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Lev-Yadun S. Visual-, Olfactory-, and Nectar-Taste-Based Flower Aposematism. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:391. [PMID: 38337924 PMCID: PMC10857241 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Florivory, i.e., flower herbivory, of various types is common and can strongly reduce plant fitness. Flowers suffer two very different types of herbivory: (1) the classic herbivory of consuming tissues and (2) nectar theft. Unlike the non-reversibility of consumed tissues, nectar theft, while potentially reducing a plant's fitness by lowering its attraction to pollinators, can, in various cases, be fixed quickly by the production of additional nectar. Therefore, various mechanisms to avoid or reduce florivory have evolved. Here, I focus on one of the flowers' defensive mechanisms, aposematism, i.e., warning signaling to avoid or at least reduce herbivory via the repelling of herbivores. While plant aposematism of various types was almost ignored until the year 2000, it is a common anti-herbivory defense mechanism in many plant taxa, operating visually, olfactorily, and, in the case of nectar, via a bitter taste. Flower aposematism has received only very little focused attention as such, and many of the relevant publications that actually demonstrated herbivore repellence and avoidance learning following flower signaling did not refer to repellence as aposematism. Here, I review what is known concerning visual-, olfactory-, and nectar-taste-based flower aposematism, including some relevant cases of mimicry, and suggest some lines for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
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2
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Aliscioni SS, Gotelli M, Galati B, Zarlavsky G, Torretta JP. Colleters, osmophores, and nectaries in the species Ceropegia lenewtonii: a sapromyiophilous stapeliad (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:3-13. [PMID: 37338648 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Ceropegia lenewtonii (Plowes) Bruyns (=Huernia keniensis), currently belonging to the Huernia section of the genus Ceropegia, is a stapeliad species distributed in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula; but it is widely cultivated as ornamental in most parts of the world. This species of stapeliad presents "carrion flowers" associated with a sapromyophilous pollination syndrome since the flowers emit an unpleasant odor. In this work, we describe the floral morphology and anatomy of the calyx, corolla, and corona of this species based on bright-field and scanning electron microscope techniques. We detected the presence of diverse floral secretor tissues, and based on different histochemical tests, the principal component of the secreted substance was identified. We interpret the functions of the glands and compare with other related species of stapeliads. Our results indicate that flowers of C. lenewtonii present colleters in sepals, osmophores in corolla, and primary and secondary nectaries in corona. All these floral glands have specific functions that involve the processes of pollination and reproduction of this species, as well as protection and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S Aliscioni
- Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Labardén 200, Casilla de Correo 22, B1624HYD, San Isidro, Argentina.
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marina Gotelli
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Galati
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Zarlavsky
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Torretta
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Claudel C, Loiseau O, Silvestro D, Lev-Yadun S, Antonelli A. Patterns and drivers of heat production in the plant genus Amorphophallus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:874-894. [PMID: 37340521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermogenesis - the ability to generate metabolic heat - is much more common in animals than in plants, but it has been documented in several plant families, most prominently the Araceae. Metabolic heat is produced in floral organs during the flowering time (anthesis), with the hypothesised primary functions being to increase scent volatilisation for pollinator attraction, and/or to provide a heat reward for invertebrate pollinators. Despite in-depth studies on the thermogenesis of single species, no attempts have yet been made to examine plant thermogenesis across an entire clade. Here, we apply time-series clustering algorithms to 119 measurements of the full thermogenic patterns in inflorescences of 80 Amorphophallus species. We infer a new time-calibrated phylogeny of this genus and use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the evolutionary determinants of thermogenesis. We find striking phenotypic variation across the phylogeny, with heat production in multiple clades reaching up to 15°C, and in one case 21.7°C above ambient temperature. Our results show that the thermogenic capacity is phylogenetically conserved and is also associated with inflorescence thickness. Our study paves the way for further investigations of the eco-evolutionary benefits of thermogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Claudel
- Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oriane Loiseau
- School of GeoSciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, 36006, Israel
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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4
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Llorens L, Cortés L, Boira H. Deciphering the ecology of the threatened microendemic species Euphorbia margalidiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1155896. [PMID: 37434601 PMCID: PMC10332272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1155896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Small islands play a critical role in the study of plant ecology and evolution. Here, we reveal the ecology of Euphorbia margalidiana, an endemic plant that thrives in a micro-island environment in the Western Mediterranean region. Through a detailed characterization of the habitat, including plant communities, microclimate, soil properties, and germination assays, we examine the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the distribution of this endangered species. We also analyze its pollination biology, evaluate the success of vegetative propagation, and discuss its potential use in conservation strategies. Our results show that E. margalidiana is a characteristic species of the shrub ornitocoprophilous insular vegetation of the Western Mediterranean. The seeds have a very low dispersion capacity outside the islet and that seed-derived plants have higher survival rates under drought conditions than those vegetatively propagated. The main volatile compound emitted from the pseudanthia is phenol which attracts the plants' main and almost exclusive pollinators in the islet, flies. Our results confirm the relictual status of E. margalidiana and highlight the importance of key adaptive traits that enable the survival of this species in the harsh micro-island environment of Ses Margalides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Llorens
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Lucas Cortés
- Independent Researcher, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Herminio Boira
- Institute of Mediterranean Agroforestry (IAM), Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
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Wiśniewska N, Gołębiowski M, Kowalkowska AK. Labellum Features and Chemical Composition of Floral Scent in Bulbophyllum carunculatum Garay, Hamer & Siegrist (Section Lepidorhiza Schltr., Bulbophyllinae Schltr., Orchidaceae Juss.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1568. [PMID: 37050195 PMCID: PMC10097095 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of fly-pollinated Bulbophyllum species use a combination of visual and olfactory clues to mimic food sources and brood/oviposition sites of pollinators. The aims of the present work were to characterize the floral secretory tissue and the floral scent and compare them with those previously described in B. echinolabium. Based on the histochemical results, the labellar secretion in B. carunculatum is the protein-rich mucilage. The adaxial epidermal cells of the labellum showed typical features of secretory activity. Plastids contained plastoglobuli, which are thought to be the places for scent production in osmophores. Juxtaposed with FeCl3 staining, the presence of dihydroxyphenolic globules in the cytoplasm of the epidermis and sub-epidermis was confirmed. Phenolic derivatives were also described with GC/MS analysis of the floral scent. The number of aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons was indicated in the floral scent of B. carunculatum. Moreover, pregnane-3,20-dione, occurring in the highest percentage in the floral fragrance of B. carunculatum, is a biologically active, 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma progesterone. Progesterone is a mammalian gonadal hormone, but, like other steroid hormones, has been found in plants as intermediates in different biosynthetic pathways. The research on biosynthesis and functions of progesterone and its derivatives in flowers is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka K. Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Heiduk A, Brake I, Shuttleworth A, Johnson SD. 'Bleeding' flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) mimic wounded insects to attract kleptoparasitic fly pollinators. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 36938986 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Kleptomyiophily, where flowers imitate wounded insects to attract 'kleptoparasitic' flies as pollinators, is one of the most specialized types of floral mimicry and often involves physical trapping devices. However, the diversity of pollinators and functional floral traits involved in this form of mimicry remain poorly understood. We report a novel example of kleptomyiophily in the nontrapping flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii and explore the floral traits responsible for attracting pollinators. The pollinators, reproductive biology and floral traits (including epidermal surfaces, spectral reflectance and the composition of nectariferous petal secretions and scent) were investigated. Attractive volatiles were identified using electrophysiological and behavioural experiments. Ceropegia gerrardii was predominantly pollinated by kleptoparasitic Desmometopa spp. (Milichiidae) flies. The flower corollas extrude a protein- and sugar-containing secretion, similar to the haemolymph of wounded insects, on which the flies feed. Floral scent was chemically similar to that of injured honey bees. Four out of 24 electrophysiologically active compounds, all released by injured honey bees, were identified as key players in pollinator attraction. Our results suggest that C. gerrardii flowers chemically mimic wounded honey bees to attract kleptoparasitic flies and reward them with a secretion similar to the haemolymph on which they would normally feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Heiduk
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | | | - Adam Shuttleworth
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
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7
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Castro-Cárdenas N, Vázquez-Santana S, Teixeira SP, Ibarra-Manríquez G. The roles of the ostiole in the fig-fig wasp mutualism from a morpho-anatomical perspective. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:739-755. [PMID: 36264520 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The syconium is the urn-shaped inflorescence shared by all species of the genus Ficus. The orifice at the apex of the syconium is called the ostiole, and it is covered by interlocking bracts. The ostiolar bracts can have different arrangements, which only allow the entry of mutualist wasps and promote reproductive isolation among Ficus species. Here, we analyze the ostiolar structures that could play a role as selective filter and therefore impact the fig-fig wasp mutualism in the neotropical Ficus sections Americanae and Pharmacosycea. Samples of syconia with pistillate flowers during the receptive phase of seven species of Ficus were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Tests for histolocalization of substances were employed to detect secretory activity throughout the ostiolar tissues. Our results indicated that the ostiole has two components: ostiolar bracts and the periostiolar zone. Interspecies variation in ostiolar bract arrangement in both sections studied was broader than previously reported. We report for the first time for Ficus: (i) two types of ostiolar osmophores (mesophyll and diffuse), that could be a source of volatile compounds for attracting fig wasps; (ii) colleters in the axil of ostiolar bracts, which probably lubricate and facilitate the entry of pollinating wasps into the syconial cavity; (iii) secretory trichomes around the ostiolar bracts, and (iv) syconium basal bracts (F. isophlebia) covering the ostiole, which are the first physical barrier that the fig wasps must overcome to access receptive pistillate flowers. We describe the zones that compose the ostiole, which support the hypothesis that the ostiole is a selective filter in the interactions of fig trees with Agaonidae fig wasps. We also suggest that ostiolar osmophores, colleters, the periostiolar zone, and the arrangements of the ostiolar bracts may be informative with respect to Ficus systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Castro-Cárdenas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701. Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta. C. P. 58190. Morelia, C. P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Santana
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Simone P Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Riberão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701. Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta. C. P. 58190. Morelia, C. P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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8
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Huang L, Liu Y, Dou L, Pan S, Li Z, Zhang J, Li J. Mutualist- and antagonist-mediated selection contribute to trait diversification of flowers. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14107. [PMID: 36196403 PMCID: PMC9527018 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowers are generally short-lived, and they all face a multidimensional challenge because they have to attract mutualists, compel them to vector pollen with minimal investment in rewards, and repel floral enemies during this short time window. Their displays are under complex selection, either consistent or conflicting, to maximize reproductive fitness under heterogeneous environments. The phenological or morphological mismatches between flowers and visitors will influence interspecific competition, resource access, mating success and, ultimately, population and community dynamics. To better understand the effects of the plant visitors on floral traits, it is necessary to determine the functional significance of specific floral traits for the visitors; how plants respond to both mutualists and antagonists through adaptive changes; and to evaluate the net fitness effects of biological mutualisms and antagonism on plants. In this review, we bring together insights from fields as diverse as floral biology, insect behavioral responses, and evolutionary biology to explain the processes and patterns of floral diversity evolution. Then, we discuss the ecological significance of plant responses to mutualists and antagonists from a community perspective, and propose a set of research questions that can guide the research field to integrate studies of plant defense and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Dou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shaobin Pan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | | | - Jin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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The Floral Signals of the Inconspicuous Orchid Malaxis monophyllos: How to Lure Small Pollinators in an Abundant Environment. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050640. [PMID: 35625368 PMCID: PMC9137910 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Malaxis monophyllos is an ephemeral orchid with very small, greenish flowers, whose pollination system remains vague. Therefore, the authors aimed to identify the flower’s features, including its anatomical micro and ultrastructure as well as scent biochemistry, which are involved in attracting pollinators. In this paper, the authors established the variety of emissions of M. monophyllos volatile compounds, with a high proportion of aldehydes and aliphatic alcohols, listed as chemicals that induce a pronounced reaction in Diptera. Second, the entire M. monophyllos labellum exhibits metabolic and secretory activity, which can be related to both emission of volatiles and visual attractants but also to the nutritional reward for pollinators. All these flower features indicated that its pollination system is dedicated to dipterans, with few signaling modalities corresponding to deceptive species (brood site and food decoy) but also referring to rewarding ones (nutritional secretion, fungus/microbe reward). This research reveals a few new issues in M. monophyllos pollination biology that provides new scientific areas for in-depth insights in the future. Abstract Many orchid species have evolved complex floral signals to ensure pollination efficiency. Here, the authors combined analyses of anatomical flower structure with analyses of the volatile composition and flower-visiting insects’ behaviour, as well as characterised features that can attract pollinators of the inconspicuous orchid Malaxis monophyllos. During field observations, the authors found that only small Diptera (e.g., mosquitos, drosophilids, fungus gnats) visit and are interested in the flowers of M. monophyllos, which was reflected in the characterised flower features that combine well with the pollination system, which engages dipterans. Analyses of the M. monophyllos floral scent revealed substantial concentrations of aliphatic compounds, e.g., 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octanol, which condition the mushroom-like scent and a substantial fraction of alkanes, some of which have been previously described as sex mimicry and aggregation pheromones in orchids’ deceptive systems. The labellum anatomical structure exhibits a highly diverse cell cuticle surface and pronounced metabolic and secretory activity of the epidermal and subepidermal cells from all parts of the labellum. Moreover, our study provides evidence for the subsequent decoys of M. monophyllos flowers, including visual signals, such as raphides located on the labellum margin and the rewarding ones connected with lipid secretion limited to the area behind the column. Taking an integrative approach to studying M. monophyllos pollination biology, the authors provide new insight into its previously vague pollination strategies and provide evidence for complex floral signal operation in luring potential pollinators. The synergistic effect of M. monophyllos flowers’ volatile and visual signals, together with additional rewarding for nectar/fungus/microbe-feeding pollinators, requires further detailed investigation that will be invaluable in explaining the evolution of Diptera-specific pollination systems in orchids.
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Leite VG, Teixeira SP, Sartori ÂLB, Mansano VF. Evolution of the Anther Gland in Early-Branching Papilionoids (ADA Clade, Papilionoideae, Leguminosae). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070835. [PMID: 35406815 PMCID: PMC9002870 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Papilionoideae is the most diverse subfamily of Leguminosae, especially in terms of floral morphology. The ADA clade shows some exciting floral features among papilionoids, such as anther glands. However, the evolution of the anther glands in such early-branching papilionoids remains unknown. Thus, we compared the occurrence, distribution, morphology, and evolutionary history of the anther glands in species of the ADA clade. Floral buds and/or flowers in 50 species were collected from herbarium specimens and investigated using scanning electron and light microscopy and reconstruction of ancestral character states. The anther apex has a secretory cavity, secretory duct, and phenolic idioblast. The lumen shape of the cavity and duct is closely related to the shape of the anther apex. The oval lumen is located between two thecae, the spherical lumen in the prominent anther apex and the elongated lumen in anthers with a long apex. The occurrence of cavities/ducts in the anther in only two phylogenetically closely related subclades is a unifying character -state. The floral architecture is not correlated with cavity/ducts in the anther but is possibly related to the type of pollinator. Future research needs to combine floral morphology and pollination systems to understand the evolution of floral designs and their diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Gonçalves Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n., Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, Brazil;
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil;
| | - Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n., Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-163602-4247
| | - Ângela Lúcia Bagnatori Sartori
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Vidal Freitas Mansano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil;
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Zheng CC, Luo YB, Jiao RF, Gao XF, Xu B. Cypripedium lichiangense (Orchidaceae) mimics a humus-rich oviposition site to attract its female pollinator, Ferdinandea cuprea (Syrphidae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:145-156. [PMID: 34490731 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most species in the genus Cypripedium (Cypripedioideae) produce trap flowers, making it a model lineage to study deceptive pollination. Floral attractants in most species studied appear to target bee species of different sizes. However, more recent publications report fly pollination in some subalpine species, suggesting novel suites of adaptive floral traits. Cypripedium lichiangense (section Trigonopedia) is an endangered subalpine species endemic to the Hengduan Mountains, China. We observed and analysed its floral traits, pollinators and breeding systems over 2 years in situ and in the lab. Cypripedium lichiangense was visited by females of Ferdinandea cuprea (Syrphidae). The pollinia were carried dorsally on the fly thoraces. The eggs of this fly were frequently found in the saccate labellum and on other floral organs, suggesting brood-site mimesis. The orchid is self-compatible, but cross-pollination produces more viable embryos. We propose a new mode of floral mimesis, humus-rich oviposition site mimicry, for C. lichiangense. Compared with the mimesis of aphid colonies attracting syrphid pollinators (subfamily Syrphinae), whose larvae are entomophagic, as reported in some Paphiopedilum species (Cypripedioideae), pollination by deceit in C. lichiangense represents a distinct and separate mode of exploitation of another saprophagic (or phytophagic) larvae syrphid lineage in the subfamily Eristalinae and appears to indicate diversity of pollination strategies in Section Trigonopedia of Cypripedium. However, this new brood-site mimesis seems to be less attractive to pollinators. As a possible adaptation to the weak attracted pollination strategy, this plant species has a long flowering period and extended lifespan of individual flowers to ensure reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y B Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R F Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Claudel C, Lev-Yadun S. Odor polymorphism in deceptive Amorphophallus species - a review. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1991712. [PMID: 34839800 PMCID: PMC9208769 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1991712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Some plant lineages, such as Araceae and Orchidaceae, have independently evolved deceptive flowers. These exploit the insect's perception and deceive the insects into believing to have located a suitable opportunity for reproduction. The scent compounds emitted by the flowers are the key signals that dupe the insects, guiding them to the right spots that in turn ensure flower pollination. Most species of the genus Amorphophallus of the Araceae emit scent compounds that are characteristic of a deceit, suggesting a specific plant pollinator interaction and according odors. However, only a few clear evolutionary trends in regard to inflorescence odors in Amorphophallus could be traced in previous studies - an intriguing result, considered the multitude of characteristic scent compounds expressed in Amorphophallus as well as the key function of scent compounds in deceptive floral systems in general. At least two factors could account for this result. (1) The deceptive pollinator-attraction floral system, including the emitted scent compounds, is less specific than assumed. (2) An evolutionary trend cannot be discerned if the intraspecific scent variation (odor polymorphism) exceeds the interspecific odor variation. Therefore, we discuss the potential deceptive function of the emitted scent compounds, in particular those that are related to cadaveric decomposition. Moreover, we review the data about emitted scent compounds in Amorphophallus with a focus on putative odor polymorphism. Upon examination, it appears that the emitted scent compounds in Amorphophallus are highly mimetic of decomposing organic materials. We show that several species display odor polymorphism, which in turn might constitute an obstacle in the analysis of evolutionary trends. An important odor polymorphism is also indicated by subjective odor perceptions. Odor polymorphism may serve several purposes: it might represent an adaptation to local pollinators or it might assumingly prevent insects from learning to distinguish between a real decomposing substrate and an oviposition-site mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Claudel
- Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, Israel
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13
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Boya BR, Kumar P, Lee JH, Lee J. Diversity of the Tryptophanase Gene and Its Evolutionary Implications in Living Organisms. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102156. [PMID: 34683477 PMCID: PMC8537960 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophanase encoded by the gene tnaA is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyses the conversion of tryptophan to indole, which is commonly used as an intra- and interspecies signalling molecule, particularly by microbes. However, the production of indole is rare in eukaryotic organisms. A nucleotide and protein database search revealed tnaA is commonly reported in various Gram-negative bacteria, but that only a few Gram-positive bacteria and archaea possess the gene. The presence of tnaA in eukaryotes, particularly protozoans and marine organisms, demonstrates the importance of this gene in the animal kingdom. Here, we document the distribution of tnaA and its acquisition and expansion among different taxonomic groups, many of which are usually categorized as non-indole producers. This study provides an opportunity to understand the intriguing role played by tnaA, and its distribution among various types of organisms.
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14
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Sayers TDJ, Johnson KL, Steinbauer MJ, Farnier K, Miller RE. Divergence in floral scent and morphology, but not thermogenic traits, associated with pollinator shift in two brood-site-mimicking Typhonium (Araceae) species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:261-280. [PMID: 33758905 PMCID: PMC8389470 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowers which imitate insect oviposition sites probably represent the most widespread form of floral mimicry, exhibit the most diverse floral signals and are visited by two of the most speciose and advanced taxa of insect - beetles and flies. Detailed comparative studies on brood-site mimics pollinated exclusively by each of these insect orders are lacking, limiting our understanding of floral trait adaptation to different pollinator groups in these deceptive systems. METHODS Two closely related and apparent brood-site mimics, Typhonium angustilobum and T. wilbertii (Araceae) observed to trap these distinct beetle and fly pollinator groups were used to investigate potential divergence in floral signals and traits most likely to occur under pollinator-mediated selection. Trapped pollinators were identified and their relative abundances enumerated, and thermogenic, visual and chemical signals and morphological traits were examined using thermocouples and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, reflectance, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, floral measurements and microscopy. KEY RESULTS Typhonium angustilobum and T. wilbertii were functionally specialized to trap saprophagous Coleoptera and Diptera, respectively. Both species shared similar colour and thermogenic traits, and contained two highly homologous AOX genes (AOX1a and AOX1b) most expressed in the thermogenic tissue and stage (unlike pUCP). Scent during the pistillate stage differed markedly - T. angustilobum emitted a complex blend of sesquiterpenes, and T. wilbertii, a dung mimic, emitted high relative amounts of skatole, p-cresol and irregular terpenes. The species differed significantly in floral morphology related to trapping mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Functional specialization and pollinator divergence were not associated with differences in anthesis rhythm and floral thermogenic or visual signals between species, but with significant differences in floral scent and morphological features, suggesting that these floral traits are critical for the attraction and filtering of beetle or fly pollinators in these two brood-site mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D J Sayers
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Blvd, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Martin J Steinbauer
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kevin Farnier
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Miller
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Blvd, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, South Yarra, VIC, 3141, Australia
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15
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Moré M, Soteras F, Ibañez AC, Dötterl S, Cocucci AA, Raguso RA. Floral Scent Evolution in the Genus Jaborosa (Solanaceae): Influence of Ecological and Environmental Factors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1512. [PMID: 34451557 PMCID: PMC8398055 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is a key communication channel between plants and pollinators. However, the contributions of environment and phylogeny to floral scent composition remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized interspecific variation of floral scent composition in the genus Jaborosa Juss. (Solanaceae) and, using an ecological niche modelling approach (ENM), we assessed the environmental variables that exerted the strongest influence on floral scent variation, taking into account pollination mode and phylogenetic relationships. Our results indicate that two major evolutionary themes have emerged: (i) a 'warm Lowland Subtropical nectar-rewarding clade' with large white hawkmoth pollinated flowers that emit fragrances dominated by oxygenated aromatic or sesquiterpenoid volatiles, and (ii) a 'cool-temperate brood-deceptive clade' of largely fly-pollinated species found at high altitudes (Andes) or latitudes (Patagonian Steppe) that emit foul odors including cresol, indole and sulfuric volatiles. The joint consideration of floral scent profiles, pollination mode, and geoclimatic context helped us to disentangle the factors that shaped floral scent evolution across "pollinator climates" (geographic differences in pollinator abundance or preference). Our findings suggest that the ability of plants in the genus Jaborosa to colonize newly formed habitats during Andean orogeny was associated with striking transitions in flower scent composition that trigger specific odor-driven behaviors in nocturnal hawkmoths and saprophilous fly pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Moré
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina; (F.S.); (A.C.I.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Florencia Soteras
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina; (F.S.); (A.C.I.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Ana C. Ibañez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina; (F.S.); (A.C.I.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Andrea A. Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina; (F.S.); (A.C.I.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Kumar P, Lee JH, Lee J. Diverse roles of microbial indole compounds in eukaryotic systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2522-2545. [PMID: 34137156 PMCID: PMC9290978 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Indole and its derivatives are widespread across different life forms, functioning as signalling molecules in prokaryotes and with more diverse roles in eukaryotes. A majority of indoles found in the environment are attributed to bacterial enzymes converting tryptophan into indole and its derivatives. The involvement of indoles among lower organisms as an interspecies and intraspecies signal is well known, with many reports showing that inter‐kingdom interactions involving microbial indole compounds are equally important as they influence defence systems and even the behaviour of higher organisms. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the functional properties of indole and indole derivatives in diverse eukaryotes. Furthermore, we discuss current perspectives on the role of microbial indoles in human diseases such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancers. Deciphering the function of indoles as biomarkers of metabolic state will facilitate the formulation of diet‐based treatments and open unique therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
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17
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Rupp T, Oelschlägel B, Rabitsch K, Mahfoud H, Wenke T, Disney RHL, Neinhuis C, Wanke S, Dötterl S. Flowers of Deceptive Aristolochia microstoma Are Pollinated by Phorid Flies and Emit Volatiles Known From Invertebrate Carrion. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.658441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deceptive flowers decoy pollinators by advertising a reward, which finally is not provided. Numerous deceptive plants are pollinated by Diptera, but the attractive cues and deceptive strategies are only identified in a few cases. A typical fly-deceptive plant genus is Aristolochia, which evolved sophisticated trap flowers to temporarily capture pollinators. Though rarely demonstrated by experimental approaches, Aristolochia species are believed to chemically mimic brood sites, food sources for adult flies, or utilize sexual deception. Indeed, for most species, studies on scent composition and attractive signals are lacking. In this study, we focused on Aristolochia microstoma, a peculiar Greek endemic with flowers that are presented at ground level in the leaf litter or between rocks and are characterized by a unique morphology. We analyzed flower visitor and pollinator spectra and identified the floral scent composition using dynamic headspace and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Female and male phorid flies (Phoridae) are the exclusive pollinators, although the flowers are also frequently visited by Sciaridae, as well as typical ground-dwelling arthropods, such as Collembola and arachnids. The carrion-like floral scent mainly consists of the oligosulphide dimethyldisulfide and the nitrogen-bearing compound 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. These compounds together are known to be released from decomposing insects, and thus, we conclude that pollinators are likely deceived by chemical imitation of invertebrate carrion, a deceptive strategy not described from another plant species so far.
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18
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Sladecek FXJ, Dötterl S, Schäffler I, Segar ST, Konvicka M. Succession of Dung-Inhabiting Beetles and Flies Reflects the Succession of Dung-Emitted Volatile Compounds. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:433-443. [PMID: 33830431 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical cues, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are often essential for insects to locate food. Relative to the volume of studies on the role of VOCs in insect-plant relationships, the role of VOCs emitted by dung and carrion in mediating the behavior of insect decomposers is understudied. Such relationships may provide a mechanistic understanding of the temporal axis of community assembly processes in decomposing insect communities. We focused on the temporal succession of volatiles released by cow dung pats and the potential influence on dung-inhabiting insects. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry we identified and quantified VOCs released from dung 1-h, and 1, 2 3, 5, and 7 d-old. We then related changes in VOCs to successional patterns of dung-inhabiting beetles and flies. We detected 54 VOCs which could be assigned to two successional groups, with chemical turnover in dung changing around day 2. The early successional group consisted primarily of aliphatic alcohols and phenols, and the late one of aliphatic esters, nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing compounds. Flies were predominately associated with the early successional group, mainly with 1-butanol. Beetles were associated predominately with the late-successional group, mainly with dimethyl trisulfide. This association between insect and chemical successional patterns supports the idea that habitat filtering drives the community assembly of dung-inhabiting insects on an aging resource. Moreover, the affinity of both insect groups to specific VOC groups provides a mechanistic explanation for the predictability of successional patterns found in dung-inhabiting insect communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Xaver Jiri Sladecek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. .,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Irmgard Schäffler
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Martin Konvicka
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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19
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Wang D, Yu H, Chen G. Scent chemistry and pollinators in the holoparasitic plant Cynomorium songaricum (Cynomoriaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:111-120. [PMID: 32915486 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Holoparasitic plants are interesting heterotrophic angiosperms. However, carrion- or faeces-mimicking is rarely described for such plants. There is no information on the pollination biology of Cynomoriaceae, despite the fact that these plants are rare and vulnerable. This is the first study to reveal pollination in a member of this family, Cynomorium songaricum, a root holoparasite with a distinctive and putrid floral odour. From 2016 to 2018, we studied the floral volatiles, floral visitors and pollinators, behavioural responses of visitors to floral volatiles, breeding system, flowering phenology and floral biology of two wild populations of C. songaricum in Alxa, Inner Mongolia, China. A total of 42 volatiles were identified in inflorescences of C. songaricum. Among these volatiles are compounds known as typical carrion scents, such as p-cresol, indole, dimethyl disulphide and 1-octen-3-ol. C. songaricum is pollinated by various Diptera, such as Musca domestica, M. stabulans (Muscidae), Delia setigera, D. platura (Anthomyiidae), Lucilia sericata, L. caesar (Calliphoridae), Wohlfahrtia indigens, Sarcophaga noverca, S. crassipalpis and Sarcophila meridionalis (Sarcophagidae). The inflorescence scent of C. songaricum attracted these pollinators. The plants significantly benefit from insect pollination, although wind can be a pollen vector in the absence of pollinators. C. songaricum is a cross-pollinated, self-incompatible plant. Our findings suggest that C. songaricum releases malodorous volatiles to attract Diptera to achieve pollination. This new example lays the foundation for further comparative studies in other members of this plant group and contributes to a better understanding of fly-pollinated, carrion mimicking plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, The Good Agriculture Practice Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - H Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, The Good Agriculture Practice Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - G Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, The Good Agriculture Practice Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
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20
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Moré M, Ibañez AC, Drewniak ME, Cocucci AA, Raguso RA. Flower Diversification Across "Pollinator Climates": Sensory Aspects of Corolla Color Evolution in the Florally Diverse South American Genus Jaborosa (Solanaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:601975. [PMID: 33365042 PMCID: PMC7750315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flower phenotype may diverge within plant lineages when moving across "pollinator climates" (geographic differences in pollinator abundance or preference). Here we explored the potential importance of pollinators as drivers of floral color diversification in the nightshade genus Jaborosa, taking into account color perception capabilities of the actual pollinators (nocturnal hawkmoths vs. saprophilous flies) under a geographic perspective. We analyzed the association between transitions across environments and perceptual color axes using comparative methods. Our results revealed two major evolutionary themes in Jaborosa: (1) a "warm subtropical sphingophilous clade" composed of three hawkmoth-pollinated species found in humid lowland habitats, with large white flowers that clustered together in the visual space of a model hawkmoth (Manduca sexta) and a "cool-temperate brood-deceptive clade" composed of largely fly-pollinated species with small dark flowers found at high altitudes (Andes) or latitudes (Patagonian Steppe), that clustered together in the visual space of a model blowfly (Lucilia sp.) and a syrphid fly (Eristalis tenax). Our findings suggest that the ability of plants to colonize newly formed environments during Andean orogeny and the ecological changes that followed were concomitant with transitions in flower color as perceived by different pollinator functional groups. Our findings suggest that habitat and pollination mode are inextricably linked in the history of this South American plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Moré
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana C. Ibañez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Eugenia Drewniak
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea A. Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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21
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Johnson SD, Sivechurran J, Doarsamy S, Shuttleworth A. Dung mimicry: the function of volatile emissions and corolla patterning in fly-pollinated Wurmbea flowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1662-1673. [PMID: 33460187 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that flowers of some angiosperms mimic vertebrate faeces (dung) in order to exploit insect pollinators that utilize faeces as a source of food and/or oviposition sites. We investigated a potential case of mimicry in Wurmbea elatior (Colchicaceae), a lily that exhibits a faecal odour and pattern of dark spots on the corolla. We found that W. elatior is pollinated by a broad assemblage of coprophagous flies and is dependent on pollinator visits for seed production. The flowers emit volatiles that are characteristic of vertebrate faeces, and three of these compounds - skatole, indole, and an unidentified compound - elicited electrophysiological antennal responses from flies. Artificial flowers laced with indole and skatole or skatole alone attracted the same assemblage of flies as was recorded on flowers of W. elatior. Spotted artificial flowers attracted twice as many flies as did those lacking spots. Experimental addition of indole and skatole to flowers of Wurmbea kraussii, a congener with unscented flowers pollinated by hoverflies, induced a shift to an insect visitor assemblage dominated by coprophagous flies. This study clarifies the roles of volatile emissions (particularly skatole) and visual signals in floral dung mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Post Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Jadine Sivechurran
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Post Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Sachin Doarsamy
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Post Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Adam Shuttleworth
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Post Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
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Lukas K, Dötterl S, Ayasse M, Burger H. Olfactory and Visual Floral Signals of Hedera helix and Heracleum sphondylium Involved in Host Finding by Nectar-Foraging Social Wasps. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.571454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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23
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Okuyama Y, Goto N, Nagano AJ, Yasugi M, Kokubugata G, Kudoh H, Qi Z, Ito T, Kakishima S, Sugawara T. Radiation history of Asian Asarum (sect. Heterotropa, Aristolochiaceae) resolved using a phylogenomic approach based on double-digested RAD-seq data. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:245-260. [PMID: 32285123 PMCID: PMC7380484 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The genus Asarum sect. Heterotropa (Aristolochiaceae) probably experienced rapid diversification into 62 species centred on the Japanese Archipelago and Taiwan, providing an ideal model for studying island adaptive radiation. However, resolving the phylogeny of this plant group using Sanger sequencing-based approaches has been challenging. To uncover the radiation history of Heterotropa, we employed a phylogenomic approach using double-digested RAD-seq (ddRAD-seq) to yield a sufficient number of phylogenetic signals and compared its utility with that of the Sanger sequencing-based approach. METHODS We first compared the performance of phylogenetic analysis based on the plastid matK and trnL-F regions and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), and phylogenomic analysis based on ddRAD-seq using a reduced set of the plant materials (83 plant accessions consisting of 50 species, one subspecies and six varieties). We also conducted more thorough phylogenomic analyses including the reconstruction of biogeographic history using comprehensive samples of 135 plant accessions consisting of 54 species, one subspecies, nine varieties of Heterotropa and six outgroup species. KEY RESULTS Phylogenomic analyses of Heterotropa based on ddRAD-seq were superior to Sanger sequencing-based approaches and resulted in a fully resolved phylogenetic tree with strong support for 72.0-84.8 % (depending on the tree reconstruction methods) of the branches. We clarified the history of Heterotropa radiation and found that A. forbesii, the only deciduous Heterotropa species native to mainland China, is sister to the evergreen species (core Heterotropa) mostly distributed across the Japanese Archipelago and Taiwan. CONCLUSIONS The core Heterotropa group was divided into nine subclades, each of which had a narrow geographic distribution. Moreover, most estimated dispersal events (22 out of 24) were between adjacent areas, indicating that the range expansion has been geographically restricted throughout the radiation history. The findings enhance our understanding of the remarkable diversification of plant lineages in the Japanese Archipelago and Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Okuyama
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- For correspondence: E-mail
| | - Nana Goto
- The Nature Conservation Society of Japan (NACS-J), Tokyo, Japan
- Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Life Sciences, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasugi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Goro Kokubugata
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Zhechen Qi
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Takuro Ito
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugawara
- Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Nyamwasa I, Li K, Zhang S, Yin J, Li X, Liu J, Li E, Sun X. Overlooked side effects of organic farming inputs attract soil insect crop pests. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02084. [PMID: 31985123 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic farming has been praised for many sound reasons, but there are some negative effects of organic practices. Research on the interactions between soil insect pests and organic farming practices is still scarce, although such interactions might sometimes lead to severe crop damage. Here, we explore the influences of organic farming inputs and key host crops on the oviposition behavior of soil insect pests likely to infest crops. We also shed light on the factors driving this behavior and analyze 4 yr of data from an on-farm investigation. Our study offers clear support to the idea that decomposing organic matter and legume crops affect oviposition behavior and provides evidence that butyric acid and 1-hexanol are major attractants. The results suggest that poor management or returning decomposing organic matter to the field is risky. The silver lining, however, is that oviposition behavior can be disrupted by the identified key attractants to benefit crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Nyamwasa
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kebin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Agro-tech Extension and Service Centre (NATESC), Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Ertao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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25
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AlFaris NA, Alshammari GM, Alsayadi MM, AlFaris MA, Yahya MA. Concise anti-oxidative stress defence effects of Duvalia corderoyi in the liver and kidney tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1751962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. AlFaris
- Nutrition and Food Science (PHD), Department of Physical Sport Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghedeir M. Alshammari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneer M. Alsayadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Munirah A. AlFaris
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Yahya
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Paucar JOA, Isaias RMS, Stehmann JR. Unravelling the structure and function of the petal appendages in the tribe Schwenckieae (Solanaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:146-156. [PMID: 31642176 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The tribe Schwenckieae (Solanaceae) is characterised by the presence of appendages on the corolla, a diagnostic trait for the group. These appendages constitute a median distal projection of the three-lobed petal and occur in the genera Melananthus and Schwenckia but are absent in Heteranthia. We investigated the micromorphology and anatomical structure of the appendages and lateral petal lobes of Schwenckia americana (two varieties), S. angustifolia, S. curviflora and S. novaveneciana, and Melananthus fasciculatus. We also performed histochemical tests to determine if the appendages are involved in the production of volatiles, acting as a fragrance secretory structure (osmophore). The appendages have a uniseriate epidermis, whose cells store phenolics and lipids. The parenchyma is starch-rich just prior to anthesis in all species studied. The sensory test and anatomical analyses identified scent-secreting tissues, not only in the appendages, but also in the lateral petal lobes, whose cells are papillose with a sculptured surface. The α-naphthol p-phenylenediamine (NADI) reaction detected volatile (essential oils) compounds in S. americana var. americana and S. americana var. angustifolia. We demonstrated the secretory tissues and the production of lipids in the corolla appendages of Schwenckia and Melananthus, which indicate their osmogenic function and probable scent emission to attract pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O A Paucar
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R M S Isaias
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J R Stehmann
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Duvalia corderoyi in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:925-934. [PMID: 32127772 PMCID: PMC7042628 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome distinguished with glucose increasing in blood, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. It results in decease of millions of people yearly. Duvalia corderoyi is a traditional diabetes and hypertension medicine from the Arabian region. D. corderoyi extract was administered to diabetes rats for estimate its anti-diabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in Wistar rats were induced using (60 mg/kg) of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally. The rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, diabetic, diabetic receiving glibenclamide, and two diabetic D. corderoyi-treatment groups. Rats were weighted weekly, and the biochemical analysis were carried out in serum, and liver homogenate samples. Body weight of diabetic rats was lessening significantly D. corderoyi improved body weight, glucose concentration, lipid profiles, hepatic enzymes, urea, creatinine, insulin, and HDL-C. These results are the first to indicate the potential antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of D. corderoyi.
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Diversity of Floral Glands and Their Secretions in Pollinator Attraction. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wiśniewska N, Lipińska MM, Gołębiowski M, Kowalkowska AK. Labellum structure of Bulbophyllum echinolabium J.J. Sm. (section Lepidorhiza Schltr., Bulbophyllinae Schltr., Orchidaceae Juss.). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1185-1203. [PMID: 30993470 PMCID: PMC6713679 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This micromorphological, chemical and ultrastructural study is a continuation of research conducted on the section Lepidorhiza. The Bulbophyllum echinolabium flowers comprised features that characterize a sapromyophilous syndrome, having large, glistening parts that emit an intense scent of rotten meat. The secretory activity was described in the hypochile (nectary in longitudinal groove and in the prickles) and the epichile (putative osmophore). The ultrastructural studies revealed a dense cytoplasm in the epidermis and subepidermal tissue with large nuclei and numerous mitochondria, the profiles of SER and RER, and dictyosomes. Large amounts of heterogeneous residues of secreted material (possibly phenolic) were present on the cuticle surface, similar to the unusual prominent periplasmic space with flocculent secretory material. The chemical analysis (GC/MS) of the scent profile of lips comprised carbohydrates and their derivatives (29.55% of all compounds), amino acids (1.66%), lipids (8.04%) and other organic compounds (60.73%). A great number of identified compounds are Diptera attractants (mainly Milichiidae, Tephritidae, Drosophilidae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae). The examination of visual and olfactory features indicates correlation between colour of flowers and the type of olfactory mimicry, where a dark colour labellum emits strong smell of rotten waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika M Lipińska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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30
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Wróblewska A, Szczepaniak L, Bajguz A, Jędrzejczyk I, Tałałaj I, Ostrowiecka B, Brzosko E, Jermakowicz E, Mirski P. Deceptive strategy in Dactylorhiza orchids: multidirectional evolution of floral chemistry. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1005-1016. [PMID: 30753414 PMCID: PMC6589506 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The deception strategies of orchids remain poorly understood, especially in regard to the chemical compounds emitted from their flowers and their interaction with various taxonomic groups of pollinators. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships and compared the variation of floral chemical compounds between food-deceptive Dactylorhiza taxa (D. incarnata var. incarnata and D. incarnata var. ochroleuca, D. fuchsii and D. majalis) from populations in north-eastern Poland. We propose a model of the evolution of deception based on floral chemical signals in this genus. METHODS A Bayesian approach based on polymorphic plastid DNA (trnL, trnF and psbC-trnK), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and flow cytometry data was applied to confirm the taxonomic status of the studied orchids. We also identified and classified the pollinators and flower visitors in each Dactylorhiza population to the taxonomic level and compared our results with literature data. The chemical composition of pentane and diethyl ether extracts from the flowers was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Variation of the floral chemical components was visualized by non-metric multidimensional scaling based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. KEY RESULTS The genetic distinctiveness of D. incarnata, D. fuchsii and D. majalis was confirmed. No hybrids between them were found, but the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), ITS haplotypes and flow cytometry showed genetic similarity between D. incarnata var. incarnata and D. incarnata var. ochroleuca. We determined that Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera) was the only shared pollinator of these taxa. Strangalia attenuata and Alosterna tabacicolor (Coleoptera) and Volucella pellucens and V. bombylans (Hymenoptera) were observed pollinating D. fuchsii. Visualization of the emission rates of the 61 floral chemical compounds detected from pentane extracts (mainly hydrocarbons and aldehydes) and the 51 from diethyl extracts (with abundant groups of benzenoids and non-aromatic acids) strongly differentiated D. incarnata, D. fuchsii and D. majalis, while those of the two varieties of D. incarnata (var. incarnata and var. ochroleuca) were almost identical. CONCLUSIONS While the genetic data clearly supported the distinct lineages of D. incarnata, D. fuchsii and D. majalis, the patterns of emission of their flower chemical compounds were more complex within the series of shared compounds (alkanes and aldehydes) and taxon-specific compounds (benzenoids and esters). Their floral bouquet can influence the sexual, social and feeding behaviour of pollinators in different ways. We observed that the floral chemical compounds attracted both shared and species-specific pollinators to Dactylorhiza, confirming the multidirectional character of floral chemical signals in these food-deceptive taxa. Reduction of species-specific pollination levels in Dactylorhiza orchid taxa may promote hybridization between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Wróblewska
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Lech Szczepaniak
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Iwona Jędrzejczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Plant Genetics, Physiology and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Izabela Tałałaj
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Beata Ostrowiecka
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Emilia Brzosko
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Edyta Jermakowicz
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Mirski
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
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31
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Zhang X, Ji Y, Zhang Y, Liu F, Chen H, Liu J, Handberg ES, Chagovets VV, Chingin K. Molecular analysis of semen-like odor emitted by chestnut flowers using neutral desorption extractive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:4103-4112. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Guimarães E, Tunes P, de Almeida Junior LD, Di Stasi LC, Dötterl S, Machado SR. Nectar Replaced by Volatile Secretion: A Potential New Role for Nectarless Flowers in a Bee-Pollinated Plant Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1243. [PMID: 30233609 PMCID: PMC6134477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nectarless flowers in nectariferous plants is a widespread phenomenon in angiosperms. However, the frequency and distribution of nectarless flowers in natural populations, and the transition from nectariferous to nectarless flowers are poorly known. Variation in nectar production may affect mutualism stability, since energetic resource availability influences pollinators' foraging behavior. Here, we described the spatial and temporal nectar production patterns of Jacaranda oxyphylla, a bee-pollinated species that naturally presents nectarless flowers. Additionally, we compared nectariferous and nectarless floral disks in order to identify histological, subcellular and chemical changes that accompanied the loss of nectar production ability. For that we used standard methods for light and transmission electron microscopy, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for chemical analyses. We verified that 47% of flowers did not produce nectar during the whole flower lifespan (nectarless flowers). We also observed remarkable inter-plant variation, with individuals having only nectarless flowers, others only nectariferous ones and most of them showing different proportions of both flower types, with variable nectar volumes (3-21 μl). Additionally, among nectariferous flowers, we registered two distinct rhythms of nectar production. 'Early' flowers produced nectar from 0 to 24 h, and 'late' flowers produced nectar from 24 to 48 h of anthesis. Although disks from nectariferous and nectarless flowers displayed similar histological organization, they differed strongly at subcellular level. Nectariferous ('early' and 'late') flowers exhibited a cellular apparatus typical of nectar secretion, while nectarless flowers exhibited osmophoric features. We found three aliphatic and one aromatic compound(s) that were detected in both the headspace of flowers and the disks of nectarless flowers, but not the disks of nectariferous flowers Although the remarkable variation in nectar availability may discourage pollinator visits, nectarless flowers might compensate it by producing volatile compounds that can be part of floral scent, acting as chemical attractants. Thus, nectarless flowers may be helping to maintain pollination in this scenario of trophic resource supply scarcity. We suggest that J. oxyphylla can be transitioning from a nectar-based pollination system to another resource-based or even to a deceit mechanism of pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza Guimarães
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Animal Interactions, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Priscila Tunes
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Animal Interactions, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luiz D. de Almeida Junior
- Laboratory of Phytomedicine, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luiz C. Di Stasi
- Laboratory of Phytomedicine, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Silvia R. Machado
- Laboratory of Research in Plant Anatomy and Ultrastructure, Department of Botany and Centre of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Wee SL, Tan SB, Jürgens A. Pollinator specialization in the enigmatic Rafflesia cantleyi: A true carrion flower with species-specific and sex-biased blow fly pollinators. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 153:120-128. [PMID: 29906658 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The plants of the enigmatic genus Rafflesia are well known for their gigantic flowers and their floral features such as pungent floral scent and vivid dark color, which mimics the food/brood sites of carrion. However, information on the pollination biology of this plant group remains limited and mostly anecdotal. In the present paper, we studied the floral volatiles of R. cantleyi Solms-Laubach and their role in pollinator attraction. To achieve these aims, the floral scent was collected in situ in the field using a dynamic headspace method followed by chemical analysis via GC-MS. The olfactory preferences of pollinators to the identified chemical compounds, were tested singly and in blends, in flight tunnel bioassays and compared with responses to headspace floral extracts. In addition, flower-visiting calliphorid flies and the local carrion fly community were sampled and identified. Five species of calliphorid flies (subfamilies of Chrysomyinae and Calliphorinae), all females, were found on the flowers, whereas nine species were found in the traps that were baited with tainted meat in the surrounding habitat. However, only flower visitors of one blow fly species, Chrysomya chani Kurahashi, were observed to carry R. cantleyi pollen after visiting male flowers. The floral volatiles emitted by male flowers in full bloom were dominated by two sulphur-containing compounds, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). These were accompanied by other minor compounds such as benzenoids (4), monoterpenoids (4), trace amounts of aliphatic compounds (1), and sesquiterpenes (1). In flight-tunnel bioassays, a female-specific positive response of C. chani flies to individual DMDS, DMTS, and a blend of DMDS and DMTS was evident. Our findings suggest that R. cantleyi biochemically mimics carrion and that relative ratio of oligosulfides in the floral scent play a key role in sex-biased pollinator specialization, attracting only female C. chani carrion flies to the flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ling Wee
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 43600, Bangi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia; Centre of Insect Systematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, 43600, Bangi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Shwu Bing Tan
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 43600, Bangi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Andreas Jürgens
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Wiśniewska N, Kowalkowska AK, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Krawczyńska AT, Bohdanowicz J. Floral features of two species of Bulbophyllum section Lepidorhiza Schltr.: B. levanae Ames and B. nymphopolitanum Kraenzl. (Bulbophyllinae Schltr., Orchidaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:485-499. [PMID: 28913668 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two representatives of section Lepidorhiza, previously sometimes considered conspecific, Bulbophyllum levanae and Bulbophyllum nymphopolitanum, demonstrated both similarities and differences in floral features. There were significant differences in the length of sepals and micromorphological features of the labellum. In both species, osmophores are located on the extended apices of sepals and possibly on petals. An abundance of proteins in tepals is probably associated with the unpleasant scent of the flowers, whereas the thin wax layers on the epidermis are probably involved in the maintenance of the brilliance of floral tepals, which strongly attracts flies. In all tepals of both species, we noted the presence of dihydroxyphenolic globules in the cytoplasm after staining with FeCl3. Comparison with ultrastructure results revealed that they were associated with plastids containing plastoglobuli. The most remarkable feature was the presence of a prominent periplasmic space in the epidermal cells of both investigated species. Furthermore, in the labellum of B. levanae, the cuticle contained microchannels. The combination of periplasmic space and microchannels has not previously been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | - Agnieszka T Krawczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Zhang X, Chingin K, Zhong D, Luo L, Frankevich V, Chen H. Deciphering the chemical origin of the semen-like floral scents in three angiosperm plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 145:137-145. [PMID: 29127940 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical origin and biological role of distinct semen-like odor occasionally found in some flowers are very curious but remain scarcely studied. Here, we used direct ambient corona discharge ionization mass spectrometry (MS) to study the volatile chemical composition behind the semen-like odor emitted by the fresh flowers of Photinia serrulata, Castanopsis sclerophylla and Stemona japonica without any chemical pretreatment. Chemical identification was performed using high-resolution MS analysis in combination with tandem MS analysis and whenever possible was confirmed by the analysis of standard reference compounds. A total of 19 compounds, mostly belonging to nitrogenous volatiles, were identified in P. serrulata, C. sclerophylla, and S. japonica flowers, 1-pyrroline, 1-piperideine, 2-pyrrolidone, and phenethylamine being common in all the three studied species. Several lines of evidence indicate that the major component responsible for the semen-like odor is most likely 1-pyrroline. 1-Pyrroline is most probably formed via the oxidative deamination of putrescine, as indicated by the observation of signal from 4-amino-butanal intermediate. Flower visitation observations suggest that the released volatiles serve to attract dipterans, including Syrphidae, Calliphoridae, and Muscidae. On the analytical side, the comparison of our results to earlier studies also indicate that compared to the traditional GC-MS approach the direct corona discharge ionization mass spectrometry provides more sensitive detection of VOCs with high proton affinity, in particular volatile amines, and therefore can be used to complement traditional GC-MS approach for the highest chemical coverage of VOC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China.
| | - Dacai Zhong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Liping Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Vladimir Frankevich
- Department of System Biology in Reproduction, Federal State Budget Institution "Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology", Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
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Aguiar JMRBV, Roselino AC, Sazima M, Giurfa M. Can honey bees discriminate between floral-fragrance isomers? J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.180844. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.180844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many flowering plants present variable complex fragrances, which usually include different isomers of the same molecule. As fragrance is an essential cue for flower recognition by pollinators, we ask if honey bees discriminate between floral-fragrance isomers in an appetitive context. We used the olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER), which allows training a restrained bee to an odor paired with sucrose solution. Bees were trained under an absolute (a single odorant rewarded) or a differential conditioning regime (a rewarded vs. a non-rewarded odorant) using four different pairs of isomers. One hour after training, discrimination and generalization between pairs of isomers were tested. Bees trained under absolute conditioning exhibited high generalization between isomers and discriminated only one out of four isomer pairs; after differential conditioning, they learned to differentiate between two out of four pairs of isomers but in all cases generalization responses to the non-rewarding isomer remained high. Adding an aversive taste to the non-rewarded isomer facilitated discrimination of isomers that otherwise seemed non-discriminable, but generalization remained high. Although honey bees discriminated isomers under certain conditions, they achieved the task with difficulty and tended to generalize between them, thus showing that these molecules were perceptually similar to them. We conclude that the presence of isomers within floral fragrances might not necessarily contribute to a dramatic extent to floral odor diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marcelo Robazzi Bignelli Valente Aguiar
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse; CNRS, UPS, France
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Roselino
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse; CNRS, UPS, France
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Chen G, Gong WC, Ge J, Schinnerl J, Wang B, Sun WB. Variation in floral characters, particularly floral scent, in sapromyophilous Stemona species. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:825-839. [PMID: 28836349 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flowers or inflorescences often deploy various signals, including visual, olfactory, and gustatory cues, that can be detected by their pollinators. In many plants, these cues and their functions are poorly understood. Deciphering the interactions between floral cues and pollinators is crucial for analyzing the reproductive success of flowering plants. In this study, we examined the composition of the fetid floral scents produced by several Stemona species, including nine S. tuberosa populations from across China, using dynamic headspace adsorption, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry techniques. We compared variations in floral phenotype, including floral longevity, nectar rewards, pollinator behavior, and flower length and color among the Stemona species. Of the 54 scent compounds identified, the major compounds include fetid dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 1-pyrroline, butyric acid, p-cresol, isoamyl alcohol, and indole. We detected striking differentiation in floral scent at both the species and population level, and even within a population of plants with different colored flowers. Floral characteristics related to sapromyophily and deceptive pollination, including flower color mimicking livor mortis and a lack of nectar, were found in five Stemona species, indicating that Stemona is a typical sapromyophilous taxon. Species of this monocot genus might employ evolutionary tactics to exploit saprophilous flies for pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Chen
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wei-Chang Gong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Honghe University, Mengzi 661199, China
| | - Jia Ge
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Johann Schinnerl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, A-1030 Wien, Rennweg 14, Austria
| | - Bin Wang
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Bang Sun
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Kite GC, Hetterscheid WLA. Phylogenetic trends in the evolution of inflorescence odours in Amorphophallus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 142:126-142. [PMID: 28750276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of inflorescence odours of 80 species of Amorphophallus (Araceae) were determined by headspace-thermal desorption GC-MS. When compared to published molecular phylogenies of the genus, the data reveal evidence both of phylogenetic constraint and plasticity of odours. Dimethyl oligosulphides were found as common constituents of Amorphophallus odours and were the most abundant components in almost half of the species studied. Odours composed mainly of dimethyl oligosulphides, and perceived as being 'gaseous', were only found among Asian species, and some of these species clustered in certain clades in molecular phylogenies; e.g. in two clades in Amorphophallus subgenus Metandrium. However, some species with gaseous odours were found to be closely related to species producing odours more reminiscent of rotting meat in which various minor components accompany the dominant dimethyl oligosulphides. These two broad types of odours have co-evolved with other inflorescence characteristics such as colour, with species with rotting meat odours having darker inflorescences. Species producing pleasant odours characterised by benzenoid compounds constitute two broad groups that are not related in published phylogenies. Species having fruity odours containing 1-phenylethanol derivatives mainly occur in a clade in subgenus Metandrium while those with anise odours composed almost solely of the 2-phenylethanol derivative 4-methoxyphenethyl alcohol are restricted to a clade in subgenus Scutandrium. Phylogenetic mapping of odours also indicates that the evolution of some odour types is likely to have been influenced by ecological factors. For example, species producing fishy odours dominated by trimethylamine and occurring in N and NE Borneo are not all closely related. Conversely, two sister species, A. mossambicensis and A. abyssinicus, which are morphologically very similar and have overlapping geographical distribution, produce odours which are very different chemically. The pressure of pollinator resource has therefore been a factor influencing the evolution of odours in Amorphophallus, driving both the divergence of odour types in some taxa and the convergence of odour types in others.
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Block E, Batista VS, Matsunami H, Zhuang H, Ahmed L. The role of metals in mammalian olfaction of low molecular weight organosulfur compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:529-557. [PMID: 28471462 PMCID: PMC5542778 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00016b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2017While suggestions concerning the possible role of metals in olfaction and taste date back 50 years, only recently has it been possible to confirm these proposals with experiments involving individual olfactory receptors (ORs). A detailed discussion of recent experimental results demonstrating the key role of metals in enhancing the response of human and other vertebrate ORs to specific odorants is presented against the backdrop of our knowledge of how the sense of smell functions both at the molecular and whole animal levels. This review emphasizes the role of metals in the detection of low molecular weight thiols, sulfides, and other organosulfur compounds, including those found in strong-smelling animal excretions and plant volatiles, and those used in gas odorization. Alternative theories of olfaction are described, with evidence favoring the modified "shape" theory. The use of quantum mechanical/molecular modeling (QM/MM), site-directed mutagenesis and saturation-transfer-difference (STD) NMR is discussed, providing support for biological studies of mouse and human receptors, MOR244-3 and OR OR2T11, respectively. Copper is bound at the active site of MOR244-3 by cysteine and histidine, while cysteine, histidine and methionine are involved with OR2T11. The binding pockets of these two receptors are found in different locations in the three-dimensional seven transmembrane models. Another recently deorphaned human olfactory receptor, OR2M3, highly selective for a thiol from onions, and a broadly-tuned thiol receptor, OR1A1, are also discussed. Other topics covered include the effects of nanoparticles and heavy metal toxicants on vertebrate and fish ORs, intranasal zinc products and the loss of smell (anosmia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Block
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
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Kowalkowska AK, Turzyński S, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Wiśniewska N. Floral structure of two species of Bulbophyllum section Cirrhopetalum Lindl.: B. weberi Ames and B. cumingii (Lindl.) Rchb. f. (Bulbophyllinae Schltr., Orchidaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1431-1449. [PMID: 27798718 PMCID: PMC5376396 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flowers of Bulbophyllum weberi and B. cumingii are characterized by fly-pollinated features. The secretory activity was described in dorsal sepals in both species (putative osmophores), petals in B. weberi (possible osmophores) and adaxial surface of lips in both species. In the cells of dorsal sepals and petals of B. weberi proteins, dihydroxyphenols, lipids and starch grains were detected, in lateral sepals-lipids. Whereas in dorsal sepal of B. cumingii only lipids and starch grains were noted, in lateral sepals-proteins and dihydroxyphenols and in petals-proteins and starch grains. The lips in both species differed histochemically and ultrastructurally. The epidermal cells of lip groove in B. weberi contained lipids, proteins, starch grains in cytoplasm, dihydroxyphenols in vacuoles and pectic acids/mucilage on surface. Whereas in B. cumingii-few lipids, starch grains, no proteins, no dihydroxyphenols and no mucilage were noted. Ultrastructurally, in B. weberi, the secretory material was present on surface and vesicles building into plasmalemma, while in B. cumingii-cell wall ingrowths and microchannels in cuticle. The osmiophilic irregular materials and globular, osmiophilic globules in B. weberi are probably tannin-like materials. For the first time, we described the cell wall ingrowths in Bulbophyllum species: in lip of B. cumingii and petals of B. weberi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Turzyński
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Wang B, Chen G, Li C, Sun W. Floral characteristics and pollination ecology of Manglietia ventii (Magnoliaceae), a plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) endemic to South Yunnan of China. PLANT DIVERSITY 2017; 39:52-59. [PMID: 30159491 PMCID: PMC6112231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Manglietia ventii is a highly endangered plant species endemic to Yunnan province in China, where there are only five known small populations. Despite abundant flowering there is very low fruit and seed set, and very few seedlings in natural populations, indicating problems with reproduction. The causes of low fecundity in M. ventii are not known, largely because of insufficient knowledge of the species pollination ecology and breeding system. We conducted observations and pollination experiments, and analyzed floral scents to understand the pollinator-plant interactions and the role of floral scent in this relationship, as well as the species breeding system. Like the majority of Magnoliaceae, M. ventii has protogynous and nocturnal flowers that emit a strong fragrance over two consecutive evenings. There is a closing period (the pre-staminate stage) during the process of anthesis of a flower, and we characterize the key flowering process as an "open-close-reopen" flowering rhythm with five distinct floral stages observed throughout the floral period of this species: pre-pistillate, pistillate, pre-staminate, staminate, and post-staminate. Flowers are in the pistillate stage during the first night of anthesis and enter the staminate stage the next night. During anthesis, floral scent emission occurs in the pistillate and staminate stages. The effective pollinators were weevils (Sitophilus sp.) and beetles (Anomala sp.), while the role of Rove beetles (Aleochara sp.) and thrips (Thrips sp.) in pollination of M. ventii appears to be minor or absent. The major chemical compounds of the floral scents were Limonene, β-Pinene, α-Pinene, 1,8-Cineole, Methyl-2-methylbutyrate, p-Cymene, Methyl-3-methyl-2-butenoate and 2-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-buten, and the relative proportions of these compounds varied between the pistillate and staminate stages. Production of these chemicals coincided with flower visitation by weevils and beetles. The results of pollination experiments suggest that M. ventii is pollinator-dependent, and low seed set in natural populations is a result of insufficient pollen deposition. Thus, conservation of the species should focus on improving pollination service through the introduction of genetically variable individuals and increase in density of reproducing trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Congren Li
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Weibang Sun
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
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McArt SH, Miles TD, Rodriguez-Saona C, Schilder A, Adler LS, Grieshop MJ. Floral Scent Mimicry and Vector-Pathogen Associations in a Pseudoflower-Inducing Plant Pathogen System. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165761. [PMID: 27851747 PMCID: PMC5113062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several fungal plant pathogens induce 'pseudoflowers' on their hosts to facilitate insect-mediated transmission of gametes and spores. When spores must be transmitted to host flowers to complete the fungal life cycle, we predict that pseudoflowers should evolve traits that mimic flowers and attract the most effective vectors in the flower-visiting community. We quantified insect visitation to flowers, healthy leaves and leaves infected with Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc), the causative agent of mummy berry disease of blueberry. We developed a nested PCR assay for detecting Mvc spores on bees, flies and other potential insect vectors. We also collected volatiles from blueberry flowers, healthy leaves and leaves infected with Mvc, and experimentally manipulated specific pathogen-induced volatiles to assess attractiveness to potential vectors. Bees and flies accounted for the majority of contacts with flowers, leaves infected with Mvc and healthy leaves. Flowers were contacted most often, while there was no difference between bee or fly contacts with healthy and infected leaves. While bees contacted flowers more often than flies, flies contacted infected leaves more often than bees. Bees were more likely to have Mvc spores on their bodies than flies, suggesting that bees may be more effective vectors than flies for transmitting Mvc spores to flowers. Leaves infected with Mvc had volatile profiles distinct from healthy leaves but similar to flowers. Two volatiles produced by flowers and infected leaves, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic aldehyde, were attractive to bees, while no volatiles manipulated were attractive to flies or any other insects. These results suggest that Mvc infection of leaves induces mimicry of floral volatiles, and that transmission occurs primarily via bees, which had the highest likelihood of carrying Mvc spores and visited flowers most frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H. McArt
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Miles
- School of Natural Sciences, California State University–Monterey Bay, Seaside, California, 93955, United States of America
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Saona
- Department of Entomology, Philip E. Marucci Center, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, New Jersey, 08019, United States of America
| | - Annemiek Schilder
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, United States of America
| | - Lynn S. Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Grieshop
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, United States of America
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Płachno BJ, Stpiczyńska M, Świątek P, Davies KL. Floral micromorphology of the Australian carnivorous bladderwort Utricularia dunlopii, a putative pseudocopulatory species. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1463-1473. [PMID: 26497694 PMCID: PMC5069315 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flowers of sexually deceptive taxa generally possess a set of morphological and physiological characters that mimic their insect pollinators. These characters often include a specific insect-like floral configuration, together with scent glands (osmophores) that produce fragrances which chemically resemble insect sex pheromones. Furthermore, these flowers tend not to produce pollinator food rewards. According to some authors, flowers of the Australian bladderwort Utricularia dunlopii (and species of the Utricularia capilliflora complex) resemble insects, and pollination perhaps occurs by pseudocopulation. The aims of this paper are to compare the structure and distribution of floral glandular trichomes in the Australian carnivorous plant U. dunlopii with those of closely related species assigned to the same section and to discuss their putative function. Floral tissues of U. dunlopii P. Taylor, Utricularia paulinae Lowrie, Utricularia dichotoma Labill. and Utricularia uniflora R.Br. (section Pleiochasia) were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and histochemistry. In U. dunlopii, two long, erect, filiform appendages arising from the upper lip of the corolla, together with three arising from the lower lip, bear numerous glandular trichomes that may function as osmophores. In other species, such as U. uniflora and U. paulinae, glandular papillae on the corolla palate may also function as osmophores. The floral anatomical and morphological organisation of U. dunlopii differs from that of the other investigated species, indicating that its insect pollinators are also likely to differ. Morphological and ultrastructural observations, while generally contributing to our understanding of the flower of U. dunlopii, do not refute the possibility that pollination here may occur by pseudocopulation. Further field-based investigations, however, are now necessary to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Botanic Garden Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kevin L Davies
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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Valenta K, Nevo O, Martel C, Chapman CA. Plant attractants: integrating insights from pollination and seed dispersal ecology. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Raees MA, Hussain H, Al-Rawahi A, Csuk R, Muhammad SA, Khan HY, Rehman NU, Abbas G, Al-Broumi MA, Green IR, Elyassi A, Mahmood T, Al-Harrasi A. Anti-proliferative and computational studies of two new pregnane glycosides from Desmidorchis flava. Bioorg Chem 2016; 67:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Smells like debauchery: The chemical composition of semen-like, sweat-like and faintly foetid floral odours in Xysmalobium (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Yamasaki E, Inui Y, Sakai S. Ant-Repelling Pollinators of the Myrmecophytic Macaranga winkleri (Euphorbiaceae). Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-015-9365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chartier M, Liagre S, Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Kolano B, Bessière JM, Schönenberger J, Gibernau M. Floral traits and pollination ecology of European Arum hybrids. Oecologia 2015; 180:439-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Souza CD, Pereira RAS, Marinho CR, Kjellberg F, Teixeira SP. Diversity of fig glands is associated with nursery mutualism in fig trees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1564-77. [PMID: 26419809 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Fig trees (Moraceae) have remarkable enclosed inflorescences called figs or syconia. The flowers are pollinated by host-specific fig wasps that enter the fig to lay their eggs. This nursery pollination system is one of the most studied of tropical mutualism interactions, but the source of the volatiles that attract fig wasps to their specific host figs has not been confirmed. The fragrance is the basis of host selection and, therefore, of reproductive isolation among sympatric Ficus species. This study locates and characterizes the glands likely to be responsible for pollinator attraction and also protection from herbivory in the figs of nine Ficus species representing all the major lineages within the genus. METHODS Figs with receptive pistillate flowers were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Tests for histolocalization of substances were employed to detect glandular activity throughout the figs. KEY RESULTS A great diversity of glands is found throughout the fig, and for the first time, the sites producing fragrances are identified. Scent glands are present on the ostiolar bracts and the outer layers of the fig receptacle. Laticifers and phenolic-producing idioblasts, epidermis, and trichomes associated with fig protection occur on the ostiolar bracts, the fig receptacle, and floral tissues. CONCLUSIONS The volatiles produced by glands on the ostiolar bracts are candidate sources for the long-distance attraction of pollinator fig wasps. Scent glands on the outer layers of the receptacle may also play a role in chemical perception of the figs or may be related to their protection. The high cost to the plants if the figs are eaten and the temperature conditions required for nursery pollination are likely the factors that led to the selection of phenolic glands and laticifers during the group's evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila D Souza
- PPG em Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto/ SP, Brazil Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n - 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto/ SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A S Pereira
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900 - 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto/ SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina R Marinho
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n - 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto/ SP, Brazil
| | - Finn Kjellberg
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France
| | - Simone P Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n - 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto/ SP, Brazil
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Chen G, Ma XK, Jürgens A, Lu J, Liu EX, Sun WB, Cai XH. Mimicking Livor Mortis: a Well-Known but Unsubstantiated Color Profile in Sapromyiophily. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:808-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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