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Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Radnor JM, Haff GG, Myer GD, Ramachandran AK, Kember LS, Pedley JS, Lloyd RS. Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Muscle Architecture, Isometric Force Production, and Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Trained Young Female Gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1640-1650. [PMID: 39016320 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Moeskops, S, Oliver, JL, Radnor, JM, Haff, GG, Myer, GD, Ramachandran, AK, Kember, LS, Pedley, JS, and Lloyd, RS. Effects of neuromuscular training on muscle architecture, isometric force production, and stretch-shortening cycle function in trained young female gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): 1640-1650, 2024-This study evaluated the effects of a 10-month neuromuscular training (NMT) intervention on muscle architecture, isometric force production, and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function. Thirty-seven girls aged 6-12 years were placed into gymnastics + NMT (gNMT; n = 15), gymnastics only (GYM; n = 10), or maturity-matched control (CON; n = 12) groups. The gNMT group followed a 10-month NMT program in addition to gymnastics training, whereas the GYM group only participated in gymnastics training. Isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and drop jump (DJ) kinetics were measured, in addition to muscle thickness, fascicle length, and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis at baseline and at 4, 7, and 10 months. A 3 × 4 (group × time) repeated-measures ANCOVA (covariate, % predicted adult height) was used to evaluate within-group changes. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. Significant interaction effects were observed in muscle thickness, absolute (PF abs ) and relative peak force (PF rel ) in the IMTP and various DJ variables. The gNMT group demonstrated improvements in muscle thickness, IMTP PF abs and PF rel , and DJ kinetics, most commonly evidenced from 7 months onward. The GYM group's muscle thickness also significantly improved, accompanied by improvements in some DJ kinetics. The CON group did not experience any desirable changes. Overall, NMT elicited positive changes in muscle thickness, PF abs and PF rel , and SSC function to a greater extent than gymnastics training alone or growth and maturation. As most adaptations took 7 months, longer-term NMT programs should be implemented with youth female gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John M Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, Georgia
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Akhilesh K Ramachandran
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy S Kember
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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McMahon G, Cook J. Female Tendons are from Venus and Male Tendons are from Mars, But Does it Matter for Tendon Health? Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02056-7. [PMID: 39075272 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Tendons play fundamental roles in the execution of human movement and therefore understanding tendon function, health and disease is important for everyday living and sports performance. The acute mechanical behavioural and physiological responses to short-term loading of tendons, as well as more chronic morphological and mechanical adaptations to longer term loading, differ between sexes. This has led some researchers to speculate that there may be a sex-specific injury risk in tendons. However, the link between anatomical, physiological and biomechanical sex-specific differences in tendons and their contributory role in the development of tendon disease injuries has not been critically evaluated. This review outlines the evidence surrounding the sex-specific physiological and biomechanical responses and adaptations to loading and discusses how this evidence compares to clinical evidence on tendon injuries and rehabilitation in the Achilles and patellar tendons in humans. Using the evidence available in both sports science and medicine, this may provide a more holistic understanding to improve our ability to enhance human tendon health and performance in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard McMahon
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, School of Sport, Ulster University, York Street, Belfast, North Ireland, BT15 1ED, UK.
| | - Jill Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Birat A, Garnier YM, Dupuy A, Bontemps B, Dodu A, Grossoeuvre C, Dupont AC, Rance M, Morel C, Blazevich AJ, Nottin S, Ratel S. Neuromuscular Adaptations in Endurance-Trained Male Adolescents Versus Untrained Peers: A 9-Month Longitudinal Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14681. [PMID: 38881390 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular function is considered as a determinant factor of endurance performance during adulthood. However, whether endurance training triggers further neuromuscular adaptations exceeding those of growth and maturation alone over the rapid adolescent growth period is yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the concurrent role of growth, maturation, and endurance training on neuromuscular function through a 9-month training period in adolescent triathletes. METHODS Thirty-eight 13- to 15-year-old males (23 triathletes [~6 h/week endurance training] and 15 untrained [<2 h/week endurance activity]) were evaluated before and after a 9-month triathlon training season. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and power at V̇O2max were assessed during incremental cycling. Knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (MVCISO) was measured and the voluntary activation level (VAL) was determined using the twitch interpolation technique. Knee extensor doublet peak torque (T100Hz) and normalized vastus lateralis (VL) electromyographic activity (EMG/M-wave) were also determined. VL and rectus femoris (RF) muscle architecture was assessed using ultrasonography. RESULTS Absolute V̇O2max increased similarly in both groups but power at V̇O2max only significantly increased in triathletes (+13.8%). MVCISO (+14.4%), VL (+4.4%), and RF (+15.8%) muscle thicknesses and RF pennation angle (+22.1%) increased over the 9-month period in both groups similarly (p < 0.01), although no changes were observed in T100Hz, VAL, or VL EMG/M-wave. No changes were detected in any neuromuscular variables, except for coactivation. CONCLUSION Endurance training did not induce detectible, additional neuromuscular adaptations. However, the training-specific cycling power improvement in triathletes may reflect continued skill enhancement over the training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Birat
- Fédération Française Triathlon, Saint Denis, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yoann M Garnier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University of Franche-Comté, SINERGIES, Besançon, France
| | - Alexis Dupuy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Ressources et d'Expertise de la Performance Sportive (CREPS), Bellerive-sur-Allier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Mélanie Rance
- Centre de Ressources et d'Expertise de la Performance Sportive (CREPS), Bellerive-sur-Allier, France
| | - Claire Morel
- Centre de Ressources et d'Expertise de la Performance Sportive (CREPS), Bellerive-sur-Allier, France
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Sébastien Ratel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Kelly AL, Coutinho D, Radnor JM, Burke K, Barrell D, Jackson D, Brustio PR. Disentangling Gender and Relative Age Effects in Women's and Girls' Rugby Union. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38651419 PMCID: PMC11036272 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Relative age effects (RAEs) within sports refer to the overrepresentation of athletes born earlier in the selection year and the underrepresentation of those born later in the selection year. Research examining RAEs in women's and girls' rugby union remains limited in comparison to the male literature, whilst the impacts of RAEs on the youth-senior transition are yet to be explored in a female sport context. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine RAEs during entry into the women's and girls' premiership and international rugby union pathways in England, as well as to compare them to their respective senior cohort (n = 1367): (a) U18 England Rugby Centre of Excellence Player (n = 325) vs. Senior Premiership Player (n = 868), and (b) U18 England Player (n = 49) vs. Senior England Player (n = 125). Chi-square (χ2) analyses compared birth quarter (BQ) distributions against expected distributions. The findings revealed no significant difference in BQ distributions at either youth or senior levels, as well as no significant differences in the BQ distributions of those who were likely to transition from youth to senior levels (all p > 0.05). Importantly, though, descriptive statistics showed a skewed birthdate distribution in both U18 England Rugby Centre of Excellence Player (BQ1 = 30% vs. BQ4 = 20%) and U18 England Player cohorts (BQ1 = 33% vs. BQ4 = 18%). We highlight the gender-specific mechanisms that potentially explain the variations between male and female RAEs in rugby union, including developmental differences, sport popularity, and sociocultural norms. We also warn against a 'copy and paste' template from the male provision to ensure the recent growth of female rugby union does not fall victim to the same RAEs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Kelly
- Research for Athlete and Youth Sport Development (RAYSD) Lab, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education, and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK;
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Maia (UMAIA), 4475-690 Maia, Portugal;
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CreativeLab Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Kate Burke
- Rugby Football Union, Rugby House, Twickenham Stadium, London TW2 7BA, UK; (K.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Donald Barrell
- Rugby Football Union, Rugby House, Twickenham Stadium, London TW2 7BA, UK; (K.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Jackson
- Research for Athlete and Youth Sport Development (RAYSD) Lab, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education, and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK;
| | - Paolo R. Brustio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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5
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Son J, Ward SR, Lieber RL. Scaling relationships between human leg muscle architectural properties and body size. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246567. [PMID: 38357776 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A skeletal muscle's peak force production and excursion are based on its architectural properties that are, in turn, determined by its mass, muscle fiber length and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). In the classic interspecific study of mammalian muscle scaling, it was demonstrated that muscle mass scales positively allometrically with body mass whereas fiber length scales isometrically with body mass, indicating that larger mammals have stronger leg muscles than they would if they were geometrically similar to smaller ones. Although this relationship is highly significant across species, there has never been a detailed intraspecific architectural scaling study. We have thus created a large dataset of 896 muscles across 34 human lower extremities (18 females and 16 males) with a size range including approximately 90% and 70% of the United States population height and mass, respectively, across the range 36-103 years. Our purpose was to quantify the scaling relationships between human muscle architectural properties and body size. We found that human muscles depart greatly from isometric scaling because muscle mass scales with body mass1.3 (larger exponent than isometric scaling of 1.0) and muscle fiber length scales with negative allometry with body mass0.1 (smaller exponent than isometric scaling of 0.33). Based on the known relationship between architecture and function, these results suggest that human muscles place a premium on muscle force production (mass and PCSA) at the expense of muscle excursion (fiber length) with increasing body size, which has implications for understanding human muscle design as well as biomechanical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsang Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Samuel R Ward
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard L Lieber
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Research Service, Hines VA Hospital, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Chow BVY, Morgan C, Rae C, Warton DI, Novak I, Davies S, Lancaster A, Popovic GC, Rizzo RRN, Rizzo CY, Kyriagis M, Herbert RD, Bolsterlee B. Human lower leg muscles grow asynchronously. J Anat 2024; 244:476-485. [PMID: 37917014 PMCID: PMC10862152 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle volume must increase substantially during childhood growth to generate the power required to propel the growing body. One unresolved but fundamental question about childhood muscle growth is whether muscles grow at equal rates; that is, if muscles grow in synchrony with each other. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and advances in artificial intelligence methods (deep learning) for medical image segmentation to investigate whether human lower leg muscles grow in synchrony. Muscle volumes were measured in 10 lower leg muscles in 208 typically developing children (eight infants aged less than 3 months and 200 children aged 5 to 15 years). We tested the hypothesis that human lower leg muscles grow synchronously by investigating whether the volume of individual lower leg muscles, expressed as a proportion of total lower leg muscle volume, remains constant with age. There were substantial age-related changes in the relative volume of most muscles in both boys and girls (p < 0.001). This was most evident between birth and five years of age but was still evident after five years. The medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, the largest muscles in infancy, grew faster than other muscles in the first five years. The findings demonstrate that muscles in the human lower leg grow asynchronously. This finding may assist early detection of atypical growth and allow targeted muscle-specific interventions to improve the quality of life, particularly for children with neuromotor conditions such as cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V. Y. Chow
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Catherine Morgan
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Caroline Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Psychology, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David I. Warton
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Evolution & Ecology Research CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Iona Novak
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Suzanne Davies
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ann Lancaster
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Gordana C. Popovic
- Stats Central, Mark Wainwright Analytical CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rodrigo R. N. Rizzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Claudia Y. Rizzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Maria Kyriagis
- Rehab2Kids, Sydney Children's HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Robert D. Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Monte A, Franchi MV. Regional muscle features and their association with knee extensors force production at a single joint angle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2239-2248. [PMID: 37256295 PMCID: PMC10492669 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed (i) to investigate the role of regional characteristics of the knee extensors muscles (vastus lateralis: VL, vastus intermedius: VI and rectus femoris: RF) in determining maximum-voluntary force (MVF); and (ii) to understand which regional parameter of muscle structure would best predict MVF. Muscle architecture (e.g., pennation angle and fascicle length), muscle volume (Vol), anatomical (ACSA) and physiological cross-sectional-area (PCSA) were measured in the proximal (0-33% of the muscle length), middle (33-66% of the muscle length) and distal (66-100% of the muscle length) portions of each muscle in fifteen healthy males using ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Knee extensors force was calculated in isometric condition at a single knee joint angle of 90 degrees. Regional ACSA, Vol and PCSA were correlated with MVF production. Regional muscle geometry showed no significant correlations with MVF. Among regions, the middle portion of each muscle was largely correlated with MVF compared to all the other regions (distal and proximal). To understand which regional structural parameter best predicted MVF, a stepwise multiple linear regression was performed. This model showed a significant explanatory power (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.76, adjusted R2 = 0.71), including muscle Vol collected in the mid portions of VL and RF. Even if no significant differences were reported between Vol, PCSA and ACSA in determining MVF, our results showed that the RF and VL volume collected in the middle portion of the muscle length are strong determinants of MVF produced by the knee extensors at 90 degrees joint angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monte
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
- CIR-MYO Myology Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Imamura M, Shinzato GT, Sugawara AT, Uchiyama SST, Matheus D, Simis M, Ayres DVM, dos Santos ACA, Assone T, Ramos VD, Fregni F, Battistella LR. The Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital das Clínicas University of São Paulo School of Medicine comprehensive rehabilitation program for elderly people with knee osteoarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1029140. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1029140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundKnee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability in the elderly population. Chronic disabling pain is associated with maladaptive neuroplastic changes in brain networks, commonly associated with central sensitization. The main clinical features of nociplastic pain conditions include combined peripheral and central sensitization, and it is crucial to recognize this type of pain, as it responds to different therapies than nociceptive and neuropathic pain.ObjectiveTo report the effect of the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (IMREA) comprehensive rehabilitation program to reduce pain and to improve functioning in elderly people with knee OA, under the DEFINE cohort.MethodsThis is a retrospective observational cohort of 96 patients with knee OA, recruited from October 2018 to December 2019. All patients were evaluated by a trained multidisciplinary team using the Kellgren Lawrence classification, bilateral knee ultrasonography, the visual analog scale (VAS), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) pain, rigidity and difficulty scores, the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), 10-m and 6-min walking test (10 and 6 MWT), Berg Balance Scale, isokinetic dynamometry for knee extension and flexion strength, and pain pressure thresholds. The rehabilitation program included paraspinous lidocaine blocks, focal extracorporeal shockwaves combined with radial pressure waves and functional electrical stimulation according to individual needs. The baseline was compred with the treatment results with a paired t-test.ResultsThe study sample is composed of 96 participants, mostly females (n = 81, 84.38%), with bilateral osteoarthritis (n = 91, 94.79%), and a mean age of 68.89 (SD 9.73) years. Functional improvement was observed in TUG (p = 0.019), 6-mwt (p = 0.033), right knee flexion strength (p < 0.0001), WOMAC rigidity and difficulty domains (p < 0.0001). Pain was reduced from baseline as measured by WOMAC pain domain (p < 0.0001), VAS for both knees (p < 0.0001), and SF-36 pain domain (p < 0.0001). Pressure pain threshold was modified above the patella (p = 0.005 and p = 0.002 for right and left knees, respectively), at the patellar tendons (p = 0.015 and p = 0.010 for right and left patellar tendons, respectively), left S2 dermatome (p = 0.017), and L1-L2 (p = 0.008).ConclusionsThe IMREA comprehensive rehabilitation program improved functioning and reduced disabling pain in elderly people with knee OA. We highlight the relevance and discuss the implementation of our intervention protocol. Although this is an open cohort study, it is important to note the significant improvement with this clinical protocol.
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Radnor JM, Oliver JL, Waugh CM, Myer GD, Lloyd RS. Muscle Architecture and Maturation Influence Sprint and Jump Ability in Young Boys: A Multistudy Approach. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2741-2751. [PMID: 33651734 PMCID: PMC8410889 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Radnor, JM, Oliver, JL, Waugh, CM, Myer, GD, and Lloyd, RS. Muscle Architecture and Maturation Influence Sprint and Jump Ability in Young Boys: A Multistudy Approach. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2741-2751, 2022-This series of experiments examined the influence of medial gastrocnemius (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture (muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length) on sprint and jump performance in pre-, circa-, and post-peak height velocity (PHV) boys. In experiment 1, 1-way analysis of variance and Cohen's d effect sizes demonstrated that most muscle architecture measures were significantly greater in post-PHV compared with pre-PHV boys ( d = 0.77-1.41; p < 0.05). For most sprint and jump variables, there were small to moderate differences between pre-PHV to circa-PHV and circa-PHV to post-PHV groups ( d = 0.58-0.93; p < 0.05) and moderate to large differences between pre-PHV and post-PHV groups ( d = 1.01-1.47; p < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analyses in experiment 2 determined that muscle architecture had small to moderate correlations with sprint and jump performance ( r = 0.228-0.707, p < 0.05), with strongest associations within the post-PHV cohort. Chi-squared analyses in experiment 3 identified that, over 18 months, more POST-POST responders than expected made positive changes in GM and VL muscle thickness. Significantly more PRE-POST subjects than expected displayed changes in maximal sprint speed, while significantly more POST-POST individuals than expected showed positive changes in jump height. Muscle architecture seems to be larger in more mature boys compared with their less mature peers and likely underlies their greater performance in sprinting and jumping tasks. Boys experiencing, or having experienced, PHV make the largest increases in muscle architecture and sprinting and jumping performance when tracked over 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
| | - Charlie M. Waugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The Micheli Centre for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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10
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Mogi Y, Wakahara T. Effects of growth on muscle architecture of knee extensors. J Anat 2022; 241:683-691. [PMID: 35666144 PMCID: PMC9358743 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of growth on the muscle architecture of knee extensors. The present study included 123 male children and adolescents. The muscle thicknesses of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI), and pennation angles and fascicle lengths of RF were measured in three regions using ultrasonography technique at rest. The relative muscle thickness was calculated by dividing the absolute muscle thickness by body mass1/3 . The years from age at peak height velocity were estimated for each participant, and used as a maturity index. The maturity index was significantly correlated with the relative muscle thicknesses of RF and VI in all regions. The slope of the relationship between the maturity index and the relative muscle thickness did not differ significantly between muscles within the same region or between regions within the individual muscles. The fascicle length and pennation angle of RF were significantly correlated with the absolute muscle thickness in all regions. In the proximal RF region, the coefficient of correlation between the muscle thickness and fascicle length was significantly greater than that between the muscle thickness and pennation angle. The present results showed that growth changes in muscle thickness were uniform between and within RF and VI. Our findings suggest that growth changes in the muscle thickness of RF depend on the increases in both pennation angle and fascicle length, but their contributions to the growth of muscle thickness differ among muscle regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Mogi
- Faculty of Sport Management, Department of Sport ManagementShobi UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health and Sports ScienceDoshisha UniversityKyotoJapan
- Human Performance LaboratoryWaseda UniversitySaitamaJapan
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11
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Jansson D, Lindberg AS, Lundberg E, Domellöf M, Theos A. Effects of Resistance and Endurance Training Alone or Combined on Hormonal Adaptations and Cytokines in Healthy Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:81. [PMID: 35727479 PMCID: PMC9213633 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No previous systematic review has quantitatively compared the effects of resistance training, endurance training, or concurrent training on hormonal adaptations in children and adolescents. Objective was to examine the effects of exercise training and training type on hormonal adaptations in children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO. Eligibility criteria were: population: healthy youth population sample (mean age < 18 years); intervention: resistance training, endurance training, or concurrent training (> 4 weeks duration); comparison: control group; outcome: pre- and post-levels of hormones and cytokines; and study design: randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. We used a random-effect model for the meta-analysis. The raw mean difference in hormones from baseline to post-intervention was presented alongside 95% confidence intervals (CI). Further, the certainty of evidence quality and the risk of bias were assessed. RESULTS A total of 3689 records were identified, of which 14 studies were eligible for inclusion. Most studies examined adolescents with fewer studies on children (age < 12 years, N = 5 studies) and females (N = 2 studies). Nine exercise training programs used endurance training, five studies used resistance training, and no eligible study used concurrent training. The meta-analysis showed no significant effect of exercise training on testosterone (MD = 0.84 nmol/L), cortisol (MD = - 17.4 nmol/L), or SHBG (MD = - 5.58 nmol/L). Subgroup analysis showed that resistance training significantly increased testosterone levels after training (MD = 3.42 nmol/L) which was not observed after endurance training (MD = - 0.01 nmol/L). No other outcome differed between training types. Exercise training resulted in small and non-significant changes in GH (MD = 0.48 ng/mL, p = 0.06) and IGF-I (MD = - 22.90 ng/mL, p = 0.07). GH response to endurance training may be age-dependent and evident in adolescents (MD = 0.59 ng/mL, p = 0.04) but not when children and adolescents are pooled (MD = 0.48 ng/mL, p = 0.06). Limited evidence exists to conclude on IL-6 and TNF-α effects of exercise training. Assessments of GRADE domains (risk of bias, consistency, directness, or precision of the findings) revealed serious weaknesses with most of the included outcomes (hormones and cytokines). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review suggests that exercise training has small effects on hormonal concentrations in children and adolescents. Changes in testosterone concentrations with training are evident after resistance training but not endurance training. GH's response to training may be affected by maturation and evident in adolescents but not children. Further high-quality, robust training studies on the effect of resistance training, endurance training, and concurrent training are warranted to compare their training-specific effects. REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42021241130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jansson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ann-Sofie Lindberg
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Winternet, Boden, Sweden
| | - Elena Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Apostolos Theos
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Fernández-Galván LM, Casado A, García-Ramos A, Haff GG. Effects of Vest and Sled Resisted Sprint Training on Sprint Performance in Young Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2023-2034. [PMID: 35510888 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fernández-Galván, LM, Casado, A, García-Ramos, A, and Haff, GG. Effects of vest and sled resisted sprint training on sprint performance in young soccer players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The aim of the meta-analysis was to determine the effect of resisted sprint training (RST) on sprint performance in young (<20 years) soccer players and to analyze whether the training equipment (sled or vest) and magnitude of the resistive load (above or below 20% of body mass [BM]) influences the long-term adaptations in sprint performance. Resisted sprint training reduced the acceleration phase time [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.41], with greater reduction in sprint time occurring in response to applying resistance with a vest (SMD = -0.70) when compared with a sled (SMD = -0.27). Similar reductions were determined for resistive loads <20% (SMD = -0.55) and ≥20% of BM (SMD = -0.31). Full sprint time showed a small reduction after RST (SMD = -0.36), regardless of the training equipment (sled: SMD = -0.44; vest: SMD = -0.26) and resistive load (<20% of BM: SMD = -0.40 ≥ 20% of BM: SMD = -0.21). There was a small and nonsignificant reduction in the maximum-velocity phase after RST (SMD = -0.25), which was comparable when the training was performed with vest (SMD = -0.34) or sled (SMD = -0.22). No significant differences in the changes of the acceleration phase time (SMD = 0.05) or full sprint time (SMD = 0.08) were observed between the experimental (sled or vest RST) and control groups (only soccer or unresisted sprint training). In conclusion, RST is effective to improve sprint performance in young soccer players, but the improvements are not superior to unresisted sprint training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arturo Casado
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Guy Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and.,Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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13
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Dynamics of Quadriceps Muscles during Isometric Contractions: Velocity-Encoded Phase Contrast MRI Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122280. [PMID: 34943517 PMCID: PMC8699899 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To quantify the spatial heterogeneity of displacement during voluntary isometric contraction within and between the different compartments of the quadriceps. Methods: The thigh muscles of seven subjects were imaged on an MRI scanner while performing isometric knee extensions at 40% maximal voluntary contraction. A gated velocity-encoded phase contrast MRI sequence in axial orientations yielded tissue velocity-encoded dynamic images of the four different compartments of the thigh muscles (vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), vastus intermedius (VI), and rectus femoris (RF)) at three longitudinal locations of the proximal–distal length: 17.5% (proximal), 50% (middle), and 77.5% (distal). The displacement, which is the time integration of the measured velocity, was calculated along the three orthogonal axes using a tracking algorithm. Results: The displacement of the muscle tissues was clearly nonuniform within each axial section as well as between the three axial locations. The ensemble average of the magnitude of the total displacement as a synthetic vector of the X, Y, and Z displacements was significantly larger in the VM at the middle location (p < 0.01), and in the VI at the distal location than in the other three muscles. The ensemble average of Z-axis displacement, which was almost aligned with the line of action, was significantly larger in VI than in the other three muscles in all three locations. Displacements of more than 20 mm were observed around the central aponeuroses, such as those between VI and the other surrounding muscles. Conclusions: These results imply that the quadriceps muscles act as one functional unit in normal force generation through the central aponeuroses despite complex behavior in each of the muscles, each of which possesses different physiological characteristics and architectures.
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14
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Vastus lateralis muscle volume prediction in early-adolescent boys. J Biomech 2021; 128:110735. [PMID: 34536901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of a simplified approach for muscle volume assessment, based on multiplying muscle length, maximum anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAmax) and a muscle-specific shape factor, was investigated in the present study for the vastus lateralis muscle of early-adolescent boys. Muscle length, ACSAmax and volume were calculated from magnetic resonance image muscle reconstructions of early-adolescent athletes (n = 14) and untrained peers (n = 10). A cohort-specific shape factor was obtained from the ratio of the measured volume and the product of ACSAmax and muscle length, which did not differ significantly between trained and untrained adolescents despite significant differences in anthropometry and muscle dimensions. Further, muscle volumes assessed based on the cohort-specific shape factor did not differ significantly from the measured muscle volumes with an average root mean square difference (RMS) of 4.6%. Muscle volumes assessed with a shape factor previously reported for the vastus lateralis of adults were however significantly higher in comparison to the measured muscle volumes (P < 0.001; RMS = 8.5%). These results indicate that a cohort-specific shape factor should be applied when assessing vastus lateralis muscle volume in early-adolescents as muscle development from childhood to adulthood seems to be accompanied by changes in muscle shape.
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15
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Bell M, Al Masruri G, Fernandez J, Williams SA, Agur AM, Stott NS, Hajarizadeh B, Mirjalili A. Typical m. triceps surae morphology and architecture measurement from 0 to 18 years: A narrative review. J Anat 2021; 240:746-760. [PMID: 34750816 PMCID: PMC8930835 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to report on the imaging modalities used to assess morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae muscle in typically developing children, and the available reliability analyses. Scopus and MEDLINE (Pubmed) were searched systematically for all original articles published up to September 2020 measuring morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae in typically developing children (18 years or under). Thirty eligible studies were included in this analysis, measuring fibre bundle length (FBL) (n = 11), pennation angle (PA) (n = 10), muscle volume (MV) (n = 16) and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) (n = 4). Three primary imaging modalities were utilised to assess these architectural parameters in vivo: two‐dimensional ultrasound (2DUS; n = 12), three‐dimensional ultrasound (3DUS; n = 9) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 6). The mean age of participants ranged from 1.4 years to 18 years old. There was an apparent increase in m. gastrocnemius medialis MV and pCSA with age; however, no trend was evident with FBL or PA. Analysis of correlations of muscle variables with age was limited by a lack of longitudinal data and methodological variations between studies affecting outcomes. Only five studies evaluated the reliability of the methods. Imaging methodologies such as MRI and US may provide valuable insight into the development of skeletal muscle from childhood to adulthood; however, variations in methodological approaches can significantly influence outcomes. Researchers wishing to develop a model of typical muscle development should carry out longitudinal architectural assessment of all muscles comprising the m. triceps surae utilising a consistent approach that minimises confounding errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bell
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ghaliya Al Masruri
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sîan A Williams
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne M Agur
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ngaire S Stott
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ali Mirjalili
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M, Jaspers RT. Stimuli for Adaptations in Muscle Length and the Length Range of Active Force Exertion-A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:742034. [PMID: 34690815 PMCID: PMC8531727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.742034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment strategies and training regimens, which induce longitudinal muscle growth and increase the muscles’ length range of active force exertion, are important to improve muscle function and to reduce muscle strain injuries in clinical populations and in athletes with limited muscle extensibility. Animal studies have shown several specific loading strategies resulting in longitudinal muscle fiber growth by addition of sarcomeres in series. Currently, such strategies are also applied to humans in order to induce similar adaptations. However, there is no clear scientific evidence that specific strategies result in longitudinal growth of human muscles. Therefore, the question remains what triggers longitudinal muscle growth in humans. The aim of this review was to identify strategies that induce longitudinal human muscle growth. For this purpose, literature was reviewed and summarized with regard to the following topics: (1) Key determinants of typical muscle length and the length range of active force exertion; (2) Information on typical muscle growth and the effects of mechanical loading on growth and adaptation of muscle and tendinous tissues in healthy animals and humans; (3) The current knowledge and research gaps on the regulation of longitudinal muscle growth; and (4) Potential strategies to induce longitudinal muscle growth. The following potential strategies and important aspects that may positively affect longitudinal muscle growth were deduced: (1) Muscle length at which the loading is performed seems to be decisive, i.e., greater elongations after active or passive mechanical loading at long muscle length are expected; (2) Concentric, isometric and eccentric exercises may induce longitudinal muscle growth by stimulating different muscular adaptations (i.e., increases in fiber cross-sectional area and/or fiber length). Mechanical loading intensity also plays an important role. All three training strategies may increase tendon stiffness, but whether and how these changes may influence muscle growth remains to be elucidated. (3) The approach to combine stretching with activation seems promising (e.g., static stretching and electrical stimulation, loaded inter-set stretching) and warrants further research. Finally, our work shows the need for detailed investigation of the mechanisms of growth of pennate muscles, as those may longitudinally grow by both trophy and addition of sarcomeres in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cintia Rivares
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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McSweeney SC, Grävare Silbernagel K, Gruber AH, Heiderscheit BC, Krabak BJ, Rauh MJ, Tenforde AS, Wearing SC, Zech A, Hollander K. Adolescent Running Biomechanics - Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:689846. [PMID: 34514384 PMCID: PMC8432296 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.689846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Global participation in running continues to increase, especially amongst adolescents. Consequently, the number of running-related injuries (RRI) in adolescents is rising. Emerging evidence now suggests that overuse type injuries involving growing bone (e.g., bone stress injuries) and soft tissues (e.g., tendinopathies) predominate in adolescents that participate in running-related sports. Associations between running biomechanics and overuse injuries have been widely studied in adults, however, relatively little research has comparatively targeted running biomechanics in adolescents. Moreover, available literature on injury prevention and rehabilitation for adolescent runners is limited, and there is a tendency to generalize adult literature to adolescent populations despite pertinent considerations regarding growth-related changes unique to these athletes. This perspective article provides commentary and expert opinion surrounding the state of knowledge and future directions for research in adolescent running biomechanics, injury prevention and supplemental training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. McSweeney
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Allison H. Gruber
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health – Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Bryan C. Heiderscheit
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brian J. Krabak
- Department of Rehabilitation, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Childrens Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mitchell J. Rauh
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Adam S. Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott C. Wearing
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Panidi I, Bogdanis GC, Terzis G, Donti A, Konrad A, Gaspari V, Donti O. Muscle Architectural and Functional Adaptations Following 12-Weeks of Stretching in Adolescent Female Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:701338. [PMID: 34335307 PMCID: PMC8322691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.701338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of high-volume static stretching training on gastrocnemius muscle architecture, ankle angle and jump height in 21 female adolescent volleyball players. Static stretching of the plantar flexors of one leg (STR) was performed five times/week for 12 weeks, in addition to volleyball training, with the contra-lateral leg used as control (CON). Total duration of stretching per session increased from 540 s (week 1) to 900 s (week 12). At baseline, week 12 and after 3 weeks of detraining, muscle architecture at the middle and the distal part of both gastrocnemius heads (medialis and lateralis) and ankle angle were examined at rest and at maximum dorsiflexion. At the same time-points gastrocnemius cross-sectional area (CSA) was also assessed, while jumping height was measured at baseline and week 12. Following intervention, ankle dorsiflexion increased in both legs with a greater increase in STR than CON (22 ± 20% vs. 8 ± 17%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at the middle part of gastrocnemius medialis increased only in the STR, at rest (6 ± 7%, p = 0.006) and at maximum dorsiflexion (11 ± 7%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at maximum dorsiflexion also increased at the distal part of gastrocnemius lateralis of STR (15 ± 13%, p < 0.001). A greater increase in CSA (23 ± 14% vs. 13 ± 14%, p < 0.001) and in one-leg jumping height (27 ± 30% vs. 17 ± 23%, p < 0.001) was found in STR than CON. Changes in ankle angle, fascicle length and CSA were maintained following detraining. High-volume stretching training for 12 weeks results in ankle dorsiflexion, fascicle length and muscle cross sectional area increases in adolescent female volleyball players. These adaptations may partly explain improvements in jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioli Panidi
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vasiliki Gaspari
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olyvia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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19
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Tumkur Anil Kumar N, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Pedley JS, Radnor JM. The Influence of Growth, Maturation and Resistance Training on Muscle-Tendon and Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:59. [PMID: 34066778 PMCID: PMC8150311 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the growth, maturation and resistance training-related changes in muscle-tendon and neuromuscular mechanisms in youth, and the subsequent effect on performance. Sprinting, jumping, kicking, and throwing are common movements in sport that have been shown to develop naturally with age, with improvements in performance being attributed to growth and maturity-related changes in neuromuscular mechanisms. These changes include moderate to very large increases in muscle physiological cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle volume and thickness, tendon CSA and stiffness, fascicle length, muscle activation, pre-activation, stretch reflex control accompanied by large reductions in electro-mechanical delay and co-contraction. Furthermore, a limited number of training studies examining neuromuscular changes following four to 20 weeks of resistance training have reported trivial to moderate differences in tendon stiffness, muscle CSA, muscle thickness, and motor unit activation accompanied by reductions in electromechanical delay (EMD) in pre-pubertal children. However, the interaction of maturity- and training-related neuromuscular adaptions remains unclear. An understanding of how different neuromuscular mechanisms adapt in response to growth, maturation and training is important in order to optimise training responsiveness in youth populations. Additionally, the impact that these muscle-tendon and neuromuscular changes have on force producing capabilities underpinning performance is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Tumkur Anil Kumar
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 3200 Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
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20
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McQuilliam SJ, Clark DR, Erskine RM, Brownlee TE. Free-Weight Resistance Training in Youth Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 50:1567-1580. [PMID: 32578028 PMCID: PMC7441088 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Generating high levels of muscular strength and power are important for success in sport and may have long-term implications for sporting careers in youth athletes. Importantly, maturation may confound the neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training when attempting to differentiate between training- vs. growth-induced strength and power gains; thus, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions regarding the efficacy of resistance training in youth athletes. The aim of this review was to critically appraise the literature concerning the efficacy of externally loaded free-weight resistance training on strength and power measures in youth athletes at different stages of maturity. Strength underpins power production; thus, developing strength through traditional resistance training methods can positively influence powerful sporting movements. In addition, weightlifting has the capacity to improve muscular power via explosive lower-body triple extension, which is essential for many sports. Despite the complexity of the techniques involved, it can be a safe and effective method to improve athletic qualities in young athletes, potentially more so than plyometric training. While low-load, high-velocity training can have a positive effect influence on high speed movements such as sprinting, the reduced intensity appears to be disadvantageous post peak-height velocity. Irrespective of age, well-coached progressive strength training adhering strictly to correct technique can then be periodised within a long-term athletic development program. It is important to primarily develop muscular strength, while concurrently refining the technical skill required for weightlifting. Physically mature athletes should undertake high-intensity resistance training to maximise neuromuscular adaptations, leading to positive changes in strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McQuilliam
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - David R Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Brownlee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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21
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Santos R, Ferraz H. Effects of physical activity in muscle ultrasound evaluation of an older adult population – a pilot study. GERIATRICS, GERONTOLOGY AND AGING 2021. [DOI: 10.5327/z2447-212320202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Population aging has become an increasing challenge in society and inactive aging populations are especially challenging. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study is to conduct ultrasound evaluation of the effects of an intervention program on muscle architecture in older adults. METHODS: A total of thirty-four individuals of both sexes aged over 60 years were divided into two groups as follows: an intervention group (n = 18), who took part in a physical activity program for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, lasting approximately 20 min on each occasion, and a control group, whose members were encouraged to maintain their usual daily routines (outdoor aerobic exercise) (n = 16). Only six of the 18 participants from the intervention group were available for a second evaluation session. All the participants were submitted to bilateral quadriceps muscle ultrasound evaluations; thickness and echo-intensity of muscles were analyzed. RESULTS: Muscle thickness showed a significant negative correlation with age and echo-intensity showed a significant positive correlation with age. Echo-intensity showed a significant negative correlation with muscle thickness. Comparing the groups at the baseline evaluation, there were no significant differences between them (p < 0.05) for either measurement. CONCLUSIONS: We can highlight three points regarding post-intervention status in the intervention group: 1. There were significant differences in echo-intensity. It is therefore essential to establish early strategies to promote active aging, thus preventing dependence and inactivity in the older adult population; 2. Ultrasound is a good method for evaluating the musculoskeletal system and its changes in response to aging and physical activities; 3 Physical activities are important to maintain the muscles healthy and the older adult population independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Santos
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Saúde de Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra
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22
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Hainisch R, Kranzl A, Lin YC, Pandy MG, Gfoehler M. A generic musculoskeletal model of the juvenile lower limb for biomechanical analyses of gait. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 24:349-357. [PMID: 32940060 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1817405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a generic musculoskeletal model of a healthy 10-year-old child and examine the effects of geometric scaling on the calculated values of lower-limb muscle forces during gait. Subject-specific musculoskeletal models of five healthy children were developed from in vivo MRI data, and these models were subsequently used to create a generic juvenile (GJ) model. Calculations of lower-limb muscle forces for normal walking obtained from two scaled-generic versions of the juvenile model (SGJ1 and SGJ2) were evaluated against corresponding results derived from an MRI-based model of one subject (SSJ1). The SGJ1 and SGJ2 models were created by scaling the GJ model using gait marker positions and joint centre locations derived from MRI imaging, respectively. Differences in the calculated values of peak isometric muscle forces and muscle moment arms between the scaled-generic models and MRI-based model were relatively small. Peak isometric muscle forces calculated for SGJ1 and SGJ2 were respectively 2.2% and 3.5% lower than those obtained for SSJ1. Model-predicted muscle forces for SGJ2 agreed more closely with calculations obtained from SSJ1 than corresponding results derived from SGJ1. These results suggest that accurate estimates of muscle forces during gait may be obtained by scaling generic juvenile models based on joint centre locations. The generic juvenile model developed in this study may be used as a template for creating subject-specific musculoskeletal models of normally-developing children in studies aimed at describing lower-limb muscle function during gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hainisch
- Institute of Engineering Design and Product Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Yi-Chung Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcus G Pandy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margit Gfoehler
- Institute of Engineering Design and Product Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Jorgenson KW, Phillips SM, Hornberger TA. Identifying the Structural Adaptations that Drive the Mechanical Load-Induced Growth of Skeletal Muscle: A Scoping Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071658. [PMID: 32660165 PMCID: PMC7408414 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass plays a critical role in health and quality of life. One of the most potent regulators of skeletal muscle mass is mechanical loading, and numerous studies have led to a reasonably clear understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic changes that occur when the mechanical environment is altered. For instance, an increase in mechanical loading induces a growth response that is mediated, at least in part, by an increase in the cross-sectional area of the myofibers (i.e., myofiber hypertrophy). However, very little is known about the ultrastructural adaptations that drive this response. Even the most basic questions, such as whether mechanical load-induced myofiber hypertrophy is mediated by an increase in the size of the pre-existing myofibrils and/or an increase in the number myofibrils, have not been resolved. In this review, we thoroughly summarize what is currently known about the macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural changes that drive mechanical load-induced growth and highlight the critical gaps in knowledge that need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W. Jorgenson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Correspondence:
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24
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Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Read PJ, Cronin JB, Myer GD, Haff GG, Lloyd RS. The Influence of Biological Maturity and Competitive Level on Isometric Force-Time Curve Variables and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2136-2145. [PMID: 32569118 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moeskops, S, Oliver, JL, Read, PJ, Cronin, JB, Myer, GD, Haff, GG, and Lloyd, RS. The influence of biological maturity and competitive level on isometric force-time curve variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2136-2145, 2020-This cross-sectional study investigated isometric force-time curve variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts of varying maturity and competitive levels. One hundred twenty gymnasts aged 5-14 years were subdivided into maturity groupings and also according to their competitive level. Subjects performed isometric midthigh pulls (IMTP) before completing straight jump vaults that were recorded using two-dimensional video. All significance values were accepted at p < 0.05. Absolute peak force (PF abs) and force at various time epochs were significantly greater in more mature gymnasts, although no significant differences were observed in relative peak force (PF rel). When grouped by competitive level, elite gymnasts produced a significantly greater absolute rate of force development (RFD abs) at 0-150, 0-200, and 0-250 ms as well as relative RFD (RFD rel) at 0-200 and 0-250 ms than recreational gymnasts. Based upon regression analyses, force at 50 ms during the IMTP test explained 15% of vertical takeoff velocity during vaulting. Biological maturation seems to impact isometric force-time curve characteristics in young female gymnasts, and higher-level gymnasts produce greater RFD than those competing at a lower level. Vaulting vertical takeoff velocity seems to be largely independent of isometric force-time characteristics with only a small amount of variance explained by force at 50 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia.,Australian Center for Research Into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention (ACRISP), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia; and
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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25
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Abe T, Dankel S, Spitz RW, Buckner SL, Wong V, Viana RB, Bell ZW, Loenneke JP. Does resistance training increase aponeurosis width? The current results and future tasks. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1489-1494. [PMID: 32468284 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aponeurosis, a sheet of fibrous tissue, is the deep and superficial fascia where muscle fibers attach in pennate muscles. It is quite possible that the aponeurosis size increases in response to resistance training-induced fiber hypertrophy due to an increase in connection area. As a result, it leads to an increase in anatomical muscle cross-sectional area. However, attention has not been paid to aponeurosis area changes. This review sought to determine whether muscle hypertrophy changes aponeurosis width following short-term resistance training using an equation we modified [post/pre changes in aponeurosis width (AWpost/pre) = post/pre changes in anatomical cross-sectional area (CSApost/pre) ÷ post/pre changes in pennation angle (PApost/pre) ÷ post/pre changes in fascicle length (FLpost/pre)]. METHODS A search using two electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) was conducted. Nine studies measured CSApost/pre, PApost/pre, and FLpost/pre of the vastus lateralis muscle by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS There was a statistically significant 2.73 [95% CI 1.11, 4.36; p = 0.009] cm2 increase in CSApost/pre along with a statistically significant 1.21° [95% CI 0.44, 1.97; p = 0.002] increase in PApost/pre and a statistically significant 0.36 cm [95% CI 0.19, 0.54; p = 0.0002] increase in FLpost/pre. These results yield an estimated 1% reduction in aponeurosis width. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that while muscle CSA, pennation angle, and fascicle length all increase following short-term resistance training, the aponeurosis width is not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Turner Center, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Scott Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Turner Center, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Exercise Science Program, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Turner Center, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ricardo B Viana
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Turner Center, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Turner Center, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
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The Influence of Maturity Status on Muscle Architecture in School-Aged Boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2020; 32:89-96. [PMID: 32074507 PMCID: PMC9892781 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the differences in muscle architecture of the lower limb in pre-peak height velocity (PHV), circa-PHV, and post-PHV boys. METHOD Muscle architecture variables from both the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) were derived from ultrasonographic images in 126 school-aged boys. One-way analysis of variance using Bonferroni post hoc comparisons was employed to determine between-group differences, and effect sizes were calculated to establish the magnitude of these differences. RESULTS All muscle architecture variables showed significant small to large increases from pre-PHV to post-PHV, excluding GM fascicle length (d = 0.59-1.39; P < .05). More discrete between-group differences were evident as GM and VL muscle thickness, and physiological thickness significantly increased between pre-PHV and circa-PHV (d > 0.57; P < .05); however, only the VL muscle thickness and physiological thickness increased from circa-PHV to post-PHV (d = 0.68; P < .05). The post-PHV group also showed larger GM pennation angles than the circa-PHV group (d = 0.59; P < .05). CONCLUSION The combined results showed that maturation is associated with changes in muscle morphology. These data quantify that the maturity-related changes in muscle architecture variables provide a reference to differentiate between training-induced adaptations versus changes associated with normal growth and maturation.
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27
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Colyer SL, Nagahara R, Takai Y, Salo AIT. The effect of biological maturity status on ground reaction force production during sprinting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1387-1397. [PMID: 32285541 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sprint ability develops nonlinearly across childhood and adolescence. However, the underpinning ground reaction force (GRF) production is not fully understood. This study aimed to uncover the kinetic factors that explain these maturation-related sprint performance differences in Japanese boys and girls. A total of 153 untrained schoolchildren (80 boys, 73 girls) performed two 50-m maximal effort sprints over a 52-force-platform system embedded in an indoor track. Maturity offset (years from peak height velocity; PHV) was estimated using anthropometric data and used to categorise the children into six-year-long maturation groups (from group 1 [5.5-4.5 years before PHV] to group 6 [0.5 years before to 0.5 years after PHV). Maximum and mean step-averaged velocities across 26 steps were compared across consecutive maturation groups, with further GRF analysis (means and waveforms [statistical parametric mapping]) performed when velocity differences were observed. For boys, higher maximum velocities (effect size ± 90% CI = 1.63 ± 0.69) were observed in maturation group 2 (4.5-3.5 years before PHV) compared to group 1 (5.5-4.5 years before PHV), primarily attributable to higher antero-posterior GRFs across shorter ground contacts. Maximum velocities increased from maturation group 4 (2.5-1.5 years before PHV) to group 5 (1.5-0.5 years before PHV) in the girls (effect size ± 90% CI = 1.00 ± 0.78), due to longer ground contacts rather than higher GRFs per se. Waveform analyses revealed more effective reversal of braking forces and higher propulsive forces (e.g. 14%-77% of stance 4), particularly for comparisons involving boys, which suggested potentially enhanced stretch-shortening ability. Youth sport practitioners should consider these maturation-specific alterations when evaluating young athletes' sprint abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi L Colyer
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,CAMERA - Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yohei Takai
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Aki I T Salo
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,CAMERA - Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,KIHU Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
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28
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The Passive Mechanical Properties of Muscles and Tendons in Children Affected by Osgood-Schlatter Disease. J Pediatr Orthop 2020; 40:e243-e247. [PMID: 31343463 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a sports-related disorder involving apophysitis, which affects the tibial tuberosity. The identification of factors related to OSD is important for its prevention and early recovery from the disease. This study aimed to compare the passive mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit in children affected by an OSD and healthy children, by using ultrasound real-time tissue elastography. METHODS Eighteen legs affected by OSD (OSD group) and 42 healthy legs (control: CON group) were assessed. The elasticity was obtained from the quadriceps muscles and patella tendon (PT) using real-time tissue elastography. The strain ratio (SR; muscle or tendon/reference ratio: strain rate of the muscle or tendon divided by that of the reference material) was calculated as an indicator of the elasticity of the tissue of interest. RESULTS The SR of the PT in the OSD group was significantly lower than that in the CON group (P<0.05). We found no significant difference between the groups in terms of the SR value of all muscles (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that a PT with a lower SR may be associated with an OSD and that the passive mechanical properties of the quadriceps muscles have limited association with an OSD. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Gastrocnemius Medialis Architectural Properties in Flexibility Trained and Not Trained Child Female Athletes: A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8030029. [PMID: 32143331 PMCID: PMC7183070 DOI: 10.3390/sports8030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrocnemius medialis (GM) architecture and ankle angle were compared between flexibility trained (n = 10) and not trained (n = 6) female athletes, aged 8–10 years. Ankle angle, fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness were measured at the mid-belly and the distal part of GM, at rest and at the end of one min of static stretching. Flexibility trained (FT) and not trained athletes (FNT) had similar fascicle length at the medial (4.19 ± 0.37 vs. 4.24 ± 0.54 cm, respectively, p = 0.841) and the distal part of GM (4.25 ± 0.35 vs. 4.18 ± 0.65 cm, respectively, p = 0.780), similar pennation angles, and muscle thickness (p > 0.216), and larger ankle angle at rest (120.9 ± 4.2 vs. 110.9 ± 5.8°, respectively, p = 0.001). During stretching, FT displayed greater fascicle elongation compared to FNT at the medial (+1.67 ± 0.37 vs. +1.28 ± 0.22 cm, respectively, p = 0.048) and the distal part (+1.84 ± 0.67 vs. +0.97 ± 0.97 cm, respectively, p = 0.013), larger change in joint angle and muscle tendon junction displacement (MTJ) (p < 0.001). Muscle thickness was similar in both groups (p > 0.053). Ankle dorsiflexion angle significantly correlated with fascicle elongation at the distal part of GM (r = −0.638, p < 0.01) and MTJ displacement (r = −0.610, p < 0.05). Collectively, FT had greater fascicle elongation at the medial and distal part of GM and greater MTJ displacement during stretching than FNT of similar age.
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Abstract
Core stability exercises are regular part of exercise programs for asymptomatic individuals across ages. The purpose of this study was to examine deep abdominal and multifidus muscle thickness in children and adults and to determine reliability of the rehabilitative ultrasound (RUSI) imaging. Transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus thickness at rest and during core stability exercise were examined in pre-pubertal children (N = 23), adolescents (N = 20), young adults (N = 21) and middle-aged adults (N = 22). Thirty-nine participants were re-tested one week after to establish reliability. Muscle thickness at rest was lower in children and adolescents compared with young and middle-aged adults (p < 0.008). Young adults displayed the highest relative transversus abdominis thickness upon contraction (p < 0.008). Lumbar multfidus contraction thickness was greater in young-adults than middle-aged adults and pre-pubertal children (p < 0.008), but it was similar between young-adults and adolescents (p > 0.008). Reliability was high for both muscles (ICC3,3 = 0.76 - 0.99). The age-related differences in muscle thickness indicate that core stability exercises may be beneficial for children and middle-aged adults.
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31
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Karamanidis K, Epro G, König M, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Simplified Triceps Surae Muscle Volume Assessment in Older Adults. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1299. [PMID: 31649560 PMCID: PMC6795759 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triceps surae (TS) muscle volume can be estimated in young adults by only considering the maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAmax) and the length of the muscle due to the presence of a constant muscle-specific shape factor. This study aimed to investigate if this simplified muscle volume assessment is also applicable in older adults or if muscle-specific shape changes with aging. MRI sequences were taken from the dominant leg of 21 older female adults. The boundaries of all three TS muscles (SOL, soleus; GM, gastrocnemius medialis; GL, gastrocnemius lateralis) were manually outlined in transverse image sequences, and muscle volume for each muscle was calculated as the integral of the obtained cross-sectional areas of the contours along the whole length of the muscle (measured volume) and, in addition, by using the average muscle-specific shape factors of each muscle obtained from the ratio of the measured volume and the product of ACSAmax and the muscle length (estimated volume). There were no differences in the measured and estimated muscle volumes (SOL: 357.7 ± 61.8 vs. 358.8 ± 65.3 cm3; GM: 179.5 ± 32.8 vs. 179.8 ± 33.3 cm3; GL: 90.2 ± 15.9 vs. 90.4 ± 14.8 cm3). However, when using the reported shape factors of younger adults instead, we found a significant (p < 0.05) overestimation of muscle volume for SOL and GM with average RMS differences of 6.1 and 7.6%, respectively. These results indicate that corrections of muscle-specific shape factors are needed when using the previously proposed simplified muscle volume assessment as aging may not only be accompanied with muscle atrophy but also changes in the shape of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiros Karamanidis
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaspar Epro
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias König
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Chiaramonte R, Bonfiglio M, Castorina EG, Antoci SAM. The primacy of ultrasound in the assessment of muscle architecture: precision, accuracy, reliability of ultrasonography. Physiatrist, radiologist, general internist, and family practitioner's experiences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 65:165-170. [PMID: 30892439 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.65.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With high-resolution real-time ultrasonography we investigated the muscle architectural parameters of vastus lateralis in healthy volunteers. PURPOSES We determined the reproducibility and validity of ultrasonography and the role of the ultrasonographer in assessing muscle architecture. We proposed the most appropriate clinical parameters for objective measurements and an ultrasound protocol of muscle architecture. METHODS We conducted an intraobserver and interobserver study. We investigated 21 healthy male volunteers. The subjects were independently evaluated by four different operators using high-resolution real-time ultrasonography. To assess the reproducibility of ultrasound examinations, four operators repeated measurements using the same ultrasound device. Muscle thickness, muscle volume, muscle fiber pennation angle, and subcutaneous adiposity of the vastus lateralis muscle were measured. RESULTS Intra-observer (ICC 0.92-0.97), interobserver (ICC 0.78-0.92) reproducibility was good to excellent for all measurements. CONCLUSION Simple, reproducible, non-invasive ultrasound measurements of muscle structure easily demonstrated differences in muscle morphology. With a protocol and with objective and repeatable measurements, sonographers from different backgrounds could obtain an objective measurement of ultrasound images with little differences and low variability in results, thanks to the upgrading of diagnostic ultrasound imaging and their clinical skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Chiaramonte
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Catania. 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Bonfiglio
- Department for Health activities and Epidemiologic Observatory, Sicily Region, Italy
| | - Emilio G Castorina
- Department of Radiology, of Fondazione Mediterranea "G.B. Morgagni", 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore A M Antoci
- Department of Medicine of Fondazione Mediterranea "G.B. Morgagni", 95100 Catania, Italy
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Cunha GDS, Vaz MA, Herzog W, Geremia JM, Leites GT, Reischak-Oliveira Á. Maturity status effects on torque and muscle architecture of young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1286-1295. [PMID: 30896284 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1589908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of maturity status on knee extensor torque and vastus lateralis architecture of young soccer players. Thirty-four males aged 13-18 years were divided into two groups: pubescent (PUB, n = 15) and postpubescent (POSP, n = 19). Torque by angle interaction was established for absolute [F(2.649, 84.771) = 9.066, p < 0.05] and relative to body mass [F(2.704, 86.533) = 4.050, p < 0.05] isometric torque with the POSP group showing greater values. Muscle volume torque-angle relationship was similar between groups. Absolute, relative to body mass, and relative to muscle volume concentric and eccentric torque-velocity relationship showed a non-significant interaction but a significant group effect in favour the POSP group for absolute and concentric torque relative to body mass. Torque-angle and torque-velocity relationship normalized by body mass allometric exponents showed a non-significant interactions and group effects. Muscle thickness (3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6 cm), fascicle length (8.3 ± 1.4 vs. 8.9 ± 1.6 cm) and pennation angle (15.0 ± 2.3 vs. 14.3 ± 3.2 degrees) was similar between PUB and POSP groups, respectively. Maturity status did not show a significant effect on muscle architecture and on isometric and dynamic torques when allometrically normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Dos Santos Cunha
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Tomedi Leites
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Marzilger R, Schroll A, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Muscle volume reconstruction from several short magnetic resonance imaging sequences. J Biomech 2019; 84:269-273. [PMID: 30655082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gold standard to determine muscle morphological parameters is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To measure large muscles like the vastus lateralis (VL) in one sequence, scanners with a large field of view (FOV) and a high flux density are needed. However, large scanners are expensive and not always available. The purpose of the current study was to develop a marker-based approach to reconstruct the VL from several separate MRI sequences, acquired with a low-field MRI scanner. The VL muscle of 21 volunteers was marked at one-third and two-third of thigh length using fish oil capsules. Three consecutive MRI sequences (i.e. proximal, medial and distal part) of the thigh were captured between the markers and the muscle insertion and origin. After a manual segmentation of the VL the muscle was reconstructed using the developed approach. The muscle volume, maximal anatomical cross-sectional area and length were 715.1 ± 93.4 cm3, 34.0 ± 4.0 cm2 and 34.4 ± 2.2 cm respectively. The procedure showed an average error between 0.9% and 2.2% for the reconstructed muscle volume, the averaged RMSD between the cross-sectional areas of two overlapping sequences were between 0.80 ± 0.71 cm2 and 0.88 ± 0.78 cm2. The proposed approach provides an appropriate accuracy for muscle volume assessment, as the estimated error for muscle volume calculation was quite small. The reconstruction quality depends mainly on the proper marker attachment and identification, as well as the spatial resolution of the image sequences. We are confident that the presented method can be used in most investigations regarding muscle morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marzilger
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Schroll
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
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de Oliveira VB, de Oliveira LF, Menegaldo LL. Estimation of vastus intermedius electromyography: Comparison of three methods and their impact on the knee isometric extension moment predicted by an EMG-Driven model. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-182167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane B. de Oliveira
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Liliam F. de Oliveira
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciano L. Menegaldo
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sims DT, Onambélé-Pearson GL, Burden A, Payton C, Morse CI. Morphological and Mechanical Properties of the Human Patella Tendon in Adult Males With Achondroplasia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 30079026 PMCID: PMC6063341 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia is a genetic mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor resulting in impaired growth plate development in long bones due to lower collagen turnover. Despite the characteristic shorter stature and lower strength in Achondroplasic groups, little is known of the tendon mechanical properties under loading. The aim of this study was therefore to conduct a between measure design of patella tendon (PT) mechanical properties (stress, strain, stiffness and Young's Modulus) in 10 men with Achondroplasia (22 ± 3 years) and 17 male controls (22 ± 2 years). PT mechanical properties were measured during isometric maximal voluntary contraction (iMVC) of the knee extensors using ultrasonography. The Achondroplasic group produced 54% less stress at iMVC than controls (29.4 ± 8.0 v 64.5 ± 14.0 MPa, P < 0.001, d = 3.12). Maximal excursion of the Achondroplasic PT was 22% less than controls at iMVC (7.4 ± 2.1 v 5.5 ± 1.7 mm, P < 0.001, d = 0.99), but there was no difference in strain between groups (13 ± 4 v 13 ± 3%, P > 0.05). Achondroplasic PT were 47% less stiff (748 ± 93 v 1418 ± 101 N·mm−1, P < 0.001, d = 6.89) and had a 51% lower Young's modulus (0.39 ± 0.09 v 0.77 ± 0.14 GPa, P < 0.001, d = 3.46) than controls at iMVC. Achondroplasic PT are indeed more compliant than controls which may contribute to lower relative force production. The causes of higher Achondroplasic PT compliance are unclear but are likely due to the collagen related genetic mutation which causes Achondroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Sims
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gladys L Onambélé-Pearson
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Burden
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Payton
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher I Morse
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Gallina A, Render JN, Santos J, Shah H, Taylor D, Tomlin T, Garland SJ. Influence of knee joint position and sex on vastus medialis regional architecture. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:643-646. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging was used to investigate vastus medialis (VM) architecture in 10 males and 10 females at different knee angles. Increase in muscle thickness occurs predominantly when the knee angle is changed from 0° (full extension) and 45° (p < 0.05); increases in VM pennation angle can be predominantly observed between 45° and 90° (p < 0.05). Sex differences in the VM architecture can be observed in the distal (p < 0.01) but not in the proximal region of the muscle (p > 0.11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gallina
- Graduate Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jacqueline N. Render
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jacquelyne Santos
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hershal Shah
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dayna Taylor
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Travis Tomlin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - S. Jayne Garland
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
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38
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Developmental associations with muscle morphology, physical performance, and asymmetry in youth judo athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Quinlan JI, Maganaris CN, Franchi MV, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Szewczyk NJ, Greenhaff PL, Phillips BE, Blackwell JI, Boereboom C, Williams JP, Lund J, Narici MV. Muscle and Tendon Contributions to Reduced Rate of Torque Development in Healthy Older Males. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73:539-545. [PMID: 28977366 PMCID: PMC5861887 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to rapidly generate and transfer muscle force is essential for effective corrective movements in order to prevent a fall. The aim of this study was to establish the muscle and tendon contributions to differences in rate of torque development (RTD) between younger (YM) and older males (OM). Method Twenty-eight young males (23.9 years ± 1.1) and 22 old males (68.5 years ± 0.5) were recruited for assessment of Quadriceps Anatomical CSA (ACSA), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), rate of torque development (RTD), and tendon biomechanical properties. Activation capacity (AC), maximal muscle twitch df/dt) and time to peak EMG amplitude (TTPE) were also assessed. Results Absolute RTD (aRTD) was lower in OM (577.5 ± 34.6 Nm/s vs 881.7 ± 45.6 Nm/s, p < .0001). RTD remained lower in OM following normalization (nRTD) for muscle ACSA (9.93 ± 0.7 Nm/s/cm2 vs 11.9 ± 0.6 Nm/s/cm2, p < .05). Maximal muscle twitch df/dt (1,086 Nm∙s-1 vs 2,209 Nm∙s-1, p < .0001), TTPE (109.2 ± 8.6ms vs 154.6 ± 16.6 ms, p < .05), and AC (75.8 ± 1.5% vs 80.1 ± 0.9%, p < .01) were all affected in OM. Tendon stiffness was found to be lower in OM (1,222 ± 78.4 N/mm vs 1,771 ± 154.1 N/mm, p < .004). nRTD was significantly correlated with tendon stiffness (R2 = .15). Conclusion These observations provide evidence that in absolute terms, a lower RTD in the elderly adults is caused by slower muscle contraction speeds, slower TTPE, reduced ACSA, reduced MVC, and a decrease in tendon stiffness. Once the RTD is normalized to quadriceps ACSA, only MVC and tendon stiffness remain influential. This strongly reinforces the importance of both muscle and tendon characteristics when considering RTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Quinlan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - Constantinos N Maganaris
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Sports and Exercise science, Liverpool John Moore’s Univeristy, UK
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - James I Blackwell
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - Catherine Boereboom
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - John P Williams
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - John Lund
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - Marco V Narici
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
- Address correspondence to: Marco V. Narici, MSc, PhD, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, Room 4023, The Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby DE22 3DT, UK. E-mail:
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Radnor JM, Oliver JL, Waugh CM, Myer GD, Moore IS, Lloyd RS. The Influence of Growth and Maturation on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Youth. Sports Med 2018; 48:57-71. [PMID: 28900862 PMCID: PMC5752749 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hopping, skipping, jumping and sprinting are common tasks in both active play and competitive sports. These movements utilise the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), which is considered a naturally occurring muscle action for most forms of human locomotion. This muscle action results in more efficient movements and helps optimise relative force generated per motor unit recruited. Innate SSC development throughout childhood and adolescence enables children to increase power (jump higher and sprint faster) as they mature. Despite these improvements in physical performance, the underpinning mechanisms of SSC development during maturational years remain unclear. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive review of the potential structural and neuromuscular adaptations that underpin the SSC muscle action does not exist in the literature. Considering the importance of the SSC in human movement, it is imperative to understand how neural and structural adaptations throughout growth and maturation can influence this key muscle action. By understanding the factors that underpin functional SSC development, practitioners and clinicians will possess a better understanding of normal development processes, which will help differentiate between training-induced adaptations and those changes that occur naturally due to growth and maturation. Therefore, the focus of this article is to identify the potential underpinning mechanisms that drive development of SSC muscle action and to examine how SSC function is influenced by growth and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK.
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charlie M Waugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The Micheli Centre for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabel S Moore
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Waikato, New Zealand
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Marzilger R, Legerlotz K, Panteli C, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Reliability of a semi-automated algorithm for the vastus lateralis muscle architecture measurement based on ultrasound images. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:291-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mersmann F, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Imbalances in the Development of Muscle and Tendon as Risk Factor for Tendinopathies in Youth Athletes: A Review of Current Evidence and Concepts of Prevention. Front Physiol 2017; 8:987. [PMID: 29249987 PMCID: PMC5717808 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons feature the crucial role to transmit the forces exerted by the muscles to the skeleton. Thus, an increase of the force generating capacity of a muscle needs to go in line with a corresponding modulation of the mechanical properties of the associated tendon to avoid potential harm to the integrity of the tendinous tissue. However, as summarized in the present narrative review, muscle and tendon differ with regard to both the time course of adaptation to mechanical loading as well as the responsiveness to certain types of mechanical stimulation. Plyometric loading, for example, seems to be a more potent stimulus for muscle compared to tendon adaptation. In growing athletes, the increased levels of circulating sex hormones might additionally augment an imbalanced development of muscle strength and tendon mechanical properties, which could potentially relate to the increasing incidence of tendon overload injuries that has been indicated for adolescence. In fact, increased tendon stress and strain due to a non-uniform musculotendinous development has been observed recently in adolescent volleyball athletes, a high-risk group for tendinopathy. These findings highlight the importance to deepen the current understanding of the interaction of loading and maturation and demonstrate the need for the development of preventive strategies. Therefore, this review concludes with an evidence-based concept for a specific loading program for increasing tendon stiffness, which could be implemented in the training regimen of young athletes at risk for tendinopathy. This program incorporates five sets of four contractions with an intensity of 85–90% of the isometric voluntary maximum and a movement/contraction duration that provides 3 s of high magnitude tendon strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
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Pickering C, Kiely J. Can the ability to adapt to exercise be considered a talent-and if so, can we test for it? SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:43. [PMID: 29188457 PMCID: PMC5707216 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Talent identification (TI) is a popular and hugely important topic within sports performance, with an ever-increasing amount of resources dedicated to unveiling the next sporting star. However, at present, most TI processes appear to select high-performing individuals at the present point in time, as opposed to identifying those individuals with the greatest capacity to improve. This represents a potential inefficiency within the TI process, reducing its effectiveness. In this article, we discuss whether the ability to adapt favorably, and with a large magnitude, to physical training can be considered a talent, testing it against proposed criteria. We also discuss whether, if such an ability can be considered a talent, being able to test for it as part of the TI process would be advantageous. Given that such a capacity is partially heritable, driven by genetic variation between individuals that mediate the adaptive response, we also explore whether the information gained from genetic profiling can be used to identify those with the greatest capacity to improve. Although there are some ethical hurdles which must be considered, the use of genetic information to identify those individuals with the greatest capacity appears to hold promise and may improve both the efficiency and effectiveness of contemporary TI programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK. .,Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, UK.
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Sims DT, Onambélé-Pearson GL, Burden A, Payton C, Morse CI. Specific force of the vastus lateralis in adults with achondroplasia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:696-703. [PMID: 29146686 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00638.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia is a clinical condition defined by shorter stature and disproportionate limb length. Force production in able-bodied individuals (controls) is proportional to muscle size, but given the disproportionate nature of achondroplasia, normalizing to anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) is inappropriate. The aim of this study was to assess specific force of the vastus lateralis (VL) in 10 adults with achondroplasia (22 ± 3 yr) and 18 sex-matched controls (22 ± 2 yr). Isometric torque (iMVCτ) of the dominant knee extensors (KE) and in vivo measures of VL muscle architecture, volume, activation, and patella tendon moment arm were used to calculate VL physiological CSA (PCSA), fascicle force, and specific force in both groups. Achondroplasic muscle volume was 53% smaller than controls (284 ± 36 vs. 604 ± 102 cm3, P < 0.001). KE iMVCτ was 63% lower in achondroplasia compared with controls (95 ± 24 vs. 256 ± 47 N⋅m, P < 0.001). Activation and moment arm length were similar between groups ( P > 0.05), but coactivation of bicep femoris of achondroplasic subjects was 70% more than controls (43 ± 20 vs. 13 ± 5%, P < 0.001). Achondroplasic subjects had 58% less PCSA (43 ± 10 vs. 74.7 ± 14 cm2, P < 0.001), 29% lower fascicle force (702 ± 235 vs. 1704 ± 303 N, P < 0.001), and 29% lower specific force than control subjects (17 ± 6 vs. 24 ± 6 N⋅cm-2, P = 0.012). The smaller VL specific force in achondroplasia may be attributed to infiltration of fat and connective tissue, rather than to any difference in myofilament function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The novel observation of this study was the measurement of normalized force production in a group of individuals with disproportionate limb length-to-torso ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Sims
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Gladys L Onambélé-Pearson
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Burden
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Carl Payton
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher I Morse
- Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University , Cheshire , United Kingdom
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Meyers RW, Oliver JL, Hughes MG, Lloyd RS, Cronin JB. The Influence of Maturation on Sprint Performance in Boys over a 21-Month Period. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:2555-2562. [PMID: 27434083 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined how the characteristics of maximal overground sprint performance are affected by the period of peak height velocity (PHV) in boys. METHODS One hundred eighty-nine school-age boys completed two assessments of maximal sprint performance, separated by a 21-month period. Kinematic characteristics of sprint performance were collected during a 30-m sprint using a floor-level optical measurement system, with modeled force and stiffness characteristics also calculated. Participants were grouped according to maturation using a noninvasive predictive equation. Individuals whose maturity offset was <-0.5 yr in both assessments were classed as "pre-PHV" (n = 67), whereas those whose maturity offset developed from <-0.5 to >0.5 yr in test two were classed as "pre-to-post PHV" (n = 39). Participants with a maturity offset between >-0.5 and <0.5 yr at test 2 were removed from analysis (n = 67) to ensure that the entire pre-to-post-PHV group had experienced the PHV spurt. RESULTS The pre-to-post-PHV group experienced significantly greater increases in speed (10.4% vs 5.6%) and relative vertical stiffness (12.1% vs 5.6%) compared with the pre-PHV group. Step frequency declined (-2.4%) and contact time increased (2.3%) in the pre-PHV group, whereas step frequency increased (2.7%) and contact time decreased (-3.6%) in the pre-PHV to post-PHV group. Changes in relative measures of vertical stiffness, maximal force, and leg stiffness accounted for 79% and 83% of the changes in speed between assessments for pre-PHV and pre-to-post-PHV groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS As boys experience PHV, there are greater increases in maximal sprint speed compared with those who remain pre-PHV. Furthermore, measures of relative stiffness and relative maximal force appear to exert an important influence on the development of maximal sprint speed in boys, regardless of maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Meyers
- 1Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UNITED KINGDOM; 2Sports Performance Research Institute, AUT University, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND; and 3School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, AUSTRALIA
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Gallina A, Blouin JS, Ivanova TD, Garland SJ. Regionalization of the stretch reflex in the human vastus medialis. J Physiol 2017; 595:4991-5001. [PMID: 28485493 DOI: 10.1113/jp274458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Regionalization of the stretch reflex, i.e. the notion that the activation of 1a afferents from a muscle region influences only the activation of motor units in the same region, has been demonstrated previously in animals but not in humans. Mechanical stretches applied to regions of vastus medialis as close as 10 mm apart resulted in recruitment of motor units localized topographically with respect to the location of the mechanical stretch. Stretch reflexes are regionalized in the human vastus medialis. The human spinal cord has the neuromuscular circuitry to preferentially activate motoneurones innervating muscle fibres located in different regions of the vastus medialis. ABSTRACT The localization of motor unit territories provides an anatomical basis to suggest that the CNS may have more independence in motor unit recruitment and control strategies than what was previously thought. In this study, we investigated whether the human spinal cord has the neuromuscular circuitry to independently activate motor units located in different regions of the vastus medialis. Mechanical taps were applied to multiple locations in the vastus medialis (VM) in nine healthy individuals. Regional responses within the muscle were observed using a grid of 5 × 13 surface EMG electrodes. The EMG amplitude was quantified for each channel, and a cluster of channels showing the largest activation was identified. The spatial location of the EMG response was quantified as the position of the channels in the cluster. In a subset of three participants, intramuscular recordings were performed simultaneously with the surface EMG recordings. Mechanical taps resulted in localized, discrete responses for each participant. The spatial location of the elicited responses was dependent on the location of the tap (P < 0.001). Recordings with intramuscular electrodes confirmed the regional activation of the VM for different tap locations. Selective stimulation of 1a afferents localized in a region of the VM results in reflex recruitment of motor units in the same region. These findings suggest that the human spinal cord has the neuromuscular circuitry to modulate spatially the motoneuronal output to vastus medialis regions, which is a neuroanatomical prerequisite for regional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gallina
- Graduate program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Jean-Sébastien Blouin
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Tanya D Ivanova
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B9
| | - S Jayne Garland
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B9
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Meyers RW, Oliver JL, Hughes MG, Lloyd RS, Cronin JB. New Insights Into the Development of Maximal Sprint Speed in Male Youth. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Böl M, Leichsenring K, Siebert T. Effects of Growth on Muscle, Tendon, and Aponeurosis Tissues in Rabbit Shank Musculature. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1123-1136. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Solid Mechanics Technische Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig 38106 Germany
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Solid Mechanics Technische Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig 38106 Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Department of Sport and Motion Science; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart 70569 Germany
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Waugh CM, Korff T, Blazevich AJ. Developmental differences in dynamic muscle-tendon behaviour: implications for movement efficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1287-1294. [PMID: 28108669 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.127951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Children perform cyclic motor tasks less efficiently than adults; however, the mechanisms underlying such differences are not fully understood. One mechanism that may contribute to these age-related differences is a differential contribution of muscles and tendons to a given muscle-tendon unit (MTU) excursion. The aims of this study were to (i) compare muscle and tendon excursion between children and adults performing vertical hopping, and (ii) determine whether children and adults choose a hopping frequency that maximizes movement efficiency, based on the utilization of energy-saving mechanisms. Twelve children (8.8±0.3 years) and 12 adults (26.0±2.1 years) performed 20 s of two-legged hopping at a self-selected frequency and at 1.33, 2.00, 2.67 and 3.33 Hz. Gastrocnemius medialis MTU excursion was estimated from kinematic data and muscle and tendon excursions were derived using a combination of 3D-motion capture and ultrasonography. Optimum hopping frequency was determined as the frequency that maximized surrogate measures of elastic energy storage potential of the tendon and minimized muscle excursion. Adults presented a significantly greater potential for elastic energy storage in combination with lower muscle excursion than children at their self-selected frequency, suggesting that children do not utilize these energy-saving mechanisms as effectively as adults. However, tendon elastic energy storage was maximized and muscle excursion minimized at the preferred frequency in both children and adults, indicating that children may select their preferred hopping frequency based on the same criteria as adults. These findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the higher energy cost of movement performance in children, and have implications for the interpretation of age-related differences in complex task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie M Waugh
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Thomas Korff
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.,Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA 6027, Australia
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50
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Lloyd RS, Cronin JB, Faigenbaum AD, Haff GG, Howard R, Kraemer WJ, Micheli LJ, Myer GD, Oliver JL. National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Long-Term Athletic Development. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1491-509. [PMID: 26933920 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been a growing interest in long-term athletic development for youth. Because of their unique physical, psychological, and social differences, children and adolescents should engage in appropriately prescribed exercise programs that promote physical development to prevent injury and enhance fitness behaviors that can be retained later in life. Irrespective of whether a child is involved in organized sport or engages in recreational physical activity, there remains a need to adopt a structured, logical, and evidence-based approach to the long-term development of athleticism. This is of particular importance considering the alarmingly high number of youth who fail to meet global physical activity recommendations and consequently present with negative health profiles. However, appropriate exercise prescription is also crucial for those young athletes who are physically underprepared and at risk of overuse injury because of high volumes of competition and an absence of preparatory conditioning. Whether the child accumulates insufficient or excessive amounts of exercise, or falls somewhere between these opposing ends of the spectrum, it is generally accepted that the young bodies of modern day youth are often ill-prepared to tolerate the rigors of sports or physical activity. All youth should engage in regular physical activity and thus should be viewed as "athletes" and afforded the opportunity to enhance athleticism in an individualized, holistic, and child-centered manner. Because of emerging interest in long-term athletic development, an authorship team was tasked on behalf of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) to critically synthesize existing literature and current practices within the field and to compose a relevant position statement. This document was subsequently reviewed and formally ratified by the NSCA Board of Directors. A list of 10 pillars of successful long-term athletic development are presented, which summarize the key recommendations detailed within the position statement. With these pillars in place, it is believed that the NSCA can (a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to long-term athletic development, (b) promote the benefits of a lifetime of healthy physical activity, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri S Lloyd
- 1Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; 2Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; 3Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; 4Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; 5Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania; 6Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 7Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; 8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; 9The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts; 10Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; 11Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and 12Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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