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Kato M, Yamamori L, Imada Y, Sota T. Recent origin and diversification accompanied by repeated host shifts of thallus-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on liverworts and hornworts. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222347. [PMID: 37282533 PMCID: PMC10244969 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the vast diversity of phytophagous insects that feed on vascular plants (tracheophytes), insects that feed on bryophytes remain understudied. Agromyzidae, one of the most species-rich phytophagous clades in Diptera, consists mainly of leaf-mining species that feed on tracheophytes. However, a recent discovery of thallus-mining species on liverworts and hornworts within the Liriomyza group of Phytomyzinae provides an opportunity to study host shifts between tracheophytes and bryophytes. This study aimed to explore the origin and diversification of thallus-miners and estimate the pattern and timing of host shifts. Phylogenetic analysis of Phytomyzinae has revealed that the thallus-mining agromyzids formed a separate clade, which was sister to a fern pinnule-miner. The diversification of bryophyte-associated agromyzids since the Oligocene involved multiple host shifts across various bryophyte taxa. The diversification of the thallus-mining Phytoliriomyza may have occurred at the same time as the leaf-mining agromyzid flies on herbaceous plants, indicating a dynamic history of interactions between bryophytes and herbivores in angiosperms-dominated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Luna Yamamori
- Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, 459 Shirahama-cho, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Yume Imada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Dong Y, Gao J, Hulcr J. Insect wood borers on commercial North American tree species growing in China: review of Chinese peer-review and grey literature. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023:7135596. [PMID: 37083727 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Invasive insect wood borers are a threat to global forests and tree-related industries as they can damage trees and spread plant pathogens. Reports of damages by wood borers on plants that were planted overseas may facilitate the identification of potential invaders and speed up risk assessment. However, much of this information remains unavailable to the international plant protection community due to language barriers, lack of digitization, or limited circulation of regional literature. Here, we investigated reports of wood borers on 7 important North American commercial tree species planted in China (Carya illinoinensis, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda, Quercus texana, Quercus rubra, and Quercus virginiana) in peer-reviewed as well as "grey" (nonpeer-reviewed) Chinese literature. A total of 60 unique wood borer records were found, yielding reports of 4 orders, 39 genera, and 44 species of insect wood borers. Among Coleoptera, longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) were the most commonly reported colonizers of North American trees in China. Chinese peer-reviewed reports of pests on alien plants are a valuable tool to survey for potential wood-boring invaders of North America, and wherever North American trees are planted and have the potential to encounter Asian invasive insects. Digitization and dissemination of non-English literature are essential for contemporary risk assessment. On the other hand, the nonpeer reviewed "grey" literature, primarily agency reports and student theses, provided only 5% of the records; many incidental observations were unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Dong
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
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3
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Diversification processes between monogenoids (Dactylogyridae) and their marine catfish (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the Atlantic coast of South America. Parasitology 2023; 150:184-194. [PMID: 36444641 PMCID: PMC10106279 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Due to their high specificity, monogenoids from fish provide an interesting model to study historical associations of hosts and parasites. High agreement between host and parasite phylogeny is often interpreted as evidence of cospeciation. However, cophylogenetic signal may also arise from other, either adaptive or non-adaptive, processes. We applied the recently developed Cophylospace Framework to better understand the evolutionary relationship between monogenoids and marine catfish from the Atlantic coast of South America. The associations between 12 marine catfish and 10 monogenoid species were assessed. Molecular data of host and parasite species were used for phylogenetic reconstruction. We used anchor morphology based on Procrustes coordinates to evaluate whether closely related hosts are associated with morphologically similar parasites. To assess the association between parasite phylogeny and host morphology, we produced a distance matrix based on morphological characters of catfishes. Agreement between phylogenies and between phylogeny and morphology was measured using Procrustes R2 computed with PACo. The parasite phylogeny obtained in this study represents the first complete phylogenetic hypothesis of monogenoids parasitizing ariids from South America. The Cophylospace analysis suggested that phylogenetic and morphological distance of monogenoids contributes similarly to explain the pattern of host–parasite associations, whereas parasite phylogeny is more strongly associated with the morphological traits of the hosts than with host phylogeny. This evidence suggests that cospeciation is not a major force accounting for diversification in the monogenoids studied. Rather host morphological traits seem to be a more important driver, which conforms with evidence from other host‒monogenoid systems.
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Butterworth NJ, Benbow ME, Barton PS. The ephemeral resource patch concept. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 98:697-726. [PMID: 36517934 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ephemeral resource patches (ERPs) - short lived resources including dung, carrion, temporary pools, rotting vegetation, decaying wood, and fungi - are found throughout every ecosystem. Their short-lived dynamics greatly enhance ecosystem heterogeneity and have shaped the evolutionary trajectories of a wide range of organisms - from bacteria to insects and amphibians. Despite this, there has been no attempt to distinguish ERPs clearly from other resource types, to identify their shared spatiotemporal characteristics, or to articulate their broad ecological and evolutionary influences on biotic communities. Here, we define ERPs as any distinct consumable resources which (i) are homogeneous (genetically, chemically, or structurally) relative to the surrounding matrix, (ii) host a discrete multitrophic community consisting of species that cannot replicate solely in any of the surrounding matrix, and (iii) cannot maintain a balance between depletion and renewal, which in turn, prevents multiple generations of consumers/users or reaching a community equilibrium. We outline the wide range of ERPs that fit these criteria, propose 12 spatiotemporal characteristics along which ERPs can vary, and synthesise a large body of literature that relates ERP dynamics to ecological and evolutionary theory. We draw this knowledge together and present a new unifying conceptual framework that incorporates how ERPs have shaped the adaptive trajectories of organisms, the structure of ecosystems, and how they can be integrated into biodiversity management and conservation. Future research should focus on how inter- and intra-resource variation occurs in nature - with a particular focus on resource × environment × genotype interactions. This will likely reveal novel adaptive strategies, aid the development of new eco-evolutionary theory, and greatly improve our understanding of the form and function of organisms and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Butterworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney 15 Broadway Ultimo NSW 2007 Australia
| | - M. Eric Benbow
- Department of Entomology, Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, and Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program Michigan State University 220 Trowbridge Rd East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Philip S. Barton
- Future Regions Research Centre, Federation University University Drive, Mount Helen VIC 3350 Australia
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Koskinen JS, Abrego N, Vesterinen EJ, Schulz T, Roslin T, Nyman T. Imprints of latitude, host taxon, and decay stage on fungus‐associated arthropod communities. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janne S. Koskinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Nerea Abrego
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Finland
| | | | - Torsti Schulz
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Finland
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Svanvik Norway
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Euclydes L, De La Torre GM, Dudczak AC, Melo FTDV, Campião KM. Ecological specificity explains infection parameters of anuran parasites at different scales. Parasitology 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35195062 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of parasite infection in different hosts is one of the main goals of disease ecology. Evaluating the relationship between parasite–host specificity and infection parameters within host communities and populations may contribute to this understanding. Here we propose two measures of specificity that encompasses phylogenetic and ecological relatedness among hosts and investigated how such metrics explain parasite infection prevalence and mean infection intensity (MII). We analysed the parasites associated with an anuran community in an area of Atlantic Forest and used the number of infected hosts and the net relatedness index to calculate the phylogenetic and ecological specificities of the parasites. These specificity measures were related to infection metrics (prevalence and MII) with generalized linear mixed models at community (all hosts) and population (infected host species) scales. Parasite prevalence was correlated with the number of infected hosts and, when considering only multi-host parasites, was positively related to parasite ecological specificity at community and population scales. Thus, parasite species have similar prevalences in ecologically closer hosts. No relationship was found for parasite MII. Incorporating ecological characteristics of hosts in parasite specificity analyses improves the detection of patterns of specificity across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Euclydes
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná81531-980, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M De La Torre
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná81531-980, Brazil
| | - Amanda Caroline Dudczak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná81531-980, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos Melo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology 'Prof. Dr. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi', Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará66075-110, Brazil
| | - Karla Magalhães Campião
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná81531-980, Brazil
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Rodríguez RL, Wood TK, Stearns FW, Snyder RL, Tilmon KJ, Cast MS, Hunt RE, Cocroft RB. Adaptation without Specialization Early in a Host Shift. Am Nat 2021; 198:333-346. [PMID: 34403320 DOI: 10.1086/715629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStudents of speciation debate the role of performance trade-offs across different environments early in speciation. We tested for early performance trade-offs with a host shift experiment using a member of the Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). In this clade of plant-feeding insects, different species live on different host plants and exhibit strong behavioral and physiological host specialization. After five generations, the experimental host shifts resulted either in no adaptation or in adaptation without specialization. The latter result was more likely in sympatry; in allopatry, populations on novel host plants were more likely to become extinct. We conclude that in the early stages of speciation, adaptation to novel host plants does not necessarily bring about performance trade-offs on ancestral environments. Adaptation may be facilitated rather than hindered by gene flow, which prevents extinction. Additional causes of specialization and assortative mating may be required if colonization of novel environments is to result in speciation.
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Jermy T, Szentesi Á. Why are there not more herbivorous insect species? ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2021. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.67.2.119.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect species richness is estimated to exceed three million species, of which roughly half is herbivorous. Despite the vast number of species and varied life histories, the proportion of herbivorous species among plant-consuming organisms is lower than it could be due to constraints that impose limits to their diversification. These include ecological factors, such as vague interspecific competition; anatomical and physiological limits, such as neural limits and inability of handling a wide range of plant allelochemicals; phylogenetic constraints, like niche conservatism; and most importantly, a low level of concerted genetic variation necessary to a phyletic conversion. It is suggested that diversification ultimately depends on what we call the intrinsic trend of diversification of the insect genome. In support of the above, we survey the major types of host-specificity, the mechanisms and constraints of host specialization, possible pathways of speciation, and hypotheses concerning insect diversification.
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Cognato AI, Smith SM, Jordal BH. Patterns of host tree use within a lineage of saproxlic snout-less weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Scolytini). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 159:107107. [PMID: 33609714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of plants in the diversification of herbivorous insects, specifically those that utilize moribund and dead hosts, is little explored. Host shifts are expected because the effectiveness of toxic secondary chemicals is lessened by decay of dead plants. Feeding on dead plants also releases herbivorous insect lineages from diversifying within a particular plant lineage. Thus, phylogenetic constraints on the herbivorous insect lineage imposed by the host plants are diminished and repeated patterns of species diversification in an association with unrelated host trees is hypothesized (i.e., taxon cycle). Scolytini, a diverse weevil tribe, specialize on many different dead and moribund plant taxa as a source of food. These species and their hosts offer an opportunity to examine the association between dead host plants and the extent of phylogenetic constraints. A phylogeny of the Scolytini was reconstructed with likelihood and Bayesian analyses of DNA sequence data from nuclear (28S, CAD, ArgK) and mitochondrial (COI) genes. Ancestral host usage and geography was reconstructed using likelihood criteria and conservation of host use was tested. Results supported a monophyletic Scolytini, Ceratolepis, Loganius, and a paraphyletic Scolytus, Camptocerus and Cnemonyx. Diversification of the Scolytini generally occurred well after their host taxa diversified and suggests a sequential evolution of host use. In this scenario the beetle imposes little selection pressure on the tree but the tree provides a platform for beetle evolution. Major changes in host tree use occurred during periods of global cooling associated with changes in beetle biogeography. Diversification of beetles occurred on common and widespread hosts and there was likely a single origination of conifer-feeding from angiosperm-feeding species during the early Pliocene and a radiation of beetle species from the Palearctic to the Nearctic. Overall, the observed patterns of Scolytini host use are conserved and are similar to those expected in a taxon pulse diversification. That is, after a host switch to an unrelated tree, the beetles diversify within the host plant lineage. The need to locate an ephemeral food resource, i.e., a dying tree, likely maintains host specificity once a host shift occurs. These findings suggest that characteristics of dead and moribund host plants (e.g. secondary chemicals) influence the diversification of these saproxlic weevils despite the reduction of selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I Cognato
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, Room 243, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Sarah M Smith
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, Room 243, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Bjarte H Jordal
- Natural History Museum, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway.
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Salazar-Jaramillo L, Wertheim B. Does Drosophila sechellia escape parasitoid attack by feeding on a toxic resource? PeerJ 2021; 9:e10528. [PMID: 33505786 PMCID: PMC7796662 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host shifts can drastically change the selective pressures that animals experience from their environment. Drosophila sechellia is a species restricted to the Seychelles islands, where it specializes on the fruit Morinda citrifolia (noni). This fruit is known to be toxic to closely related Drosophila species, including D. melanogaster and D. simulans, releasing D. sechellia from interspecific competition when breeding on this substrate. Previously, we showed that larvae of D. sechellia are unable to mount an effective immunological response against wasp attack, while larvae of closely-related species can defend themselves from parasitoid attack by melanotic encapsulation. We hypothesized that this inability constitutes a trait loss due to a reduced risk of parasitoid attack in noni. Here we present a lab experiment and field survey aimed to test the hypothesis that specialization on noni has released D. sechellia from the antagonistic interaction with its larval parasitoids. Our results from the lab experiment suggest that noni may be harmful to parasitoid wasps. Our results from the field survey indicate that D. sechellia was found in ripe noni, whereas another Drosophila species, D. malerkotliana, was present in unripe and overripe stages. Parasitic wasps of the species Leptopilina boulardi emerged from overripe noni, where D. malerkotliana was the most abundant host, but not from ripe noni. These results indicate that the specialization of D. sechellia on noni has indeed drastically altered its ecological interactions, leading to a relaxation in the selection pressure to maintain parasitoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salazar-Jaramillo
- Vidarium-Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center, Medellin, Colombia.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Adroit B, Zhuang X, Wappler T, Terral JF, Wang B. A case of long-term herbivory: specialized feeding trace on Parrotia (Hamamelidaceae) plant species. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201449. [PMID: 33204482 PMCID: PMC7657907 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and insects evolved during millions of years of coevolution and maintain the trophic balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Documenting insect damage types (DT) on fossil leaves is essential for understanding the evolution of plant-insect interactions and for understanding the effects of major environmental changes on ecosystem structure. However, research focusing on palaeoherbivory is still sparse and only a tiny fraction of fossil leaf collections have been analysed. This study documents a type of insect damage found exclusively on the leaves of Parrotia species (Hamamelidaceae). This DT was identified on Parrotia leaves from Willershausen (Germany, Pliocene) and from Shanwang (China, Miocene) and on their respective endemic modern relatives: Parrotia perisca in the Hyrcanian forests (Iran) and Parrotia subaequalis in the Yixing forest (China). Our study demonstrates that this insect DT persisted over at least 15 Myr spanning eastern Asia to western Europe. Against expectations, more examples of this type of herbivory were identified on the fossil leaves than on the modern examples. This mismatch may suggest a decline of this specialized plant-insect interaction owing to the contraction of Parrotia populations in Eurasia during the late Cenozoic. However, the continuous presence of this DT demonstrates a robust and long-term plant-herbivore association, and provides new evidence for a shared biogeographic history of the two host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Adroit
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jean-Frederic Terral
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
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Mestre A, Poulin R, Hortal J. A niche perspective on the range expansion of symbionts. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:491-516. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mestre
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Valencia Av. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Spain
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Concordia Richard J. Renaud Science Complex, 7141 Sherbrooke W., H4B 1R6 Montreal Canada
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Otago 340 Great King Street, 9054 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Joaquín Hortal
- Department of Biogeography and Global ChangeMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de EcologiaICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia‐Nerópolis Km 5, Campus II, Setor Itatiaia, Goiânia GO 74001‐970 Brazil
- cE3c–Centre for EcologyEvolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2 Piso 5, 1749‐016 Lisboa Portugal
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13
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Gene Expression and Diet Breadth in Plant-Feeding Insects: Summarizing Trends. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 35:259-277. [PMID: 31791830 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic studies lend insights into the role of transcriptional plasticity in adaptation and specialization. Recently, there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between variation in herbivorous insect gene expression and the evolution of diet breadth. We review the studies that have emerged on insect gene expression and host plant use, and outline the questions and approaches in the field. Many candidate genes underlying herbivory and specialization have been identified, and a few key studies demonstrate increased transcriptional plasticity associated with generalist compared with specialist species. Addressing the roles that transcriptional variation plays in insect diet breadth will have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of specialization and the genetic and environmental factors that govern insect-plant interactions.
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Wang A, Peng Y, Harder LD, Huang J, Yang D, Zhang D, Liao W. The nature of interspecific interactions and co-diversification patterns, as illustrated by the fig microcosm. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1304-1315. [PMID: 31494940 PMCID: PMC6856861 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between mutualists, competitors, and antagonists have contrasting ecological effects that, sustained over generations, can influence micro- and macroevolution. Dissimilar benefits and costs for these interactions should cause contrasting co-diversification patterns between interacting clades, with prevalent co-speciation by mutualists, association loss by competitors, and host switching by antagonists. We assessed these expectations for a local assemblage of 26 fig species (Moraceae: Ficus), 26 species of mutualistic (pollinating), and 33 species of parasitic (galling) wasps (Chalcidoidea). Using newly acquired gene sequences, we inferred the phylogenies for all three clades. We then compared the three possible pairs of phylogenies to assess phylogenetic congruence and the relative frequencies of co-speciation, association duplication, switching, and loss. The paired phylogenies of pollinators with their mutualists and competitors were significantly congruent, unlike that of figs and their parasites. The distributions of macroevolutionary events largely agreed with expectations for mutualists and antagonists. By contrast, that for competitors involved relatively frequent association switching, as expected, but also unexpectedly frequent co-speciation. The latter result likely reflects the heterogeneous nature of competition among fig wasps. These results illustrate the influence of different interspecific interactions on co-diversification, while also revealing its dependence on specific characteristics of those interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai‐Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource EcologyMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan‐Qiong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Lawrence D. Harder
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Calgary2500 University Drive NWCalgaryABCanada
| | - Jian‐Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Da‐Rong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Da‐Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource EcologyMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wan‐Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource EcologyMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
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15
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Goodman KR, Prost S, Bi K, Brewer MS, Gillespie RG. Host and geography together drive early adaptive radiation of Hawaiian planthoppers. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4513-4528. [PMID: 31484218 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between insects and their plant host have been implicated in driving diversification of both players. Early arguments highlighted the role of ecological opportunity, with the idea that insects "escape and radiate" on new hosts, with subsequent hypotheses focusing on the interplay between host shifting and host tracking, coupled with isolation and fusion, in generating diversity. Because it is rarely possible to capture the initial stages of diversification, it is particularly difficult to ascertain the relative roles of geographic isolation versus host shifts in initiating the process. The current study examines genetic diversity between populations and hosts within a single species of endemic Hawaiian planthopper, Nesosydne umbratica (Hemiptera, Delphacidae). Given that the species was known as a host generalist occupying unrelated hosts, Clermontia (Campanulaceae) and Pipturus (Urticaceae), we set out to determine the relative importance of geography and host in structuring populations in the early stages of differentiation on the youngest islands of the Hawaiian chain. Results from extensive exon capture data showed that N. umbratica is highly structured, both by geography, with discrete populations on each volcano, and by host plant, with parallel radiations on Clermontia and Pipturus leading to extensive co-occurrence. The marked genetic structure suggests that populations can readily become established on novel hosts provided opportunity; subsequent adaptation allows monopolization of the new host. The results support the role of geographic isolation in structuring populations and with host shifts occurring as discrete events that facilitate subsequent parallel geographic range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Roesch Goodman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ke Bi
- Computational Genomics Resource Laboratory (CGRL), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Ancestry, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Bruzzese DJ, Wagner DL, Harrison T, Jogesh T, Overson RP, Wickett NJ, Raguso RA, Skogen KA. Phylogeny, host use, and diversification in the moth family Momphidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207833. [PMID: 31170152 PMCID: PMC6553701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores and their hostplants constitute much of Earth's described biological diversity, but how these often-specialized associations diversify is not fully understood. We combined detailed hostplant data and comparative phylogenetic analyses of the lepidopteran family Momphidae to explore how shifts in the use of hostplant resources, not just hostplant taxon, contribute to the diversification of a phytophagous insect lineage. We inferred two phylogenetic hypotheses emphasizing relationships among species in the nominate genus, Mompha Hübner. A six-gene phylogeny was constructed with reared exemplars and collections from hostplants in the family Onagraceae from western and southwestern USA, and a cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) phylogeny was inferred from collections and publicly available accessions in the Barcode of Life Data System. Species delimitation analyses combined with morphological data revealed ca. 56 undescribed species-level taxa, many of which are hostplant specialists on Onagraceae in the southwestern USA. Our phylogenetic reconstructions divided Momphidae into six major clades: 1) an Onagraceae flower- and fruit-boring clade, 2) a Melastomataceae-galling clade, 3) a leafmining clade A, 4) a leafmining clade B, 5) a Zapyrastra Meyrick clade, and 6) a monobasic lineage represented by Mompha eloisella (Clemens). Ancestral trait reconstructions using the COI phylogeny identified leafmining on Onagraceae as the ancestral state for Momphidae. Our study finds that shifts along three hostplant resource axes (plant taxon, plant tissue type, and larval feeding mode) have contributed to the evolutionary success and diversification of momphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Bruzzese
- Department of Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| | - David L. Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Terry Harrison
- Independent Researcher, Charleston, IL, United States of America
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| | - Rick P. Overson
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
- Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Norman J. Wickett
- Department of Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Department of Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
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17
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Maron JL, Agrawal AA, Schemske DW. Plant–herbivore coevolution and plant speciation. Ecology 2019; 100:e02704. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John L. Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Douglas W. Schemske
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan 49060 USA
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18
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Frias L, Stark DJ, Salgado Lynn M, Nathan S, Goossens B, Okamoto M, MacIntosh AJJ. Molecular characterization of nodule worm in a community of Bornean primates. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3937-3945. [PMID: 31015978 PMCID: PMC6468080 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyles are commonly reported parasites in studies of primate parasite biodiversity. Among them, nodule worm species are often overlooked as a serious concern despite having been observed to cause serious disease in nonhuman primates and humans. In this study, we investigated whether strongyles found in Bornean primates are the nodule worm Oesophagostomum spp., and to what extent these parasites are shared among members of the community. To test this, we propose two hypotheses that use the parasite genetic structure to infer transmission processes within the community. In the first scenario, the absence of parasite genetic substructuring would reflect high levels of parasite transmission among primate hosts, as primates' home ranges overlap in the study area. In the second scenario, the presence of parasite substructuring would suggest cryptic diversity within the parasite genus and the existence of phylogenetic barriers to cross-species transmission. By using molecular markers, we identify strongyles infecting this primate community as O. aculeatum, the only species of nodule worm currently known to infect Asian nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the little to no genetic substructuring supports a scenario with no phylogenetic barriers to transmission and where host movements across the landscape would enable gene flow between host populations. This work shows that the parasite's high adaptability could act as a buffer against local parasite extinctions. Surveys targeting human populations living in close proximity to nonhuman primates could help clarify whether this species of nodule worm presents the zoonotic potential found in the other two species infecting African nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danica J. Stark
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Danau Girang Field CentreLower Kinabatangan Wildlife SanctuarySabahMalaysia
| | - Milena Salgado Lynn
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Danau Girang Field CentreLower Kinabatangan Wildlife SanctuarySabahMalaysia
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic LaboratoryKota KinabaluMalaysia
- Sustainable Places Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Benoit Goossens
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Danau Girang Field CentreLower Kinabatangan Wildlife SanctuarySabahMalaysia
- Sustainable Places Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Sabah Wildlife DepartmentKota KinabaluMalaysia
| | | | - Andrew J. J. MacIntosh
- Primate Research InstituteKyoto UniversityInuyamaJapan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and ConservationUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluMalaysia
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19
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Hernández-Vera G, Toševski I, Caldara R, Emerson BC. Evolution of host plant use and diversification in a species complex of parasitic weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6625. [PMID: 30918760 PMCID: PMC6431137 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) represent one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth; interactions with their host plants have been recognized to play a central role in their remarkable diversity, yet the exact mechanisms and factors still remain poorly understood. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, here we investigate the evolution of host use and its possible role in diversification processes of Rhinusa and Gymnetron, two closely related groups of weevils that feed and develop inside plant tissues of hosts within the families Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae. We found strong evidence for phylogenetic conservatism of host use at the plant family level, most likely due to substantial differences in the chemical composition of hosts, reducing the probability of shifts between host families. In contrast, the use of different plant organs represents a more labile ecological trait and ecological niche expansion that allows a finer partitioning of resources. Rhinusa and Gymnetron weevils initially specialized on plants within Scrophulariaceae and then shifted to the closely related Plantaginaceae; likewise, a gall inducing behavior evolved from non-galler weevils, possibly in response to resource competition, as galls facilitate larval development by providing enhanced nutrition and a favorable microhabitat. Results from trait-dependent diversification analyses suggest that both use of hosts within Plantaginaceae and parasitism on fruits and seed capsules are associated with enhanced diversification of Rhinusa and Gymnetron via low extinction rates. Our study provides quantitative evidence and insights on the ecological factors that can promote diversification in phytophagous insects that feed and develop inside plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Hernández-Vera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.,Instituto de Botánica, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología. Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Ivo Toševski
- CABI Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland.,Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, IPNA-CSIC, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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20
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Malka O, Santos-Garcia D, Feldmesser E, Sharon E, Krause-Sakate R, Delatte H, van Brunschot S, Patel M, Visendi P, Mugerwa H, Seal S, Colvin J, Morin S. Species-complex diversification and host-plant associations in Bemisia tabaci: A plant-defence, detoxification perspective revealed by RNA-Seq analyses. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4241-4256. [PMID: 30222226 PMCID: PMC6334513 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insect–plant associations and their role in diversification are mostly studied in specialists. Here, we aimed to identify macroevolution patterns in the relationships between generalists and their host plants that have the potential to promote diversification. We focused on the Bemisia tabaci species complex containing more than 35 cryptic species. Mechanisms for explaining this impressive diversification have focused so far on allopatric forces that assume a common, broad, host range. We conducted a literature survey which indicated that species in the complex differ in their host range, with only few showing a truly broad one. We then selected six species, representing different phylogenetic groups and documented host ranges. We tested whether differences in the species expression profiles of detoxification genes are shaped more by their phylogenetic relationships or by their ability to successfully utilize multiple hosts, including novel ones. Performance assays divided the six species into two groups of three, one showing higher performance on various hosts than the other (the lower performance group). The same grouping pattern appeared when the species were clustered according to their expression profiles. Only species placed in the lower performance group showed a tendency to lower the expression of multiple genes. Taken together, these findings bring evidence for the existence of a common detoxification “machinery,” shared between species that can perform well on multiple hosts. We raise the possibility that this “machinery” might have played a passive role in the diversification of the complex, by allowing successful migration to new/novel environments, leading, in some cases, to fragmentation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Malka
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diego Santos-Garcia
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elad Sharon
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Renate Krause-Sakate
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Sharon van Brunschot
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Paul Visendi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Habibu Mugerwa
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Endara MJ, Nicholls JA, Coley PD, Forrister DL, Younkin GC, Dexter KG, Kidner CA, Pennington RT, Stone GN, Kursar TA. Tracking of Host Defenses and Phylogeny During the Radiation of Neotropical Inga-Feeding Sawflies (Hymenoptera; Argidae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1237. [PMID: 30190723 PMCID: PMC6116116 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coevolutionary theory has long predicted that the arms race between plants and herbivores is a major driver of host selection and diversification. At a local scale, plant defenses contribute significantly to the structure of herbivore assemblages and the high alpha diversity of plants in tropical rain forests. However, the general importance of plant defenses in host associations and divergence at regional scales remains unclear. Here, we examine the role of plant defensive traits and phylogeny in the evolution of host range and species divergence in leaf-feeding sawflies of the family Argidae associated with Neotropical trees in the genus Inga throughout the Amazon, the Guiana Shield and Panama. Our analyses show that the phylogenies of both the sawfly herbivores and their Inga hosts are congruent, and that sawflies radiated at approximately the same time, or more recently than their Inga hosts. Analyses controlling for phylogenetic effects show that the evolution of host use in the sawflies associated with Inga is better correlated with Inga chemistry than with Inga phylogeny, suggesting a pattern of delayed host tracking closely tied to host chemistry. Finally, phylogenetic analyses show that sister species of Inga-sawflies are dispersed across the Neotropics, suggesting a role for allopatric divergence and vicariance in Inga diversification. These results are consistent with the idea that host defensive traits play a key role not only in structuring the herbivore assemblages at a single site, but also in the processes shaping host association and species divergence at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Endara
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - James A. Nicholls
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Phyllis D. Coley
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Dale L. Forrister
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Gordon C. Younkin
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kyle G. Dexter
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. Kidner
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham N. Stone
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Kursar
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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22
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Braga MP, Araujo SBL, Agosta S, Brooks D, Hoberg E, Nylin S, Janz N, Boeger WA. Host use dynamics in a heterogeneous fitness landscape generates oscillations in host range and diversification. Evolution 2018; 72:1773-1783. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Braga
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Salvatore Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Institute for Advanced Studies Kőszeg, Europe House, Kőszeg Chernel st. 14 H‐9730 Hungary
| | - Eric Hoberg
- US National Parasite Collection, US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Maryland 20705
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Walter A. Boeger
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Parasitology, Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba PR 81531 Brazil
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23
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The potential for host switching via ecological fitting in the emerald ash borer-host plant system. Oecologia 2018; 187:507-519. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Hsu Y, Cocroft RB, Snyder RL, Lin C. You stay, but I Hop: Host shifting near and far co-dominated the evolution of Enchenopa treehoppers. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1954-1965. [PMID: 29468015 PMCID: PMC5817127 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance and prevalence of phylogenetic tracking between hosts and dependent organisms caused by co-evolution and shifting between closely related host species have been debated for decades. Most studies of phylogenetic tracking among phytophagous insects and their host plants have been limited to insects feeding on a narrow range of host species. However, narrow host ranges can confound phylogenetic tracking (phylogenetic tracking hypothesis) with host shifting between hosts of intermediate relationship (intermediate hypothesis). Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of the Enchenopa binotata complex of treehoppers. Each species in this complex has high host fidelity, but the entire complex uses hosts across eight plant orders. The phylogenies of E. binotata were reconstructed to evaluate whether (1) tracking host phylogeny; or (2) shifting between intermediately related host plants better explains the evolutionary history of E. binotata. Our results suggest that E. binotata primarily shifted between both distant and intermediate host plants regardless of host phylogeny and less frequently tracked the phylogeny of their hosts. These findings indicate that phytophagous insects with high host fidelity, such as E. binotata, are capable of adaptation not only to closely related host plants but also to novel hosts, likely with diverse phenology and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hsun Hsu
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Robert L. Snyder
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyState University of New York College at PotsdamPotsdamNYUSA
| | - Chung‐Ping Lin
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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25
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Sexton JP, Montiel J, Shay JE, Stephens MR, Slatyer RA. Evolution of Ecological Niche Breadth. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-023003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How ecological niche breadth evolves is central to adaptation and speciation and has been a topic of perennial interest. Niche breadth evolution research has occurred within environmental, ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographical contexts, and although some generalities have emerged, critical knowledge gaps exist. Performance breadth trade-offs, although long invoked, may not be common determinants of niche breadth evolution or limits. Niche breadth can expand or contract from specialist or generalist lineages, and so specialization need not be an evolutionary dead end. Whether niche breadth determines diversification and distribution breadth and how niche breadth is partitioned among individuals and populations within a species are important but particularly understudied topics. Molecular genetic and phylogenetic techniques have greatly expanded understanding of niche breadth evolution, but field studies of how niche breadth evolves are essential for providing mechanistic details and allowing the development of comprehensive theory and improved prediction of biological responses under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Sexton
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343
| | - Jorge Montiel
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343
| | - Jackie E. Shay
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343
| | - Molly R. Stephens
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343
| | - Rachel A. Slatyer
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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26
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Doña J, Sweet AD, Johnson KP, Serrano D, Mironov S, Jovani R. Cophylogenetic analyses reveal extensive host-shift speciation in a highly specialized and host-specific symbiont system. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 115:190-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Nakadai R. Species diversity of herbivorous insects: a brief review to bridge the gap between theories focusing on the generation and maintenance of diversity. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Alcala N, Jenkins T, Christe P, Vuilleumier S. Host shift and cospeciation rate estimation from co‐phylogenies. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1014-1024. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Alcala
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Biophore, Sorge CH‐1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford CA94305‐5020 USA
| | - Tania Jenkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Biophore, Sorge CH‐1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Biophore, Sorge CH‐1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Séverine Vuilleumier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Biophore, Sorge CH‐1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH‐1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- School of Nursing Sciences, La Source University of Applied Sciences & Arts of Western Switzerland CH‐1004 Lausanne Switzerland
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29
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Danon G, Ben-Shlomo R, Keidar N, Dorchin N. Geographic and behavioural isolation promote the differentiation of parapatric host-associated forms in bud-galling midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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30
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Pinheiro ERS, Iannuzzi R, Duarte LDS. Insect herbivory fluctuations through geological time. Ecology 2016; 97:2501-2510. [PMID: 27859073 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods and land plants are the major macroscopic sources of biodiversity on the planet. Knowledge of the organization and specialization of plant-herbivore interactions, such as their roles in food webs is important for understanding the processes for maintaining biodiversity. A limited number of studies have examined herbivory through geological time. The most have analyzed localities from one restricted interval within a geological period, or a time transition such as the Paleocene-Eocene boundary interval. In the present study, we analyzed the frequency of herbivory and density of damage type (DT) from the Middle Devonian to the early Miocene. The data were compiled from literature sources and focused on studies that describe occurrences of leaves with DTs indicating herbivore consumption as a proportion of the total number of leaves analyzed. The data were standardized based on the DT categories in the Damage Type Guide, and the age of each locality was updated based on the most recent geochronological standard and expressed in millions of years. Temperature and geological age were the best descriptors of the variation in herbivory frequency, which tended to increase at higher temperatures. Two models were equivalent to explain DT density: the interaction between CO2 levels and geological age, and O2 levels and geological age had the same predictive power. The density of DT tended to increase with higher content of atmospheric CO2 and O2 compared to modern values. The frequency of herbivory and the density of DTs appear to be influenced by long-term atmospheric variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther R S Pinheiro
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Laboratório de Paleobotânica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Roberto Iannuzzi
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Laboratório de Paleobotânica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leandro D S Duarte
- Laboratório de Ecologia Filogenética e Funcional, Centro de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Pierotti MER, Martín‐Fernández JA, Barceló‐Vidal C. The peril of proportions: robust niche indices for categorical data. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele E. R. Pierotti
- Department of Biology North Carolina Center of Biodiversity East Carolina University Howell Science 551 Greenville NC 27858 USA
| | - Josep A. Martín‐Fernández
- Department of Computer Science Applied Mathematics and Statistics University of Girona Campus Montilivi Edifici P4 E‐17003 Girona Spain
| | - Carles Barceló‐Vidal
- Department of Computer Science Applied Mathematics and Statistics University of Girona Campus Montilivi Edifici P4 E‐17003 Girona Spain
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Geography and major host evolutionary transitions shape the resource use of plant parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9840-5. [PMID: 27535932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608381113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of resource use in herbivores has been conceptualized as an analog of the theory of island biogeography, assuming that plant species are islands separated by phylogenetic distances. Despite its usefulness, this analogy has paradoxically led to neglecting real biogeographical processes in the study of macroevolutionary patterns of herbivore-plant interactions. Here we show that host use is mostly determined by the geographical cooccurrence of hosts and parasites in spider mites (Tetranychidae), a globally distributed group of plant parasites. Strikingly, geography accounts for most of the phylogenetic signal in host use by these parasites. Beyond geography, only evolutionary transitions among major plant lineages (i.e., gymnosperms, commelinids, and eudicots) shape resource use patterns in these herbivores. Still, even these barriers have been repeatedly overcome in evolutionary time, resulting in phylogenetically diverse parasite communities feeding on similar hosts. Therefore, our results imply that patterns of apparent evolutionary conservatism may largely be a byproduct of the geographic cooccurrence of hosts and parasites.
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Martínez-Aquino A. Phylogenetic framework for coevolutionary studies: a compass for exploring jungles of tangled trees. Curr Zool 2016; 62:393-403. [PMID: 29491928 PMCID: PMC5804275 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetics is used to detect past evolutionary events, from how species originated to how their ecological interactions with other species arose, which can mirror cophylogenetic patterns. Cophylogenetic reconstructions uncover past ecological relationships between taxa through inferred coevolutionary events on trees, for example, codivergence, duplication, host-switching, and loss. These events can be detected by cophylogenetic analyses based on nodes and the length and branching pattern of the phylogenetic trees of symbiotic associations, for example, host-parasite. In the past 2 decades, algorithms have been developed for cophylogetenic analyses and implemented in different software, for example, statistical congruence index and event-based methods. Based on the combination of these approaches, it is possible to integrate temporal information into cophylogenetical inference, such as estimates of lineage divergence times between 2 taxa, for example, hosts and parasites. Additionally, the advances in phylogenetic biogeography applying methods based on parametric process models and combined Bayesian approaches, can be useful for interpreting coevolutionary histories in a scenario of biogeographical area connectivity through time. This article briefly reviews the basics of parasitology and provides an overview of software packages in cophylogenetic methods. Thus, the objective here is to present a phylogenetic framework for coevolutionary studies, with special emphasis on groups of parasitic organisms. Researchers wishing to undertake phylogeny-based coevolutionary studies can use this review as a "compass" when "walking" through jungles of tangled phylogenetic trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Martínez-Aquino
- División Zoología Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata, FCNyM, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Vosteen I, Gershenzon J, Kunert G. Hoverfly preference for high honeydew amounts creates enemy-free space for aphids colonizing novel host plants. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1286-97. [PMID: 27328648 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The existence of an enemy-free space can play an important role in aphid host race formation processes, but little is known about the mechanisms that create an area of low predation pressure on particular host plants. In this paper, we identify a mechanism generating lower predation pressure that promotes the maintenance of the different host races of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) complex, a well-studied model for ecological speciation. The pea aphid consists of at least 15 genetically distinct host races which are native to specific host plants of the legume family, but can all develop on the universal host plant Vicia faba. Previous work showed that hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) oviposition preferences contribute to the enemy-free space that helps to maintain the different pea aphid host races, and that higher amounts of honeydew are more attractive to ovipositing hoverflies. Here we demonstrated that aphid honeydew is produced in large amounts when aphid reproduction rate was highest, and is an important oviposition cue for hoverflies under field conditions. However, on less suitable host plants, where honeydew production is reduced, pea aphids enjoy lower predation rates. A reduction in enemy pressure can mitigate the performance disadvantages of aphids colonizing a novel host and probably plays an important role in pea aphid host race formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Vosteen
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Nakadai R, Kawakita A. Phylogenetic test of speciation by host shift in leaf cone moths (Caloptilia) feeding on maples (Acer). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4958-70. [PMID: 27547326 PMCID: PMC4979720 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional explanation for the exceptional diversity of herbivorous insects emphasizes host shift as the major driver of speciation. However, phylogenetic studies have often demonstrated widespread host plant conservatism by insect herbivores, calling into question the prevalence of speciation by host shift to distantly related plants. A limitation of previous phylogenetic studies is that host plants were defined at the family or genus level; thus, it was unclear whether host shifts predominate at a finer taxonomic scale. The lack of a statistical approach to test the hypothesis of host-shift-driven speciation also hindered studies at the species level. Here, we analyze the radiation of leaf cone moths (Caloptilia) associated with maples (Acer) using a newly developed, phylogeny-based method that tests the role of host shift in speciation. This method has the advantage of not requiring complete taxon sampling from an entire radiation. Based on 254 host plant records for 14 Caloptilia species collected at 73 sites in Japan, we show that major dietary changes are more concentrated toward the root of the phylogeny, with host shift playing a minor role in recent speciation. We suggest that there may be other roles for host shift in promoting herbivorous insect diversification rather than facilitating speciation per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakadai
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityHirano 2‐509‐3OtsuShiga520‐2113Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakita
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityHirano 2‐509‐3OtsuShiga520‐2113Japan
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Melzer R, Theißen G. The significance of developmental robustness for species diversity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:725-32. [PMID: 26994100 PMCID: PMC4845805 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of new species and of new forms is one of the fundamental characteristics of evolution. However, the mechanisms that govern the diversity and disparity of lineages remain poorly understood. Particularly unclear are the reasons why some taxa are vastly more species-rich than others and the manner in which species diversity and morphological disparity are interrelated. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS Evolutionary innovations and ecological opportunities are usually cited as among the major factors promoting the evolution of species diversity. In many cases it is likely that these factors are positively reinforcing, with evolutionary innovations creating ecological opportunities that in turn foster the origin of new innovations. However, we propose that a third factor, developmental robustness, is very often essential for this reinforcement to be effective. Evolutionary innovations need to be stably and robustly integrated into the developmental genetic programme of an organism to be a suitable substrate for selection to 'explore' ecological opportunities and morphological 'design' space (morphospace). In particular, we propose that developmental robustness of the bauplan is often a prerequisite for the exploration of morphospace and to enable the evolution of further novelties built upon this bauplan Thus, while robustness may reduce the morphological disparity at one level, it may be the basis for increased morphological disparity and for evolutionary innovations at another level, thus fostering species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Melzer
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland and
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Jurado-Rivera JA, Petitpierre E. New contributions to the molecular systematics and the evolution of host-plant associations in the genus Chrysolina (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae). Zookeys 2016:165-92. [PMID: 26798320 PMCID: PMC4714339 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.547.6018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic circumscription of the large and diverse leaf beetle genus Chrysolina Motschulsky is not clear, and its discrimination from the closely related genus Oreina Chevrolat has classically been controversial. In addition, the subgeneric arrangement of the species is unstable, and proposals segregating Chrysolina species into new genera have been recently suggested. In this context, the availability of a phylogenetic framework would provide the basis for a stable taxonomic system, but the existing phylogenies are based on few taxa and have low resolution. In the present study we perform a phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial (cox1 and rrnL) and nuclear (H3) DNA sequences from a sample of fifty-two Chrysolina species representing almost half of the subgeneric diversity of the group (thirty out of sixty-five subgenera) and most of the morphological, ecological and karyological variation in the genus. In addition, five Oreina species from two subgenera have also been analysed. The resulting phylogeny is used to evaluate some of the most relevant taxonomic hypotheses for Chrysolina, and also to reconstruct its ancestral host plant associations in a Bayesian framework. Our findings support the paraphyly of Chrysolina as currently defined due to the inclusion of Oreina, the monophyly of the Chrysolina (plus Oreina) species including the divergent Chrysolina (Polysticta) vigintimaculata (Clark, 1864), and enable inferences of deep-level evolutionary relationships among the studied subgenera. The plant family Lamiaceae is inferred as the ancestral host of the study group, whose evolution is characterized by continuous host-shifting among pre-existing host plant families. Some Chrysolina clades include mixtures of species with different levels of diet breadth, indicating that niche width has varied through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Jurado-Rivera
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Eduard Petitpierre
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, CSIC, Miquel Marquès 21, 07190 Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
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38
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Rainford JL, Hofreiter M, Mayhew PJ. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that diversification and body size evolution are independent in insects. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:8. [PMID: 26746988 PMCID: PMC4706648 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skewed body size distributions and the high relative richness of small-bodied taxa are a fundamental property of a wide range of animal clades. The evolutionary processes responsible for generating these distributions are well described in vertebrate model systems but have yet to be explored in detail for other major terrestrial clades. In this study, we explore the macro-evolutionary patterns of body size variation across families of Hexapoda (insects and their close relatives), using recent advances in phylogenetic understanding, with an aim to investigate the link between size and diversity within this ancient and highly diverse lineage. RESULTS The maximum, minimum and mean-log body lengths of hexapod families are all approximately log-normally distributed, consistent with previous studies at lower taxonomic levels, and contrasting with skewed distributions typical of vertebrate groups. After taking phylogeny and within-tip variation into account, we find no evidence for a negative relationship between diversification rate and body size, suggesting decoupling of the forces controlling these two traits. Likelihood-based modeling of the log-mean body size identifies distinct processes operating within Holometabola and Diptera compared with other hexapod groups, consistent with accelerating rates of size evolution within these clades, while as a whole, hexapod body size evolution is found to be dominated by neutral processes including significant phylogenetic conservatism. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings we suggest that the use of models derived from well-studied but atypical clades, such as vertebrates may lead to misleading conclusions when applied to other major terrestrial lineages. Our results indicate that within hexapods, and within the limits of current systematic and phylogenetic knowledge, insect diversification is generally unfettered by size-biased macro-evolutionary processes, and that these processes over large timescales tend to converge on apparently neutral evolutionary processes. We also identify limitations on available data within the clade and modeling approaches for the resolution of trees of higher taxa, the resolution of which may collectively enhance our understanding of this key component of terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Rainford
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Peter J Mayhew
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Cassis G, Symonds C. Plant bugs, plant interactions and the radiation of a species rich clade in south-western Australia: Naranjakotta, gen. nov. and eighteen new species (Insecta : Heteroptera : Miridae : Orthotylinae). INVERTEBR SYST 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/is15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New surveys from the Bush Blitz and Planetary Biodiversity Inventory programs has revealed a largely unknown biota of plant bugs in Australia. The mirid subfamily Orthotylinae has exploded in Australia, in association with perennial shrubs in arid and semi-arid Australia. This work documents the discovery of a new clade of 18 new species of the plant bug subfamily Orthotylinae. These new species belong to Naranjakotta, gen. nov., which was analysed phylogenetically and found to be monophyletic. The distribution of Naranjakotta and included species are documented, and analysed in reference to the distribution of all other orthotylines across continental Australia. A paralogy-free subtree analysis was conducted based on a recent phytogeographic classification, which resulted in the recognition of eastern and western subclades, with Tasmania and the Eyre Peninsula unresolved. The host plant associations were optimised at generic and ordinal levels to the Naranjakotta phylogeny and an ancestral Lamiales association for Naranjakotta and an ancestral Acacia association for a subclade of Naranjakotta were found. The eighteen new species described in this work are: N. bicolorata, sp. nov., N. chinnocki, sp. nov., N. cryptandraphila, sp. nov., N. dimorpha, sp. nov., N. graphica, sp. nov., N. hakeaphila, sp. nov., N. hibbertiaphila, sp. nov., N. hyalina, sp. nov., N. keraudrenia, sp. nov., N. lochada, sp. nov., N. macfarlanei, sp. nov., N. minor, sp. nov., N. myrtlephila, sp. nov., N. rosa, sp. nov., N. splendida, sp. nov., N. unicolorata, sp. nov., N. wanarra, sp. nov. and N. watheroo, sp. nov. Orthotylus sidnicus (Stål) is transferred to Naranjakotta.
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40
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Mason PA. On the role of host phenotypic plasticity in host shifting by parasites. Ecol Lett 2015; 19:121-132. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rainford JL, Mayhew PJ. Diet Evolution and Clade Richness in Hexapoda: A Phylogenetic Study of Higher Taxa. Am Nat 2015; 186:777-91. [DOI: 10.1086/683461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Enemy-free space promotes maintenance of host races in an aphid species. Oecologia 2015; 181:659-72. [PMID: 26520659 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The enormous biodiversity of herbivorous insects may arise from ecological speciation via continuous host-plant switches. Whether such switches are successful depends on the trade-off between different selection pressures that act on herbivores. Decreased herbivore performance due to suboptimal nutrition might be compensated for by a reduced natural enemy pressure. As a consequence, an "enemy-free space" on a certain plant might facilitate host-plant switches and maintain biotypes. To test this hypothesis, we used the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) complex, which consists of at least 11 genetically distinct host races that are native to specific legume host plants but can all develop on the universal host plant Vicia faba. Three A. pisum host races native to Trifolium pratense, Pisum sativum, and Medicago sativa were investigated in experiments on their respective host plants and on the universal host plant V. faba. We found that hoverflies preferred to oviposit on P. sativum and the universal host V. faba. Since feeding by hoverfly larvae suppressed aphid population growth on these host plants, the native hosts M. sativa and T. pratense provided enemy-free space for the respective A. pisum races. Mobile predators, such as ants and ladybird beetles, preferred Pisum race aphids on V. faba over P. sativum. Thus, all three of the native host plants studied supply enemy-free space for A. pisum compared to the universal host V. faba. Reducing encounters between aphid races on V. faba would reduce gene flow among them and could contribute to maintaining the host races.
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Malcicka M, Agosta SJ, Harvey JA. Multi level ecological fitting: indirect life cycles are not a barrier to host switching and invasion. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3210-8. [PMID: 25778909 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many invasive species are able to escape from coevolved enemies and thus enjoy a competitive advantage over native species. However, during the invasion phase, non-native species must overcome many ecological and/or physiological hurdles before they become established and spread in their new habitats. This may explain why most introduced species either fail to establish or remain as rare interstitials in their new ranges. Studies focusing on invasive species have been based on plants or animals where establishment requires the possession of preadapted traits from their native ranges that enables them to establish and spread in their new habitats. The possession of preadapted traits that facilitate the exploitation of novel resources or to colonize novel habitats is known as 'ecological fitting'. Some species have evolved traits and life histories that reflect highly intimate associations with very specific types of habitats or niches. For these species, their phenological windows are narrow, and thus the ability to colonize non-native habitats requires that a number of conditions need to be met in accordance with their more specialized life histories. Some of the strongest examples of more complex ecological fitting involve invasive parasites that require different animal hosts to complete their life cycles. For instance, the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, is a major parasite of several species of ungulates in North America. The species exhibits a life cycle whereby newly hatched larvae must find suitable intermediate hosts (freshwater snails) and mature larvae, definitive hosts (ungulates). Intermediate and definitive host ranges of F. magna in its native range are low in number, yet this parasite has been successfully introduced into Europe where it has become a parasite of native European snails and deer. We discuss how the ability of these parasites to overcome multiple ecophysiological barriers represents an excellent example of 'multiple-level ecological fitting'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriama Malcicka
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore J Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23284, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Wagner SM, Martinez AJ, Ruan Y, Kim KL, Lenhart PA, Dehnel AC, Oliver KM, White JA. Facultative endosymbionts mediate dietary breadth in a polyphagous herbivore. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Wagner
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
| | - Adam J. Martinez
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Yong‐Ming Ruan
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Kyungsun L. Kim
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Paul A. Lenhart
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
| | - Allison C. Dehnel
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Jennifer A. White
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
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45
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Kergoat GJ, Le Ru BP, Sadeghi SE, Tuda M, Reid CAM, György Z, Genson G, Ribeiro-Costa CS, Delobel A. Evolution of Spermophagus seed beetles (Coleoptera, Bruchinae, Amblycerini) indicates both synchronous and delayed colonizations of host plants. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 89:91-103. [PMID: 25916187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Seed beetles are a group of specialized chrysomelid beetles, which are mostly associated with plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). In the legume-feeding species, a marked trend of phylogenetic conservatism of host use has been highlighted by several molecular phylogenetics studies. Yet, little is known about the evolutionary patterns of association of species feeding outside the legume family. Here, we investigate the evolution of host use in Spermophagus, a species-rich seed beetle genus that is specialized on two non-legume host-plant groups: morning glories (Convolvulaceae) and mallows (Malvaceae: Malvoideae). Spermophagus species are widespread in the Old World, especially in the Afrotropical, Indomalaya and Palearctic regions. In this study we rely on eight gene regions to provide the first phylogenetic framework for the genus, along with reconstructions of host use evolution, estimates of divergence times and historical biogeography analyses. Like the legume-feeding species, a marked trend toward conservatism of host use is revealed, with one clade specializing on Convolvulaceae and the other on Malvoideae. Comparisons of plants' and insects' estimates of divergence times yield a contrasted pattern: on one hand a quite congruent temporal framework was recovered for morning-glories and their seed-predators; on the other hand the diversification of Spermophagus species associated with mallows apparently lagged far behind the diversification of their hosts. We hypothesize that this delayed colonization of Malvoideae can be accounted for by the respective biogeographic histories of the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael J Kergoat
- INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 Avenue du campus Agropolis, 34988 Montferrier/Lez, France.
| | - Bruno P Le Ru
- IRD/CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes Spéciation, Avenue de la terrasse, BP1, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France; Unité de Recherche IRD 072, African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE), PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Seyed E Sadeghi
- Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands of Iran, PO Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Midori Tuda
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 812-8581 Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Division of Agricultural Bioresource Sciences, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 812-8581 Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Chris A M Reid
- Department of Entomology, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Zoltán György
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1088 Budapest, Baross u. 13, Hungary.
| | - Gwenaëlle Genson
- INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 Avenue du campus Agropolis, 34988 Montferrier/Lez, France
| | - Cibele S Ribeiro-Costa
- Laboratório de Sistemática e Bioecologia de Coleoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Alex Delobel
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
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Doorenweerd C, van Nieukerken EJ, Menken SBJ. A global phylogeny of leafmining Ectoedemia moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): exploring host plant family shifts and allopatry as drivers of speciation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119586. [PMID: 25785630 PMCID: PMC4365004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host association patterns in Ectoedemia (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) are also encountered in other insect groups with intimate plant relationships, including a high degree of monophagy, a preference for ecologically dominant plant families (e.g. Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Betulaceae) and a tendency for related insect species to feed on related host plant species. The evolutionary processes underlying these patterns are only partly understood, we therefore assessed the role of allopatry and host plant family shifts in speciation within Ectoedemia. METHODOLOGY Six nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers with a total aligned length of 3692 base pairs were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among 92 species belonging to the subgenus Ectoedemia of the genus Ectoedemia, representing a thorough taxon sampling with a global coverage. The results support monophyletic species groups that are congruent with published findings based on morphology. We used the obtained phylogeny to explore host plant family association and geographical distribution to investigate if host shifts and allopatry have been instrumental in the speciation of these leafmining insects. SIGNIFICANCE We found that, even though most species within species groups commonly feed on plants from one family, shifts to a distantly related host family have occasionally occurred throughout the phylogeny and such shifts are most commonly observed towards Betulaceae. The largest radiations have occurred within species groups that feed on Fagaceae, Rosaceae, and Salicaceae. Most species are restricted to one of the seven global biogeographic regions, but within species groups representatives are commonly found in different biogeographic regions. Although we find general patterns with regard to host use and biogeography, there are differences between clades that suggest that different drivers of speciation, and perhaps drivers that we did not examine, have shaped diversity patterns in different clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camiel Doorenweerd
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Erik J. van Nieukerken
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Steph B. J. Menken
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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de Araújo WS, Vieira MC, Lewinsohn TM, Almeida-Neto M. Contrasting effects of land use intensity and exotic host plants on the specialization of interactions in plant-herbivore networks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115606. [PMID: 25565141 PMCID: PMC4286214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human land use tends to decrease the diversity of native plant species and facilitate the invasion and establishment of exotic ones. Such changes in land use and plant community composition usually have negative impacts on the assemblages of native herbivorous insects. Highly specialized herbivores are expected to be especially sensitive to land use intensification and the presence of exotic plant species because they are neither capable of consuming alternative plant species of the native flora nor exotic plant species. Therefore, higher levels of land use intensity might reduce the proportion of highly specialized herbivores, which ultimately would lead to changes in the specialization of interactions in plant-herbivore networks. This study investigates the community-wide effects of land use intensity on the degree of specialization of 72 plant-herbivore networks, including effects mediated by the increase in the proportion of exotic plant species. Contrary to our expectation, the net effect of land use intensity on network specialization was positive. However, this positive effect of land use intensity was partially canceled by an opposite effect of the proportion of exotic plant species on network specialization. When we analyzed networks composed exclusively of endophagous herbivores separately from those composed exclusively of exophagous herbivores, we found that only endophages showed a consistent change in network specialization at higher land use levels. Altogether, these results indicate that land use intensity is an important ecological driver of network specialization, by way of reducing the local host range of herbivore guilds with highly specialized feeding habits. However, because the effect of land use intensity is offset by an opposite effect owing to the proportion of exotic host species, the net effect of land use in a given herbivore assemblage will likely depend on the extent of the replacement of native host species with exotic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Santos de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Laboratório de Interações Ecológicas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcos Costa Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Laboratório de Interações Ecológicas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thomas M. Lewinsohn
- Laboratório de Interações Insetos-Plantas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário Almeida-Neto
- Laboratório de Interações Ecológicas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Leppänen SA, Malm T, Värri K, Nyman T. A comparative analysis of genetic differentiation across six shared willow host species in leaf- and bud-galling sawflies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116286. [PMID: 25551608 PMCID: PMC4281154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic divergence and speciation in plant-feeding insects could be driven by contrasting selection pressures imposed by different plant species and taxa. While numerous examples of host-associated differentiation (HAD) have been found, the overall importance of HAD in insect diversification remains unclear, as few studies have investigated its frequency in relation to all speciation events. One promising way to infer the prevalence and repeatability of HAD is to estimate genetic differentiation in multiple insect taxa that use the same set of hosts. To this end, we measured and compared variation in mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS2 sequences in population samples of leaf-galling Pontania and bud-galling Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) collected from six Salix species in two replicate locations in northern Fennoscandia. We found evidence of frequent HAD in both species complexes, as individuals from the same willow species tended to cluster together on both mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic trees. Although few fixed differences among the putative species were found, hierarchical AMOVAs showed that most of the genetic variation in the samples was explained by host species rather than by sampling location. Nevertheless, the levels of HAD measured across specific pairs of host species were not correlated in the two focal galler groups. Hence, our results support the hypothesis of HAD as a central force in herbivore speciation, but also indicate that evolutionary trajectories are only weakly repeatable even in temporally overlapping radiations of related insect taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna A. Leppänen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tobias Malm
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, SE-10405, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaisa Värri
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
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Braga MP, Razzolini E, Boeger WA. Drivers of parasite sharing among Neotropical freshwater fishes. J Anim Ecol 2014; 84:487-97. [PMID: 25283218 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Because host-parasite interactions are so ubiquitous, it is of primary interest for ecologists to understand the factors that generate, maintain and constrain these associations. Phylogenetic comparative studies have found abundant evidence for host-switching to relatively unrelated hosts, sometimes related to diversification events, in a variety of host-parasite systems. For Monogenoidea (Platyhelminthes) parasites, it has been suggested that the co-speciation model alone cannot explain host occurrences, hence host-switching and/or non-vicariant modes of speciation should be associated with the origins and diversification of several monogenoid taxa. The factors that shape broad patterns of parasite sharing were investigated using path analysis as a way to generate hypotheses about the origins of host-parasite interactions between monogenoid gill parasites and Neotropical freshwater fishes. Parasite sharing was assessed from an interaction matrix, and explanatory variables included phylogenetic relationships, environmental preferences, biological traits and geographic distribution for each host species. Although geographic distribution of hosts and host ecology are important factors to understand host-parasite interactions, especially within host lineages that share a relatively recent evolutionary history, phylogeny had the strongest overall direct effect on parasite sharing. Phylogenetic contiguity of host communities may allow a 'stepping-stone' mode of host-switching, which increases parasite sharing. Our results reinforce the importance of including evolutionary history in the study of ecological associations, including emerging infectious diseases risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Braga
- Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular e Parasitologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Caixa Postal 19073, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Razzolini
- Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular e Parasitologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Caixa Postal 19073, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Walter A Boeger
- Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular e Parasitologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Caixa Postal 19073, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Rainford JL, Hofreiter M, Nicholson DB, Mayhew PJ. Phylogenetic distribution of extant richness suggests metamorphosis is a key innovation driving diversification in insects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109085. [PMID: 25275450 PMCID: PMC4183542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects and their six-legged relatives (Hexapoda) comprise more than half of all described species and dominate terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Understanding the macroevolutionary processes generating this richness requires a historical perspective, but the fossil record of hexapods is patchy and incomplete. Dated molecular phylogenies provide an alternative perspective on divergence times and have been combined with birth-death models to infer patterns of diversification across a range of taxonomic groups. Here we generate a dated phylogeny of hexapod families, based on previously published sequence data and literature derived constraints, in order to identify the broad pattern of macroevolutionary changes responsible for the composition of the extant hexapod fauna. The most prominent increase in diversification identified is associated with the origin of complete metamorphosis, confirming this as a key innovation in promoting insect diversity. Subsequent reductions are recovered for several groups previously identified as having a higher fossil diversity during the Mesozoic. In addition, a number of recently derived taxa are found to have radiated following the development of flowering plant (angiosperm) floras during the mid-Cretaceous. These results reveal that the composition of the modern hexapod fauna is a product of a key developmental innovation, combined with multiple and varied evolutionary responses to environmental changes from the mid Cretaceous floral transition onward.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Rainford
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David B. Nicholson
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Mayhew
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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