem biomass, and 0.88-0.99 for twig biomass. Our equations can be used to estimate overall biomass and biomass of tissue components for these size classes in these species, and our results indicate that soil fertility does not need to be considered when using allometric relationships for these size classes in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Carreras Pereira
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amelia A. Wolf
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sian Kou-Giesbrecht
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Palani R. Akana
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Funk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Duncan N. L. Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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29
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Kupren K, Nowosad J, Kucharczyk D. Growth Priorities of the Four Riverine Cyprinids during Early Ontogeny. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2345. [PMID: 37508121 PMCID: PMC10376005 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth patterns during early development of four species of riverine cyprinids, common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus L.), ide (Leuciscus idus L.), chub (Squalius cephalus L.) and common barbel (Barbus barbus L.), over 30 days of rearing, were analyzed. The study period covered three successive phases of larval development (preflexion, flexion, postflexion) and part of the juvenile development. The growth analysis carried out in the present study shows that significant allometric growth occurred mainly in preferentially localized body parts (head and tail) and was also associated with an increase in body height. The replacement of temporary structures (e.g., fin fold absorption) and the appearance of definitive structures around 21 mm TL (beginning of the juvenile period) corresponds to a stabilization of the relative growth of most parts of the body. This is probably due to the fact that the studied species had completed the most important part of the remodeling process (metamorphosis) and had achieved a body shape that allows juveniles to colonize faster water habitats. The results also indicate that individuals of species that are less developmentally advanced at the time of hatching (common barbel, chub) show greater initial dynamics of change in growth rate than individuals of species whose individuals are more advanced in ontogeny (common dace, ide). In addition, the small differences observed in growth parameters between successive periods analyzed, supported by the results of previous studies on these species, probably reflect the lack of abrupt changes in the behavior and habitat of the species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kupren
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, Institute of Engineering and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowosad
- Department of Ichthyology, Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology, National Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Department of Research and Development, Chemprof, Gutkowo 54B, 11-043 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Kucharczyk
- Department of Research and Development, Chemprof, Gutkowo 54B, 11-043 Olsztyn, Poland;
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30
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Goswami A, Noirault E, Coombs EJ, Clavel J, Fabre AC, Halliday TJD, Churchill M, Curtis A, Watanabe A, Simmons NB, Beatty BL, Geisler JH, Fox DL, Felice RN. Developmental origin underlies evolutionary rate variation across the placental skull. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220083. [PMID: 37183904 PMCID: PMC10184245 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The placental skull has evolved into myriad forms, from longirostrine whales to globular primates, and with a diverse array of appendages from antlers to tusks. This disparity has recently been studied from the perspective of the whole skull, but the skull is composed of numerous elements that have distinct developmental origins and varied functions. Here, we assess the evolution of the skull's major skeletal elements, decomposed into 17 individual regions. Using a high-dimensional morphometric approach for a dataset of 322 living and extinct eutherians (placental mammals and their stem relatives), we quantify patterns of variation and estimate phylogenetic, allometric and ecological signal across the skull. We further compare rates of evolution across ecological categories and ordinal-level clades and reconstruct rates of evolution along lineages and through time to assess whether developmental origin or function discriminate the evolutionary trajectories of individual cranial elements. Our results demonstrate distinct macroevolutionary patterns across cranial elements that reflect the ecological adaptations of major clades. Elements derived from neural crest show the fastest rates of evolution, but ecological signal is equally pronounced in bones derived from neural crest and paraxial mesoderm, suggesting that developmental origin may influence evolutionary tempo, but not capacity for specialisation. This article is part of the theme issue 'The mammalian skull: development, structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eve Noirault
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ellen J Coombs
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Julien Clavel
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, 3005 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas J D Halliday
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Morgan Churchill
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
| | - Abigail Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Akinobu Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Brian L Beatty
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Jonathan H Geisler
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - David L Fox
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryan N Felice
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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31
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Meghana R, Anand PP, Vardhanan YS. Molecular and morphometric analyses reveal host-specific cryptic speciation in a mite species, Tetranychus neocaledonicus (Andre, 1933) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Zootaxa 2023; 5306:61-96. [PMID: 37518535 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Host- and habitat-induced morphological shape and size variations are common in phytophagous and parasitic taxa. Several integrated morphological and molecular techniques have been commonly used to understand host-induced morpho-cryptic species forms. Compared to other arthropods, cryptic speciation was more common in Acari. This study focused on the host-specific morphological cryptic shape and size variations of Tetranychus neocaledonicus, collected from moringa and cassava hosts. We used geometric morphometric analysis to uncover the shape and size of inter-and intra-spider mite populations, and discovered that host-specific shape and size variations existed in spider mites regardless of sex. Interestingly, there was no phylogenetic signal in spider mites, implying that the morpho-cryptic speciation of T. neocaledonicus is solely based on the host-induced selection. The molecular clock hypothesis was accepted in our CO1 and 18s rRNA phylogeny analyses, and spider mites collected from both hosts were genetically less diverse. We conclude that T. neocaledonicus exhibited morphologically detectable cryptic population diversity in each host but that these populations are evolutionarily young form. Apart from these host-induced variations, we also monitored the impact of the clearing agent (lactic acid) on the shape and size of T. neocaledonicus; from this study, we proved that the clearing agent significantly alters the taxonomically important morphological traits of spider mites irrespective of the mites' sex, as confirmed by multivariate statistical analysis. This is the first study report to investigated the host-induced morphological variations of spider mites and the impact of a clearing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meghana
- Biochemistry & Toxicology Division; Department of Zoology; University of Calicut; Kerala; India.
| | - P P Anand
- Biochemistry & Toxicology Division; Department of Zoology; University of Calicut; Kerala; India.
| | - Y Shibu Vardhanan
- Biochemistry & Toxicology Division; Department of Zoology; University of Calicut; Kerala; India.
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Sánchez-González JR, Nicieza AG. Declining metabolic scaling parallels an ontogenetic change from elongate to deep-bodied shapes in juvenile Brown trout. Curr Zool 2023; 69:294-303. [PMID: 37351295 PMCID: PMC10284058 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Body shape and metabolic rate can be important determinants of animal performance, yet often their effects on influential traits are evaluated in a non-integrated way. This creates an important gap because the integration between shape and metabolism may be crucial to evaluate metabolic scaling theories. Here, we measured standard metabolic rate in 1- and 2-years old juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta, and used a geometric morphometrics approach to extricate the effects of ontogeny and size on the link between shape and metabolic scaling. We evidenced near-isometric ontogenetic scaling of metabolic rate with size, but also a biphasic pattern driven by a significant change in metabolic scaling, from positive to negative allometry. Moreover, the change in metabolic allometry parallels an ontogenetic change from elongate to deep-bodied shapes. This is consistent with the dynamic energy budget (DEB) and surface area (SA) theories, but not with the resource transport network theory which predicts increasing allometric exponents for trends towards more robust, three-dimensional bodies. In addition, we found a relationship between body shape and size independent metabolic rate, with a positive correlation between robustness and metabolic rate, which fits well within the view of Pace-of-Life Syndromes (POLS). Finally, our results align with previous studies that question the universality of metabolic scaling exponents and propose other mechanistic models explaining the diversity of metabolic scaling relationships or emphasizing the potential contribution of ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge-Rubén Sánchez-González
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Animal Science-Wildlife Section, University of Lleida, 25006 Lleida, Spain
| | - Alfredo G Nicieza
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB), University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias-CSIC, 33600 Mieres, Spain
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Simon S, Fischer B, Rinner A, Hummer A, Frank BJH, Mitterer JA, Huber S, Aichmair A, Schwarz GM, Hofstaetter JG. Body height estimation from automated length measurements on standing long leg radiographs using artificial intelligence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8504. [PMID: 37231033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial-intelligence (AI) allows large-scale analyses of long-leg-radiographs (LLRs). We used this technology to derive an update for the classical regression formulae by Trotter and Gleser, which are frequently used to infer stature based on long-bone measurements. We analyzed calibrated, standing LLRs from 4200 participants taken between 2015 and 2020. Automated landmark placement was conducted using the AI-algorithm LAMA™ and the measurements were used to determine femoral, tibial and total leg-length. Linear regression equations were subsequently derived for stature estimation. The estimated regression equations have a shallower slope and larger intercept in males and females (Femur-male: slope = 2.08, intercept = 77.49; Femur-female: slope = 1.9, intercept = 79.81) compared to the formulae previously derived by Trotter and Gleser 1952 (Femur-male: slope = 2.38, intercept = 61.41; Femur-female: slope = 2.47, intercept = 54.13) and Trotter and Gleser 1958 (Femur-male: slope = 2.32, intercept = 65.53). All long-bone measurements showed a high correlation (r ≥ 0.76) with stature. The linear equations we derived tended to overestimate stature in short persons and underestimate stature in tall persons. The differences in slopes and intercepts from those published by Trotter and Gleser (1952, 1958) may result from an ongoing secular increase in stature. Our study illustrates that AI-algorithms are a promising new tool enabling large-scale measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Simon
- Michael Ogon Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria
- 2nd Department, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Fischer
- Unit for Theoretical Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Rinner
- Michael Ogon Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Allan Hummer
- ImageBiopsy Lab GmbH, Zehetnergasse 6/2/2, 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard J H Frank
- Michael Ogon Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennyfer A Mitterer
- Michael Ogon Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Huber
- Michael Ogon Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Aichmair
- Michael Ogon Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria
- 2nd Department, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gilbert M Schwarz
- Michael Ogon Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jochen G Hofstaetter
- Michael Ogon Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria.
- 2nd Department, Orthopaedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, Speisinger Straße 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria.
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Wilcox AS, Vea IM, Frankino WA, Shingleton AW. Genetic variation of morphological scaling in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 130:302-311. [PMID: 36878946 PMCID: PMC10162999 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological scaling relationships between the sizes of individual traits and the body captures the characteristic shape of a species, and their evolution is the primary mechanism of morphological diversification. However, we have almost no knowledge of the genetic variation of scaling, which is critical if we are to understand how scaling evolves. Here we explore the genetics of population scaling relationships (scaling relationships fit to multiple genetically-distinct individuals in a population) by describing the distribution of individual scaling relationships (genotype-specific scaling relationships that are unseen or cryptic). These individual scaling relationships harbor the genetic variation in the developmental mechanisms that regulate trait growth relative to body growth, and theoretical studies suggest that their distribution dictates how the population scaling relationship will respond to selection. Using variation in nutrition to generate size variation within 197 isogenic lineages of Drosophila melanogaster, we reveal extensive variation in the slopes of the wing-body and leg-body individual scaling relationships among genotypes. This variation reflects variation in the nutritionally-induced size plasticity of the wing, leg, and body. Surprisingly, we find that variation in the slope of individual scaling relationships primarily results from variation in nutritionally-induced plasticity of body size, not leg or wing size. These data allow us to predict how different selection regimes affect scaling in Drosophila, and is the first step in identifying the genetic targets of such selection. More generally, our approach provides a framework for understanding the genetic variation of scaling, an important prerequisite to explaining how selection changes scaling and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin S Wilcox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 840 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Isabelle M Vea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 840 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - W Anthony Frankino
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Alexander W Shingleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 840 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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White HE, Tucker AS, Fernandez V, Portela Miguez R, Hautier L, Herrel A, Urban DJ, Sears KE, Goswami A. Pedomorphosis in the ancestry of marsupial mammals. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00457-8. [PMID: 37119816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Within mammals, different reproductive strategies (e.g., egg laying, live birth of extremely underdeveloped young, and live birth of well-developed young) have been linked to divergent evolutionary histories. How and when developmental variation across mammals arose is unclear. While egg laying is unquestionably considered the ancestral state for all mammals, many long-standing biases treat the extreme underdeveloped state of marsupial young as the ancestral state for therian mammals (clade including both marsupials and placentals), with the well-developed young of placentals often considered the derived mode of development. Here, we quantify mammalian cranial morphological development and estimate ancestral patterns of cranial shape development using geometric morphometric analysis of the largest comparative ontogenetic dataset of mammals to date (165 specimens, 22 species). We identify a conserved region of cranial morphospace for fetal specimens, after which cranial morphology diversified through ontogeny in a cone-shaped pattern. This cone-shaped pattern of development distinctively reflected the upper half of the developmental hourglass model. Moreover, cranial morphological variation was found to be significantly associated with the level of development (position on the altricial-precocial spectrum) exhibited at birth. Estimation of ancestral state allometry (size-related shape change) reconstructs marsupials as pedomorphic relative to the ancestral therian mammal. In contrast, the estimated allometries for the ancestral placental and ancestral therian were indistinguishable. Thus, from our results, we hypothesize that placental mammal cranial development most closely reflects that of the ancestral therian mammal, while marsupial cranial development represents a more derived mode of mammalian development, in stark contrast to many interpretations of mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E White
- Science Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK.
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Lionel Hautier
- Science Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel J Urban
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Science Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
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36
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Hedrick BP. Dots on a screen: The past, present, and future of morphometrics in the study of nonavian dinosaurs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 36922704 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Using morphometrics to study nonavian dinosaur fossils is a practice that predates the origin of the word "dinosaur." By the 1970s, linear morphometrics had become established as a valuable tool for analyzing intra- and interspecific variation in nonavian dinosaurs. With the advent of more recent techniques such as geometric morphometrics and more advanced statistical approaches, morphometric analyses of nonavian dinosaurs have proliferated, granting unprecedented insight into many aspects of their biology and evolution. I outline the past, present, and future of morphometrics as applied to the study of nonavian dinosaurs zeroing in on five aspects of nonavian dinosaur paleobiology where morphometrics has been widely utilized to advance our knowledge: systematics, sexual dimorphism, locomotion, macroevolution, and trackways. Morphometric methods are especially susceptible to taphonomic distortion. As such, the impact of taphonomic distortion on original fossil shape is discussed as are current and future methods for quantifying and accounting for distortion with the goal of reducing the taphonomic noise to biological signal ratio. Finally, the future of morphometrics in nonavian dinosaur paleobiology is discussed as paleobiologists move into a "virtual paleobiology" framework, whereby digital renditions of fossils are captured via methods such as photogrammetry and computed tomography. These primary data form the basis for three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analyses along with a slew of other forms of analyses. These 3D specimen data form part of the extended specimen and help to democratize paleobiology, unlocking the specimen from the physical museum and making the specimen available to researchers across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Hedrick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Rhoda DP, Haber A, Angielczyk KD. Diversification of the ruminant skull along an evolutionary line of least resistance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8929. [PMID: 36857459 PMCID: PMC9977183 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying how microevolutionary processes scale to macroevolutionary patterns is a fundamental goal in evolutionary biology, but these analyses, requiring comparative datasets of population-level variation, are limited. By analyzing a previously published dataset of 2859 ruminant crania, we find that variation within and between ruminant species is biased by a highly conserved mammalian-wide allometric pattern, CREA (craniofacial evolutionary allometry), where larger species have proportionally longer faces. Species with higher morphological integration and species more biased toward CREA have diverged farther from their ancestors, and Ruminantia as a clade diversified farther than expected in the direction of CREA. Our analyses indicate that CREA acts as an evolutionary "line of least resistance" and facilitates morphological diversification due to its alignment with the browser-grazer continuum. Together, our results demonstrate that constraints at the population level can produce highly directional patterns of phenotypic evolution at the macroevolutionary scale. Further research is needed to explore how CREA has been exploited in other mammalian clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Rhoda
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. DuSable Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Annat Haber
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Angielczyk
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. DuSable Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA
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Petersen SE, Jensen B, Aung N, Friedrich MG, McMahon CJ, Mohiddin SA, Pignatelli RH, Ricci F, Anderson RH, Bluemke DA. Excessive Trabeculation of the Left Ventricle: JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging Expert Panel Paper. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 16:408-425. [PMID: 36764891 PMCID: PMC9988693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive trabeculation, often referred to as "noncompacted" myocardium, has been described at all ages, from the fetus to the adult. Current evidence for myocardial development, however, does not support the formation of compact myocardium from noncompacted myocardium, nor the arrest of this process to result in so-called noncompaction. Excessive trabeculation is frequently observed by imaging studies in healthy individuals, as well as in association with pregnancy, athletic activity, and with cardiac diseases of inherited, acquired, developmental, or congenital origins. Adults with incidentally noted excessive trabeculation frequently require no further follow-up based on trabecular pattern alone. Patients with cardiomyopathy and excessive trabeculation are managed by cardiovascular symptoms rather than the trabecular pattern. To date, the prognostic role of excessive trabeculation in adults has not been shown to be independent of other myocardial disease. In neonates and children with excessive trabeculation and normal or abnormal function, clinical caution seems warranted because of the reported association with genetic and neuromuscular disorders. This report summarizes the evidence concerning the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance of excessive trabeculation. Gaps in current knowledge of the clinical relevance of excessive trabeculation are indicated, with priorities suggested for future research and improved diagnosis in adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E Petersen
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health and Care Research Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nay Aung
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health and Care Research Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias G Friedrich
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colin J McMahon
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Saidi A Mohiddin
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health and Care Research Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo H Pignatelli
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fabrizio Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G.d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - David A Bluemke
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Planktonic prey size selection reveals an emergent keystone predator effect and niche partitioning. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280884. [PMID: 36780441 PMCID: PMC9925011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine herbivorous protists are often the dominant grazers of primary production. We developed a size-based model with flexible size-based grazing to encapsulate taxonomic and behavioral diversity. We examined individual and combined grazing impacts by three consumer sizes that span the size range of protistan grazers- 5, 50, and 200 μm-on a size-structured phytoplankton community. Prey size choice and dietary niche width varied with consumer size and with co-existence of other consumers. When all consumer sizes were present, distinct dietary niches emerged, with a range of consumer-prey size ratios spanning from 25:1 to 0.4:1, encompassing the canonical 10:1 often assumed. Grazing on all phytoplankton size classes maximized the phytoplankton size diversity through the keystone predator effect, resulting in a phytoplankton spectral slope of approximately -4, agreeing with field data. This mechanistic model suggests the observed size structure of phytoplankton communities is at least in part the result of selective consumer feeding.
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Guimarães E, Baxter-Jones ADG, Williams AM, Tavares F, Janeira MA, Maia J. The effects of body size and training environment on the physical performance of adolescent basketball players: the INEX study. Ann Hum Biol 2023; 50:26-34. [PMID: 36650927 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2169759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although adolescent basketballers differ in body size, shape, and composition, less is known about how these factors interact during physical development. AIM We used ontogenetic allometry to identify the optimal body size and shape characteristics associated with physical performance in adolescent basketball players, and investigated the effects of training experience, training volume, maturity status, and club characteristics on physical performance development. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two hundred and sixty-four male basketballers, from five age-cohorts (11-15 years of age), were followed consecutively over three years. Three physical performance components, anthropometrics, training information, and biological maturation were assessed bi-annually. Longitudinal multiplicative allometric models were developed. RESULTS Players with a physique that had a dominant ectomorphic component performed better in all physical performance components. When adjusting for confounders other than size, the development of running speed was independent of body size. Players advanced in maturation were physically fitter. Training data had no significant effect on developmental trajectories of running speed or lower body explosive strength. Club characteristics had no significant association with any physical performance trajectories. CONCLUSION Leaner players have advantages in physical performance and individual characteristics play an important role, over and beyond club structure, in developing physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Guimarães
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - A Mark Williams
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fernando Tavares
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Janeira
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Maia
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Novotny M, Sommerfeld V, Krieg J, Kühn I, Huber K, Rodehutscord M. Mucosal phosphatase activity, phytate degradation, and mineral digestibility in 6-week-old turkeys and broilers at different dietary levels of phosphorus and phytase and comparison with 3-week-old animals. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102476. [PMID: 36716675 PMCID: PMC9922952 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Female turkeys (B.U.T. 6) and broilers (Ross 308) were compared at 6 wk of age to evaluate the effects of species, dietary P, Ca, and phytase levels on myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) degradation along the digestive tract, gut mucosal phosphatase activity, P and Ca digestibility, and myo-inositol concentrations in the digesta and blood. The environmental conditions and experimental corn-soybean meal-based diets were the same for both species. Four diets with either combination of 2 levels of P and Ca (CaP-: 4.0 g P/kg, 5.4 g Ca/kg and CaP+: 6.0 g P/kg, 8.0 g Ca/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation (0 and 1,500 FTU/kg) were fed to the animals for 7 d at their sixth wk of age. Each diet was randomly assigned to 6 pens per species, with 10 birds each. After slaughter, blood, digesta from the crop, gizzard, duodenum, lower ileum, and jejunal mucosa were collected. Endogenous mucosal phosphatase activity in the jejunum was higher in turkeys than in broilers. Prececal InsP6 disappearance was also higher in turkeys than in broilers when phytase was not supplemented. Phytase supplementation led to a higher prececal InsP6 disappearance in broilers than in turkeys, likely due to different crop conditions such as moisture content. However, prececal P digestibility was higher in turkeys than broilers. Different relationships between myo-inositol concentration in the ileum digesta and blood were found, depending on the species. A comparison of the results with those obtained in 3-wk-old birds of a companion study showed that in diets with low Ca and P levels, prececal InsP6 disappearance increased with age in turkeys, but not in broilers. This coincided with changes in the conditions of the digestive tract, such as the water content in the crop, gizzard pH, and mucosal phosphatase activity. In conclusion, occurrence of differences in phytate degradation between turkeys and broilers, fed the same feed, depended on age and can be explained by different physiological development of the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Novotny
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Krieg
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Evans KM, Larouche O, West JL, Gartner SM, Westneat MW. Burrowing constrains patterns of skull shape evolution in wrasses. Evol Dev 2023; 25:73-84. [PMID: 35971630 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of behavioral and ecological specialization can have marked effects on the tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution. Head-first burrowing has been shown to exert powerful selective pressures on the head and body shapes of many vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. In wrasses, burrowing behaviors have evolved multiple times independently, and are commonly used in foraging and predator avoidance behaviors. While recent studies have examined the kinematics and body shape morphology associated with this behavior, no study to-date has examined the macroevolutionary implications of burrowing on patterns of phenotypic diversification in this clade. Here, we use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to study the evolution of skull shape in fossorial wrasses and their relatives. We test for skull shape differences between burrowing and non burrowing wrasses and evaluate hypotheses of shape convergence among the burrowing wrasses. We also quantify rates of skull shape evolution between burrowing and non burrowing wrasses to test for whether burrowing constrains or accelerates rates of skull shape evolution in this clade. We find that while burrowing and non burrowing wrasses exhibit similar degrees of morphological disparity, for burrowing wrasses, it took nearly twice as long to amass this disparity. Furthermore, while the disparities between groups are evenly matched, we find that most burrowing species are confined to a particular region of shape space with most species exhibiting narrower heads than many non-burrowing species. These results suggest head-first burrowing constrains patterns of skull shape diversification in wrasses by potentially restricting the range of phenotypes that can perform this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory M Evans
- Department of Bioscience, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - JoJo L West
- Department of Bioscience, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samantha M Gartner
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark W Westneat
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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43
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Wilson LAB, Zajitschek SRK, Lagisz M, Mason J, Haselimashhadi H, Nakagawa S. Sex differences in allometry for phenotypic traits in mice indicate that females are not scaled males. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7502. [PMID: 36509767 PMCID: PMC9744842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the lifetime risk and expression of disease are well-known. Preclinical research targeted at improving treatment, increasing health span, and reducing the financial burden of health care, has mostly been conducted on male animals and cells. The extent to which sex differences in phenotypic traits are explained by sex differences in body weight remains unclear. We quantify sex differences in the allometric relationship between trait value and body weight for 363 phenotypic traits in male and female mice, recorded in >2 million measurements from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium. We find sex differences in allometric parameters (slope, intercept, residual SD) are common (73% traits). Body weight differences do not explain all sex differences in trait values but scaling by weight may be useful for some traits. Our results show sex differences in phenotypic traits are trait-specific, promoting case-specific approaches to drug dosage scaled by body weight in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. B. Wilson
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, UNSW Data Science Hub, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia ,grid.1001.00000 0001 2180 7477School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia
| | - Susanne R. K. Zajitschek
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, UNSW Data Science Hub, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia ,grid.4425.70000 0004 0368 0654School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, UNSW Data Science Hub, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jeremy Mason
- Melio Healthcare Ltd., City Tower, 40 Basinghall Street, London, EC2V 5DE UK ,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD UK
| | - Hamed Haselimashhadi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD UK
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, UNSW Data Science Hub, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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44
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Correia I, Gomes BDF, Villalobos F, Ferrari SF, Gouveia SF. Lessons from comparative primatology for understanding trait covariation and diversity in evolutionary ecology. Mamm Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Correia
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation Universidade Federal de Sergipe 49100‐000 São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Evolutionary Biology Network Instituto de Ecología A.C. ‐ INECOL, Xalapa Veracruz Mexico
| | - Stephen F. Ferrari
- Department of Ecology Universidade Federal de Sergipe São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - Sidney F. Gouveia
- Department of Ecology Universidade Federal de Sergipe São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
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45
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Geiger M, Sánchez‐Villagra MR, Sherratt E. Cranial shape variation in domestication: A pilot study on the case of rabbits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 338:532-541. [PMID: 35934897 PMCID: PMC9804214 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Domestication leads to phenotypic characteristics that have been described to be similar across species. However, this "domestication syndrome" has been subject to debate, related to a lack of evidence for certain characteristics in many species. Here we review diverse literature and provide new data on cranial shape changes due to domestication in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a preliminary case study, thus contributing novel evidence to the debate. We quantified cranial shape of 30 wild and domestic rabbits using micro-computed tomography scans and three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. The goal was to test (1) if the domesticates exhibit shorter and broader snouts, smaller teeth, and smaller braincases than their wild counterparts; (2) to what extent allometric scaling is responsible for cranial shape variation; (3) if there is evidence for more variation in the neural crest-derived parts of the cranium compared with those derived of the mesoderm, in accordance with the "neural crest hypothesis." Our own data are consistent with older literature records, suggesting that although there is evidence for some cranial characteristics of the "domestication syndrome" in rabbits, facial length is not reduced. In accordance with the "neural crest hypothesis," we found more shape variation in neural crest versus mesoderm-derived parts of the cranium. Within the domestic group, allometric scaling relationships of the snout, the braincase, and the teeth shed new light on ubiquitous patterns among related taxa. This study-albeit preliminary due to the limited sample size-adds to the growing evidence concerning nonuniform patterns associated with domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Geiger
- Paleontological Institute and MuseumUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Naturmuseum St.GallenSt.GallenSwitzerland,SWILD, Urban Ecology & Wildlife ResearchZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Emma Sherratt
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
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46
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Nanova OG. Circumpolar Skull Variations in the Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus, Carnivora, Canidae): Clarified Taxonomy of Insular Populations. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022090254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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47
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Faber JW, Wüst RCI, Dierx I, Hummelink JA, Kuster DWD, Nollet E, Moorman AFM, Sánchez-Quintana D, van der Wal AC, Christoffels VM, Jensen B. Equal force generation potential of trabecular and compact wall ventricular cardiomyocytes. iScience 2022; 25:105393. [PMID: 36345331 PMCID: PMC9636041 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trabecular myocardium makes up most of the ventricular wall of the human embryo. A process of compaction in the fetal period presumably changes ventricular wall morphology by converting ostensibly weaker trabecular myocardium into stronger compact myocardium. Using developmental series of embryonic and fetal humans, mice and chickens, we show ventricular morphogenesis is driven by differential rates of growth of trabecular and compact layers rather than a process of compaction. In mouse, fetal cardiomyocytes are relatively weak but adult cardiomyocytes from the trabecular and compact layer show an equally large force generating capacity. In fetal and adult humans, trabecular and compact myocardium are not different in abundance of immunohistochemically detected vascular, mitochondrial and sarcomeric proteins. Similar findings are made in human excessive trabeculation, a congenital malformation. In conclusion, trabecular and compact myocardium is equally equipped for force production and their proportions are determined by differential growth rates rather than by compaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeike W Faber
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Dierx
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke A Hummelink
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diederik W D Kuster
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edgar Nollet
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoon F M Moorman
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Allard C van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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48
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The Predictable Complexity of Evolutionary Allometry. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Summers TC, Ord TJ. Signal detection shapes ornament allometry in functionally convergent Caribbean Anolis and Southeast Asian Draco lizards. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1508-1523. [PMID: 36177770 PMCID: PMC9828585 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visual ornaments have long been assumed to evolve hyper-allometry as an outcome of sexual selection. Yet growing evidence suggests many sexually selected morphologies can exhibit other scaling patterns with body size, including hypo-allometry. The large conspicuous throat fan, or dewlap, of arboreal Caribbean Anolis lizards was one ornament previously thought to conform to the classical expectation of hyper-allometry. We re-evaluated this classic example alongside a second arboreal group of lizards that has also independently evolved a functionally equivalent dewlap, the Southeast Asian Draco lizards. Across multiple closely related species in both genera, the Anolis and Draco dewlaps were either isometric or had hypo-allometric scaling patterns. In the case of the Anolis dewlap, variation in dewlap allometry was predicted by the distance of conspecifics and the light environment in which the dewlap was typically viewed. Signal efficacy, therefore, appears to have driven the evolution of hypo-allometry in what was originally thought to be a sexually selected ornament with hyper-allometry. Our findings suggest that other elaborate morphological structures used in social communication might similarly exhibit isometric or hypo-allometric scaling patterns because of environmental constraints on signal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Summers
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Terry J. Ord
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
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50
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Acevedo AA, Palma RE, Olalla-Tárraga MÁ. Ecological and evolutionary trends of body size in Pristimantis frogs, the world's most diverse vertebrate genus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18106. [PMID: 36302809 PMCID: PMC9613995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is a key organismal trait. However, the environmental and evolutionary factors that drive body size patterns at the interspecific level remain unclear. Here, we explored these relationships between phenotype-environment using neotropical frogs of Pristimantis, the world's most diverse vertebrate genus. We analyzed: (a) whether this group follows the Rensch's rule, a trend of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) to increase with size when males are the larger sex; (b) whether environmental constraints have influenced body size variation; and (c) how the rates of body size evolution have varied over time. Analyses were based on two information sources, the first one including body sizes of ~ 85% (495 species) of known species in the genus, and a second one incorporating molecular phylogenetic information for 257 species. Our results showed that all Pristimantis species exhibited marked SSD but did not follow Rensch's rule. We found that the models that best explained body size in males, females, and SSD contained environmental variations in temperature, precipitation, and elevation as predictors. In turn, body size has evolved toward an optimum, with a decelerating rate of evolution differentiated between the large Pristimantis clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemar A. Acevedo
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ,grid.441950.d0000 0001 2107 1033Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Biogeografía, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - R. Eduardo Palma
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Ángel Olalla-Tárraga
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Biology and Geology, Physics & Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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