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Losch F, Liedtke S, Vautz W, Weigend M. Evaluation of floral volatile patterns in the genus Narcissus using gas chromatography-coupled ion mobility spectrometry. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2023; 11:e11506. [PMID: 36818782 PMCID: PMC9934524 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Daffodils (Narcissus, Amaryllidaceae) are iconic ornamentals with a complex floral biology and many fragrant species; however, little is known about floral plant volatile organic compounds (pVOCs) across the genus and additional sampling is desirable. The present study investigates whether the floral scent of 20 species of Narcissus can be characterized using gas chromatography-coupled ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), with the aim of building a comparative pVOC data set for ecological and evolutionary studies. METHODS We used a commercial GC-IMS equipped with an integrated in-line enrichment system for a fast, sensitive, and automated pVOC analysis. This facilitates qualitative and (semi)-quantitative measurements without sample preparation. RESULTS The GC-IMS provided detailed data on floral pVOCs in Narcissus with very short sampling times and without floral enclosure. A wide range of compounds was recorded and partially identified. The retrieved pVOC patterns showed a good agreement with published data, and five "chemotypes" were characterized as characteristic combinations of floral volatiles. DISCUSSION The GC-IMS setup can be applied to rapidly generate large amounts of pVOC data with high sensitivity and selectivity. The preliminary data on Narcissus obtained here indicate both considerable pVOC variability and a good correspondence of the pVOC patterns with infrageneric classification, supporting the hypothesis that floral scent could represent a considerable phylogenetic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Losch
- Nees‐Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche FakultätRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelmsuniversität Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | - Sascha Liedtke
- ION‐GAS GmbHKonrad‐Adenauer‐Allee 1144263DortmundGermany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- ION‐GAS GmbHKonrad‐Adenauer‐Allee 1144263DortmundGermany
- Leibniz‐Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V.Bunsen‐Kirchhoff‐Straße 1144139DortmundGermany
| | - Maximilian Weigend
- Nees‐Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche FakultätRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelmsuniversität Bonn53115BonnGermany
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Henning PM, Shore JS, McCubbin AG. The S-Gene YUC6 Pleiotropically Determines Male Mating Type and Pollen Size in Heterostylous Turnera (Passifloraceae): A Novel Neofunctionalization of the YUCCA Gene Family. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2640. [PMID: 36235506 PMCID: PMC9572539 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In heterostylous, self-incompatible Turnera species, a member of the YUCCA gene family, YUC6, resides at the S-locus and has been hypothesized to determine the male mating type. YUCCA gene family members synthesize the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, via a two-step process involving the TAA gene family. Consequently, it has been speculated that differences in auxin concentration in developing anthers are the biochemical basis underlying the male mating type. Here, we provide empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis. Using a transgenic knockdown approach, we show that YUC6 acts pleiotropically to control both the male physiological mating type and pollen size, but not the filament length dimorphism associated with heterostyly in Turnera. Using qPCR to assess YUC6 expression in different transgenic lines, we demonstrate that the level of YUC6 knockdown correlates with the degree of change observed in the male mating type. Further assessment of YUC6 expression through anther development, in the knockdown lines, suggests that the male mating type is irreversibly determined during a specific developmental window prior to microsporogenesis, which is consistent with the genetically sporophytic nature of this self-incompatibility system. These results represent the first gene controlling male mating type to be characterized in any species with heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M. Henning
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Joel S. Shore
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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3
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Kato M, Watanabe H, Hoshino Y. Evaluation of pollen tube growth ability in Petunia species having different style lengths. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:85-92. [PMID: 35937536 PMCID: PMC9300434 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube growth is essential for the fertilization process in angiosperms. When pollen grains arrive on the stigma, they germinate, and the pollen tubes elongate through the styles of the pistils to deliver sperm cells into the ovules to produce the seeds. The relationship between the growth rate and style length remains unclear. In previous studies, we developed a liquid pollen germination medium for observing pollen tube growth. In this study, using this medium, we examined the pollen tube growth ability in Petunia axillaris subsp. axillaris, P. axillaris subsp. parodii, P. integrifolia, and P. occidentalis, which have different style lengths. Petunia occidentalis had the longest pollen tubes after 6 h of culture but had a relatively shorter style. Conversely, the pollination experiments revealed that P. axillaris subsp. parodii, which had the longest style, produced the longest pollen tubes in vivo. The results revealed no clear relationship between the style lengths and the growth rate of pollen tubes in vitro. Interspecific pollinations indicated that the styles affected pollen tube growth. We concluded that, in vitro, the pollen tubes grow without being affected by the styles, whereas, in vivo, the styles significantly affected pollen tube growth. Furthermore, interspecific pollination experiments implied that the pollen tube growth tended to be suppressed in the styles of self-incompatibility species. Finally, we discussed the pollen tube growth ability in relation to style lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kato
- Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 11, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0811, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwano-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hoshino
- Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 11, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0811, Japan
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Kita 11, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0811, Japan
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4
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Rabeschini G, Joaquim Bergamo P, Nunes CEP. Meaningful Words in Crowd Noise: Searching for Volatiles Relevant to Carpenter Bees among the Diverse Scent Blends of Bee Flowers. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:444-454. [PMID: 33683547 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory cues constitute one of the most important plant-pollinator communication channels. Specific chemical components can be associated with specific pollinator functional groups due to pollinator-mediated selection on flower volatile (FV) emission. Here, we used multivariate analyses of FV data to detect an association between FVs and the worldwide distributed pollinator group of the carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.). We compiled FVs of 29 plant species: 9 pollinated by carpenter bees, 20 pollinated by other bee pollinator functional groups. We tested whether FV emission differed between these groups. To rule out any phylogenetic bias in our dataset, we tested FV emission for phylogenetic signal. Finally, using field assays, we tested the attractive function of two FVs found to be associated with carpenter bees. We found no significant multivariate difference between the two plant groups FVs. However, seven FVs (five apocarotenoid terpenoids, one long-chain alkane and one benzenoid) were significantly associated with carpenter bee pollination, thus being "predictor" compounds of pollination by this pollinator functional group. From those, β-ionone and (E)-methyl cinnamate presented the highest indicator values and had their behavioural function assessed in field assays. Phylogenetic signal for FVs emission was weak, suggesting that their emission could result from pollinator-mediated selection. In field assays, the apocarotenoid β-ionone attracted carpenter bees, but also bees from other functional groups. The benzenoid (E)-methyl cinnamate did not attract significant numbers of pollinators. Thus, β-ionone functions as a non-specific bee attractant, while apocarotenoid FVs emerge as consistent indicators of pollination by large food-foraging bees among bee-pollinated flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rabeschini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Pedro Joaquim Bergamo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.,Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Carlos E P Nunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Barranco D, Arroyo J, Santos-Gally R. Avoiding sexual interference: herkogamy and dichogamy in style dimorphic flowers of Narcissus broussonetii (Amaryllidaceae). AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz038. [PMID: 31528325 PMCID: PMC6735907 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spatial (herkogamy) or temporal (dichogamy) separation of sex organs are mechanisms considered to restrict self-pollination and promote outcrossing. Additionally, avoidance of self-interference is proposed to be the driving force for the evolution of these mechanisms, particularly in self-incompatible species. However, species with anthers and stigmas at different levels may increase the rate of imprecise pollen transfer, resulting in pollen discounting. Non-reciprocal stylar dimorphism has been considered a transitional, unstable stage towards the evolution of reciprocal style dimorphism (distyly), to simultaneously avoid interference and lack of precision. In this study we investigate the spatial and temporal separation of sex organs in a population of the style dimorphic and self-incompatible Narcissus broussonetii and their consequences in the reciprocity between the sex organs of morphs and their fecundity. First, we evaluated the relative growth of sex organs after anthesis. Then, we studied the stigma receptivity along the flower lifespan including its effect on seed production in both morphs. Finally, given the weak reciprocity between the sex organs of morphs of this species, we estimated population genetic diversity parameters in Long- and Short-styled plants to explore differences between them as a result of rates of inbreeding due to different mating strategies. We observed that Long-styled plants and Short-styled plants present different strategies to avoid sexual interference and both of them had negative consequences in the reciprocity between the sex organs of morphs. Long-styled plants exhibited a delay in stigma receptivity and a higher growth rate of the style after anthesis, while Short-styled plants presented higher herkogamy and no delay in stigma receptivity. These findings suggest that the avoidance of self-interference, in stylar dimorphic Narcissus species, seems to be more critical than improving of reciprocity between the sex organs of morphs. This might explain why reciprocal herkogamy (distyly) is rare in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Barranco
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, apartado, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, apartado, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Santos-Gally
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, apartado, Sevilla, Spain
- CONACyT-Instituto de Ecología, A.P. 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Shao JW, Wang HF, Fang SP, Conti E, Chen YJ, Zhu HM. Intraspecific variation of self-incompatibility in the distylous plant Primula merrilliana. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz030. [PMID: 32489575 PMCID: PMC6557196 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heteromorphic self-incompatibility can prevent self- and intramorph fertilization while favouring intermorph mating and the maintenance of morph-ratio stability in heterostylous populations. However, variation in the expression of self-incompatibility intraspecies has seldom been assessed. Through hand pollinations and microsatellite markers, the variation in the expression of self-incompatibility and genetic diversity were studied in distylous plant Primula merrilliana. We discovered that the strength of self-incompatibility varied extensively among individuals and populations, from pronounced to weaker self-incompatibility in distylous populations, all the way to strong self-compatibility in homostylous populations. Each distylous population included self-incompatible (SI), partly self-compatible (PSC) and self-compatible (SC) individuals, with the index of self-compatibility (ISC) ranging from 0.07 to 0.68 across populations. Self-compatible populations (ISC > 0.25) were not genetically clustered but were more closely related to populations with high SI and SC individuals were mixed with SI individuals within populations. The ISC and the proportions of SC and PSC individuals were higher in peripheral than in central populations, but no decrease of genetic diversity and no deviations of floral morph ratio from isoplethy were detected in peripheral populations. Additionally, the expression of self-incompatibility was stronger in long-styled flowers than in short-styled flowers. The variation in the strength of self-incompatibility documented in P. merrilliana cautions against the estimation of ISC from a few individuals or populations in distylous species and provides a more complex and nuanced understanding of the role of self-incompatibility in heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation and Employment of Biological Resources of Anhui, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Feng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Su-Ping Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Botanic Garden, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ya-Jing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Hu-Ming Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P.R. China
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7
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Xu Y, Luo Z, Gao S, Zhang D. Pollination niche availability facilitates colonization of Guettarda speciosa with heteromorphic self-incompatibility on oceanic islands. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13765. [PMID: 30213996 PMCID: PMC6137094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate out-breeding plants are considered relatively disadvantageous comparing with self-breeding plants when colonizing oceanic islets following long-distance dispersal owing to mate and pollinator limitation. The rarity of heterostyly, a typical out-breeding system, on oceanic islands seems a good proof. However, a heterostylous plant, Guettarda speciosa, is widely distributed on most tropical oceanic islets. Our research demonstrates that its heteromorphic self-incompatibility, plus herkogamy and long flower tube make it rely on pollinator for sexual reproduction, which is generally considered "disadvantageous" for island colonization. We hypothesize that available pollination niche will be a key factor for its colonization on islands. Our studies on remote coral islands show that G. speciosa has built equilibrium population with a 1:1 morph ratio. It could obtain pollination niche from the hawkmoth Agrius convolvuli. A pioneer island plant Ipomoea pes-caprae sustain the pollination niche by providing trophic resource for the larvae of the pollinator. Geographic pattern drawn by Ecological Niche Modelling further indicates the interaction between G. speciosa, A. convolvuli and I. pes-caprae can be bounded on those remote oceanic islands, explaining the colonization of G. speciosa distylous population. These findings demonstrated obligate out-breeding system could be maintained to acclimatize long distance dispersal, if the pollination niche is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Zhonglai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Shaoxiong Gao
- Chongqing Nanshan Botanical Garden, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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8
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Jiang XF, Zhu XF, Li QJ. Variation in the degree of reciprocal herkogamy affects the degree of legitimate pollination in a distylous species. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply022. [PMID: 29765587 PMCID: PMC5941151 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Distyly is a widespread floral polymorphism characterized by the flowers within a population showing reciprocal placement of the anthers and stigma. Darwin hypothesizes that distyly evolves to promote precise pollen transfer between morphs. Primula chungensis exhibits two types of anther heights, and these two types of anthers show pollen of two different size classes. To understand whether the stigma could capture more pollen grains from the anthers of the pollen donor as the separation between the stigma of pollen receiver and the anther of pollen donor decreased, the present research assessed the source of the pollen load in a series of open-pollinated flowers with continuous variation of style lengths. Individuals with continuous variation of style length were tagged, and the selected flowers in the tagged plants were emasculated the day before dehiscence. The stigma of the emasculated flowers was fixed in fuchsin gel at the end of blooming. We assessed the pollen sources on each stigma by taking photos under a microscope and measured the diameter of each conspecific pollen grain with ImageJ. We found that a shorter distance from the stigmas to the anthers of a pollen donor gave the flower a higher capacity to receive pollen from those anthers. Our result provides a new evidence that distyly could promote the pollen transfer between morphs, which is consistent with Darwin's hypothesis of disassortative pollination. An alternative hypothesis for the evolution of distyly (e.g. selfing avoidance) might also be true, but less likely, because self-incompatibility would greatly avoid self-fertilization for many distylous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Fu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Qing-Jun Li
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory in Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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9
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Pérez-Barrales R, Abarca CA, Santos-Gally R, Schiestl FP, Arroyo J. The function of the floral corona in the pollination of a Mediterranean style dimorphic daffodil. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:118-127. [PMID: 29105981 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus papyraceus is a style dimorphic species with two floral forms, with anthers at similar height and stigmas above (long-styled L) and below (short-styled S) the anther level. The species is self-incompatible, but intra- and inter-morph compatible. Populations are either dimorphic (including both morphs) in the region of the Strait of Gibraltar, or L-monomorphic (with only L plants) in the inland of the Iberian Peninsula. This variation correlates with the most common floral visitors, being primarily long-tongued and short-tongued pollinators, respectively, a rare condition in Mediterranean plants. The maintenance of S-flowers relies on long-tongued insects, as only those deliver pollen to short-styled stigmas. Narcissus flowers present a long and narrow tube, at the bottom of which nectar accumulates, and a floral corona, which has been proposed as an important trait for the attraction of pollinators. Here we tested the importance of the corona on pollination of L and S flowers. We described UV reflectance patterns of the corona and tepals, and characterised VOCs in intact flowers and flowers with trimmed coronas. We also conducted a field experiment in the dimorphic and monomorphic region to estimate the importance of corona removal on seed production in stands with solitary plants and in groups to control for compatible pollen limitation. Reflectance was higher in the tepals than the corona, although both traits presented a reflectance peak around 450 nm wavelength. L- and S-flowers produced similar volatiles, regardless of the manipulation of the corona. Across dimorphic and monomorphic regions, S-flowers with the corona removed suffered a reduction in seed production of ca. 50%, while seed production remained similar in L flowers both with the corona intact and removed. Plants in solitary stands suffered a strong reduction in seed production, which was more pronounced in the monomorphic region. Our results suggest that the corona in Narcissus is more important for the pollination of S-flowers, which generally have lower seed production compared to L-flowers. Taken together, these results suggest that the floral corona indirectly plays an important role for maintenance of the polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - C A Abarca
- Unidad Lerma Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, México
| | - R Santos-Gally
- CONACYT-Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico City, México
| | - F P Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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10
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Ruiz-Martín J, Santos-Gally R, Escudero M, Midgley JJ, Pérez-Barrales R, Arroyo J. Style polymorphism in Linum (Linaceae): a case of Mediterranean parallel evolution? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:100-111. [PMID: 29164751 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterostyly is a sex polymorphism that has challenged evolutionary biologists ever since Darwin. One of the lineages where heterostyly and related stylar conditions appear more frequently is Linum (Linaceae). This group is particularly suitable for testing competing hypotheses about ancestral and transitional stages on the evolutionary building up of heterostyly. We generated a phylogeny of Linum based on extensive sampling and plastid and nuclear DNA sequences, and used it to trace the evolution of character states of style polymorphism. We also revised available data on pollination, breeding systems, and polyploidy to analyse their associations. Our results supported former phylogenetic hypotheses: the paraphyly of Linum and the non-monophyly of current taxonomic sections. Heterostyly was common in the genus, but appeared concentrated in the Mediterranean Basin and the South African Cape. Ancestral character state reconstruction failed to determine a unique state as the most probable condition for style polymorphism in the genus. In contrast, approach herkogamy was resolved as ancestral state in some clades, giving support to recent hypotheses. Some traits putatively related to heterostyly, such as life history and polyploidy, did show marginal or non-significant phylogenetic correlation, respectively. Although pollinator data are limited, we suggest that beeflies are associated with specific cases of heterostyly. The consistent association between style polymorphism and heteromorphic incompatibility points to ecological factors as drivers of the multiple evolution of style polymorphism in Linum. Albeit based on limited evidence, we hypothesised that specialised pollinators and lack of mating opportunities drive evolution of style polymorphism and loss of the polymorphism, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruiz-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - R Santos-Gally
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Escudero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J J Midgley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Pérez-Barrales
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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11
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Fornoni J, Domínguez CA. Beyond the heterostylous syndrome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1191-1192. [PMID: 25952537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fornoni
- Depto. Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Pos. 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Distrito Federal, México
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - César A Domínguez
- Depto. Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Pos. 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Distrito Federal, México
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12
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Talebi SM, Farahani F, Sheidai M, Noormohammadi Z. Características palinológicas de las subspecies de <em>Linum mucronatum</em> Bertol. con heterostilia. COLLECTANEA BOTANICA 2014. [DOI: 10.3989/collectbot.2013.v33.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Linum mucronatum es una especie con heterostilia, que pertenece a la sección Syllinum del género Linum, y tiene cuatro subespecies en Irán. En el presente estudio se examinan las características palinológicas de las subespecies heterostilas de Linum mucronatum Bertol., así como los caracteres polínicos de individuos de los morfos brevistilo (pin) y longistilo (thrum) de estas plantas, mediante microscopía electrónica de scanning y microscopía óptica usando el método de acetolisis prolongada. Se estudiaron un total de 16 caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos. La forma ecuatorial del polen varía entre los morfos pin y thrum en todas las subspecies, excepto en L. mucronatum subsp. assyriacum. La ornamentación también varía entre las muestras de morfos pin y thrum de cada subespecie, en los que se puede observar polen gemado, clavado y baculado. En algunos caracteres palinológicos cuantitativos, se encontraron también diferencias entre morfos y el test de ANOVA muestra que son significativas en cuanto a la longitud ecuatorial, la anchura de los colpos y el diámetro del apocolpio. Los individuos heterostilos de cada susbespecie aparecen separados en el árbol UPGMA y también en los gráficos de PCO y PCA. Este estudio confirma las diferencias en las características del polen entre individuos pin y thrum de cada una de las subespecies.
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Valiente‐Banuet A, Aizen MA, Alcántara JM, Arroyo J, Cocucci A, Galetti M, García MB, García D, Gómez JM, Jordano P, Medel R, Navarro L, Obeso JR, Oviedo R, Ramírez N, Rey PJ, Traveset A, Verdú M, Zamora R. Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a changing world. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Valiente‐Banuet
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ap. Postal 70‐275 México 04510 DF México
| | - Marcelo A. Aizen
- Laboratorio Ecotono‐CRUB Universidad Nacional del Comahue and INIBIOMA 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche Río NegroArgentina
| | - Julio M. Alcántara
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología Universidad de Jaén E‐23071 Jaén Spain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Universidad de Sevilla Apdo. 1095 E‐41080 Sevilla Spain
| | - Andrea Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Biología Floral Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV)CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Casilla de Correo 495 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) 13506‐900 Rio Claro Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - María B. García
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología CSIC Apdo. 13034 E‐50080 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Daniel García
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Universidad de Oviedo Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB CSIC‐UO‐PA) E‐33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - José M. Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA‐CSIC) Ctra Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano E‐04120 Almería Spain
- Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada E‐18071 Granada Spain
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC) Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n Isla de La Cartuja E‐41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Rodrigo Medel
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Casilla 653 Santiago Chile
| | - Luis Navarro
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences Faculty of Biology University of Vigo As Lagoas‐Marcosende E‐36200 Vigo Spain
| | - José R. Obeso
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Universidad de Oviedo Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB CSIC‐UO‐PA) E‐33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Ramona Oviedo
- Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática de La Habana Carretera Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero La Habana 19 Cp 11900 Calabazar Boyeros Cuba
| | - Nelson Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Biología Experimental Universidad Central de Venezuela Aptdo. 48312 Caracas 1041A Venezuela
| | - Pedro J. Rey
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología Universidad de Jaén E‐23071 Jaén Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Terrestrial Ecology Group Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINC‐Global) Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC‐UIB) C/Miquel Marqués 21 E‐07190 Esporles Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Miguel Verdú
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE CSIC‐UV‐GV) Apartado Oficial E‐46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
| | - Regino Zamora
- Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada E‐18071 Granada Spain
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Haller BC, de Vos JM, Keller B, Hendry AP, Conti E. A tale of two morphs: modeling pollen transfer, magic traits, and reproductive isolation in parapatry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106512. [PMID: 25211280 PMCID: PMC4161326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the flower is commonly thought to have spurred angiosperm diversification. Similarly, particular floral traits might have promoted diversification within specific angiosperm clades. We hypothesize that traits promoting the precise positional transfer of pollen between flowers might promote diversification. In particular, precise pollen transfer might produce partial reproductive isolation that facilitates adaptive divergence between parapatric populations differing in their reproductive-organ positions. We investigate this hypothesis with an individual-based model of pollen transfer dynamics associated with heterostyly, a floral syndrome that depends on precise pollen transfer. Our model shows that precise pollen transfer can cause sexual selection leading to divergence in reproductive-organ positions between populations served by different pollinators, pleiotropically causing an increase in reproductive isolation through a "magic trait" mechanism. Furthermore, this increased reproductive isolation facilitates adaptive divergence between the populations in an unlinked, ecologically selected trait. In a different pollination scenario, however, precise pollen transfer causes a decrease in adaptive divergence by promoting asymmetric gene flow. Our results highlight the idea that magic traits are not "magic" in isolation; in particular, the effect size of magic traits in speciation depends on the external environment, and also on other traits that modify the strength of the magic trait's influence on non-random mating. Overall, we show that the evolutionary consequences of pollen transfer dynamics can depend strongly on the available pollinator fauna and on the morphological fit between flowers and pollinators. Furthermore, our results illustrate the potential importance of even weak reproductive isolating barriers in facilitating adaptive divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Haller
- Redpath Museum and Deptartment of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Jurriaan M. de Vos
- Deptartment of Ecology and Evol. Biol., Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Keller
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Deptartment of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elena Conti
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Pérez-Barrales R, Simón-Porcar VI, Santos-Gally R, Arroyo J. Phenotypic integration in style dimorphic daffodils (Narcissus, Amaryllidaceae) with different pollinators. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130258. [PMID: 25002703 PMCID: PMC4084543 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different pollinators can exert different selective pressures on floral traits, depending on how they fit with flowers, which should be reflected in the patterns of variation and covariation of traits. Surprisingly, empirical evidence in support of this view is scarce. Here, we have studied whether the variation observed in floral phenotypic integration and covariation of traits in Narcissus species is associated with different groups of pollinators. Phenotypic integration was studied in two style dimorphic species, both with dimorphic populations mostly visited by long-tongued pollinators (close fit with flowers), and monomorphic populations visited by short-tongued insects (loose fit). For N. papyraceus, the patterns of variation and correlation among traits involved in different functions (attraction and fit with pollinators, transfer of pollen) were compared within and between population types. The genetic diversity of populations was also studied to control for possible effects on phenotypic variation. In both species, populations with long-tongued pollinators displayed greater phenotypic integration than those with short-tongued pollinators. Also, the correlations among traits involved in the same function were stronger than across functions. Furthermore, traits involved in the transfer of pollen were consistently more correlated and less variable than traits involved in the attraction of insects, and these differences were larger in dimorphic than monomorphic populations. In addition, population genetic parameters did not correlate with phenotypic integration or variation. Altogether, our results support current views of the role of pollinators in the evolution of floral integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Seville, Seville 41080, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Santos-Gally
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Seville, Seville 41080, Spain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Seville, Seville 41080, Spain
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Awad DA, Gallina S, Bonamy C, Billiard S. The interaction between selection, demography and selfing and how it affects population viability. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86125. [PMID: 24465911 PMCID: PMC3897648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Population extinction due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations has only been considered to occur at small population sizes, large sexual populations being expected to efficiently purge these mutations. However, little is known about how the mutation load generated by segregating mutations affects population size and, eventually, population extinction. We propose a simple analytical model that takes into account both the demographic and genetic evolution of populations, linking population size, density dependence, the mutation load, and self-fertilisation. Analytical predictions were found to be relatively good predictors of population size and probability of population viability when verified using an explicit individual based stochastic model. We show that initially large populations do not always reach mutation-selection balance and can go extinct due to the accumulation of segregating deleterious mutations. Population survival depends not only on the relative fitness and demographic stochasticity, but also on the interaction between the two. When deleterious mutations are recessive, self-fertilisation affects viability non-monotonically and genomic cold-spots could favour the viability of outcrossing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala Abu Awad
- UMR-CNRS 8198, Laboratoire Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Gallina
- UMR-CNRS 8198, Laboratoire Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Cyrille Bonamy
- Centre de Ressources Informatiques (CRI), Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- UMR-CNRS 8198, Laboratoire Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Asymmetric pollen transfer and reproductive success of the hawkmoth-pollinated distylous tree Palicourea tetragona (Rubiaceae) at La Selva, Costa Rica. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467413000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Distyly is a floral polymorphism that presumably evolved to facilitate cross-pollination and to prevent sexual interference. However, pollen transfer is often asymmetric, with one floral morph acting as a pollen donor and the other as a pollen recipient. We evaluated the association between floral morphology, pollinator visitation and effectiveness on patterns of pollen transfer in distylous Palicourea tetragona at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. To assess floral variation we measured corolla, pistil and stamen traits from 66 plants. We quantified pollinator visitation and efficiency on 56 individuals and counted pollen loads on stigmas of flowers observed for 1 h. We determined fruit set 2 mo later and assessed between-morph variation in pollen transfer and female reproductive success. Floral variation was mostly consistent with a typical distylous system; however, there was overlap in the stigma heights of pin and thrum individuals in the study population. Primary pollinators were two species of hawkmoths that visited both morphs at a frequency of 2 visits per flower h−1. The mean number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas was 89 for pin and 153 for thrum individuals. However, loads of illegitimate pollen were higher on stigmas of thrum individuals, while loads of legitimate pollen were higher on stigmas of pin individuals. Consistently, fruit set was higher in pin (31%) than in thrum individuals (22%). High deposition of illegitimate pollen, in addition to the lower female reproductive success in the thrum morph reveal that distyly in P. tetragona does not always prevent sexual interference. We suggest that in long and narrow tubular flowers, like those of P. tetragona, stigma clogging by deposition of self- or same-morph pollen may reduce legitimate fertilization of ovules causing the observed asymmetric fruit set.
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Kissling J, Barrett SCH. Variation and evolution of herkogamy in Exochaenium (Gentianaceae): implications for the evolution of distyly. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:95-102. [PMID: 23639954 PMCID: PMC3690988 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS The spatial separation of stigmas and anthers (herkogamy) in flowering plants functions to reduce self-pollination and avoid interference between pollen dispersal and receipt. Little is known about the evolutionary relationships among the three main forms of herkogamy - approach, reverse and reciprocal herkogamy (distyly) - or about transitions to and from a non-herkogamous condition. This problem was examined in Exochaenium (Gentianaceae), a genus of African herbs that exhibits considerable variation in floral morphology, including the three forms of herkogamy. METHODS Using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods, the evolutionary history of herkogamic and non-herkogamic conditions was reconstructed from a molecular phylogeny of 15 species of Exochaenium and four outgroup taxa, based on three chloroplast regions, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and 2) and the 5·8S gene. Ancestral character states were determined and the reconstructions were used to evaluate competing models for the origin of reciprocal herkogamy. KEY RESULTS Reciprocal herkogamy originated once in Exochaenium from an ancestor with approach herkogamy. Reverse herkogamy and the non-herkogamic condition homostyly were derived from heterostyly. Distylous species possessed pendent, slightly zygomorphic flowers, and the single transition to reverse herkogamy was associated with the hawkmoth pollination syndrome. Reductions in flower size characterized three of four independent transitions from reciprocal herkogamy to homostyly. CONCLUSIONS The results support Lloyd and Webb's model in which distyly originated from an ancestor with approach herkogamy. They also demonstrate the lability of sex organ deployment and implicate pollinators, or their absence, as playing an important role in driving transitions among herkogamic and non-herkogamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kissling
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Navarro-Pérez ML, López J, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Rodríguez-Riaño T, Vargas P, Ortega-Olivencia A. The role of birds and insects in pollination shifts of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 69:239-54. [PMID: 23756207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mixed vertebrate-insect pollination system is rare in Holarctic plants. Phylogenetic relationships of 116 Scrophularia taxa were investigated based on two plastid (ndhF and trnL-trnF) and one nuclear (ITS) DNA regions. A wider time-calibrated analysis of ndhF sequences of the Lamiales revealed that Scrophularia diverged as early as in the Miocene (<22 Ma). Results of maximum-likelihood optimizations supported wasp pollination as the ancestral pollination system from which other systems derived (hoverfly, mixed vertebrate-insect and bird systems). Four origins for a mixed vertebrate-insect (MVI) pollination system were inferred, in which two western Mediterranean species (S. sambucifolia and S. grandiflora) and two island species (the Tirrenian S. trifoliata and the Canarian S. calliantha) were involved. S. calliantha is the only species in which a more complex MVI system, including pollination by the lizard Gallotia stehlini, has evolved. In addition, bird (hummingbird) floral traits found in the New Mexican S. macrantha appear to have been independently acquired. In contrast, we failed to find evidence for an ancient role of hummingbirds in the evolution of European Scrophularia. Indeed, paleontological data revealed that extinction of European hummingbirds (30-32 Ma) occurred earlier than the divergence of European MVI lineages of Scrophularia. In conclusion, our results showed that a role of birds in pollination of Scrophularia may not have been effective in the Miocene-Pliocene, but bird pollination that shows its origin in the Pliocene-Pleistocene is still operating independently in different islands and continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Navarro-Pérez
- Área de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s.n., 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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Santos-Gally R, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Arroyo J. DECONSTRUCTING HETEROSTYLY: THE EVOLUTIONARY ROLE OF INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEM, POLLINATORS, AND FLORAL ARCHITECTURE. Evolution 2013; 67:2072-82. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Santos-Gally
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apartado 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Department of Integrative Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Av Américo Vespucio SN; 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apartado 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
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Santos-Gally R, Pérez-Barrales R, Simón VI, Arroyo J. The role of short-tongued insects in floral variation across the range of a style-dimorphic plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:317-28. [PMID: 23223205 PMCID: PMC3555527 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heterostyly and related style polymorphisms are suitable model systems to evaluate the importance of functional pollinators in the maintenance of population variability. In Narcissus papyraceus different functional pollinators, incompatibility system and flower morphology have been proposed to influence the maintenance of polymorphism through their effect on disassortative mating. Here a test is done to find out if the visitation rate of long- versus short-tongued pollinators correlates with the morph ratio and if the latter is related to other flower traits of the species across its main geographic range. METHODS Floral traits from 34 populations in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula and in north-west Africa were measured, perianth variation was described and a comparison was made of allometric relationships between sex organs and floral tube. Correlations between pollinator guilds, stigma-anther separation of reciprocal morphs (our proxy for disassortative mating) and morph-ratio variation were analysed. Finally, the incompatibility system of the species in the northern and southern borders of its distribution are described. KEY RESULTS Flowers from southern populations were significantly larger than flowers from centre and northern populations. The abundance of short-styled plants decreased gradually with increasing distance from the core region (the Strait of Gibraltar), with these disappearing only in the northern range. Although there was a significant difference in stigma-anther separation among populations, morph ratio was not associated with reciprocity or floral tube length. Long-style morph frequency increased with short-tongued pollinator visitation rate. Populations from both edges of the distribution range were self-incompatible and within- and between-morph compatible. CONCLUSIONS The style morph ratio changed gradually, whereas perianth trait variation showed abrupt changes with two morphotypes across the range. The positive relationship between the visitation rate of short-tongued pollinators and the decrease of the short-style morph supports our initial hypothesis. The results highlight the importance of different pollinators in determining the presence of style polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Santos-Gally
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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Meeus S, Honnay O, Jacquemyn H. Strong differences in genetic structure across disjunct, edge, and core populations of the distylous forest herb Pulmonaria officinalis (Boraginaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:1809-1818. [PMID: 23092991 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Populations at the edge of a species' distribution area are often small and have low levels of gene flow resulting in lower genetic variation and higher differentiation compared to core populations. This study examined genetic variation among populations of the distylous temperate forest herb Pulmonaria officinalis located in the core, the edge, and outside the species' main distribution range. METHODS We compared patterns of genetic variation for eight microsatellite loci between disjunct (Belgium), edge (western Germany), and core (eastern Germany) populations of P. officinalis. KEY RESULTS Disjunct populations contained only a subset of alleles found in edge and core populations and had significantly lower within-population genetic variation. No significant differences, however, in within-population genetic variation were found between edge and core populations, except for allelic and genotypic richness. Genetic differentiation was highest among disjunct (F(ST) = 0.11) and lowest among core populations (F(ST) = 0.03). Significant (P < 0.01) isolation by distance was found for disjunct and edge populations (r(M) = 0.29 and 0.50, respectively), but not for core populations (r(M) = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS The results are best interpreted from a "dynamic range" point of view in which the observed low levels of genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation in disjunct populations are best explained through historical processes, most likely the introduction of the species in medieval times. Lower levels of gene flow caused by the pronounced fragmentation of forests in Belgium may further have contributed to the genetic structure of P. officinalis in these disjunct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Meeus
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. sofi
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Ferrero V, Arroyo J, Castro S, Navarro L. Unusual heterostyly: style dimorphism and self-incompatibility are not tightly associated in Lithodora and Glandora (Boraginaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:655-65. [PMID: 21985797 PMCID: PMC3278292 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heterostyly is a floral polymorphism characterized by the reciprocal position of stamens and stigmas in different flower morphs in a population. This reciprocal herkogamy is usually associated with an incompatibility system that prevents selfing and intra-morph fertilization, termed a heteromorphic incompatibility system. In different evolutionary models explaining heterostyly, it has been alternately argued that heteromorphic incompatibility either preceded or followed the evolution of reciprocal herkogamy. In some models, reciprocal herkogamy and incompatibility have been hypothesized to be linked together during the evolution of the heterostylous system. METHODS We examine the incompatibility systems in species with different stylar polymorphisms from the genera Lithodora and Glandora (Boraginaceae). We then test whether evolution towards reciprocal herkogamy is associated with the acquisition of incompatibility. To this end, a phylogeny of these genera and related species is reconstructed and the morphological and reproductive changes that occurred during the course of evolution are assessed. KEY RESULTS Both self-compatibility and self-incompatibility are found within the studied genera, along with different degrees of intra-morph compatibility. We report for the first time extensive variability among members of the genus Glandora and related species in terms of the presence or absence of intraspecies polymorphism and heteromorphic incompatibility. Overall, our results do not support a tight link between floral polymorphism and incompatibility systems. CONCLUSIONS The independent evolution of stylar polymorphism and incompatibility appears to have occurred in this group of plants. This refutes the canonical view that there is strong linkage between these reproductive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ferrero
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Cohen JI. A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae) and related taxa: evolutionary relationships and character evolution. Cladistics 2011; 27:559-580. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Billiard S, Tran VC. A general stochastic model for sporophytic self-incompatibility. J Math Biol 2011; 64:163-210. [PMID: 21359544 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-011-0410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Disentangling the processes leading populations to extinction is a major topic in ecology and conservation biology. The difficulty to find a mate in many species is one of these processes. Here, we investigate the impact of self-incompatibility in flowering plants, where several inter-compatible classes of individuals exist but individuals of the same class cannot mate. We model pollen limitation through different relationships between mate availability and fertilization success. After deriving a general stochastic model, we focus on the simple case of distylous plant species where only two classes of individuals exist. We first study the dynamics of such a species in a large population limit and then, we look for an approximation of the extinction probability in small populations. This leads us to consider inhomogeneous random walks on the positive quadrant. We compare the dynamics of distylous species to self-fertile species with and without inbreeding depression, to obtain the conditions under which self-incompatible species can be less sensitive to extinction while they can suffer more pollen limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Billiard
- Génétique et évolution des populations végétales, UFR de Biologie, FRE CNRS 3268, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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Ferrero V, Chapela I, Arroyo J, Navarro L. Reciprocal style polymorphisms are not easily categorised: the case of heterostyly in Lithodora and Glandora (Boraginaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13 Suppl 1:7-18. [PMID: 21134082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Interest in reciprocal floral polymorphisms, such as heterostyly, has increased in recent decades because they can be used as suitable model systems to study mechanisms of outbreeding and disassortative mating in plants. Heterostylous plants are characterised by the presence of discrete morphs that differ in sex organ position and in some other ancillary traits. As regards sex organ deployment, different types of polymorphisms have been described, depending on number and type of discrete classes present in populations and degree of reciprocity between them. However, a clear-cut characterisation of stylar polymorphisms does not appear to be the best approach when there is great variability among populations because of continuous variation of some of traits examined. A recent study in Lithodora sensu lato (recently split into two separate genera, Lithodora and Glandora) showed a wide variation in sex organ position across species in the genus, which warrants precise population analysis of stylar polymorphism and its reciprocity. We provide a detailed morphometric analysis of flower sexual traits and include those considered to be ancillary characters. We report a wide variation in these traits in populations of Lithodora s.l. and highlight the subjectivity of the former characterisation of style polymorphism based on visual inspection. Ancillary traits appear repeatedly in Lithodora and Glandora, particularly in the latter. The appearance of these traits seems to be related to greater reciprocity between sexual whorls in Glandora, with the exception of G. prostrata. These results agree with evolutionary steps proposed in the build-up of heterostyly according to some evolutionary models. We also examined variation in polymorphisms in light of current models for evolution of heterostyly, and, more specifically, we sought to verify the prediction that flower traits as a whole (i.e., flower integration) respond to selective pressure to assure the exact location of pollen on the pollinator body. Most reciprocal populations and species, where between-morph pollen transfer is expected to be higher, would show greater integration. Our results confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ferrero
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
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PÉREZ-ALQUICIRA J, MOLINA-FREANER FE, PIÑERO D, WELLER SG, MARTÍNEZ-MEYER E, ROZAS J, DOMÍNGUEZ CA. The role of historical factors and natural selection in the evolution of breeding systems of Oxalis alpina in the Sonoran desert ‘Sky Islands’. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2163-2175. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sánchez JM, Ferrero V, Arroyo J, Navarro L. Patterns of style polymorphism in five species of the South African genus Nivenia (Iridaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:321-31. [PMID: 20576739 PMCID: PMC2908166 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heterostylous plants have been characterized by the presence of two or three discrete morphs that differ in their sex organ position within populations. This polymorphism is widely distributed among the angiosperms, but detailed studies are limited to few taxonomic groups. Although a small representation, evolutionary meaningful variations of the heterostylous syndrome have been reported when precise measurements of the sexual whorls were taken. A thorough exploration of groups where heterostyly has been reported should offer new opportunities to further testing the evolutionary hypotheses explaining heterostyly. Here, the traits defining heterostyly were explored in half of the species in Nivenia, the only genus of Iridiaceae where heterostyly has been reported. METHODS Detailed morphometric analysis of the flower sexual whorls and some traits considered as ancillary are supplied to determine for each population (a) the kind of stylar polymorphism, (b) the morph ratio and (c) the degree of reciprocity between sexual whorls. Also the rates of assortative (within morph) versus disassortative (between morphs) pollen transfer were estimated by analysing pollen loads on stigmas. The association between floral phenotypic integration and the reciprocity between sexual whorls was estimated; both characteristics have been quoted as dependent on the accuracy of the fit between pollinators and flowers and therefore related to the efficiency of pollen transfer. KEY RESULTS Different types of polymorphism, differing in their degree of reciprocity, were found in Nivenia. Effective disassortative mating appears to be common, since (a) all dimorphic populations show equal morph-ratios (isoplethy), and (b) the pollen placed on the stigmas of each morph is likely to be coming from the other (complementary) morph. The most reciprocal populations of the heterostylous species have also the highest values of phenotypical integration. CONCLUSIONS Stigma height dimorphism, as opposed to distyly, is proven for the first time in Nivenia. The presence of different types of polymorphism within the genus is consistent with hypotheses of the evolution of heterostyly. The role of the pollinators as the leading force of the transition seems to be apparent, since floral integration is related to reciprocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencia del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, Spain.
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Brys R, Jacquemyn H. Floral display size and spatial distribution of potential mates affect pollen deposition and female reproductive success in distylous Pulmonaria officinalis (Boraginaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:597-603. [PMID: 20636902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In animal-pollinated plants, both the spatial distribution of flowering individuals and the number of flowers that an individual displays affect pollen deposition rates and female reproductive success. Heterostylous species are likely to be particularly sensitive to the contingencies of spatial distribution, as they are reproductively subdivided into distinct mating groups, which usually exhibit self- and intra-morph incompatibility and differ in floral morphology. In this paper, we explore the joint effects of both spatial distribution of potential mates and floral display size on morph-specific pollen deposition rates and seed set patterns in two natural populations of Pulmonaria officinalis, a distylous species with a weak self-incompatibility system. Both total stigmatic pollen load and the proportion of legitimate pollen decreased with increasing spatial isolation. Legitimate (intermorph) pollen transfer was, however, asymmetric and decreased more rapidly with decreasing proximity to a compatible legitimate mating partner in the S-morph than in the L-morph. Total stigmatic pollen loads per flower increased with increasing floral display size, indicating that large plants are disproportionately more visited than smaller individuals. However, because legitimate pollen deposition decreased with increasing floral display size, these results also suggest that larger numbers of flowers increase the degree of geitonogamous pollination. In both the L- and S-morph, seed set significantly decreased with increasing isolation from a legitimate mating partner, but in the L-morph seed set was less dependent on the spatial distribution of the S-morph. In addition, seed set significantly increased with floral display size in the L-morph, but not in the S-morph. These findings indicate that the spatial distribution of potential mates and variation in floral display size may cause morph-specific differences in pollen deposition rates and female reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brys
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium.
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PÉREZ-BARRALES R, ARROYO J. Pollinator shifts and the loss of style polymorphism in Narcissus papyraceus (Amaryllidaceae). J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1117-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cohen JI. "A case to which no parallel exists": The influence of Darwin's Different Forms of Flowers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:701-716. [PMID: 21622437 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Research on the subject of heterostyly is often traced back to 1877 when Charles Darwin published the landmark book The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. This book synthesized heterostyly research at the time, much of which Darwin conducted, and it continues to be a major contribution to the study of the breeding system. In this book, Darwin discussed the ecology, morph-specific differences, self- and intramorph-incompatibility, evolution and origin, and floral development of heterostyly. Many of the hypotheses he proposed have been and continue to be tested. KEY RESULTS Throughout the 20(th) and 21(st) centuries, researchers have continued to identify new and different morph-specific floral characters, discover the mechanisms that underlie heteromorphic self-incompatibility, use phylogenies to examine the evolution of heterostyly, and determine novel floral developmental patterns in heterostylous species. From all of these studies, we have learned a great deal about the function, evolution, and development of heterostyly. CONCLUSIONS However, almost 150 years after Darwin's publications on the subject of heterostyly, we still have a great deal to learn concerning the breeding system, and new technologies and techniques are allowing for new advances in heterostyly research to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Cohen
- L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
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Simón VI, Picó FX, Arroyo J. New microsatellite loci for Narcissus papyraceus (Amarillydaceae) and cross-amplification in other congeneric species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:e10-e13. [PMID: 21622397 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite loci from a genomic library of the species Narcissus papyraceus were optimized and characterized for studies of population genetics. • METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven markers that were successfully amplified showed polymorphism when tested on 50 individuals from two populations in southern Spain and northern Morocco. Overall, the number of alleles per locus ranged between 4 and 15. Between 8 and 11 loci successfully amplified in other eight Narcissus species. • CONCLUSIONS These markers will enable genetic diversity studies of N. papyraceus across its distribution range and conduct paternity analyses among individuals differing in flower morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta I Simón
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Hodgins KA, Barrett SCH. Geographic variation in floral morphology and style-morph ratios in a sexually polymorphic daffodil. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2008; 95:185-195. [PMID: 21632344 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.95.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus triandrus is a tristylous daffodil from the Iberian Peninsula that has striking geographical variation in floral morphology and style-morph ratios. Here, we investigate the relation between this variation and ecological factors to understand mechanisms governing morph ratios. We estimated morph ratios in 124 populations throughout the range of N. triandrus and measured 13 morphological traits in 35-78 populations. Sampling of morph ratios conducted over 2-10-yr intervals demonstrated strong temporal stability. Variation in floral and vegetative traits enabled statistical prediction of morph-frequency variation among populations. Latitudinal gradients in precipitation and temperature were correlated with plant and flower size, with larger flowers in northern populations associated with bumblebee visitation and stylar dimorphism. Flowers of the L- and M-morphs differed significantly from the S-morph in several size-related characters, unlike other tristylous species. This pattern and the similarity in anther positions of the L- and M-morphs suggest that the M-morph of N. triandrus originated through genetic modifiers that shortened styles of the L-morph. Our findings support the hypothesis that geographical variation in style-morph ratios is largely governed by climatic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula, which influence the floral morphology and pollination biology of N. triandrus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Hodgins
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
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Pérez-Barrales R, Arroyo J, Scott Armbruster W. Differences in pollinator faunas may generate geographic differences in floral morphology and integration inNarcissus papyraceus(Amaryllidaceae). OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Woodward FI. Plant research in space and time. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:1-3. [PMID: 17803636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R Mast
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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