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Gao J, Uwiringiyimana E, Zhang D. Microbial composition and diversity of the tobacco leaf phyllosphere during plant development. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1199241. [PMID: 37502406 PMCID: PMC10368876 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1199241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phyllosphere-associated microorganisms affect host plant's nutrients availability, its growth and ecological functions. Tobacco leaves provide a wide-area habitat for microbial life. Previous studies have mainly focused on phyllosphere microbiota at one time point of tobacco growth process, but more is unknown about dynamic changes in phyllospheric microbial composition from earlier to the late stage of plant development. In the current study, we had determined the bacterial and fungal communities succession of tobacco growth stages (i.e., seedling, squaring, and maturing) by using both 16S rRNA sequencing for bacterial and ITS sequencing for fungi. Our results demonstrated that among tobacco growth stages, the phyllospheric bacterial communities went through more distinct succession than the fungal communities did. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria exerted the most influence in tobacco development from seedling to squaring stages. At maturing stage, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominance was gradually replaced by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Network analysis revealed that Proteobacteria, as the core phyllospheric microbia, played essential role in stabilizing the whole bacterial network during tobacco development, and consequently rendered it to more profound ecological functions. During tobacco development, the contents of leaf sugar, nicotine, nitrogen and potassium were significantly correlated with either bacterial or fungal communities, and these abiotic factors accounted for 39.3 and 51.5% of the total variation, respectively. We overall evinced that the development of tobacco phyllosphere is accompanied by variant dynamics of phyllospheric microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Gao
- College of Tourism and Geographical Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, China
| | - Ernest Uwiringiyimana
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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2
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Fessia A, Barra P, Barros G, Nesci A. Could Bacillus biofilms enhance the effectivity of biocontrol strategies in the phyllosphere? J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2148-2166. [PMID: 35476896 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.), a major crop in Argentina and a staple food around the world, is affected by the emergence and re-emergence of foliar diseases. Agrochemicals are the main control strategy nowadays, but they can cause resistance in insects and microbial pathogens and have negative effects on the environment and human health. An emerging alternative is the use of living organisms, i.e. microbial biocontrol agents, to suppress plant pathogen populations. This is a risk-free approach when the organisms acting as biocontrol agents come from the same ecosystem as the foliar pathogens they are meant to antagonize. Some epiphytic microorganisms may form biofilm by becoming aggregated and attached to a surface, as is the case of spore-forming bacteria from the genus Bacillus. Their ability to sporulate and their tolerance to long storage periods make them a frequently used biocontrol agent. Moreover, the biofilm that they create protects them against different abiotic and biotic factors and helps them to acquire nutrients, which ensures their survival on the plants they protect. This review analyzes the interactions that the phyllosphere-inhabiting Bacillus genus establishes with its environment through biofilm, and how this lifestyle could serve to design effective biological control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluminé Fessia
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Barra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Germán Barros
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Nesci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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3
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Zhang Y, Henke M, Li Y, Xu D, Liu A, Liu X, Li T. Analyzing the Impact of Greenhouse Planting Strategy and Plant Architecture on Tomato Plant Physiology and Estimated Dry Matter. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:828252. [PMID: 35242156 PMCID: PMC8885523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.828252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Determine the level of significance of planting strategy and plant architecture and how they affect plant physiology and dry matter accumulation within greenhouses is essential to actual greenhouse plant management and breeding. We thus analyzed four planting strategies (plant spacing, furrow distance, row orientation, planting pattern) and eight different plant architectural traits (internode length, leaf azimuth angle, leaf elevation angle, leaf length, leaflet curve, leaflet elevation, leaflet number/area ratio, leaflet length/width ratio) with the same plant leaf area using a formerly developed functional-structural model for a Chinese Liaoshen-solar greenhouse and tomato plant, which used to simulate the plant physiology of light interception, temperature, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and dry matter. Our study led to the conclusion that the planting strategies have a more significant impact overall on plant radiation, temperature, photosynthesis, and dry matter compared to plant architecture changes. According to our findings, increasing the plant spacing will have the most significant impact to increase light interception. E-W orientation has better total light interception but yet weaker light uniformity. Changes in planting patterns have limited influence on the overall canopy physiology. Increasing the plant leaflet area by leaflet N/A ratio from what we could observe for a rose the total dry matter by 6.6%, which is significantly better than all the other plant architecture traits. An ideal tomato plant architecture which combined all the above optimal architectural traits was also designed to provide guidance on phenotypic traits selection of breeding process. The combined analysis approach described herein established the causal relationship between investigated traits, which could directly apply to provide management and breeding insights on other plant species with different solar greenhouse structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| | - Michael Henke
- Plant Sciences Core Facility, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Demin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| | - Anhua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| | - Xingan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China
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4
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Boixel A, Chelle M, Suffert F. Patterns of thermal adaptation in a globally distributed plant pathogen: Local diversity and plasticity reveal two-tier dynamics. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8515. [PMID: 35127031 PMCID: PMC8796916 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogen populations inhabit patchy environments with contrasting, variable thermal conditions. We investigated the diversity of thermal responses in populations sampled over contrasting spatiotemporal scales, to improve our understanding of their dynamics of adaptation to local conditions. Samples of natural populations of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici were collected from sites within the Euro-Mediterranean region subject to a broad range of climatic conditions. We tested for local adaptation, by accounting for the diversity of responses at the individual and population levels on the basis of key thermal performance curve parameters and "thermotype" (groups of individuals with similar thermal responses) composition. The characterization of phenotypic responses and genotypic structure revealed the following: (i) a high degree of individual plasticity and variation in sensitivity to temperature conditions across spatiotemporal scales and populations; and (ii) geographic variation in thermal response among populations, with major alterations due to seasonal patterns over the wheat-growing season. The seasonal shifts in functional composition suggest that populations are locally structured by selection, contributing to adaptation patterns. Further studies combining selection experiments and modeling are required to determine how functional group selection drives population dynamics and adaptive potential in response to thermal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Lise Boixel
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGERThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Michaël Chelle
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYSThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Frédéric Suffert
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGERThiverval‐GrignonFrance
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5
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Moore CE, Meacham-Hensold K, Lemonnier P, Slattery RA, Benjamin C, Bernacchi CJ, Lawson T, Cavanagh AP. The effect of increasing temperature on crop photosynthesis: from enzymes to ecosystems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2822-2844. [PMID: 33619527 PMCID: PMC8023210 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As global land surface temperature continues to rise and heatwave events increase in frequency, duration, and/or intensity, our key food and fuel cropping systems will likely face increased heat-related stress. A large volume of literature exists on exploring measured and modelled impacts of rising temperature on crop photosynthesis, from enzymatic responses within the leaf up to larger ecosystem-scale responses that reflect seasonal and interannual crop responses to heat. This review discusses (i) how crop photosynthesis changes with temperature at the enzymatic scale within the leaf; (ii) how stomata and plant transport systems are affected by temperature; (iii) what features make a plant susceptible or tolerant to elevated temperature and heat stress; and (iv) how these temperature and heat effects compound at the ecosystem scale to affect crop yields. Throughout the review, we identify current advancements and future research trajectories that are needed to make our cropping systems more resilient to rising temperature and heat stress, which are both projected to occur due to current global fossil fuel emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Moore
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy & Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Katherine Meacham-Hensold
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | | | - Rebecca A Slattery
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Claire Benjamin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Amanda P Cavanagh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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6
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Barillot R, De Swaef T, Combes D, Durand JL, Escobar-Gutiérrez AJ, Martre P, Perrot C, Roy E, Frak E. Leaf elongation response to blue light is mediated by stomatal-induced variations in transpiration in Festuca arundinacea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2642-2656. [PMID: 33326568 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reduced blue light irradiance is known to enhance leaf elongation rate (LER) in grasses, but the mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. We investigated whether leaf elongation response to reduced blue light could be mediated by stomata-induced variations of plant transpiration. Two experiments were carried out on tall fescue in order to monitor LER and transpiration under reduced blue light irradiance. Additionally, LER dynamics were compared with those observed in the response to vapour pressure deficit (VPD)-induced variations of transpiration. Finally, we developed a model of water flow within a tiller to simulate the observed short-term response of LER to various transpiration regimes. LER dramatically increased in response to blue light reduction and then reached new steady states, which remained higher than the control. Reduced blue light triggered a simultaneous stomatal closure which induced an immediate decrease of leaf transpiration. The hydraulic model of leaf elongation accurately predicted the LER response to blue light and VPD, resulting from an increase in the growth-induced water potential gradient in the leaf growth zone. Our results suggest that the blue light signal is sensed by stomata of expanded leaves and transduced to the leaf growth zone through the hydraulic architecture of the tiller.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom De Swaef
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Martre
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR LEPSE, Montpellier, France
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7
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Gauthier M, Barillot R, Schneider A, Chambon C, Fournier C, Pradal C, Robert C, Andrieu B. A functional structural model of grass development based on metabolic regulation and coordination rules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5454-5468. [PMID: 32497176 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Shoot architecture is a key component of the interactions between plants and their environment. We present a novel model of grass, which fully integrates shoot morphogenesis and the metabolism of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) at organ scale, within a three-dimensional representation of plant architecture. Plant morphogenesis is seen as a self-regulated system driven by two main mechanisms. First, the rate of organ extension and the establishment of architectural traits are regulated by concentrations of C and N metabolites in the growth zones and the temperature. Second, the timing of extension is regulated by rules coordinating successive phytomers instead of a thermal time schedule. Local concentrations are calculated from a model of C and N metabolism at organ scale. The three-dimensional representation allows the accurate calculation of light and temperature distribution within the architecture. The model was calibrated for wheat (Triticum aestivum) and evaluated for early vegetative stages. This approach allowed the simulation of realistic patterns of leaf dimensions, extension dynamics, and organ mass and composition. The model simulated, as emergent properties, plant and agronomic traits. Metabolic activities of growing leaves were investigated in relation to whole-plant functioning and environmental conditions. The current model is an important step towards a better understanding of the plasticity of plant phenotype in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gauthier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- ITK, Clapiers, France
| | | | - Anne Schneider
- Université d'Angers, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Angers, France
| | - Camille Chambon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Christian Fournier
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR LEPSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Pradal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, and Inria, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Robert
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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8
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van Westreenen A, Zhang N, Douma JC, Evers JB, Anten NPR, Marcelis LFM. Substantial differences occur between canopy and ambient climate: Quantification of interactions in a greenhouse-canopy system. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233210. [PMID: 32469897 PMCID: PMC7259515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ temperature and variation therein plays a key role in plant functioning and its responses to e.g. climate change. There is a strong feedback between organ, especially leaf, temperature and the climate within the canopy (canopy climate), which in turn interacts with the climate outside the canopy (ambient climate). For greenhouses, the determinants of this interplay and how they drive differences between canopy and ambient climate are poorly understood. Yet, as many experiments on both regular greenhouse crops and field crops are done in greenhouses, this is crucial to know. Therefore, we designed an experiment to quantify the differences between ambient and canopy climate and leaf temperature. A path analysis was performed to quantify the interactions between components of the greenhouse canopy-climate system. We found that with high radiation the canopy climate can be up to 5°C cooler than the ambient climate, while for cloudy days this was only 2°C. Canopy relative humidity (RH) was up to 25% higher compared to ambient RH. We showed that radiation is very important for these climate differences, but that this effect could be partly counteracted by turning off supplementary light (i.e. due to its indirect effects e.g. changing light distribution). Leaf temperature was substantially different, both higher and lower, from the canopy air temperature. This difference was determined by leaf area index (LAI), temperature of the heating pipe and the use of supplementary light, which all strongly influence radiation, either shortwave or thermal radiation. The difference between leaf and ambient air temperature could be decreased by decreasing the LAI or increasing the temperature of the heating pipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. van Westreenen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AW); (LM)
| | - N. Zhang
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Douma
- Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. B. Evers
- Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - N. P. R. Anten
- Centre for Crop System Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L. F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AW); (LM)
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Baïram E, leMorvan C, Delaire M, Buck-Sorlin G. Fruit and Leaf Response to Different Source-Sink Ratios in Apple, at the Scale of the Fruit-Bearing Branch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1039. [PMID: 31555309 PMCID: PMC6722240 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Apple fruit growth is the result of several factors: inherent demand (relative sink strength) of the fruit (defined by the demands for cell division and expansion growth, etc.), carbon assimilation by the source leaves (source strength), and the resulting allocation to the organ in question. It is thus a complex process involving source-sink interactions. In the present study, we designed an experimental system in which parts of fruit-bearing branches of two apple cultivars ("Fuji" and "Ariane") were isolated from the rest of the tree by girdling and then subjected to specific pruning and fruit removal treatments to create a wide range of global (branch-level) source-sink ratios. We monitored not only fruit kinetics but also photosynthesis as a response to light in leaves of the three different shoot types (i.e., the rosette, the bourse, and the vegetative shoots) to 1) study the impact of source-sink distance on carbon partitioning between fruits within the same branch and 2) to investigate the impact of source/sink ratio on fruit growth and leaf photosynthetic activity. Our results indicate 1) no significant differences among lateral fruits belonging to different ranks, and this independent of source availability; 2) that a modification of the source/sink ratio seems to be compensated by an alteration of the photosynthetic rate of leaves, with stronger and weaker values obtained for lower and higher ratios, respectively. Moreover, our results seem to suggest that two growing sinks together will upregulate photosynthesis rate more strongly than one growing sink does on its own, and this with the same leaf area per fruit. These results are discussed, and some hypotheses are put forward to explain them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Baïram
- INRA, Unité PSH, Domaine St Paul, Agroparc, Avignon, France
| | - Christian leMorvan
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Quasav, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mickaël Delaire
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Quasav, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Gerhard Buck-Sorlin
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Quasav, Beaucouzé, France
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10
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Boixel AL, Delestre G, Legeay J, Chelle M, Suffert F. Phenotyping Thermal Responses of Yeasts and Yeast-like Microorganisms at the Individual and Population Levels: Proof-of-Concept, Development and Application of an Experimental Framework to a Plant Pathogen. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 78:42-56. [PMID: 30280234 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the responses of microbial populations to spatiotemporal changes in their thermal environment is instrumental in improving our understanding of their eco-evolutionary dynamics. Recent studies have shown that current phenotyping protocols do not adequately address all dimensions of phenotype expression. Therefore, these methods can give biased assessments of sensitivity to temperature, leading to misunderstandings concerning the ecological processes underlying thermal plasticity. We describe here a new robust and versatile experimental framework for the accurate investigation of thermal performance and phenotypic diversity in yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms, at the individual and population levels. In addition to proof-of-concept, the application of this framework to the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici resulted in detailed characterisations for this yeast-like microorganism of (i) the patterns of temperature-dependent changes in performance for four fitness traits; (ii) the consistency in thermal sensitivity rankings of strains between in planta and in vitro growth assessments; (iii) significant interindividual variation in thermal responses, with four principal thermotypes detected in a sample of 66 strains; and (iv) the ecological consequences of this diversity for population-level processes through pairwise competition experiments highlighting temperature-dependent outcomes. These findings extend our knowledge and ability to quantify and categorise the phenotypic heterogeneity of thermal responses. As such, they lay the foundations for further studies elucidating local adaptation patterns and the effects of temperature variations on eco-evolutionary and epidemiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Boixel
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Ghislain Delestre
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jean Legeay
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Michaël Chelle
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Frédéric Suffert
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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11
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High-Throughput Phenotyping Analysis of Potted Soybean Plants Using Colorized Depth Images Based on A Proximal Platform. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11091085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Canopy color and structure can strongly reflect plant functions. Color characteristics and plant height as well as canopy breadth are important aspects of the canopy phenotype of soybean plants. High-throughput phenotyping systems with imaging capabilities providing color and depth information can rapidly acquire data of soybean plants, making it possible to quantify and monitor soybean canopy development. The goal of this study was to develop a 3D imaging approach to quantitatively analyze soybean canopy development under natural light conditions. Thus, a Kinect sensor-based high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) platform was developed for soybean plant phenotyping. To calculate color traits accurately, the distortion phenomenon of color images was first registered in accordance with the principle of three primary colors and color constancy. Then, the registered color images were applied to depth images for the reconstruction of the colorized three-dimensional canopy structure. Furthermore, the 3D point cloud of soybean canopies was extracted from the background according to adjusted threshold, and each area of individual potted soybean plants in the depth images was segmented for the calculation of phenotypic traits. Finally, color indices, plant height and canopy breadth were assessed based on 3D point cloud of soybean canopies. The results showed that the maximum error of registration for the R, G, and B bands in the dataset was 1.26%, 1.09%, and 0.75%, respectively. Correlation analysis between the sensors and manual measurements yielded R2 values of 0.99, 0.89, and 0.89 for plant height, canopy breadth in the west-east (W–E) direction, and canopy breadth in the north-south (N–S) direction, and R2 values of 0.82, 0.79, and 0.80 for color indices h, s, and i, respectively. Given these results, the proposed approaches provide new opportunities for the identification of the quantitative traits that control canopy structure in genetic/genomic studies or for soybean yield prediction in breeding programs.
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Evers JB, van der Werf W, Stomph TJ, Bastiaans L, Anten NPR. Understanding and optimizing species mixtures using functional-structural plant modelling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2381-2388. [PMID: 30165416 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant species mixtures improve productivity over monocultures by exploiting species complementarities for resource capture in time and space. Complementarity results in part from competition avoidance responses that maximize resource capture and growth of individual plants. Individual organs accommodate to local resource levels, e.g. with regard to nitrogen content and photosynthetic capacity or by size (e.g. shade avoidance). As a result, the resource acquisition in time and space is improved and performance of the community as a whole is increased. Modelling is needed to unravel the primary drivers and subsequent dynamics of complementary growth responses in mixtures. Here, we advocate using functional-structural plant (FSP) modelling to analyse the functioning of plant mixtures. In FSP modelling, crop performance is a result of the behaviour of the individual plants interacting through competitive and complementary resource acquisition. FSP models can integrate the interactions between structural and physiological plant responses to the local resource availability and strength of competition, which drive resource capture and growth of individuals in species mixtures. FSP models have the potential to accelerate mixed-species plant research, and thus support the development of knowledge that is needed to promote the use of mixtures towards sustainably increasing crop yields at acceptable input levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem B Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd J Stomph
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lammert Bastiaans
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Gaudio N, Escobar-Gutiérrez AJ, Casadebaig P, Evers JB, Gérard F, Louarn G, Colbach N, Munz S, Launay M, Marrou H, Barillot R, Hinsinger P, Bergez JE, Combes D, Durand JL, Frak E, Pagès L, Pradal C, Saint-Jean S, Van Der Werf W, Justes E. Current knowledge and future research opportunities for modeling annual crop mixtures. A review. AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2019; 39:20. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s13593-019-0562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
The thermal limits of terrestrial ectotherms vary more locally than globally. Local microclimatic variations can explain this pattern, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We show that cryptic microclimatic variations at the scale of a single leaf determine the thermal limit in a community of arthropod herbivores living on the same host plant. Herbivores triggering an increase in transpiration, thereby cooling the leaf, had a lower thermal limit than those decreasing leaf transpiration and causing the leaf to warm up. These subtle mechanisms have major consequences for the safety margin of these herbivores during thermal extremes. Our findings suggest that temperate species may be more vulnerable to heat waves than previously thought. The thermal limit of ectotherms provides an estimate of vulnerability to climate change. It differs between contrasting microhabitats, consistent with thermal ecology predictions that a species’ temperature sensitivity matches the microclimate it experiences. However, observed thermal limits may differ between ectotherms from the same environment, challenging this theory. We resolved this apparent paradox by showing that ectotherm activity generates microclimatic deviations large enough to account for differences in thermal limits between species from the same microhabitat. We studied upper lethal temperature, effect of feeding mode on plant gas exchange, and temperature of attacked leaves in a community of six arthropod species feeding on apple leaves. Thermal limits differed by up to 8 °C among the species. Species that caused an increase in leaf transpiration (+182%), thus cooling the leaf, had a lower thermal limit than those that decreased leaf transpiration (−75%), causing the leaf to warm up. Therefore, cryptic microclimatic variations at the scale of a single leaf determine the thermal limit in this community of herbivores. We investigated the consequences of these changes in plant transpiration induced by plant–insect feedbacks for species vulnerability to thermal extremes. Warming tolerance was similar between species, at ±2 °C, providing little margin for resisting increasingly frequent and intense heat waves. The thermal safety margin (the difference between thermal limit and temperature) was greatly overestimated when air temperature or intact leaf temperature was erroneously used. We conclude that feedback processes define the vulnerability of species in the phyllosphere, and beyond, to thermal extremes.
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Coussement J, Henke M, Lootens P, Roldán-Ruiz I, Steppe K, De Swaef T. Modelling leaf spectral properties in a soybean functional-structural plant model by integrating the prospect radiative transfer model. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:669-676. [PMID: 29905760 PMCID: PMC6153468 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Currently, functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) mostly resort to static descriptions of leaf spectral characteristics, which disregard the influence of leaf physiological changes over time. In many crop species, including soybean, these time-dependent physiological changes are of particular importance as leaf chlorophyll content changes with leaf age and vegetative nitrogen is remobilized to the developing fruit during pod filling. Methods PROSPECT, a model developed to estimate leaf biochemical composition from remote sensing data, is well suited to allow a dynamic approximation of leaf spectral characteristics in terms of leaf composition. In this study, measurements of the chlorophyll content index (CCI) were linked to leaf spectral characteristics within the 400-800 nm range by integrating the PROSPECT model into a soybean FSPM alongside a wavelength-specific light model. Key Results Straightforward links between the CCI and the parameters of the PROSPECT model allowed us to estimate leaf spectral characteristics with high accuracy using only the CCI as an input. After integration with an FSPM, this allowed digital reconstruction of leaf spectral characteristics on the scale of both individual leaves and the whole canopy. As a result, accurate simulations of light conditions within the canopy were obtained. Conclusions The proposed approach resulted in a very accurate representation of leaf spectral properties, based on fast and simple measurements of the CCI. Integration of accurate leaf spectral characteristics into a soybean FSPM leads to a better, dynamic understanding of the actual perceived light within the canopy in terms of both light quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Coussement
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Michael Henke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Peter Lootens
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom De Swaef
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
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Tardieu F, Cabrera-Bosquet L, Pridmore T, Bennett M. Plant Phenomics, From Sensors to Knowledge. Curr Biol 2018; 27:R770-R783. [PMID: 28787611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Major improvements in crop yield are needed to keep pace with population growth and climate change. While plant breeding efforts have greatly benefited from advances in genomics, profiling the crop phenome (i.e., the structure and function of plants) associated with allelic variants and environments remains a major technical bottleneck. Here, we review the conceptual and technical challenges facing plant phenomics. We first discuss how, given plants' high levels of morphological plasticity, crop phenomics presents distinct challenges compared with studies in animals. Next, we present strategies for multi-scale phenomics, and describe how major improvements in imaging, sensor technologies and data analysis are now making high-throughput root, shoot, whole-plant and canopy phenomic studies possible. We then suggest that research in this area is entering a new stage of development, in which phenomic pipelines can help researchers transform large numbers of images and sensor data into knowledge, necessitating novel methods of data handling and modelling. Collectively, these innovations are helping accelerate the selection of the next generation of crops more sustainable and resilient to climate change, and whose benefits promise to scale from physiology to breeding and to deliver real world impact for ongoing global food security efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Tardieu
- INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, F34060, Montpellier, France.
| | - Llorenç Cabrera-Bosquet
- INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, F34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Tony Pridmore
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 3RD, UK.
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Aguilar-García SA, Figueroa-Castro DM, Valverde PL, Vite F. Effect of flower orientation on the male and female traits of Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Cactaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:531-536. [PMID: 29450960 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intra-individual variation in the production and size of reproductive traits has been documented in columnar cacti, being higher in equator-facing flowers. Such variation is attributed to the high amount of PAR intercepted by stems oriented towards the equator. Most studies focused on this phenomenon have documented the existence of intra-individual variation on traits associated with the female function; however, its impact on traits associated with the male function has been neglected. We tested the hypothesis that equator-facing flowers of Myrtillocactus geometrizans exhibit higher values on traits associated with both male and female functions than flowers facing against it. Number and size of anthers and ovaries, pollen:ovule ratio and number and quality of pollen grains (diameter, germinability, viability and pollen tube length) were estimated from reproductive structures facing north and south, and compared with t-tests between orientations. Number of anthers per flower, number of pollen grains per anther and per floral bud; pollen size, viability and germinability; pollen tube length; ovary length and pollen:ovule ratio were significantly higher in reproductive structures oriented towards the south (i.e. equator). These findings suggest that intra-individual variation in floral traits of M. geometrizans might be associated with different availability of resources in branches with contrasting orientation. Our results provide new evidence of the existence of a response to an orientation-dependent extrinsic gradient. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting the existence of intra-individual variation on pollen quality and P:O ratio in Cactaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Aguilar-García
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - D M Figueroa-Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, México
| | - P L Valverde
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - F Vite
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
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18
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Woods HA, Saudreau M, Pincebourde S. Structure is more important than physiology for estimating intracanopy distributions of leaf temperatures. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5206-5218. [PMID: 29876095 PMCID: PMC5980536 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating leaf temperature distributions (LTDs) in canopies is crucial in forest ecology. Leaf temperature affects the exchange of heat, water, and gases, and it alters the performance of leaf-dwelling species such as arthropods, including pests and invaders. LTDs provide spatial variation that may allow arthropods to thermoregulate in the face of long-term changes in mean temperature or incidence of extreme temperatures. Yet, recording LTDs for entire canopies remains challenging. Here, we use an energy-exchange model (RATP) to examine the relative roles of climatic, structural, and physiological factors in influencing three-dimensional LTDs in tree canopies. A Morris sensitivity analysis of 13 parameters showed, not surprisingly, that climatic factors had the greatest overall effect on LTDs. In addition, however, structural parameters had greater effects on LTDs than did leaf physiological parameters. Our results suggest that it is possible to infer forest canopy LTDs from the LTDs measured or simulated just at the surface of the canopy cover over a reasonable range of parameter values. This conclusion suggests that remote sensing data can be used to estimate 3D patterns of temperature variation from 2D images of vegetation surface temperatures. Synthesis and applications. Estimating the effects of LTDs on natural plant-insect communities will require extending canopy models beyond their current focus on individual species or crops. These models, however, contain many parameters, and applying the models to new species or to mixed natural canopies depends on identifying the parameters that matter most. Our results suggest that canopy structural parameters are more important determinants of LTDs than are the physiological parameters that tend to receive the most empirical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | | | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI)CNRS UMR 7261Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversité François RabelaisToursFrance
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19
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Saudreau M, Ezanic A, Adam B, Caillon R, Walser P, Pincebourde S. Temperature heterogeneity over leaf surfaces: the contribution of the lamina microtopography. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2174-2188. [PMID: 28710812 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is spatially heterogeneous over leaf surfaces, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully resolved. We hypothesized that the 3D leaf microtopography determines locally the amount of incoming irradiation flux at leaf surface, thereby driving the temperature gradient over the leaf surface. This hypothesis was tested by developing a model of leaf temperature heterogeneity that includes the development of the leaf boundary layer, the microtopography of the leaf surface and the physiological response of the leaf. Temperature distributions under various irradiation loads (1) over apple leaves based on their 3D microtopography, (2) over simulated flat (2D) apple leaves and (3) over 3D leaves with a transpiration rate distributed as in 2D leaves were simulated. Accuracy of the predictions was quantified by comparing model outputs and thermographic measurements of leaf surface temperature under controlled conditions. Only the model with 3D leaves predicted accurately the spatial heterogeneity of surface temperature over single leaves, whereas the mean temperature was well predicted by both 2D and 3D leaves. We suggest that in these conditions, the 3D leaf microtopography is the primary driver of leaf surface heterogeneity in temperature when the leaf is exposed to a light/heat source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Saudreau
- INRA, UCA, UMR PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amélie Ezanic
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Boris Adam
- INRA, UCA, UMR PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Robin Caillon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Pascal Walser
- INRA, UCA, UMR PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 37200, Tours, France
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Bodlah MA, Gu LL, Tan Y, Liu XD. Behavioural adaptation of the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis to short-term heat stress. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 100:28-34. [PMID: 28522415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under ongoing climate warming, both the degree and number of high-temperature events in summer may increase, and behavioural adaptation is an important ecological strategy employed by insects to cope with such events. The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Güenée, is a serious insect pest of rice fields in summer. Population outbreaks have become more frequent in the last ten years. In addition to adult migration, rice leaf folders are thought to have other thermal adaptations. Therefore, the behaviours of larval and adult rice leaf folders, such as leaf folding (making shelter) and habitat selection for pupae and eggs, were observed on rice plants under heat stress. The results showed that larval shelter-making velocities significantly decreased during or after four hours of heat exposure, and shelter size decreased as the temperature increased. Larvae preferred to pupate on young rice leaves at 27°C and middle-aged leaves at 30°C, but they strongly preferred older leaves when reared at 34°C. Female moths generally preferred to oviposit on the top of young leaves, but they preferred the middle and lower leaves for egg deposition when exposed to 36 and 40°C, respectively. Furthermore, more eggs were distributed on the lower surfaces of rice leaves with an increase in heat stress. These behavioural responses of rice leaf folders to heat stress indicate that this pest has great potential to adapt to high temperatures; therefore, the possibility of a population outbreak will remain high despite global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling-Ling Gu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ye Tan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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21
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Savvides A, van Ieperen W, Dieleman JA, Marcelis LFM. Phenotypic plasticity to altered apical bud temperature in Cucumis sativus: more leaves-smaller leaves and vice versa. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:69-79. [PMID: 27640366 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many studies investigated temperature effects on leaf initiation and expansion by relating these processes to air temperature or the temperature of a specific organ (e.g. leaf temperature). In reality plant temperature is hardly ever equal to air temperature or spatially uniform. Apical bud temperature (Tbud ), for example, may greatly differ from the temperature of the rest of the plant (Tplant ) dependent on the environment. Recent research in Cucumis sativus showed that Tbud influences leaf initiation independent of Tplant . These findings trigger the question if such spatial temperature differences also influence leaf expansion and plant phenotype. In a 28 day study, we maintained temperature differences between Tbud and Tplant ranging from -7 to +8 °C using a custom-made bud temperature control system. Leaf expansion did not only depend on leaf temperature but also on the difference between bud and leaf temperature. Differences between Tbud and Tplant considerably influenced vertical leaf area distribution over the shoot: increasing Tbud beyond Tplant resulted in more and smaller leaves, while decreasing Tbud below Tplant resulted in less and larger leaves. The trade-off between leaf number and leaf area resulted in phenotypic alterations that cannot be predicted, for example, by crop models, when assuming plant temperature uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Savvides
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Ieperen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke A Dieleman
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Simko I, Jimenez-Berni JA, Sirault XRR. Phenomic Approaches and Tools for Phytopathologists. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:6-17. [PMID: 27618193 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-16-0082-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenomics approaches aim to measure traits such as growth, performance, and composition of plants using a suite of noninvasive technologies. The goal is to link phenotypic traits to the genetic information for particular genotypes, thus creating the bridge between the phenome and genome. Application of sensing technologies for detecting specific phenotypic reactions occurring during plant-pathogen interaction offers new opportunities for elucidating the physiological mechanisms that link pathogen infection and disease symptoms in the host, and also provides a faster approach in the selection of genetic material that is resistant to specific pathogens or strains. Appropriate phenomics methods and tools may also allow presymptomatic detection of disease-related changes in plants or to identify changes that are not visually apparent. This review focuses on the use of sensor-based phenomics tools in plant pathology such as those related to digital imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, spectral imaging, and thermal imaging. A brief introduction is provided for less used approaches like magnetic resonance, soft x-ray imaging, ultrasound, and detection of volatile compounds. We hope that this concise review will stimulate further development and use of tools for automatic, nondestructive, and high-throughput phenotyping of plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Simko
- First author: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Agricultural Research Station, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905; and second and third authors: CSIRO Agriculture and Food, High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre, Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jose A Jimenez-Berni
- First author: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Agricultural Research Station, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905; and second and third authors: CSIRO Agriculture and Food, High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre, Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xavier R R Sirault
- First author: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Agricultural Research Station, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905; and second and third authors: CSIRO Agriculture and Food, High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre, Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Vacher C, Hampe A, Porté AJ, Sauer U, Compant S, Morris CE. The Phyllosphere: Microbial Jungle at the Plant–Climate Interface. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arndt Hampe
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
| | | | - Ursula Sauer
- Bioresources Unit, Department of Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stéphane Compant
- Bioresources Unit, Department of Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Cindy E. Morris
- INRA, Unité de Recherche de Pathologie Végétale, 84143 Montfavet, France
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Barillot R, Chambon C, Andrieu B. CN-Wheat, a functional-structural model of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in wheat culms after anthesis. I. Model description. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:997-1013. [PMID: 27497242 PMCID: PMC5055822 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Improving crops requires better linking of traits and metabolic processes to whole plant performance. In this paper, we present CN-Wheat, a comprehensive and mechanistic model of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism within wheat culms after anthesis. Methods The culm is described by modules that represent the roots, photosynthetic organs and grains. Each of them includes structural, storage and mobile materials. Fluxes of C and N among modules occur through a common pool and through transpiration flow. Metabolite variations are represented by differential equations that depend on the physiological processes occurring in each module. A challenging aspect of CN-Wheat lies in the regulation of these processes by metabolite concentrations and the environment perceived by organs. Key Results CN-Wheat simulates the distribution of C and N into wheat culms in relation to photosynthesis, N uptake, metabolite turnover, root exudation and tissue death. Regulation of physiological activities by local concentrations of metabolites appears to be a valuable feature for understanding how the behaviour of the whole plant can emerge from local rules. Conclusions The originality of CN-Wheat is that it proposes an integrated view of plant functioning based on a mechanistic approach. The formalization of each process can be further refined in the future as knowledge progresses. This approach is expected to strengthen our capacity to understand plant responses to their environment and investigate plant traits adapted to changes in agronomical practices or environmental conditions. A companion paper will evaluate the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Barillot
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Camille Chambon
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Song Y, Rui Y, Bedane G, Li J. Morphological Characteristics of Maize Canopy Development as Affected by Increased Plant Density. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154084. [PMID: 27129101 PMCID: PMC4851380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving crop productivity through higher plant density requires a detailed understanding of organ development in response to increased interplant competition. The objective of this paper is thus to investigate the characteristics of organ development under increased interplant competition. A field experiment was conducted to investigate organ development across 4 maize plant densities i.e. 2, 6, 12 and 20 plants m–2 (referred to PD2, PD6, PD12 and PD20 respectively). In response to increased interplant competition, lengths of both laminae and sheaths increased in lower phytomers, but decreased in upper phytomers. Sheath extension appeared to be less sensitive to increased interplant competition than lamina extension. Extension of laminae and internodes responded to increased plant density as soon as onset of mild interplant competition, but did not respond any further to severe competition. Both lamina width and internode diameter were reduced due to a smaller growth rate in response to increased plant density. Overall, this study identified that organ expansion rate can be taken as the key morphological factor to determine the degree of interplant competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhong Song
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Agronomy, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (JL)
| | - Yukui Rui
- China Agricultural University, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Guta Bedane
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - Jincai Li
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Agronomy, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, 210095, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (JL)
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Pincebourde S, Murdock CC, Vickers M, Sears MW. Fine-Scale Microclimatic Variation Can Shape the Responses of Organisms to Global Change in Both Natural and Urban Environments. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:45-61. [PMID: 27107292 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When predicting the response of organisms to global change, models use measures of climate at a coarse resolution from general circulation models or from downscaled regional models. Organisms, however, do not experience climate at such large scales. The climate heterogeneity over a landscape and how much of that landscape an organism can sample will determine ultimately the microclimates experienced by organisms. This past few decades has seen an important increase in the number of studies reporting microclimatic patterns at small scales. This synthesis intends to unify studies reporting microclimatic heterogeneity (mostly temperature) at various spatial scales, to infer any emerging trends, and to discuss the causes and consequences of such heterogeneity for organismal performance and with respect to changing land use patterns and climate. First, we identify the environmental drivers of heterogeneity across the various spatial scales that are pertinent to ectotherms. The thermal heterogeneity at the local and micro-scales is mostly generated by the architecture or the geometrical features of the microhabitat. Then, the thermal heterogeneity experienced by individuals is modulated by behavior. Second, we survey the literature to quantify thermal heterogeneity from the micro-scale up to the scale of a landscape in natural habitats. Despite difficulties in compiling studies that differ much in their design and aims, we found that there is as much thermal heterogeneity across micro-, local and landscape scales, and that the temperature range is large in general (>9 °C on average, and up to 26 °C). Third, we examine the extent to which urban habitats can be used to infer the microclimatic patterns of the future. Urban areas generate globally drier and warmer microclimatic patterns and recent evidence suggest that thermal traits of ectotherms are adapted to them. Fourth, we explore the interplay between microclimate heterogeneity and the behavioral thermoregulatory abilities of ectotherms in setting their overall performance. We used a random walk framework to show that the thermal heterogeneity allows a more precise behavioral thermoregulation and a narrower temperature distribution of the ectotherm compared to less heterogeneous microhabitats. Finally, we discuss the potential impacts of global change on the fine scale mosaics of microclimates. The amplitude of change may differ between spatial scales. In heterogeneous microhabitats, the amplitude of change at micro-scale, caused by atmospheric warming, can be substantial while it can be limited at the local and landscape scales. We suggest that the warming signal will influence species performance and biotic interactions by modulating the mosaic of microclimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pincebourde
- *Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI, CNRS UMR 7261), Université François Rabelais, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Tours, 37200, France
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mathew Vickers
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique Expérimentale, UMR 5321, CNRS et Université Paul Sabatier, 2 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Michael W Sears
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634
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Savvides A, Dieleman JA, van Ieperen W, Marcelis LFM. A unique approach to demonstrating that apical bud temperature specifically determines leaf initiation rate in the dicot Cucumis sativus. PLANTA 2016; 243:1071-9. [PMID: 26769623 PMCID: PMC4819741 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Leaf initiation rate is largely determined by the apical bud temperature even when apical bud temperature largely deviates from the temperature of other plant organs. We have long known that the rate of leaf initiation (LIR) is highly sensitive to temperature, but previous studies in dicots have not rigorously demonstrated that apical bud temperature controls LIR independent of other plant organs temperature. Many models assume that apical bud and leaf temperature are the same. In some environments, the temperature of the apical bud, where leaf initiation occurs, may differ by several degrees Celsius from the temperature of other plant organs. In a 28-days study, we maintained temperature differences between the apical bud and the rest of the individual Cucumis sativus plants from -7 to +8 °C by enclosing the apical buds in transparent, temperature-controlled, flow-through, spheres. Our results demonstrate that LIR was completely determined by apical bud temperature independent of other plant organs temperature. These results emphasize the need to measure or model apical bud temperatures in dicots to improve the prediction of crop development rates in simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Savvides
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke A Dieleman
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Ieperen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Larrinaga AR, Guitián P. Intraspecific variation in fruit size and shape inCorema album(Ericaceae) along a latitudinal gradient: from fruits to populations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asier R. Larrinaga
- Biodiversity and Conservation Department; Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA); Balearic Islands University and Spanish Research Council (UIB-CSIC); Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - Pablo Guitián
- Departamento de Botánica; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; 15782 Santiago de Compostela A Coruña Galicia Spain
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Charrier G, Ngao J, Saudreau M, Améglio T. Effects of environmental factors and management practices on microclimate, winter physiology, and frost resistance in trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:259. [PMID: 25972877 PMCID: PMC4411886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Freezing stress is one of the most important limiting factors determining the ecological distribution and production of tree species. Assessment of frost risk is, therefore, critical for forestry, fruit production, and horticulture. Frost risk is substantial when hazard (i.e., exposure to damaging freezing temperatures) intersects with vulnerability (i.e., frost sensitivity). Based on a large number of studies on frost resistance and frost occurrence, we highlight the complex interactive roles of environmental conditions, carbohydrates, and water status in frost risk development. To supersede the classical empirical relations used to model frost hardiness, we propose an integrated ecophysiologically-based framework of frost risk assessment. This framework details the individual or interactive roles of these factors, and how they are distributed in time and space at the individual-tree level (within-crown and across organs). Based on this general framework, we are able to highlight factors by which different environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, light, flood, and drought), and management practices (pruning, thinning, girdling, sheltering, water aspersion, irrigation, and fertilization) influence frost sensitivity and frost exposure of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Ngao
- INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Saudreau
- INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Améglio
- INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Rameau C, Bertheloot J, Leduc N, Andrieu B, Foucher F, Sakr S. Multiple pathways regulate shoot branching. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 5:741. [PMID: 25628627 PMCID: PMC4292231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching patterns result from the spatio-temporal regulation of axillary bud outgrowth. Numerous endogenous, developmental and environmental factors are integrated at the bud and plant levels to determine numbers of growing shoots. Multiple pathways that converge to common integrators are most probably involved. We propose several pathways involving not only the classical hormones auxin, cytokinins and strigolactones, but also other signals with a strong influence on shoot branching such as gibberellins, sugars or molecular actors of plant phase transition. We also deal with recent findings about the molecular mechanisms and the pathway involved in the response to shade as an example of an environmental signal controlling branching. We propose the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF transcription factor TB1/BRC1 and the polar auxin transport stream in the stem as possible integrators of these pathways. We finally discuss how modeling can help to represent this highly dynamic system by articulating knowledges and hypothesis and calculating the phenotype properties they imply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | | | - Nathalie Leduc
- UMR1345 IRHS, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- UMR1091 EGC, INRA, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- UMR1091 EGC, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Soulaiman Sakr
- UMR1345 IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
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Bongers FJ, Evers JB, Anten NPR, Pierik R. From shade avoidance responses to plant performance at vegetation level: using virtual plant modelling as a tool. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:268-72. [PMID: 25236169 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franca J Bongers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Plant Ecophysiology, Institute for Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Garin G, Fournier C, Andrieu B, Houlès V, Robert C, Pradal C. A modelling framework to simulate foliar fungal epidemics using functional-structural plant models. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:795-812. [PMID: 24925323 PMCID: PMC4217683 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sustainable agriculture requires the identification of new, environmentally responsible strategies of crop protection. Modelling of pathosystems can allow a better understanding of the major interactions inside these dynamic systems and may lead to innovative protection strategies. In particular, functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) have been identified as a means to optimize the use of architecture-related traits. A current limitation lies in the inherent complexity of this type of modelling, and thus the purpose of this paper is to provide a framework to both extend and simplify the modelling of pathosystems using FSPMs. METHODS Different entities and interactions occurring in pathosystems were formalized in a conceptual model. A framework based on these concepts was then implemented within the open-source OpenAlea modelling platform, using the platform's general strategy of modelling plant-environment interactions and extending it to handle plant interactions with pathogens. New developments include a generic data structure for representing lesions and dispersal units, and a series of generic protocols to communicate with objects representing the canopy and its microenvironment in the OpenAlea platform. Another development is the addition of a library of elementary models involved in pathosystem modelling. Several plant and physical models are already available in OpenAlea and can be combined in models of pathosystems using this framework approach. KEY RESULTS Two contrasting pathosystems are implemented using the framework and illustrate its generic utility. Simulations demonstrate the framework's ability to simulate multiscaled interactions within pathosystems, and also show that models are modular components within the framework and can be extended. This is illustrated by testing the impact of canopy architectural traits on fungal dispersal. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a framework for modelling a large number of pathosystems using FSPMs. This structure can accommodate both previously developed models for individual aspects of pathosystems and new ones. Complex models are deconstructed into separate 'knowledge sources' originating from different specialist areas of expertise and these can be shared and reassembled into multidisciplinary models. The framework thus provides a beneficial tool for a potential diverse and dynamic research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Garin
- ITK, avenue de l'Europe, F-34830 Clapiers, France
- INRA, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Bruno Andrieu
- INRA, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Pradal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP and INRIA, Virtual Plants, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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Egea G, González-Real MM, Martin-Gorriz B, Baille A. Leaf-to-branch scaling of C-gain in field-grown almond trees under different soil moisture regimes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:619-629. [PMID: 24970267 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Branch/tree-level measurements of carbon (C)-acquisition provide an integration of the physical and biological processes driving the C gain of all individual leaves. Most research dealing with the interacting effects of high-irradiance environments and soil-induced water stress on the C-gain of fruit tree species has focused on leaf-level measurements. The C-gain of both sun-exposed leaves and branches of adult almond trees growing in a semi-arid climate was investigated to determine the respective costs of structural and biochemical/physiological protective mechanisms involved in the behaviour at branch scale. Measurements were performed on well-watered (fully irrigated, FI) and drought-stressed (deficit irrigated, DI) trees. Leaf-to-branch scaling for net CO2 assimilation was quantified by a global scaling factor (fg), defined as the product of two specific scaling factors: (i) a structural scaling factor (fs), determined under well-watered conditions, mainly involving leaf mutual shading; and (ii) a water stress scaling factor (fws,b) involving the limitations in C-acquisition due to soil water deficit. The contribution of structural mechanisms to limiting branch net C-gain was high (mean fs ∼0.33) and close to the projected-to-total leaf area ratio of almond branches (ε = 0.31), while the contribution of water stress mechanisms was moderate (mean fws,b ∼0.85), thus supplying an fg ranging between 0.25 and 0.33 with slightly higher values for FI trees with respect to DI trees. These results suggest that the almond tree (a drought-tolerant species) has acquired mechanisms of defensive strategy (survival) mainly based on a specific branch architectural design. This strategy allows the potential for C-gain to be preserved at branch scale under a large range of soil water deficits. In other words, almond tree branches exhibit an architecture that is suboptimal for C-acquisition under well-watered conditions, but remarkably efficient to counteract the impact of DI and drought events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Egea
- Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Ctra Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María M González-Real
- Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Bernardo Martin-Gorriz
- Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alain Baille
- Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
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Barillot R, Combes D, Pineau S, Huynh P, Escobar-Gutiérrez AJ. Comparison of the morphogenesis of three genotypes of pea (Pisum sativum) grown in pure stands and wheat-based intercrops. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu006. [PMID: 24790127 PMCID: PMC3974333 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cereal-legume intercrops represent a promising way of combining high productivity and agriculture sustainability. The benefits of cereal-legume mixtures are highly affected by species morphology and functioning, which determine the balance between competition and complementarity for resource acquisition. Studying species morphogenesis, which controls plant architecture, is therefore of major interest. The morphogenesis of cultivated species has been mainly described in mono-specific growing conditions, although morphogenetic plasticity can occur in multi-specific stands. The aim of the present study was therefore to characterize the variability of the morphogenesis of pea plants grown either in pure stands or mixed with wheat. This was achieved through a field experiment that included three pea cultivars with contrasting earliness (hr and HR type) and branching patterns. Results show that most of the assessed parameters of pea morphogenesis (phenology, branching, final number of vegetative organs and their kinetics of appearance) were mainly dependent on the considered genotype, which highlights the importance of the choice of cultivars in intercropping systems. There was however a low variability of pea morphogenesis between sole and mixed stands except for plant height and branching of the long-cycle cultivar. The information provided in the present study at stand and plant scale can be used to build up structural-functional models. These models can contribute to improving the understanding of the functioning of cereal-legume intercrops and also to the definition of plant ideotypes adapted to the growth in intercrops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Barillot
- LUNAM Université, Groupe Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture, UPSP Légumineuses, Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agroécologie, 55 rue Rabelais, BP 30748, F-49007 Angers Cedex 01, France
- Present address: INRA, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, U.M.R. INRA/AgroParisTech Environnement et Grandes Cultures, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Didier Combes
- INRA, UR4 P3F, Equipe Ecophysiologie des plantes fourragères, Le Chêne – RD 150, BP 6, F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Sylvain Pineau
- LUNAM Université, Groupe Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture, UPSP Légumineuses, Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agroécologie, 55 rue Rabelais, BP 30748, F-49007 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Pierre Huynh
- LUNAM Université, Groupe Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture, UPSP Légumineuses, Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agroécologie, 55 rue Rabelais, BP 30748, F-49007 Angers Cedex 01, France
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Savvides A, van Ieperen W, Dieleman JA, Marcelis LFM. Meristem temperature substantially deviates from air temperature even in moderate environments: is the magnitude of this deviation species-specific? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1950-60. [PMID: 23509944 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Meristem temperature (Tmeristem ) drives plant development but is hardly ever quantified. Instead, air temperature (Tair ) is usually used as its approximation. Meristems are enclosed within apical buds. Bud structure and function may differ across species. Therefore, Tmeristem may deviate from Tair in a species-specific way. Environmental variables (air temperature, vapour pressure deficit, radiation, and wind speed) were systematically varied to quantify the response of Tmeristem . This response was related to observations of bud structure and transpiration. Tomato and cucumber plants were used as model plants as they are morphologically distinct and usually growing in similar environments. Tmeristem substantially deviated from Tair in a species-specific manner under moderate environments. This deviation ranged between -2.6 and 3.8 °C in tomato and between -4.1 and 3.0 °C in cucumber. The lower Tmeristem observed in cucumber was linked with the higher transpiration of the bud foliage sheltering the meristem when compared with tomato plants. We here indicate that for properly linking growth and development of plants to temperature in future applications, for instance in climate change scenarios studies, Tmeristem should be used instead of Tair , as a species-specific trait highly reliant on various environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Savvides
- Horticultural Supply Chains, Wageningen University, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen UR, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Demotes-Mainard S, Bertheloot J, Boumaza R, Huché-Thélier L, Guéritaine G, Guérin V, Andrieu B. Rose bush leaf and internode expansion dynamics: analysis and development of a model capturing interplant variability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:418. [PMID: 24167509 PMCID: PMC3807087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rose bush architecture, among other factors, such as plant health, determines plant visual quality. The commercial product is the individual plant and interplant variability may be high within a crop. Thus, both mean plant architecture and interplant variability should be studied. Expansion is an important feature of architecture, but it has been little studied at the level of individual organs in rose bushes. We investigated the expansion kinetics of primary shoot organs, to develop a model reproducing the organ expansion of real crops from non-destructive input variables. We took interplant variability in expansion kinetics and the model's ability to simulate this variability into account. Changes in leaflet and internode dimensions over thermal time were recorded for primary shoot expansion, on 83 plants from three crops grown in different climatic conditions and densities. An empirical model was developed, to reproduce organ expansion kinetics for individual plants of a real crop of rose bush primary shoots. Leaflet or internode length was simulated as a logistic function of thermal time. The model was evaluated by cross-validation. We found that differences in leaflet or internode expansion kinetics between phytomer positions and between plants at a given phytomer position were due mostly to large differences in time of organ expansion and expansion rate, rather than differences in expansion duration. Thus, in the model, the parameters linked to expansion duration were predicted by values common to all plants, whereas variability in final size and organ expansion time was captured by input data. The model accurately simulated leaflet and internode expansion for individual plants (RMSEP = 7.3 and 10.2% of final length, respectively). Thus, this study defines the measurements required to simulate expansion and provides the first model simulating organ expansion in rosebush to capture interplant variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Demotes-Mainard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Jessica Bertheloot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Rachid Boumaza
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Lydie Huché-Thélier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Gaëlle Guéritaine
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Vincent Guérin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1091 EGCThiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1091 EGCThiverval-Grignon, France
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Chenu K, Deihimfard R, Chapman SC. Large-scale characterization of drought pattern: a continent-wide modelling approach applied to the Australian wheatbelt--spatial and temporal trends. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:801-820. [PMID: 23425331 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant response to drought is complex, so that traits adapted to a specific drought type can confer disadvantage in another drought type. Understanding which type(s) of drought to target is of prime importance for crop improvement. Modelling was used to quantify seasonal drought patterns for a check variety across the Australian wheatbelt, using 123 yr of weather data for representative locations and managements. Two other genotypes were used to simulate the impact of maturity on drought pattern. Four major environment types summarized the variability in drought pattern over time and space. Severe stress beginning before flowering was common (44% of occurrences), with (24%) or without (20%) relief during grain filling. High variability occurred from year to year, differing with geographical region. With few exceptions, all four environment types occurred in most seasons, for each location, management system and genotype. Applications of such environment characterization are proposed to assist breeding and research to focus on germplasm, traits and genes of interest for target environments. The method was applied at a continental scale to highly variable environments and could be extended to other crops, to other drought-prone regions around the world, and to quantify potential changes in drought patterns under future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Chenu
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), 203 Tor Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
- Agri-Science Queensland, DAFF, QPI&F, APSRU, 203 Tor Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Reza Deihimfard
- Agri-Science Queensland, DAFF, QPI&F, APSRU, 203 Tor Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
- Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Scott C Chapman
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
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Bernard F, Sache I, Suffert F, Chelle M. The development of a foliar fungal pathogen does react to leaf temperature! THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:232-240. [PMID: 23373986 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The thermal performance curve is an ecological concept relating the phenotype of organisms and temperature. It requires characterization of the leaf temperature for foliar fungal pathogens. Epidemiologists, however, use air temperature to assess the impacts of temperature on such pathogens. Leaf temperature can differ greatly from air temperature, either in controlled or field conditions. This leads to a misunderstanding of such impacts. Experiments were carried out in controlled conditions on adult wheat plants to characterize the response of Mycosphaerella graminicola to a wide range of leaf temperatures. Three fungal isolates were used. Lesion development was assessed twice a week, whereas the temperature of each leaf was monitored continuously. Leaf temperature had an impact on disease dynamics. The latent period of M. graminicola was related to leaf temperature by a quadratic relationship. The establishment of thermal performance curves demonstrated differences among isolates as well as among leaf layers. For the first time, the thermal performance curve of a foliar fungal pathogen has been established using leaf temperature. The experimental setup we propose is applicable, and efficient, for other foliar fungal pathogens. Results have shown the necessity of such an approach, when studying the acclimatization of foliar fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bernard
- INRA, UMR1091 EGC, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- ARVALIS - Institut du Végétal, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Ivan Sache
- INRA, UR1290 BIOGER, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Casadebaig P, Quesnel G, Langlais M, Faivre R. A generic model to simulate air-borne diseases as a function of crop architecture. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49406. [PMID: 23226209 PMCID: PMC3511473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In a context of pesticide use reduction, alternatives to chemical-based crop protection strategies are needed to control diseases. Crop and plant architectures can be viewed as levers to control disease outbreaks by affecting microclimate within the canopy or pathogen transmission between plants. Modeling and simulation is a key approach to help analyze the behaviour of such systems where direct observations are difficult and tedious. Modeling permits the joining of concepts from ecophysiology and epidemiology to define structures and functions generic enough to describe a wide range of epidemiological dynamics. Additionally, this conception should minimize computing time by both limiting the complexity and setting an efficient software implementation. In this paper, our aim was to present a model that suited these constraints so it could first be used as a research and teaching tool to promote discussions about epidemic management in cropping systems. The system was modelled as a combination of individual hosts (population of plants or organs) and infectious agents (pathogens) whose contacts are restricted through a network of connections. The system dynamics were described at an individual scale. Additional attention was given to the identification of generic properties of host-pathogen systems to widen the model's applicability domain. Two specific pathosystems with contrasted crop architectures were considered: ascochyta blight on pea (homogeneously layered canopy) and potato late blight (lattice of individualized plants). The model behavior was assessed by simulation and sensitivity analysis and these results were discussed against the model ability to discriminate between the defined types of epidemics. Crop traits related to disease avoidance resulting in a low exposure, a slow dispersal or a de-synchronization of plant and pathogen cycles were shown to strongly impact the disease severity at the crop scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Casadebaig
- Unité de Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle UPR 875, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Ma G, Ma CS. Climate warming may increase aphids' dropping probabilities in response to high temperatures. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1456-1462. [PMID: 22940260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dropping off is considered an anti-predator behavior for aphids since previous studies have shown that it reduces the risk of predation. However, little attention is paid to dropping behavior triggered by other external stresses such as daytime high temperatures which are predicted to become more frequent in the context of climate warming. Here we defined a new parameter, drop-off temperature (DOT), to describe the critical temperature at which an aphid drops off its host plant when the ambient temperature increases gradually and slowly. Detailed studies were conducted to reveal effects of short-term acclimation (temperature, exposure time at high-temperature and starvation) on DOT of an aphid species, Sitobion avenae. Our objectives were to test if the aphids dropped off host plant to avoid high temperatures and how short-term acclimation affected the aphids' dropping behavior in response to heat stress. We suggest that dropping is a behavioral thermoregulation to avoid heat stress, since aphids started to move before they dropped off and the dropped aphids were still able to control their muscles prior to knockdown. The adults starved for 12 h had higher DOT values than those that were unstarved or starved for 6 h, and there was a trade-off between behavioral thermoregulation and energy acquisition. Higher temperatures and longer exposure times at high temperatures significantly lowered the aphids' DOT, suggested that the aphids avoid heat stress by dropping when exposed to high temperatures. Climate warming may therefore increase the aphids' dropping probabilities and consequently affect the aphids' individual development and population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Niinemets Ü, Keenan TF. Measures of light in studies on light-driven plant plasticity in artificial environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:156. [PMID: 22822407 PMCID: PMC3398413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Within-canopy variation in light results in profound canopy profiles in foliage structural, chemical, and physiological traits. Studies on within-canopy variations in key foliage traits are often conducted in artificial environments, including growth chambers with only artificial light, and greenhouses with and without supplemental light. Canopy patterns in these systems are considered to be representative to outdoor conditions, but in experiments with artificial and supplemental lighting, the intensity of artificial light strongly deceases with the distance from the light source, and natural light intensity in greenhouses is less than outdoors due to limited transmittance of enclosure walls. The implications of such changes in radiation conditions on canopy patterns of foliage traits have not yet been analyzed. We developed model-based methods for retrospective estimation of distance vs. light intensity relationships, for separation of the share of artificial and natural light in experiments with combined light and for estimation of average enclosure transmittance, and estimated daily integrated light at the time of sampling (Q(int,C)), at foliage formation (Q(int,G)), and during foliage lifetime (Q(int,av)). The implications of artificial light environments were analyzed for altogether 25 studies providing information on within-canopy gradients of key foliage traits for 70 species × treatment combinations. Across the studies with artificial light, Q(int,G) for leaves formed at different heights in the canopy varied from 1.8- to 6.4-fold due to changing the distance between light source and growing plants. In experiments with combined lighting, the share of natural light at the top of the plants varied threefold, and the share of natural light strongly increased with increasing depth in the canopy. Foliage nitrogen content was most strongly associated with Q(int,G), but photosynthetic capacity with Q(int,C), emphasizing the importance of explicit description of light environment during foliage lifetime. The reported and estimated transmittances of enclosures varied between 0.27 and 0.85, and lack of consideration of the reduction of light compared with outdoor conditions resulted in major underestimation of foliage plasticity to light. The study emphasizes that plant trait vs. light relationships in artificial systems are not directly comparable to natural environments unless modifications in lighting conditions in artificial environments are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
| | - Trevor F. Keenan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA
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Pincebourde S, Woods HA. Climate uncertainty on leaf surfaces: the biophysics of leaf microclimates and their consequences for leaf-dwelling organisms. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI, CNRS UMR 7261); Université François Rabelais; 37200; Tours; France
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula; MT; 59812; USA
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Saudreau M, Marquier A, Adam B, Sinoquet H. Modelling fruit-temperature dynamics within apple tree crowns using virtual plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1111-20. [PMID: 21474503 PMCID: PMC3189830 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fruit temperature results from a complex system involving the climate, the tree architecture, the fruit location within the tree crown and the fruit thermal properties. Despite much theoretical and experimental evidence for large differences (up to 10 °C in sunny conditions) between fruit temperature and air temperature, fruit temperature is never used in horticultural studies. A way of modelling fruit-temperature dynamics from climate data is addressed in this work. METHODS The model is based upon three-dimensional virtual representation of apple trees and links three-dimensional virtual trees with a physical-based fruit-temperature dynamical model. The overall model was assessed by comparing model outputs to field measures of fruit-temperature dynamics. KEY RESULTS The model was able to simulate both the temperature dynamics at fruit scale, i.e. fruit-temperature gradients and departure from air temperature, and at the tree scale, i.e. the within-tree-crown variability in fruit temperature (average root mean square error value over fruits was 1·43 °C). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that linking virtual plants with the modelling of the physical plant environment offers a relevant framework to address the modelling of fruit-temperature dynamics within a tree canopy. The proposed model offers opportunities for modelling effects of the within-crown architecture on fruit thermal responses in horticultural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saudreau
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Wiechers D, Kahlen K, Stützel H. Dry matter partitioning models for the simulation of individual fruit growth in greenhouse cucumber canopies. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1075-84. [PMID: 21715366 PMCID: PMC3189842 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growth imbalances between individual fruits are common in indeterminate plants such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus). In this species, these imbalances can be related to differences in two growth characteristics, fruit growth duration until reaching a given size and fruit abortion. Both are related to distribution, and environmental factors as well as canopy architecture play a key role in their differentiation. Furthermore, events leading to a fruit reaching its harvestable size before or simultaneously with a prior fruit can be observed. Functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) allow for interactions between environmental factors, canopy architecture and physiological processes. Here, we tested hypotheses which account for these interactions by introducing dominance and abortion thresholds for the partitioning of assimilates between growing fruits. METHODS Using the L-System formalism, an FSPM was developed which combined a model for architectural development, a biochemical model of photosynthesis and a model for assimilate partitioning, the last including a fruit growth model based on a size-related potential growth rate (R(P)). Starting from a distribution proportional to R(P), the model was extended by including abortion and dominance. Abortion was related to source strength and dominance to sink strength. Both thresholds were varied to test their influence on fruit growth characteristics. Simulations were conducted for a dense row and a sparse isometric canopy. KEY RESULTS The simple partitioning models failed to simulate individual fruit growth realistically. The introduction of abortion and dominance thresholds gave the best results. Simulations of fruit growth durations and abortion rates were in line with measurements, and events in which a fruit was harvestable earlier than an older fruit were reproduced. CONCLUSIONS Dominance and abortion events need to be considered when simulating typical fruit growth traits. By integrating environmental factors, the FSPM can be a valuable tool to analyse and improve existing knowledge about the dynamics of assimilates partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Wiechers
- Institute of Biological Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuserstr. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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Delagrange S, Rochon P. Reconstruction and analysis of a deciduous sapling using digital photographs or terrestrial-LiDAR technology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:991-1000. [PMID: 21515607 PMCID: PMC3189831 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To meet the increasing need for rapid and non-destructive extraction of canopy traits, two methods were used and compared with regard to their accuracy in estimating 2-D and 3-D parameters of a hybrid poplar sapling. METHODS The first method consisted of the analysis of high definition photographs in Tree Analyser (TA) software (PIAF-INRA/Kasetsart University). TA allowed the extraction of individual traits using a space carving approach. The second method utilized 3-D point clouds acquired from terrestrial light detection and ranging (T-LiDAR) scans. T-LiDAR scans were performed on trees without leaves to reconstruct the lignified structure of the sapling. From this skeleton, foliage was added using simple modelling rules extrapolated from field measurements. Validation of the estimated dimension and the accuracy of reconstruction was then achieved by comparison with an empirical data set. KEY RESULTS TA was found to be slightly less precise than T-LiDAR for estimating tree height, canopy height and mean canopy diameter, but for 2-D traits both methods were, however, fully satisfactory. TA tended to over-estimate total leaf area (error up to 50 %), but better estimates were obtained by reducing the size of the voxels used for calculations. In contrast, T-LiDAR estimated total leaf area with an error of <6 %. Finally, both methods led to an over-estimation of canopy volume. With respect to this trait, T-LiDAR (14·5 % deviation) greatly surpassed the accuracy of TA (up to 50 % deviation), even if the voxels used were reduced in size. CONCLUSIONS Taking into account their magnitude of data acquisition and analysis and their accuracy in trait estimations, both methods showed contrasting potential future uses. Specifically, T-LiDAR is a particularly promising tool for investigating the development of large perennial plants, by itself or in association with plant modelling.
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Barillot R, Louarn G, Escobar-Gutiérrez AJ, Huynh P, Combes D. How good is the turbid medium-based approach for accounting for light partitioning in contrasted grass--legume intercropping systems? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1013-24. [PMID: 21865218 PMCID: PMC3189846 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most studies dealing with light partitioning in intercropping systems have used statistical models based on the turbid medium approach, thus assuming homogeneous canopies. However, these models could not be directly validated although spatial heterogeneities could arise in such canopies. The aim of the present study was to assess the ability of the turbid medium approach to accurately estimate light partitioning within grass-legume mixed canopies. METHODS Three contrasted mixtures of wheat-pea, tall fescue-alfalfa and tall fescue-clover were sown according to various patterns and densities. Three-dimensional plant mock-ups were derived from magnetic digitizations carried out at different stages of development. The benchmarks for light interception efficiency (LIE) estimates were provided by the combination of a light projective model and plant mock-ups, which also provided the inputs of a turbid medium model (SIRASCA), i.e. leaf area index and inclination. SIRASCA was set to gradually account for vertical heterogeneity of the foliage, i.e. the canopy was described as one, two or ten horizontal layers of leaves. KEY RESULTS Mixtures exhibited various and heterogeneous profiles of foliar distribution, leaf inclination and component species height. Nevertheless, most of the LIE was satisfactorily predicted by SIRASCA. Biased estimations were, however, observed for (1) grass species and (2) tall fescue-alfalfa mixtures grown at high density. Most of the discrepancies were due to vertical heterogeneities and were corrected by increasing the vertical description of canopies although, in practice, this would require time-consuming measurements. CONCLUSIONS The turbid medium analogy could be successfully used in a wide range of canopies. However, a more detailed description of the canopy is required for mixtures exhibiting vertical stratifications and inter-/intra-species foliage overlapping. Architectural models remain a relevant tool for studying light partitioning in intercropping systems that exhibit strong vertical heterogeneities. Moreover, these models offer the possibility to integrate the effects of microclimate variations on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Barillot
- LUNAM Université, Groupe Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture, UPSP Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Végétale & Agroécologie, 55 rue Rabelais, BP 30748, F-49007 Angers cedex 01, France
| | - Gaëtan Louarn
- INRA, UR4 P3F, Equipe Ecophysiologie des plantes fourragères, Le Chêne – RD 150, BP 6, F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Abraham J. Escobar-Gutiérrez
- LUNAM Université, Groupe Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture, UPSP Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Végétale & Agroécologie, 55 rue Rabelais, BP 30748, F-49007 Angers cedex 01, France
- INRA, UR4 P3F, Equipe Ecophysiologie des plantes fourragères, Le Chêne – RD 150, BP 6, F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Pierre Huynh
- LUNAM Université, Groupe Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture, UPSP Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Végétale & Agroécologie, 55 rue Rabelais, BP 30748, F-49007 Angers cedex 01, France
| | - Didier Combes
- INRA, UR4 P3F, Equipe Ecophysiologie des plantes fourragères, Le Chêne – RD 150, BP 6, F-86600 Lusignan, France
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Sarlikioti V, de Visser PHB, Marcelis LFM. Exploring the spatial distribution of light interception and photosynthesis of canopies by means of a functional-structural plant model. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:875-83. [PMID: 21355008 PMCID: PMC3077986 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS At present most process-based models and the majority of three-dimensional models include simplifications of plant architecture that can compromise the accuracy of light interception simulations and, accordingly, canopy photosynthesis. The aim of this paper is to analyse canopy heterogeneity of an explicitly described tomato canopy in relation to temporal dynamics of horizontal and vertical light distribution and photosynthesis under direct- and diffuse-light conditions. METHODS Detailed measurements of canopy architecture, light interception and leaf photosynthesis were carried out on a tomato crop. These data were used for the development and calibration of a functional-structural tomato model. The model consisted of an architectural static virtual plant coupled with a nested radiosity model for light calculations and a leaf photosynthesis module. Different scenarios of horizontal and vertical distribution of light interception, incident light and photosynthesis were investigated under diffuse and direct light conditions. KEY RESULTS Simulated light interception showed a good correspondence to the measured values. Explicitly described leaf angles resulted in higher light interception in the middle of the plant canopy compared with fixed and ellipsoidal leaf-angle distribution models, although the total light interception remained the same. The fraction of light intercepted at a north-south orientation of rows differed from east-west orientation by 10 % on winter and 23 % on summer days. The horizontal distribution of photosynthesis differed significantly between the top, middle and lower canopy layer. Taking into account the vertical variation of leaf photosynthetic parameters in the canopy, led to approx. 8 % increase on simulated canopy photosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Leaf angles of heterogeneous canopies should be explicitly described as they have a big impact both on light distribution and photosynthesis. Especially, the vertical variation of photosynthesis in canopy is such that the experimental approach of photosynthesis measurements for model parameterization should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Sarlikioti
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P. H. B. de Visser
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L. F. M. Marcelis
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Horticultural Supply Chains, Wageningen University, PO Box 630, 6700AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dornbusch T, Watt J, Baccar R, Fournier C, Andrieu B. A comparative analysis of leaf shape of wheat, barley and maize using an empirical shape model. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:865-73. [PMID: 20929895 PMCID: PMC3077976 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The phenotypes of grasses show differences depending on growth conditions and ontogenetic stage. Understanding these responses and finding suitable mathematical formalizations are an essential part of the development of plant and crop models. Usually, a marked change in architecture between juvenile and adult plants is observed, where dimension and shape of leaves are likely to change. In this paper, the plasticity of leaf shape is analysed according to growth conditions and ontogeny. METHODS Leaf shape of Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare and Zea mays cultivars grown under varying conditions was measured using digital image processing. An empirical leaf shape model was fitted to measured shape data of single leaves. Obtained values of model parameters were used to analyse the patterns in leaf shape. KEY RESULTS The model was able to delineate leaf shape of all studied species. The model error was small. Differences in leaf shape between juvenile and adult leaves in T. aestivum and H. vulgare were observed. Varying growth conditions impacted leaf dimensions but did not impact leaf shape of the respective species. CONCLUSIONS Leaf shape of the studied T. aestivum and H. vulgare cultivars was remarkably stable for a comparable ontogenetic stage (leaf rank), but differed between stages. Along with other aspects of grass architecture, leaf shape changed during the transition from juvenile to adult growth phase. Model-based analysis of leaf shape is a method to investigate these differences. Presented results can be integrated into architectural models of plant development to delineate leaf shape for different species, cultivars and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Dornbusch
- INRA, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jillian Watt
- University College London, Department of Geography, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rim Baccar
- INRA, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Christian Fournier
- INRA, UMR 759 LEPSE, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- SupAgro, UMR 759 LEPSE, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- INRA, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Chenu K, Cooper M, Hammer GL, Mathews KL, Dreccer MF, Chapman SC. Environment characterization as an aid to wheat improvement: interpreting genotype-environment interactions by modelling water-deficit patterns in North-Eastern Australia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:1743-55. [PMID: 21421705 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Genotype-environment interactions (GEI) limit genetic gain for complex traits such as tolerance to drought. Characterization of the crop environment is an important step in understanding GEI. A modelling approach is proposed here to characterize broadly (large geographic area, long-term period) and locally (field experiment) drought-related environmental stresses, which enables breeders to analyse their experimental trials with regard to the broad population of environments that they target. Water-deficit patterns experienced by wheat crops were determined for drought-prone north-eastern Australia, using the APSIM crop model to account for the interactions of crops with their environment (e.g. feedback of plant growth on water depletion). Simulations based on more than 100 years of historical climate data were conducted for representative locations, soils, and management systems, for a check cultivar, Hartog. The three main environment types identified differed in their patterns of simulated water stress around flowering and during grain-filling. Over the entire region, the terminal drought-stress pattern was most common (50% of production environments) followed by a flowering stress (24%), although the frequencies of occurrence of the three types varied greatly across regions, years, and management. This environment classification was applied to 16 trials relevant to late stages testing of a breeding programme. The incorporation of the independently-determined environment types in a statistical analysis assisted interpretation of the GEI for yield among the 18 representative genotypes by reducing the relative effect of GEI compared with genotypic variance, and helped to identify opportunities to improve breeding and germplasm-testing strategies for this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chenu
- Agri-Science Queensland, DEEDI, QPI&F, Toowoomba, Australia.
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Barillot R, Frak E, Combes D, Durand JL, Escobar-Gutiérrez AJ. What determines the complex kinetics of stomatal conductance under blueless PAR in Festuca arundinacea? Subsequent effects on leaf transpiration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2795-806. [PMID: 20444905 PMCID: PMC2882272 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light quality and, in particular, its content of blue light is involved in plant functioning and morphogenesis. Blue light variation frequently occurs within a stand as shaded zones are characterized by a simultaneous decrease of PAR and blue light levels which both affect plant functioning, for example, gas exchange. However, little is known about the effects of low blue light itself on gas exchange. The aims of the present study were (i) to characterize stomatal behaviour in Festuca arundinacea leaves through leaf gas exchange measurements in response to a sudden reduction in blue light, and (ii) to test the putative role of Ci on blue light gas exchange responses. An infrared gas analyser (IRGA) was used with light transmission filters to study stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (Tr), assimilation (A), and intercellular concentration of CO(2) (Ci) responses to blueless PAR (1.80 mumol m(-2) s(-1)). The results were compared with those obtained under a neutral filter supplying a similar photosynthetic efficiency to the blueless PAR filter. It was shown that the reduction of blue light triggered a drastic and instantaneous decrease of gs by 43.2% and of Tr by 40.0%, but a gradual stomatal reopening began 20 min after the start of the low blue light treatment, thus leading to new steady-states. This new stomatal equilibrium was supposed to be related to Ci. The results were confirmed in more developed plants although they exhibited delayed and less marked responses. It is concluded that stomatal responses to blue light could play a key role in photomorphogenetic mechanisms through their effect on transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Barillot
- INRA, UR4 P3F, Equipe d'Ecophysiologie des plantes fourragères, BP 6, F-86600 Lusignan, France
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Végétale et Agroécologie, Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture, 55 rue Rabelais, BP 30748, F-49007 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Ela Frak
- INRA, UR4 P3F, Equipe d'Ecophysiologie des plantes fourragères, BP 6, F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Didier Combes
- INRA, UR4 P3F, Equipe d'Ecophysiologie des plantes fourragères, BP 6, F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Jean-Louis Durand
- INRA, UR4 P3F, Equipe d'Ecophysiologie des plantes fourragères, BP 6, F-86600 Lusignan, France
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