1
|
Goodwin JW, Hopkins L, Conrad AL. White matter tract integrity in isolated oral clefts: relationship to cognition and reading skills. Child Neuropsychol 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38501945 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2330725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Children with isolated cleft of the lip and/or palate (iCL/P) have been shown to be at risk for impaired reading ability. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies have revealed subtle morphological and functional abnormalities correlated to cognition and reading ability. However, the integrity of white matter tracts and their potential relationship to reading performance in iCL/P is under-studied. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate white matter integrity related to cognition and reading skills among participants with and without iCL/P. Data from two cross-sectional, case/control studies with similar neuropsychological batteries and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) protocols were combined. The final sample included 210 participants (ages 7 to 27 years). Group and sex differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) values were examined between participants with (n = 105) and without (n = 105) iCL/P. Potential associations between FA values and age, cognition, and reading skills were also evaluated separately by group and sex. Sex effects were prominent in association and projection fibers, and effects of cleft status were found in association fibers and cerebellar regions, with isolated associations to reading skills. Findings provide preliminary understanding of microstructural associations to cognitive and reading performance among children, adolescents, and young adults with iCL/P.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Willie Goodwin
- Department of Counseling, Clinical and School Psychology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Hopkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amy Lynn Conrad
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang W, Zhao C, Sun L, Yang X, Yang L, Liang Y, Zhang X, Du X, Chen R, Li C. Articulation-Function-Associated Cortical Developmental Changes in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040550. [PMID: 37190514 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most common craniofacial malformations. Overall, 40–80% of CLP patients have varying degrees of articulation problems after palatoplasty. Previous studies revealed abnormal articulation-related brain function in CLP patients. However, the association between articulation disorders and cortical structure development in CLP patients remains unclear. Twenty-six CLP adolescents (aged 5–14 years; mean 8.88 years; female/male 8/18), twenty-three CLP adults (aged 18–35 years; mean 23.35 years; female/male 6/17), thirty-seven healthy adolescents (aged 5–16 years; mean 9.89 years; female/male 5/16), and twenty-two healthy adults (aged 19–37 years; mean 24.41 years; female/male 19/37) took part in the experiment. The current study aims to investigate developmental changes in cortical structures in CLP patients with articulation disorders using both structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our results reveal the distinct distribution of abnormal cortical structures in adolescent and adult CLP patients. We also found that the developmental pattern of cortical structures in CLP patients differed from the pattern in healthy controls (delayed cortical development in the left lingual gyrus (t = 4.02, cluster-wise p < 0.05), inferior temporal cortex (z = −4.36, cluster-wise p < 0.05) and right precentral cortex (t = 4.19, cluster-wise p < 0.05)). Mediation analysis identified the cortical thickness of the left pericalcarine cortex as the mediator between age and articulation function (partial mediation effect (a*b = −0.48), 95% confident interval (−0.75, −0.26)). In conclusion, our results demonstrate an abnormal developmental pattern of cortical structures in CLP patients, which is directly related to their articulation disorders.
Collapse
|
3
|
Implementation of a personal identification system using alveolar bone images. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 343:111548. [PMID: 36630769 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years, personal identification has been performed using antemortem panoramic X-ray images and postmortem-CT images. Using these, we have developed a personal identification method that focuses on the alveolar bone. This study examined the effectiveness of this method and aimed to implement a reproducible system. MATERIALS AND METHODS For personal identification, a total of 633 CT images and panoramic X-ray images belonging to three groups with different conditions were used. These images were 160 sets in the same person group and 96,820 in the other groups. The similarity of alveolar bone images was calculated using the landmark method of Procrustes analysis. The processes were system implemented and the methodology was validated. RESULTS The ability to identify between the same person group and other person groups showed 0.9769 as the area under the curve (AUC: ROC curve). At the cutoff value of 4.978, there was no false rejection rate, but false acceptance rate was slightly higher. CONCLUSION This method was useful as a screening method for personal identification. In addition, system implementation was efficient and reduced human error. In the future, we aim to realize a more efficient personal identification method using distortion-corrected images and including auto-detective landmarks using deep learning.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sándor-Bajusz KA, Dergez T, Molnár E, Hadzsiev K, Till Á, Zsigmond A, Vástyán A, Csábi G. Cognitive functioning and clinical characteristics of children with non-syndromic orofacial clefts: A case-control study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1115304. [PMID: 36925595 PMCID: PMC10011643 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1115304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The higher rate of neuropsychiatric disorders in individuals with non-syndromic orofacial clefts has been well documented by previous studies. Our goal was to identify children with non-syndromic orofacial clefts that are at risk for abnormal neurodevelopment by assessing their developmental history and present cognitive functioning. Materials and methods A single-center, case-controlled study was carried out at the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Pécs in Hungary. The study consisted of three phases including questionnaires to collect retrospective clinical data and psychometric tools to assess IQ and executive functioning. Results Forty children with non-syndromic oral clefts and 44 age-matched controls participated in the study. Apgar score at 5 min was lower for the cleft group, in addition to delays observed for potty-training and speech development. Psychiatric disorders were more common in the cleft group (15%) than in controls (4.5%), although not statistically significant with small effect size. The cleft group scored lower on the Continuous Performance Test. Subgroup analysis revealed significant associations between higher parental socio-economic status, academic, and cognitive performance in children with non-syndromic orofacial clefts. Analyzes additionally revealed significant associations between early speech and language interventions and higher scores on the Verbal Comprehension Index of the WISC-IV in these children. Discussion Children with non-syndromic orofacial clefts seem to be at risk for deficits involving the attention domain of the executive system. These children additionally present with difficulties that affect cognitive and speech development. Children with non-syndromic orofacial clefts show significant skill development and present with similar cognitive strengths as their peers. Longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are needed to provide more conclusive evidence on cognitive deficits in children with non-syndromic orofacial clefts at risk for neurodevelopmental difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Amália Sándor-Bajusz
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tímea Dergez
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edit Molnár
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kinga Hadzsiev
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Till
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anna Zsigmond
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Vástyán
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Csábi
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sándor-Bajusz KA, Sadi A, Varga E, Csábi G, Antonoglou GN, Lohner S. The Brain in Oral Clefting: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:863900. [PMID: 35756498 PMCID: PMC9226441 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.863900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroimaging of individuals with non-syndromic oral clefts have revealed subtle brain structural differences compared to matched controls. Previous studies strongly suggest a unified primary dysfunction of normal brain and face development which could explain these neuroanatomical differences and the neuropsychiatric issues frequently observed in these individuals. Currently there are no studies that have assessed the overall empirical evidence of the association between oral clefts and brain structure. Our aim was to summarize the available evidence on potential brain structural differences in individuals with non-syndromic oral clefts and their matched controls. Methods MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science and Embase were systematically searched in September 2020 for case-control studies that reported structural brain MRI in individuals with non-syndromic oral clefts and healthy controls. Studies of syndromic oral clefts were excluded. Two review authors independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data and assessed risk of bias with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random effects meta-analyses of mean differences (MDs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were performed in order to compare global and regional brain MRI volumes. Results Ten studies from 18 records were included in the review. A total of 741 participants were analyzed. A moderate to high risk of bias was determined for the included studies. The cerebellum (MD: -12.46 cm3, 95% CI: -18.26, -6.67, n = 3 studies, 354 participants), occipital lobes (MD: -7.39, 95% CI: -12.80, -1.99, n = 2 studies, 120 participants), temporal lobes (MD: -10.53 cm3, 95% CI: -18.23, -2.82, n = 2 studies, 120 participants) and total gray matter (MD: -41.14 cm3; 95% CI: -57.36 to -24.92, n = 2 studies, 172 participants) were significantly smaller in the cleft group compared to controls. Discussion There may be structural brain differences between individuals with non-syndromic oral clefts and controls based on the available evidence. Improvement in study design, size, methodology and participant selection could allow a more thorough analysis and decrease study heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga A Sándor-Bajusz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Asaad Sadi
- Adult Psychiatric Division, Borlänge Specialist Clinic, Borlänge, Sweden
| | - Eszter Varga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Csábi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Georgios N Antonoglou
- Periodontology Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Szimonetta Lohner
- Cochrane Hungary, Clinical Centre of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanger TJ, Harding L, Kyrkos J, Turnquist AJ, Epperlein L, Nunez SA, Lachance D, Dhindsa S, Stroud JT, Diaz RE, Czesny B. Environmental Thermal Stress Induces Neuronal Cell Death and Developmental Malformations in Reptiles. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab033. [PMID: 34877473 PMCID: PMC8643577 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Every stage of organismal life history is being challenged by global warming. Many species are already experiencing temperatures approaching their physiological limits; this is particularly true for ectothermic species, such as lizards. Embryos are markedly sensitive to thermal insult. Here, we demonstrate that temperatures currently experienced in natural nesting areas can modify gene expression levels and induce neural and craniofacial malformations in embryos of the lizard Anolis sagrei. Developmental abnormalities ranged from minor changes in facial structure to significant disruption of anterior face and forebrain. The first several days of postoviposition development are particularly sensitive to this thermal insult. These results raise new concern over the viability of ectothermic species under contemporary climate change. Herein, we propose and test a novel developmental hypothesis that describes the cellular and developmental origins of those malformations: cell death in the developing forebrain and abnormal facial induction due to disrupted Hedgehog signaling. Based on similarities in the embryonic response to thermal stress among distantly related species, we propose that this developmental hypothesis represents a common embryonic response to thermal insult among amniote embryos. Our results emphasize the importance of adopting a broad, multidisciplinary approach that includes both lab and field perspectives when trying to understand the future impacts of anthropogenic change on animal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Laura Harding
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Judith Kyrkos
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Alexandrea J Turnquist
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Lilian Epperlein
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Sylvia A Nunez
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Dryden Lachance
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Seerat Dhindsa
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - James T Stroud
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137. One Brookings Drive St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
| | - Raul E Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Beata Czesny
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balestrini S, Lopez SM, Chinthapalli K, Sargsyan N, Demurtas R, Vos S, Altmann A, Suttie M, Hammond P, Sisodiya SM. Increased facial asymmetry in focal epilepsies associated with unilateral lesions. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab068. [PMID: 34222868 PMCID: PMC8244637 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epilepsies are now conceptualized as network disruptions: focal epilepsies are considered to have network alterations in the hemisphere of seizure onset, whilst generalized epilepsies are considered to have bi-hemispheric network changes. Increasingly, many epilepsies are also considered to be neurodevelopmental disorders, with early changes in the brain underpinning seizure biology. The development of the structure of the face is influenced by complex molecular interactions between surface ectoderm and underlying developing forebrain and neural crest cells. This influence is likely to continue postnatally, given the evidence of facial growth changes over time in humans until at least 18 years of age. In this case-control study, we hypothesized that people with lateralized focal epilepsies (i.e. unilateral network changes) have an increased degree of facial asymmetry, compared with people with generalized epilepsies or controls without epilepsy. We applied three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry and dense surface models to evaluate facial asymmetry in people with epilepsy, aiming to generate new tools to explore pathophysiological mechanisms in epilepsy. We analysed neuroimaging data to explore the correlation between face and brain asymmetry. We consecutively recruited 859 people with epilepsy attending the epilepsy clinics at a tertiary referral centre. We used dense surface modelling of the full face and signature analyses of three-dimensional facial photographs to analyse facial differences between 378 cases and 205 healthy controls. Neuroimaging around the time of the facial photograph was available for 234 cases. We computed the brain asymmetry index between contralateral regions. Cases with focal symptomatic epilepsy associated with unilateral lesions showed greater facial asymmetry compared to controls (P = 0.0001, two-sample t-test). This finding was confirmed by linear regression analysis after controlling for age and gender. We also found a significant correlation between duration of illness and the brain asymmetry index of total average cortical thickness (r = -0.19, P = 0.0075) but not for total average surface area (r = 0.06, P = 0.3968). There was no significant correlation between facial asymmetry and asymmetry of regional cortical thickness or surface area. We propose that the greater facial asymmetry in cases with focal epilepsy caused by unilateral abnormality might be explained by early unilateral network disruption, and that this is independent of underlying brain asymmetry. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry and dense surface modelling are a novel powerful phenotyping tool in epilepsy that may permit greater understanding of pathophysiology in epilepsy, and generate further insights into the development of cerebral networks underlying epilepsy, and the genetics of facial and neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Balestrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Gerrards Cross, UK
| | - Seymour M Lopez
- Department of Medical Physics, Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL, London, UK
| | - Krishna Chinthapalli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Gerrards Cross, UK
| | - Narek Sargsyan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Gerrards Cross, UK
| | - Rita Demurtas
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Gerrards Cross, UK
| | - Sjoerd Vos
- Department of Medical Physics, Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL, London, UK.,Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andre Altmann
- Department of Medical Physics, Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL, London, UK
| | - Michael Suttie
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Big Data Institute, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Hammond
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Big Data Institute, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Gerrards Cross, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bodoni PSB, Leoni RF, do Vale AB, da Silva PHR, Meira Junior SG, Richieri Costa A, Tabaquim MDLM. [Formula: see text] Neuropsychological functioning and its relationship with brain anatomical measures of children and adolescents with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Child Neuropsychol 2020; 27:2-16. [PMID: 32546116 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1776240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) show cognitive performance below expected. This difficulty can be associated with alterations in the cortical thickness and volume of brain regions. The aim of this study was to investigate anatomical brain characteristics and their relationship with the neuropsychological scores of children and adolescents with NSCLP. Methods: Twenty-four children and adolescents with ages from 10 to 16 years and 11 months (12 with a diagnosis of NSCLP; 12 with typical development) were enrolled. Neuropsychological tests were administered and high-resolution, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in a 1.5 T scanner. Results: Compared to the control group, NSCLP individuals showed intellectual (p = 0.006) and cognitive (p = 0.003) impairment, as well as deficits in subdomains of executive functions (sustained attention, working memory, and cognitive planning). The morphological analysis showed reduced volumes and cortical thickness in temporal, parietal, and frontal regions, in both hemispheres, of the NSCLP group. Significant, strong associations of structural alterations and cognitive performance were observed. Conclusions: Our study provided strong evidence of the relationship between brain development in children and adolescents with NSCLP, and their neuropsychological profile. This relationship is characterized by a malfunction of associative areas of the brain, such as parieto-temporo-occipital, frontoparietal, and prefrontal regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria De Lourdes Merighi Tabaquim
- Craniofacial Anomaly Rehabilitation Hospital, University of São Paulo , Bauru, Brazil.,Department of Speech Therapy, FOB, University of São Paulo , Bauru, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Niethamer TK, Teng T, Franco M, Du YX, Percival CJ, Bush JO. Aberrant cell segregation in the craniofacial primordium and the emergence of facial dysmorphology in craniofrontonasal syndrome. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008300. [PMID: 32092051 PMCID: PMC7058351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal, and neurological anomalies and is caused by mutations in EFNB1. Heterozygous females are more severely affected by CFNS than hemizygous males, a phenomenon called cellular interference that results from EPHRIN-B1 mosaicism. In Efnb1 heterozygous mice, mosaicism for EPHRIN-B1 results in cell sorting and more severe phenotypes than Efnb1 hemizygous males, but how craniofacial dysmorphology arises from cell segregation is unknown and CFNS etiology therefore remains poorly understood. Here, we couple geometric morphometric techniques with temporal and spatial interrogation of embryonic cell segregation in mouse mutant models to elucidate mechanisms underlying CFNS pathogenesis. By generating EPHRIN-B1 mosaicism at different developmental timepoints and in specific cell populations, we find that EPHRIN-B1 regulates cell segregation independently in early neural development and later in craniofacial development, correlating with the emergence of quantitative differences in face shape. Whereas specific craniofacial shape changes are qualitatively similar in Efnb1 heterozygous and hemizygous mutant embryos, heterozygous embryos are quantitatively more severely affected, indicating that Efnb1 mosaicism exacerbates loss of function phenotypes rather than having a neomorphic effect. Notably, neural tissue-specific disruption of Efnb1 does not appear to contribute to CFNS craniofacial dysmorphology, but its disruption within neural crest cell-derived mesenchyme results in phenotypes very similar to widespread loss. EPHRIN-B1 can bind and signal with EPHB1, EPHB2, and EPHB3 receptor tyrosine kinases, but the signaling partner(s) relevant to CFNS are unknown. Geometric morphometric analysis of an allelic series of Ephb1; Ephb2; Ephb3 mutant embryos indicates that EPHB2 and EPHB3 are key receptors mediating Efnb1 hemizygous-like phenotypes, but the complete loss of EPHB1-3 does not fully recapitulate the severity of CFNS-like Efnb1 heterozygosity. Finally, by generating Efnb1+/Δ; Ephb1; Ephb2; Ephb3 quadruple knockout mice, we determine how modulating cumulative receptor activity influences cell segregation in craniofacial development and find that while EPHB2 and EPHB3 play an important role in craniofacial cell segregation, EPHB1 is more important for cell segregation in the brain; surprisingly, complete loss of EPHB1-EPHB3 does not completely abrogate cell segregation. Together, these data advance our understanding of the etiology and signaling interactions underlying CFNS dysmorphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terren K. Niethamer
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Teng Teng
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Melanie Franco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yu Xin Du
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Percival
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJP); (JOB)
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJP); (JOB)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cabestrero-Rincón MA, Balzeau A, Lorenzo C. Differential evolution of cerebral and cerebellar fossae in recent Homo: A new methodological approach. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2018; 69:289-303. [PMID: 30463675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The endocranium shows the influence of the shape and development of brain tissues and overall brain modifications. During the late Upper Pleistocene and Holocene smaller brains appeared and the higher position of endinion relative to inion might indicate changes in cerebellar and occipital lobes. In previous studies, the depths of the cerebral and cerebellar fossae were not specifically considered; new tools for quantitatively measuring these irregular, problematic curved areas need to be developed. This paper's main objective is to investigate to what degree changes in the fossae's depths of extant humans have occurred with respect to fossil anatomically modern humans (AMH) and older Homo species. The proportions of the occipital and nuchal planes are compared measuring the inner and outer surfaces of the bone. Additionally, this paper proposes a quantitative geometric methodology based on endocranial landmarks that create a plane with which to measure the position of the deepest part of the fossa: it represents a curvature maxima - concavity - associated with local structures. The four points thus obtained could be framed in Bookstein's Type II landmarks but without biomechanical implication. Through univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses (principal components analysis) of raw and size-corrected data we study the differential evolution in recent Homo species, which presents a more vertical occipital area than ancient fossils. Our results corroborate this derived trait; additionally, we have observed a tendency towards a relative decrease in the depth of the cerebral fossae and maintenance of the cerebellar fossae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Cabestrero-Rincón
- Castell de Bellver-Museu d'Història de la Ciutat, c/Camilo José Cela, s/n. 07014 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Àrea de Prehistòria, Fac. Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya, 35 43002 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - A Balzeau
- Département Hommes et environnement, UMR 7194 du CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, place du Trocadéro, F-75016 Paris, France
| | - C Lorenzo
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Fac. Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya, 35 43002 Tarragona, Spain; Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n - Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Procrustes-based geometric morphometrics on MRI images: An example of inter-operator bias in 3D landmarks and its impact on big datasets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197675. [PMID: 29787586 PMCID: PMC5963746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Using 3D anatomical landmarks from adult human head MRIs, we assessed the magnitude of inter-operator differences in Procrustes-based geometric morphometric analyses. An in depth analysis of both absolute and relative error was performed in a subsample of individuals with replicated digitization by three different operators. The effect of inter-operator differences was also explored in a large sample of more than 900 individuals. Although absolute error was not unusual for MRI measurements, including bone landmarks, shape was particularly affected by differences among operators, with up to more than 30% of sample variation accounted for by this type of error. The magnitude of the bias was such that it dominated the main pattern of bone and total (all landmarks included) shape variation, largely surpassing the effect of sex differences between hundreds of men and women. In contrast, however, we found higher reproducibility in soft-tissue nasal landmarks, despite relatively larger errors in estimates of nasal size. Our study exemplifies the assessment of measurement error using geometric morphometrics on landmarks from MRIs and stresses the importance of relating it to total sample variance within the specific methodological framework being used. In summary, precise landmarks may not necessarily imply negligible errors, especially in shape data; indeed, size and shape may be differentially impacted by measurement error and different types of landmarks may have relatively larger or smaller errors. Importantly, and consistently with other recent studies using geometric morphometrics on digital images (which, however, were not specific to MRI data), this study showed that inter-operator biases can be a major source of error in the analysis of large samples, as those that are becoming increasingly common in the 'era of big data'.
Collapse
|
12
|
Common basis for orofacial clefting and cortical interneuronopathy. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:8. [PMID: 29317601 PMCID: PMC5802454 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) of the lip and/or palate are among the most common human birth defects. Current treatment strategies focus on functional and cosmetic repair but even when this care is available, individuals born with OFCs are at high risk for persistent neurobehavioral problems. In addition to learning disabilities and reduced academic achievement, recent evidence associates OFCs with elevated risk for a constellation of psychiatric outcomes including anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. The relationship between these outcomes and OFCs is poorly understood and controversial. Recent neuroimaging studies in humans and mice demonstrate subtle morphological brain abnormalities that co-occur with OFCs but specific molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been investigated. Here, we provide the first evidence directly linking OFC pathogenesis to abnormal development of GABAergic cortical interneurons (cINs). Lineage tracing revealed that the structures that form the upper lip and palate develop in molecular synchrony and spatiotemporal proximity to cINs, suggesting these populations may have shared sensitivity to genetic and/or teratogenic insult. Examination of cIN development in a mouse model of nonsyndromic OFCs revealed significant disruptions in cIN proliferation and migration, culminating in misspecification of the somatostatin-expressing subgroup. These findings reveal a unified developmental basis for orofacial clefting and disrupted cIN development, and may explain the significant overlap in neurobehavioral and psychiatric outcomes associated with OFCs and cIN dysfunction. This emerging mechanistic understanding for increased prevalence of adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in OFC patients is the entry-point for developing evidence-based therapies to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Watkins SE, Meyer RE, Aylsworth AS, Marcus JR, Allori AC, Pimenta L, Lipinski RJ, Strauss RP. Academic Achievement Among Children With Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts : A Population-Based Study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017; 55:12-20. [PMID: 34162061 DOI: 10.1177/1055665617718823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with orofacial clefts (OFCs) may experience poor reading proficiency, learning disabilities, and academic underachievement. We examined the association between nonsyndromic (NS) OFCs and end-of-grade (EOG) performance in reading and math from third through eighth grade in a sample subgroup. PARTICIPANTS We identified a cohort of 559 children with NS-OFCs and 6822 children without birth defects, classifying cleft type by cleft lip alone, with or without cleft alveolar ridge (CL); cleft lip with cleft palate (CL+P); and cleft palate only (CP). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Using logistic regression, we estimated the odds of not meeting grade-level standards among children with NS-OFCs compared to unaffected peers. Using longitudinal analyses, we estimated the odds of not meeting grade-level standards and average change in test scores through eighth grade. RESULTS Children with NS-OFCs were 1.22 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.83) times as likely not to meet grade-level standards in reading compared to unaffected peers. The effect was similar for math (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.48). Children with CL+P were 1.33 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.83) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.56) times as likely not to meet grade-level standard in reading and in both subjects, respectively, compared to unaffected peers. The average rate of change in both scores was similar for children with and without OFCs. CONCLUSIONS Poor academic performance appears greatest for children with CL+P, a finding compatible with previous observations and hypothesized mechanisms associating orofacial clefts with subtle abnormalities in brain development. Academic performance monitoring and referral for academic assistance is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Watkins
- Women's and Children's Health Section, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert E Meyer
- Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Division of Public Health, State Center for Health Statistics, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Arthur S Aylsworth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Marcus
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander C Allori
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luiz Pimenta
- School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald P Strauss
- School of Dentistry and Office of the Provost, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsuzuki D, Homae F, Taga G, Watanabe H, Matsui M, Dan I. Macroanatomical Landmarks Featuring Junctions of Major Sulci and Fissures and Scalp Landmarks Based on the International 10-10 System for Analyzing Lateral Cortical Development of Infants. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:394. [PMID: 28744192 PMCID: PMC5504468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The topographic relationships between the macroanatomical structure of the lateral cortex, including sulci and fissures, and anatomical landmarks on the external surface of the head are known to be consistent. This allows the coregistration of EEG electrodes or functional near-infrared spectroscopy over the scalp with underlying cortical regions. However, limited information is available as to whether the topographic relationships are maintained in rapidly developing infants, whose brains and heads exhibit drastic growth. We used MRIs of infants ranging in age from 3 to 22 months old, and identified 20 macroanatomical landmarks, featuring the junctions of major sulci and fissures, as well as cranial landmarks and virtually determined positions of the international 10-20 and 10-10 systems. A Procrustes analysis revealed developmental trends in changes of shape in both the cortex and head. An analysis of Euclidian distances between selected pairs of cortical landmarks at standard stereotactic coordinates showed anterior shifts of the relative positions of the premotor and parietal cortices with age. Finally, cortical landmark positions and their spatial variability were compared with 10-10 landmark positions. The results indicate that variability in the distribution of each macroanatomical landmark was much smaller than the pitch of the 10-10 landmarks. This study demonstrates that the scalp-based 10-10 system serves as a good frame of reference in infants not only for assessing the development of the macroanatomy of the lateral cortical structure, but also for functional studies of cortical development using transcranial modalities such as EEG and fNIRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsuzuki
- Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan.,Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Homae
- Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Language, Brain and Genetics, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Gentaro Taga
- Graduate School of Education, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Hama Watanabe
- Graduate School of Education, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Mie Matsui
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan.,Department of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cosman MN, Sparrow LM, Rolian C. Changes in shape and cross-sectional geometry in the tibia of mice selectively bred for increases in relative bone length. J Anat 2016; 228:940-51. [PMID: 27003624 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb bone size and shape in terrestrial mammals scales predictably with body mass. Weight-bearing limb bones in these species have geometries that enable them to withstand deformations due to loading, both within and between species. Departures from the expected scaling of bone size and shape to body mass occur in mammals that have become specialized for different types of locomotion. For example, mammals adapted for frequent running and jumping behaviors have hind limb bones that are long in relation to body mass, but with narrower cross-sections than predicted for their length. The Longshanks mouse was recently established, a selectively bred line of mice with ~12-13% longer tibiae relative to body mass. This increased limb length resembles superficially the derived limb proportions of rodents adapted for hopping and jumping. Here, 3D geometric morphometrics and analyses of bone cross-sectional geometry were combined to determine whether selection for increased relative tibia length in Longshanks mice has altered the scaling relationship of size and shape, and/or bone robusticity, relative to the tibiae of random-bred control mice from the same genetic background. The results suggest that the Longshanks tibia is not a geometrically scaled version of the control tibiae. Instead, the Longshanks tibia has become narrower in cross-section in relation to its increased length, leading to a decrease in overall bending strength when compared with control tibiae. These changes in bone shape and robusticity resemble the derived morphology of mammals adapted for running and jumping, with important implications for the material properties and strength of bone in these mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda N Cosman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Leah M Sparrow
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Campbell Rolian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hozyasz KK, Mostowska A, Wójcicki P, Lasota A, Zadurska M, Dunin-Wilczyńska I, Jagodziński PP. Nucleotide Variants of the BH4 Biosynthesis Pathway Gene GCH1 and the Risk of Orofacial Clefts. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:769-776. [PMID: 26215833 PMCID: PMC4703629 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A deficiency of GTP cyclohydrolase, encoded by the GCH1 gene, results in two neurological diseases: hyperphenylalaninaemia type HPABH4B and DOPA-responsive dystonia. Genes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism and motor systems may contribute to palatogenesis. The purpose of the study was to analyse polymorphic variants of the GCH1 gene as risk factors for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). Genotyping of nine polymorphisms was conducted in a group of 281 NSCL/P patients and 574 controls. The GCH1 variant rs17128077 was associated with a 1.7-fold higher risk for NSCL/P (95 %CI = 1.224-2.325; p = 0.001). We also found a significant correlation between the rs8004018 and rs17128050 variants and an increased risk of oral clefts (p trend = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively). The best evidence of the global haplotype association was observed for rs17128050 and rs8004018 (p corr = 0.0152). This study demonstrates that the risk of NSCL/P is associated with variants of the GCH1 gene related to BH4 metabolism and provides some evidence of the relationships between morphological/functional shifts in the central nervous system and orofacial clefts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Hozyasz
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Mother and Child, 17a Kasprzaka Str., 01-211, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Lasota
- Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zadurska
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paweł P Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Facial Morphogenesis: Physical and Molecular Interactions Between the Brain and the Face. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:299-320. [PMID: 26589930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the brain and face is intrinsically linked by a number of factors. These include: origins of tissues, adjacency allowing their physical interactions, and molecular cross talk controlling growth. Neural crest cells that form the facial primordia originate on the dorsal neural tube. In the caudal pharyngeal arches, a Homeobox code regulates arch identity. In anterior regions, positional information is acquired locally. Second, the brain is a structural platform that influences positioning of the facial primordia, and brain growth influences the timing of primordia fusion. Third, the brain helps induce a signaling center, the frontonasal ectodermal zone, in the ectoderm, which participates in patterned growth of the upper jaw. Similarly, signals from neural crest cells regulate expression of fibroblast growth factor 8 in the anterior neural ridge, which controls growth of the anterior forebrain. Disruptions to these interactions have significant consequences for normal development of the craniofacial complex, leading to structural malformations and birth defects.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mei Lee KS, Young SEL, Rickard Liow SJ, Purcell AA. Spelling Processes of Children with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Preliminary Study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2015; 52:70-81. [DOI: 10.1597/13-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the cognitive-linguistic processes underlying spelling performance of children with cleft lip and/or palate with those of typically developing children. Design An assessment battery including tests of hearing, articulation, verbal short-term and working memory, and phonological awareness, as well as word and nonword spelling, was administered to both groups. Participants A total of 15 children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate were case-matched by age and sex to 15 typically developing children. The children were aged between 6 and 8 years and were bilingual, with English the dominant language. Results Wilcoxon signed-rank tests revealed that the performance of children with cleft lip and/or palate was significantly poorer on phoneme deletion and nonword spelling ( P < .05) compared with typically developing children. Spearman correlation analyses revealed different relationships between the cognitive-linguistic and spelling measures for the cleft lip and/or palate and typically developing groups. Conclusions Children with cleft lip and/or palate underachieve in phonological awareness and spelling skills. To facilitate early intervention for literacy problems, speech-language pathologists should routinely assess the cognitive-linguistic processing of children with cleft lip and/or palate, especially phonological awareness, as part of their case management protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Shi Mei Lee
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, KK Hospital, Singapore
| | - Selena Ee-Li Young
- Division of Graduate Medical Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, and Head and Senior Principal Speech Therapist, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, KK Hospital, Singapore, and Department of Otolaryngology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Susan Jane Rickard Liow
- Department of Otolaryngology, is Programme Director of the MSc (Speech and Language Pathology) at the National University of Singapore
| | - Alison Anne Purcell
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Certified Practicing Speech Pathologist, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chollet MB, DeLeon VB, Conrad AL, Nopoulos P. Morphometric analysis of brain shape in children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:1616-25. [PMID: 24381208 PMCID: PMC4221570 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813510603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test for differences in brain shape among children with cleft palate only (n = 22), children with cleft lip and palate (n = 35), and controls (n = 39) using Euclidean distance matrix analysis. Sixteen percent of interlandmark distances differed between children with cleft palate only and controls, 10% differed between children with cleft lip and palate and controls, and 10% differed between children with cleft palate only and children with cleft lip and palate. Major differences in brain shape associated with cleft lip and/or palate included posterior expansion of the occipital lobe, reorientation of the cerebellum, heightened callosal midbody, and posterior displacement of the caudate nucleus and thalamus. Differences in brain shape unique to cleft palate only and to cleft lip and palate were also identified. These results expand upon previous volumetric studies on brain morphology in individuals with cleft lip and/or palate and provide additional evidence that the primary defect in cleft lip and/or palate results in both facial and brain dysmorphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine B. Chollet
- Former doctoral student at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD and current medical student at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Valerie B. DeLeon
- Assistant Professor of Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy L. Conrad
- Assistant Research Scientist in Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA
| | - Peg Nopoulos
- Professor of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lipinski RJ, Holloway HT, O'Leary-Moore SK, Ament JJ, Pecevich SJ, Cofer GP, Budin F, Everson JL, Johnson GA, Sulik KK. Characterization of subtle brain abnormalities in a mouse model of Hedgehog pathway antagonist-induced cleft lip and palate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102603. [PMID: 25047453 PMCID: PMC4105496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle behavioral and cognitive deficits have been documented in patient cohorts with orofacial clefts (OFCs). Recent neuroimaging studies argue that these traits are associated with structural brain abnormalities but have been limited to adolescent and adult populations where brain plasticity during infancy and childhood may be a confounding factor. Here, we employed high resolution magnetic resonance microscopy to examine primary brain morphology in a mouse model of OFCs. Transient in utero exposure to the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway antagonist cyclopamine resulted in a spectrum of facial dysmorphology, including unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate, cleft of the secondary palate only, and a non-cleft phenotype marked by midfacial hypoplasia. Relative to controls, cyclopamine-exposed fetuses exhibited volumetric differences in several brain regions, including hypoplasia of the pituitary gland and olfactory bulbs, hyperplasia of the forebrain septal region, and expansion of the third ventricle. However, in affected fetuses the corpus callosum was intact and normal division of the forebrain was observed. This argues that temporally-specific Hh signaling perturbation can result in typical appearing OFCs in the absence of holoprosencephaly--a condition classically associated with Hh pathway inhibition and frequently co-occurring with OFCs. Supporting the premise that some forms of OFCs co-occur with subtle brain malformations, these results provide a possible ontological basis for traits identified in clinical populations. They also argue in favor of future investigations into genetic and/or environmental modulation of the Hh pathway in the etiopathogenesis of orofacial clefting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Lipinski
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hunter T. Holloway
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shonagh K. O'Leary-Moore
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Ament
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Pecevich
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gary P. Cofer
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francois Budin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joshua L. Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - G. Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen K. Sulik
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chollet MB, Aldridge K, Pangborn N, Weinberg SM, DeLeon VB. Landmarking the brain for geometric morphometric analysis: an error study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86005. [PMID: 24489689 PMCID: PMC3904856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroanatomic phenotypes are often assessed using volumetric analysis. Although powerful and versatile, this approach is limited in that it is unable to quantify changes in shape, to describe how regions are interrelated, or to determine whether changes in size are global or local. Statistical shape analysis using coordinate data from biologically relevant landmarks is the preferred method for testing these aspects of phenotype. To date, approximately fifty landmarks have been used to study brain shape. Of the studies that have used landmark-based statistical shape analysis of the brain, most have not published protocols for landmark identification or the results of reliability studies on these landmarks. The primary aims of this study were two-fold: (1) to collaboratively develop detailed data collection protocols for a set of brain landmarks, and (2) to complete an intra- and inter-observer validation study of the set of landmarks. Detailed protocols were developed for 29 cortical and subcortical landmarks using a sample of 10 boys aged 12 years old. Average intra-observer error for the final set of landmarks was 1.9 mm with a range of 0.72 mm-5.6 mm. Average inter-observer error was 1.1 mm with a range of 0.40 mm-3.4 mm. This study successfully establishes landmark protocols with a minimal level of error that can be used by other researchers in the assessment of neuroanatomic phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine B. Chollet
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristina Aldridge
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicole Pangborn
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Valerie B. DeLeon
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aerts A, DeVolder I, Weinberg SM, Thedens D, Dunnwald M, Schutte BC, Nopoulos P. Haploinsufficiency of interferon regulatory factor 6 alters brain morphology in the mouse. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:655-60. [PMID: 24357509 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts are among the commonest birth defects. Among many genetic contributors to orofacial clefting, Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) is unique since mutations in this gene cause Van der Woude (VWS), the most common clefting syndrome. Furthermore, variants in IRF6 contribute to increased risk for non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P). Our previous work shows that individuals with either VWS or NSCL/P may have cerebral anomalies (larger anterior, smaller posterior regions), and a smaller cerebellum. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that disrupting Irf6 in the mouse will result in quantitative brain changes similar to those reported for humans with VWS and NSCL/P. Male mice heterozygous for Irf6 (Irf6(gt1/+); n = 9) and wild-type (Irf6(+/+) ; n = 6) mice at comparable age underwent a 4.7-T MRI scan to obtain quantitative measures of cortical and subcortical brain structures. There was no difference in total brain volume between groups. However, the frontal cortex was enlarged in the Irf6(gt1/+) mice compared to that of wild types (P = 0.028) while the posterior cortex did not differ. In addition, the volume of the cerebellum of Irf6(gt1/+) mice was decreased (P = 0.004). Mice that were heterozygous for Irf6 showed a similar pattern of brain anomalies previously reported in humans with VWS and NSCL/P. These structural differences were present in the absence of overt oral clefts. These results support a role for IRF6 in brain morphometry and provide evidence for a potential genetic link to abnormal brain development in orofacial clefting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Weinberg SM, Parsons TE, Fogel MR, Walter CP, Conrad AL, Nopoulos P. Corpus callosum shape is altered in individuals with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1002-7. [PMID: 23532928 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) have altered brain structure compared with healthy controls. Preliminary evidence suggests that the corpus callosum may be dysmorphic in orofacial clefting; however, this midline brain structure has not been systematically assessed in this population. The goal of the present study was to carry out a morphometric assessment of the corpus callosum and its relationship to cognitive performance in a well-characterized patient cohort with orofacial cleft. Midline brain images were obtained from previously collected MRI scans of 24 CL/P subjects and 40-adult-male controls. Eight landmarks on the corpus callosum were digitized on each image and their x,y coordinate locations saved. A geometric morphometrics analysis was applied to the landmark coordinate data to test for shape differences across groups. The relationship between corpus callosum shape and IQ was explored with nonparametric correlation coefficients. Results revealed significant differences in mean corpus callosum shape between CL/P cases and controls (P = 0.029). The CL/P corpus callosum was characterized by increased overall convexity resulting from a superior and posterior displacement. Within CL/P cases, increased corpus callosum shape dysmorphology was moderately correlated with reduced performance IQ (r = 0.546). These results provide additional evidence that midline brain changes may be an important part of the orofacial cleft phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nieman BJ, Blank MC, Roman BB, Henkelman RM, Millen KJ. If the skull fits: magnetic resonance imaging and microcomputed tomography for combined analysis of brain and skull phenotypes in the mouse. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:992-1002. [PMID: 22947655 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00093.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain and skull develop concurrently in a coordinated manner, consistently producing a brain and skull that fit tightly together. It is common that abnormalities in one are associated with related abnormalities in the other. However, this is not always the case. A complete characterization of the relationship between brain and skull phenotypes is necessary to understand the mechanisms that cause them to be coordinated or divergent and to provide perspective on the potential diagnostic or prognostic significance of brain and skull phenotypes. We demonstrate the combined use of magnetic resonance imaging and microcomputed tomography for analysis of brain and skull phenotypes in the mouse. Co-registration of brain and skull images allows comparison of the relationship between phenotypes in the brain and those in the skull. We observe a close fit between the brain and skull of two genetic mouse models that both show abnormal brain and skull phenotypes. Application of these three-dimensional image analyses in a broader range of mouse mutants will provide a map of the relationships between brain and skull phenotypes generally and allow characterization of patterns of similarities and differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sigirli D, Ercan I, Ozdemir ST, Taskapilioglu O, Hakyemez B, Turan OF. Shape Analysis of the Corpus Callosum and Cerebellum in Female MS Patients with Different Clinical Phenotypes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1202-11. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Hammond P, Suttie M. Large-scale objective phenotyping of 3D facial morphology. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:817-25. [PMID: 22434506 PMCID: PMC3327801 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal phenotypes have played significant roles in the discovery of gene function, but organized collection of phenotype data has been overshadowed by developments in sequencing technology. In order to study phenotypes systematically, large-scale projects with standardized objective assessment across populations are considered necessary. The report of the 2006 Human Variome Project meeting (Cotton et al, 2007) recommended documentation of phenotypes through electronic means by collaborative groups of computational scientists and clinicians using standard, structured descriptions of disease-specific phenotypes. In this report, we describe progress over the past decade in three-dimensional (3D) digital imaging and shape analysis of the face, and future prospects for large-scale facial phenotyping. Illustrative examples are given throughout using a collection of 1,107 3D face images of healthy controls and individuals with a range of genetic conditions involving facial dysmorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammond
- Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Demir T, Karacetin G, Baghaki S, Aydin Y. Psychiatric assessment of children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011; 33:594-603. [PMID: 21816483 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) are more likely to be diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and whether cleft-related factors are related to psychopathology. METHOD Twenty children from 6 to 16 years of age with NSCLP, attending the Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department of Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty between January and October 2010, were included as the case group. Forty healthy children who were matched on age and sex with the case group served as controls. Children were assessed by psychiatric interviews and scales. RESULTS Social anxiety disorder (SAD) (P=.003) and major depressive disorder (MDD) (P=.010) were more prevalent in children with NSCLP. The severity of dentofacial (P=.035) and cleft lip nose deformities (P=.002), appearance and competence of the lip (P=.008), dental alignment (P=.002), feeding (P=.044) and articulation problems (P<.001) were associated with clinical global functioning. CONCLUSIONS Children with NSCLP are at risk of developing psychopathology, especially SAD and MDD. The above cleft-related factors and articulation problems may be the target of interventions to prevent and treat psychiatric disorders in these children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Turkay Demir
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Parsons TE, Schmidt EJ, Boughner JC, Jamniczky HA, Marcucio RS, Hallgrímsson B. Epigenetic integration of the developing brain and face. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2233-44. [PMID: 21901785 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of the brain and face and to what extent this relationship constrains or enables evolutionary change in the craniofacial complex is an issue of long-standing interest in vertebrate evolution. To investigate brain-face integration, we studied the covariation between the forebrain and midface at gestational days 10-10.5 in four strains of laboratory mice. We found that phenotypic variation in the forebrain is highly correlated with that of the face during face formation such that variation in the size of the forebrain correlates with the degree of prognathism and orientation of the facial prominences. This suggests strongly that the integration of the brain and face is relevant to the etiology of midfacial malformations such as orofacial clefts. This axis of integration also has important implications for the evolutionary developmental biology of the mammalian craniofacial complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trish E Parsons
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Neuroanatomic predictors to prodromal psychosis in velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome): a longitudinal study. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:945-52. [PMID: 21195387 PMCID: PMC3081962 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 30% of young adults with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS; 22q11.2 deletion syndrome) develop schizophrenia or psychosis. Identifying the neuroanatomic trajectories that increase risk for psychosis in youth with this genetic disorder is of great interest. METHODS We acquired high-resolution anatomic magnetic resonance images and measures of psychiatric function on 72 youth with VCFS, 26 unaffected siblings, and 24 age-matched community control subjects at two time points: between late childhood (mean age 11.9 years) and mid-adolescence (mean age 15.1 years). RESULTS With the exception of cranial gray matter and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex, neuroanatomic trajectories in youth with VCFS were comparable to unaffected siblings and community control subjects during this developmental window. However, in youth with VCFS, longitudinal decreases in the volumes of cranial gray and white matter, prefrontal cortex, mesial temporal lobe, and cerebellum were associated with increased combined prodromal symptoms at Time 2. In contrast, only decreases in temporal lobe gray matter volumes (p < .002) and verbal IQ (p < .002) predicted specifically to positive prodromal symptoms of psychosis at Time 2. CONCLUSIONS These findings are in line with studies of non-VCFS individuals at risk for schizophrenia and suggest that early decrements in temporal lobe gray matter may be predictive of increased risk of prodromal psychotic symptoms in youth with VCFS.
Collapse
|
30
|
Marcucio RS, Young NM, Hu D, Hallgrimsson B. Mechanisms that underlie co-variation of the brain and face. Genesis 2011; 49:177-89. [PMID: 21381182 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the brain on the morphology of the face has long been recognized in both evolutionary biology and clinical medicine. In this work, we describe factors that are active between the development of the brain and face and how these might impact craniofacial variation. First, there is the physical influence of the brain, which contributes to overall growth and morphology of the face through direct structural interactions. Second, there is the molecular influence of the brain, which signals to facial tissues to establish signaling centers that regulate patterned growth. Importantly, subtle alterations to these physical or molecular interactions may contribute to both normal and abnormal variation. These interactions are therefore critical to our understanding of how a diversity of facial morphologies can be generated both within species and across evolutionary time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph S Marcucio
- University of California, San Francisco, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aldridge K. Patterns of differences in brain morphology in humans as compared to extant apes. J Hum Evol 2010; 60:94-105. [PMID: 21056456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although human evolution is characterized by a vast increase in brain size, it is not clear whether or not certain regions of the brain are enlarged disproportionately in humans, or how this enlargement relates to differences in overall neural morphology. The aim of this study is to determine whether or not there are specific suites of features that distinguish the morphology of the human brain from that of apes. The study sample consists of whole brain, in vivo magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) and five ape species (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos). Twenty-nine 3D landmarks, including surface and internal features of the brain were located on 3D MRI reconstructions of each individual using MEASURE software. Landmark coordinate data were scaled for differences in size and analyzed using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) to statistically compare the brains of each non-human ape species to the human sample. Results of analyses show both a pattern of brain morphology that is consistently different between all apes and humans, as well as patterns that differ among species. Further, both the consistent and species-specific patterns include cortical and subcortical features. The pattern that remains consistent across species indicates a morphological reorganization of 1) relationships between cortical and subcortical frontal structures, 2) expansion of the temporal lobe and location of the amygdala, and 3) expansion of the anterior parietal region. Additionally, results demonstrate that, although there is a pattern of morphology that uniquely defines the human brain, there are also patterns that uniquely differentiate human morphology from the morphology of each non-human ape species, indicating that reorganization of neural morphology occurred at the evolutionary divergence of each of these groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Aldridge
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M309 Medical Sciences Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Pierson R, Johnson H, Harris G, Keefe H, Paulsen JS, Andreasen NC, Magnotta VA. Fully automated analysis using BRAINS: AutoWorkup. Neuroimage 2010; 54:328-36. [PMID: 20600977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAINS (Brain Research: Analysis of Images, Networks, and Systems) image analysis software has been in use, and in constant development, for over 20 years. The original neuroimage analysis pipeline using BRAINS was designed as a semiautomated procedure to measure volumes of the cerebral lobes and subcortical structures, requiring manual intervention at several stages in the process. Through use of advanced image processing algorithms the need for manual intervention at stages of image realignment, tissue sampling, and mask editing have been eliminated. In addition, inhomogeneity correction, intensity normalization, and mask cleaning routines have been added to improve the accuracy and consistency of the results. The fully automated method, AutoWorkup, is shown in this study to be more reliable (ICC ≥ 0.96, Jaccard index ≥ 0.80, and Dice index ≥ 0.89 for all tissues in all regions) than the average of 18 manual raters. On a set of 1130 good quality scans, the failure rate for correct realignment was 1.1%, and manual editing of the brain mask was required on 4% of the scans. In other tests, AutoWorkup is shown to produce measures that are reliable for data acquired across scanners, scanner vendors, and across sequences. Application of AutoWorkup for the analysis of data from the 32-site, multivendor PREDICT-HD study yield estimates of reliability to be greater than or equal to 0.90 for all tissues and regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pierson
- The University of Iowa Roy and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|