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Jorrin B, Haskett TL, Knights HE, Martyn A, Underwood TJ, Dolliver J, Ledermann R, Poole PS. Stable, fluorescent markers for tracking synthetic communities and assembly dynamics. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:81. [PMID: 38715147 PMCID: PMC11075435 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After two decades of extensive microbiome research, the current forefront of scientific exploration involves moving beyond description and classification to uncovering the intricate mechanisms underlying the coalescence of microbial communities. Deciphering microbiome assembly has been technically challenging due to their vast microbial diversity but establishing a synthetic community (SynCom) serves as a key strategy in unravelling this process. Achieving absolute quantification is crucial for establishing causality in assembly dynamics. However, existing approaches are primarily designed to differentiate a specific group of microorganisms within a particular SynCom. RESULTS To address this issue, we have developed the differential fluorescent marking (DFM) strategy, employing three distinguishable fluorescent proteins in single and double combinations. Building on the mini-Tn7 transposon, DFM capitalises on enhanced stability and broad applicability across diverse Proteobacteria species. The various DFM constructions are built using the pTn7-SCOUT plasmid family, enabling modular assembly, and facilitating the interchangeability of expression and antibiotic cassettes in a single reaction. DFM has no detrimental effects on fitness or community assembly dynamics, and through the application of flow cytometry, we successfully differentiated, quantified, and tracked a diverse six-member SynCom under various complex conditions like root rhizosphere showing a different colonisation assembly dynamic between pea and barley roots. CONCLUSIONS DFM represents a powerful resource that eliminates dependence on sequencing and/or culturing, thereby opening new avenues for studying microbiome assembly. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jorrin
- Molecular Plant Sciences Section, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Timothy L Haskett
- Molecular Plant Sciences Section, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Hayley E Knights
- Molecular Plant Sciences Section, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Anna Martyn
- Molecular Plant Sciences Section, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Thomas J Underwood
- Molecular Plant Sciences Section, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jessica Dolliver
- Molecular Plant Sciences Section, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Raphael Ledermann
- Molecular Plant Sciences Section, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Philip S Poole
- Molecular Plant Sciences Section, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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2
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Namisy A, Chen SY, Huang JH, Unartngam J, Thanarut C, Chung WH. Histopathology and quantification of green fluorescent protein-tagged Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. luffae isolate in resistant and susceptible Luffa germplasm. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0312723. [PMID: 38174927 PMCID: PMC10846128 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03127-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. luffae (Folu) is a severe plant pathogen that causes vascular wilt and root rot in Luffa plants worldwide. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged isolate of Folu (Fomh16-GFP) was utilized to investigate the infection progress and colonization of Fomh16-GFP in resistant (LA140) and susceptible (LA100) Luffa genotypes. Seven days post-inoculation (dpi), it was observed that Fomh16-GFP had successfully invaded and colonized the vascular bundle of all LA100 parts, including the roots, hypocotyl, and stem. Pathogen colonization continued to increase over time, leading to the complete wilting of plants by 14-17 dpi. In LA140, the Fomh16-GFP isolate colonized the roots and hypocotyl vascular system at 7 dpi. Nevertheless, this colonization was restricted in the hypocotyl and decreased significantly, and no fungal growth was detected in the vascular system at 21 dpi. Thus, the resistant genotype might trigger a robust defense mechanism. In addition, while the pathogen was present in LA140, the inoculated plants did not exhibit any symptoms until 28 dpi. Quantitative PCR was utilized to measure the Fomh16-GFP biomass in various parts of LA100 and LA140 at different time points. The findings indicated a positive correlation between the quantity of Fomh16-GFP DNA and disease development in LA100. Alternatively, a high amount of Fomh16-GFP DNA was identified in the roots of LA140. Nonetheless, no significant correlations were found between DNA amount and disease progression in LA140. Aqueous extracts from LA140 significantly reduced Fomh16-GFP spore germination, while no significant reduction was detected using LA100 extracts.IMPORTANCEFusarium wilt of Luffa, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. luffae (Folu), causes great losses in Luffa plants worldwide. This study used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged isolate of Folu (Fomh16-GFP) to investigate the infection progress and colonization dynamics of Fomh16-GFP in the resistant and susceptible Luffa genotypes, which could be important in understanding the resistance mechanism of Folu in Luffa plants. In addition, our work highlights the correlations between DNA amount and disease progression in resistant plants using real-time PCR. We observed a positive correlation between the quantity of Fomh16-GFP DNA and disease progression in LA100, while no significant correlation was found in LA140. These results could be valuable to further investigate the resistance mechanism of Luffa genotypes against Folu. Gaining a better understanding of the interaction between Folu and Luffa plants is crucial for effectively managing Fusarium wilt and enhancing resistance in Luffa rootstock and its varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Namisy
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yun Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Hsing Huang
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jintana Unartngam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chinnapan Thanarut
- Faculty of Agriculture Production, Division of Pomology Maejo University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wen-Hsin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Master Program for Plant Medicine and Agricultural Practice, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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3
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Xiao WN, Nunn GM, Fufeng AB, Belu N, Brookman RK, Halim A, Krysmanski EC, Cameron RK. Exploring Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato biofilm-like aggregate formation in susceptible and PTI-responding Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13403. [PMID: 37988240 PMCID: PMC10799205 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm-like aggregates have been observed in plants, but their role in pathogenicity is underinvestigated. In the present study, we observed that extracellular DNA and polysaccharides colocalized with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) aggregates in Arabidopsis leaves, suggesting that Pst aggregates are biofilms. GFP-expressing Pst, Pst ΔalgU ΔmucAB (Pst algU mutant), and Pst ΔalgD ΔalgU ΔmucAB (Pst algU algD mutant) were examined to explore the roles of (1) alginate, a potential biofilm component; (2) Pst AlgU, thought to regulate alginate biosynthesis and some type III secretion system effector genes; and (3) intercellular salicylic acid (SA) accumulation during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Pst formed extensive aggregates in susceptible plants, whereas aggregate numbers and size were reduced in Pst algU and Pst algD algU mutants, and both multiplied poorly in planta, suggesting that aggregate formation contributes to Pst success in planta. However, in SA-deficient sid2-2 plants, Pst algD algU mutant multiplication and aggregate formation were partially restored, suggesting plant-produced SA contributes to suppression of Pst aggregate formation. Pst algD algU mutants formed fewer and smaller aggregates than Pst algU mutants, suggesting both AlgU and AlgD contribute to Pst aggregate formation. Col-0 plants accumulated low levels of SA in response to Pst and both mutants (Pst algU and Pst algD algU), suggesting the regulatory functions of AlgU are not involved in suppressing SA-mediated plant defence. Plant PTI was associated with highly reduced Pst aggregate formation and accumulation of intercellular SA in flg22-induced PTI-responding wild-type Col-0, but not in PTI-incompetent fls2, suggesting intercellular SA accumulation by Arabidopsis contributes to suppression of Pst biofilm-like aggregate formation during PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantao N. Xiao
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Garrett M. Nunn
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Natalie Belu
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Abdul Halim
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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4
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Solmi L, Rossi FR, Romero FM, Bach-Pages M, Preston GM, Ruiz OA, Gárriz A. Polyamine-mediated mechanisms contribute to oxidative stress tolerance in Pseudomonas syringae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4279. [PMID: 36922543 PMCID: PMC10017717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phytopathogens living on the surface or within plant tissues may experience oxidative stress because of the triggered plant defense responses. Although it has been suggested that polyamines can defend bacteria from this stress, the mechanism behind this action is not entirely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of oxidative stress on the polyamine homeostasis of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the functions of these compounds in bacterial stress tolerance. We demonstrated that bacteria respond to H2O2 by increasing the external levels of the polyamine putrescine while maintaining the inner concentrations of this compound as well as the analogue amine spermidine. In line with this, adding exogenous putrescine to media increased bacterial tolerance to H2O2. Deletion of arginine decarboxylase (speA) and ornithine decarboxylate (speC), prevented the synthesis of putrescine and augmented susceptibility to H2O2, whereas targeting spermidine synthesis alone through deletion of spermidine synthase (speE) increased the level of extracellular putrescine and enhanced H2O2 tolerance. Further research demonstrated that the increased tolerance of the ΔspeE mutant correlated with higher expression of H2O2-degrading catalases and enhanced outer cell membrane stability. Thus, this work demonstrates previously unrecognized connections between bacterial defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and the polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Solmi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco R Rossi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando M Romero
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oscar A Ruiz
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Gárriz
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.2, Chascomús, CP7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Jose J, Éva C, Bozsó Z, Hamow KÁ, Fekete Z, Fábián A, Bánfalvi Z, Sági L. Global transcriptome and targeted metabolite analyses of roots reveal different defence mechanisms against Ralstonia solanacearum infection in two resistant potato cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1065419. [PMID: 36733596 PMCID: PMC9889091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1065419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease in an unusually wide range of host plants, including potato (Solanum tuberosum), is one of the most destructive phytopathogens that seriously reduces crop yields worldwide. Identification of defence mechanisms underlying bacterial wilt resistance is a prerequisite for biotechnological approaches to resistance breeding. Resistance to Rs has been reported only in a few potato landraces and cultivars. Our in vitro inoculation bioassays confirmed that the cultivars 'Calalo Gaspar' (CG) and 'Cruza 148' (CR) are resistant to Rs infection. Comparative transcriptome analyses of CG and CR roots, as well as of the roots of an Rs-susceptible cultivar, 'Désirée' (DES), were carried out two days after Rs infection, in parallel with their respective noninfected controls. In CR and DES, the upregulation of chitin interactions and cell wall-related genes was detected. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism pathways were induced only in CR, as confirmed by high levels of lignification over the whole stele in CR roots six days after Rs infection. At the same time, Rs infection greatly increased the concentrations of chlorogenic acid and quercetin derivatives in CG roots as it was detected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Characteristic increases in the expression of MAP kinase signalling pathway genes and in the concentrations of jasmonic, salicylic, abscisic and indoleacetic acid were measured in DES roots. These results indicate different Rs defence mechanisms in the two resistant potato cultivars and a different response to Rs infection in the susceptible cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeny Jose
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Csaba Éva
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bozsó
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Fekete
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Attila Fábián
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bánfalvi
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - László Sági
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
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6
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Murata K, Suenaga M, Kai K. Genome Mining Discovery of Protegenins A-D, Bacterial Polyynes Involved in the Antioomycete and Biocontrol Activities of Pseudomonas protegens. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3313-3320. [PMID: 34015911 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Some bacteria uniquely produce "bacterial polyynes", which possess a conjugated C≡C bond starting with a terminal alkyne, and use them as chemical weapons against hosts and competitors. Pseudomonas protegens Cab57, a biocontrol agent against plant pathogens, has an orphan biosynthetic gene cluster for bacterial polyynes (named protegenins). In this study, the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological characterization of protegenins A-D are reported. The structures of protegenins A-D determined by spectroscopic and chemical techniques were octadecanoic acid derivatives possessing an ene-tetrayne, ene-triyne-ene, or ene-triyne moiety. The protegenins exhibited weak to strong antioomycete activity against Pythium ultimum OPU774. The deletion of proA, a protegenin biosynthetic gene, resulted in the reduction of the antioomycete activity of P. protegens. The Gac/Rsm system, a quorum sensing-like system of Pseudomonas bacteria, regulated the production of protegenins. The production profile of protegenins was dependent on the culturing conditions, suggesting a control mechanism for protegenin production selectivity. P. protegens suppressed the damping-off of cucumber seedlings caused by P. ultimum, and this protective effect was reduced in the proA-deletion mutant. Altogether, protegenins are a new class of bacterial polyynes which contribute to the antioomycete and plant-protective effects of P. protegens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Murata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Mayuna Suenaga
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Kai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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7
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Wang Y, Zeng J, Su P, Zhao H, Li L, Xie X, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Yu B, Chen M, Wang Y, Yang G, He G, Chang J, Li Y. An established protocol for generating transgenic wheat for wheat functional genomics via particle bombardment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:979540. [PMID: 36570946 PMCID: PMC9772560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.979540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world and is considered one of the top targets in crop biotechnology. With the high-quality reference genomes of wheat and its relative species and the recent burst of genomic resources in Triticeae, demands to perform gene functional studies in wheat and genetic improvement have been rapidly increasing, requiring that production of transgenic wheat should become a routine technique. While established for more than 20 years, the particle bombardment-mediated wheat transformation has not become routine yet, with only a handful of labs being proficient in this technique. This could be due to, at least partly, the low transformation efficiency and the technical difficulties. Here, we describe the current version of this method through adaptation and optimization. We report the detailed protocol of producing transgenic wheat by the particle gun, including several critical steps, from the selection of appropriate explants (i.e., immature scutella), the preparation of DNA-coated gold particles, and several established strategies of tissue culture. More importantly, with over 20 years of experience in wheat transformation in our lab, we share the many technical details and recommendations and emphasize that the particle bombardment-mediated approach has fewer limitations in genotype dependency and vector construction when compared with the Agrobacterium-mediated methods. The particle bombardment-mediated method has been successful for over 30 wheat genotypes, from the tetraploid durum wheat to the hexaploid common wheat, from modern elite varieties to landraces. In conclusion, the particle bombardment-mediated wheat transformation has demonstrated its potential and wide applications, and the full set of protocol, experience, and successful reports in many wheat genotypes described here will further its impacts, making it a routine and robust technique in crop research labs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Peipei Su
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xie
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya’nan Wu
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruibin Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufan Zhang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Boju Yu
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuesheng Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junli Chang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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The OmpR-like Transcription Factor as a Negative Regulator of hrpR/S in Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012306. [PMID: 36293158 PMCID: PMC9602974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial canker of kiwifruit is a devastating disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). The type III secretion system (T3SS), which translocates effectors into plant cells to subvert plant immunity and promote extracellular bacterial growth, is required for Psa virulence. Despite that the “HrpR/S-HrpL” cascade that sophisticatedly regulates the expression of T3SS and effectors has been well documented, the transcriptional regulators of hrpR/S remain to be determined. In this study, the OmpR-like transcription factor, previously identified by DNA pull-down assay, was found to be involved in the regulation of hrpR/S genes, and its regulatory mechanisms and other functions in Psa were explored through techniques including gene knockout and overexpression, ChIP-seq, and RNA-seq. The OmpR-like transcription factor had binding sites in the promoter region of the hrpR/S, and the transcriptional level of the hrpR/S increased after the deletion of OmpR-like and decreased upon its overexpression in an OmpR-like deletion background. Additionally, OmpR-like overexpression reduced the strain’s capacity to form biofilms and lipopolysaccharides, led to its slow growth in King’s B medium, and reduced its swimming ability, although there was no significant effect on its pathogenicity against kiwifruit hosts. Our results indicated that OmpR-like directly and negatively regulates the transcription of hrpR/S and may be involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes in Psa. Our results provide a basis for further understanding the transcriptional regulation mechanism of hrpR/S in Psa.
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Liu YX, Zhuo XZ, Li SY. The Transcription Activator AtxA from Bacillus Anthracis was Employed for Developing a Tight-Control, High-Level, Modulable, and Stationary-Phase Specific Transcription Activity in Escherichia Coli. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2022; 7:ysac014. [PMID: 36046151 PMCID: PMC9424709 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong transcriptional activity of the virulent gene pagA in Bacillus anthracis has been proven to be anthrax toxin activator (AtxA)-regulated. However, the obscure pagA transcription mechanism hinders practical applications of this strong promoter. In this study, a 509-bp DNA fragment [termed 509sequence, (−508)-(+1) relative to the P2 transcription start site] was cloned upstream of rbs-GFPuv as pTOL02B to elucidate the AtxA-regulated transcription. The 509sequence was dissected into the −10 sequence, −35 sequence, ATrich tract, SLI/SLII and upstream site. In conjunction with the heterologous co-expression of AtxA (under the control of the T7 promoter), the −10 sequence (TATACT) was sufficient for the AtxA-regulated transcription. Integration of pTOL02F + pTOLAtxA as pTOL03F showed that the AtxA-regulated transcription exhibited a strong specific fluorescence intensity/common analytical chemistry term (OD600) of 40 597 ± 446 and an induction/repression ratio of 122. An improved induction/repression ratio of 276 was achieved by cultivating Escherichia coli/pTOL03F in M9 minimal medium. The newly developed promoter system termed PAtxA consists of AtxA, the −10 sequence and Escherichia RNA polymerase. These three elements synergistically and cooperatively formed a previously undiscovered transcription system, which exhibited a tight-control, high-level, modulable and stationary-phase-specific transcription. The PAtxA was used for phaCAB expression for the stationary-phase polyhydroxybutyrate production, and the results showed that a PHB yield, content and titer of 0.20 ± 0.27 g/g-glucose, 68 ± 11% and 1.5 ± 0.4 g/l can be obtained. The positive inducible PAtxA, in contrast to negative inducible, should be a useful tool to diversify the gene information flow in synthetic biology.
Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xing Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Zhen Zhuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Si-Yu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
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10
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Jeong S, Kim TM, Choi B, Kim Y, Kim H, Kim E. Genotype-Specific Plastic Responses to Seed Bacteria under Drought Stress in Lactuca serriola. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081604. [PMID: 36014022 PMCID: PMC9415285 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that seed-borne bacteria can enhance the performance of invasive plants in novel introduced habitats with environmental stresses. The effect of this plant-bacteria interaction may vary with plant species or even genotype; however, the genotype-dependent effects of seed bacteria have rarely been assessed. In this study, we examined the effects of bacterial strains isolated from seeds on the genotypes of an invasive xerophytic plant, Lactuca serriola. Plant genotypes were grown under drought conditions, and their plastic responses to bacterial infections were evaluated. Some genotypes produced more biomass, whereas others produced less biomass in response to infection with the same bacterial strain. Notably, the quantity of root-adhering soil depended on the bacterial treatment and plant genotypes and was positively correlated with the plastic responses of plant performance. Because tested bacteria could colonize the plant rhizosphere, bacterial infection appears to induce the differential formation of soil rhizosheaths among plant genotypes, consequently affecting the maintenance of soil water content under drought conditions. Given that drought tolerance is a critical attribute for the invasive success of L. serriola, these results imply that bacterial symbionts can facilitate the establishment of alien plant species, but their effects are likely genotype-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seorin Jeong
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Tae-Min Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Byungwook Choi
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Yousuk Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hwan Kim
- GIST Central Research Facilities, Bio Imaging Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Correspondence:
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11
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Zhi T, Liu Q, Xie T, Ding Y, Hu R, Sun Y, Fan R, Long Y, Zhao Z. Identification of Genetic and Chemical Factors Affecting Type III Secretion System Expression in Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3 Using a Luciferase Reporter Construct. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1610-1619. [PMID: 35240868 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0404-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key factor in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3), the causal agent of a global kiwifruit bacterial canker pandemic. To monitor the T3SS expression levels in Psa3, we constructed a luciferase reporter plasmid-expressing HrpAPsa3-NLuc fusion protein. The expression of HrpA-NLuc was induced in hrp-inducing conditions whereas the level of luciferase activity correlated with the expression of hrp/hrc genes in Psa3 confirmed the reliability of the reporter construct. Based on the readout of the NLuc reporter construct, three small molecule compounds 4-methoxy-cinnamic acid, sulforaphane, and ferulic acid were determined as T3SS inhibitors in Psa3, whereas sodium acetate was determined to be a T3SS inducer. Moreover, the aqueous extract of fruit inhibited the accumulation of HrpA-NLuc in Psa3 in medium and in planta. Additionally, the T3SS inhibitors suppress Psa3 virulence, whereas the T3SS inducer promotes Psa3 virulence on kiwifruit. Thus, our findings may provide clues to why the fruit is not infected by Psa3, and the Psa3 T3SS inhibitors have potential as alternatives to current nonspecific antimicrobials for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihui Zhi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjian Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Fan
- Kiwifruit Engineering and Technology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Long
- Kiwifruit Engineering and Technology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
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12
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Lee S, Vemanna RS, Oh S, Rojas CM, Oh Y, Kaundal A, Kwon T, Lee HK, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. Functional role of formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) for host and nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264917. [PMID: 35594245 PMCID: PMC9122214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhost disease resistance is the most common type of plant defense mechanism against potential pathogens. In the present study, the metabolic enzyme formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) was identified to associate with nonhost disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, AtFDH1 was highly upregulated in response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. The Atfdh1 mutants were compromised in nonhost resistance, basal resistance, and gene-for-gene resistance. The expression patterns of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes after pathogen infections in Atfdh1 mutant indicated that both SA and JA are involved in the FDH1-mediated plant defense response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. Previous studies reported that FDH1 localizes to mitochondria, or both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Our results showed that the AtFDH1 mainly localized to mitochondria, and the expression level of FDH1 was drastically increased upon infection with host or nonhost pathogens. Furthermore, we identified the potential co-localization of mitochondria expressing FDH1 with chloroplasts after the infection with nonhost pathogens in Arabidopsis. This finding suggests the possible role of FDH1 in mitochondria and chloroplasts during defense responses against bacterial pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Ramu S. Vemanna
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Youngjae Oh
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Amita Kaundal
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
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13
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Tanner F, Tonn S, de Wit J, Van den Ackerveken G, Berger B, Plett D. Sensor-based phenotyping of above-ground plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:35. [PMID: 35313920 PMCID: PMC8935837 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause yield losses in crops worldwide. Breeding for improved disease resistance and management by precision agriculture are two approaches to limit such yield losses. Both rely on detecting and quantifying signs and symptoms of plant disease. To achieve this, the field of plant phenotyping makes use of non-invasive sensor technology. Compared to invasive methods, this can offer improved throughput and allow for repeated measurements on living plants. Abiotic stress responses and yield components have been successfully measured with phenotyping technologies, whereas phenotyping methods for biotic stresses are less developed, despite the relevance of plant disease in crop production. The interactions between plants and pathogens can lead to a variety of signs (when the pathogen itself can be detected) and diverse symptoms (detectable responses of the plant). Here, we review the strengths and weaknesses of a broad range of sensor technologies that are being used for sensing of signs and symptoms on plant shoots, including monochrome, RGB, hyperspectral, fluorescence, chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal sensors, as well as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray computed tomography, and optical coherence tomography. We argue that choosing and combining appropriate sensors for each plant-pathosystem and measuring with sufficient spatial resolution can enable specific and accurate measurements of above-ground signs and symptoms of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tanner
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA Australia
| | - Sebastian Tonn
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos de Wit
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Berger
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA Australia
| | - Darren Plett
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA Australia
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14
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Zhang J, Zhou M, Liu W, Nie J, Huang L. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Effector HopAU1 Interacts with Calcium-Sensing Receptor to Activate Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:508. [PMID: 35008934 PMCID: PMC8745740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), is a destructive pathogen that globally threatens the kiwifruit industry. Understanding the molecular mechanism of plant-pathogen interaction can accelerate applying resistance breeding and controlling plant diseases. All known effectors secreted by pathogens play an important role in plant-pathogen interaction. However, the effectors in Psa and their function mechanism remain largely unclear. Here, we successfully identified a T3SS effector HopAU1 which had no virulence contribution to Psa, but could, however, induce cell death and activate a series of immune responses by agroinfiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana, including elevated transcripts of immune-related genes, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and callose deposition. We found that HopAU1 interacted with a calcium sensing receptor in N. benthamiana (NbCaS) as well as its close homologue in kiwifruit (AcCaS). More importantly, silencing CaS by RNAi in N. benthamiana greatly attenuated HopAU1-triggered cell death, suggesting CaS is a crucial component for HopAU1 detection. Further researches showed that overexpression of NbCaS in N. benthamiana significantly enhanced plant resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phytophthora capsici, indicating that CaS serves as a promising resistance-related gene for disease resistance breeding. We concluded that HopAU1 is an immune elicitor that targets CaS to trigger plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.Z.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (J.N.)
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15
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Grishina A, Sherstneva O, Grinberg M, Zdobnova T, Ageyeva M, Khlopkov A, Sukhov V, Brilkina A, Vodeneev V. Pre-Symptomatic Detection of Viral Infection in Tobacco Leaves Using PAM Fluorometry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2782. [PMID: 34961253 PMCID: PMC8707847 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging was used to study potato virus X (PVX) infection of Nicotiana benthamiana. Infection-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ)) in the non-inoculated leaf were recorded and compared with the spatial distribution of the virus detected by the fluorescence of GFP associated with the virus. We determined infection-related changes at different points of the light-induced chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and at different days after inoculation. A slight change in the light-adapted steady-state values of ΦPSII and NPQ was observed in the infected area of the non-inoculated leaf. In contrast to the steady-state parameters, the dynamics of ΦPSII and NPQ caused by the dark-light transition in healthy and infected areas differed significantly starting from the second day after the detection of the virus in a non-inoculated leaf. The coefficients of correlation between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and virus localization were 0.67 for ΦPSII and 0.76 for NPQ. In general, the results demonstrate the possibility of reliable pre-symptomatic detection of the spread of a viral infection using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyona Grishina
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Oksana Sherstneva
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Marina Grinberg
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Tatiana Zdobnova
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Maria Ageyeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrey Khlopkov
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Anna Brilkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
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16
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Yuan G, Lu H, Tang D, Hassan MM, Li Y, Chen JG, Tuskan GA, Yang X. Expanding the application of a UV-visible reporter for transient gene expression and stable transformation in plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:234. [PMID: 34719678 PMCID: PMC8558336 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been widely used for monitoring gene expression and protein localization in diverse organisms. However, highly sensitive imaging equipment, like fluorescence microscope, is usually required for the visualization of GFP, limitings its application to fixed locations in samples. A reporter that can be visualized in real-time regardless the shape, size and location of the target samples will increase the flexibility and efficiency of research work. Here, we report the application of a GFP-like protein, called eYGFPuv, in both transient expression and stable transformation, in two herbaceous plant species (Arabidopsis and tobacco) and two woody plant species (poplar and citrus). We observed bright fluorescence under UV light in all of the four plant species without any effects on plant growth or development. eYGFPuv was shown to be effective for imaging transient expression in leaf and root tissues. With a focus on in vitro transformation, we demonstrated that the transgenic events expressing 1x eYGFPuv could be easily identified visually during the callus stage and the shoot stage, enabling early and efficient selection of transformants. Furthermore, whole-plant level visualization of eYGFPuv revealed its ubiquitous stability in transgenic plants. In addition, our transformation experiments showed that eYGFPuv can also be used to select transgenic plants without antibiotics. This work demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing 1x eYGFPuv in studies of gene expression and plant transformation in diverse plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Md Mahmudul Hassan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
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Identification of Bacterial Wilt ( Erwinia tracheiphila) Resistances in USDA Melon Collection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091972. [PMID: 34579504 PMCID: PMC8473077 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt (BW) caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, Erwinia tracheiphila (Et.), is an important disease in melon (Cucumis melo L.). BW-resistant commercial melon varieties are not widely available. There are also no effective pathogen-based disease management strategies as BW-infected plants ultimately die. The purpose of this study is to identify BW-resistant melon accessions in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) collection. We tested 118 melon accessions in two inoculation trials under controlled environments. Four-week-old seedlings of test materials were mechanically inoculated with the fluorescently (GFP) labeled or unlabeled E. tracheiphila strain, Hca1-5N. We recorded the number of days to wilting of inoculated leaf (DWIL), days to wilting of whole plant (DWWP) and days to death of the plant (DDP). We identified four melon lines with high resistance to BW inoculation based on all three parameters. Fluorescent microscopy was used to visualize the host colonization dynamics of labeled bacteria from the point of inoculation into petioles, stem and roots in resistant and susceptible melon accessions, which provides an insight into possible mechanisms of BW resistance in melon. The resistant melon lines identified from this study could be valuable resistance sources for breeding of BW resistance as well as the study of cucurbit—E. tracheiphila interactions.
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18
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Gorai PS, Ghosh R, Mandal S, Ghosh S, Chatterjee S, Gond SK, Mandal NC. Bacillus siamensis CNE6- a multifaceted plant growth promoting endophyte of Cicer arietinum L. having broad spectrum antifungal activities and host colonizing potential. Microbiol Res 2021; 252:126859. [PMID: 34536676 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of endophytic bacteria with multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes is considered as an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to agricultural chemicals for increasing crop productivity. In the present endeavor, healthy chickpea plants (Cicer arietinum L.) collected from district Birbhum, West Bengal, India were subjected for the isolation of endophytic bacteria having multifarious PGP properties. One potent endophytic Gram positive bacterial strain CNE6 was isolated from the nodule of chickpea and was identified as Bacillus siamensis based on 16S rDNA sequence homologies. The isolate showed a number of PGP properties like phosphate solubilization, IAA production, nitrogen fixation, hydroxamate type of siderophore production and ACC deaminase activities. The isolate CNE6 produced 33.27 ± 2.16 μg/mL of IAA in the presence of tryptophan. Production of IAA was also confirmed by HPLC analysis and it was found effective for inducing lateral root branching in chickpea. In addition, the isolate displayed significant antagonistic activity against a number of plant pathogenic fungi when tested by dual culture overlay and agar well diffusion assay. 50 % cell free supernatant of CNE6 was found effective for 60-80 % inhibition of radial growth of pathogenic fungi tested. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed massive degradation of pathogenic fungal mycelia by the antifungal metabolites of CNE6. LC-MS analysis of bacterial lipopeptides suggested the production of antifungal antibiotics like surfactin, fengycin and iturin by the isolate. The presence of genes encoding antifungal lipopeptides was also confirmed by PCR amplification using specific primers. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagging of CNE6 using broad host range plasmid vector (pDSK-GFPuv) followed by colonization study indicated very good host colonization potential of the isolate and its probable movement through xylem vessels. Enhanced shoot and root length and chlorophyll content upon treatment with CNE6 as observed in in vivo pot experiments also supported the positive role of the endophytic isolate on overall development and growth of the chickpea plants. This is the first report of Bacillus siamensis as an endophyte of Cicer arietinum L. which can be successfully applied for improving the productivity of this crop plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pralay Shankar Gorai
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Ranjan Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Bankura Sammilani College, Kenduadihi, Bankura, 722102, India
| | - Subhrangshu Mandal
- Department of Botany, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Suvranil Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Sumit Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Gond
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Mandal
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, India.
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19
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Sakata N, Ishiga T, Masuo S, Hashimoto Y, Ishiga Y. Coronatine Contributes to Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis Virulence by Overcoming Both Stomatal and Apoplastic Defenses in Dicot and Monocot Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:746-757. [PMID: 33587000 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0261-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis is a causative agent of bacterial blight of crucifers including cabbage, radish, and broccoli. Importantly, P. cannabina pv. alisalensis can infect not only a wide range of Brassicaceae spp. but, also, green manure crops such as oat. However, P. cannabina pv. alisalensis virulence mechanisms have not been investigated and are not fully understood. We focused on coronatine (COR) function, which is one of the well-known P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 virulence factors, in P. cannabina pv. alisalensis infection processes on both dicot and monocot plants. Cabbage and oat plants dip-inoculated with a P. cannabina pv. alisalensis KB211 COR mutant (ΔcmaA) exhibited reduced virulence compared with P. cannabina pv. alisalensis wild type (WT). Moreover, ΔcmaA failed to reopen stomata on both cabbage and oat, suggesting that COR facilitates P. cannabina pv. alisalensis entry through stomata into both plants. Furthermore, cabbage and oat plants syringe-infiltrated with ΔcmaA also showed reduced virulence, suggesting that COR is involved in overcoming not only stomatal-based defense but also apoplastic defense. Indeed, defense-related genes, including PR1 and PR2, were highly expressed in plants inoculated with ΔcmaA compared with WT, indicating that COR suppresses defense-related genes of both cabbage and oat. Additionally, salicylic acid accumulation increases after ΔcmaA inoculation compared with WT. Taken together, COR contributes to causing disease by suppressing stomatal-based defense and apoplastic defense in both dicot and monocot plants. Here, we investigated COR functions in the interaction of P. cannabina pv. alisalensis and different host plants (dicot and monocot plants), using genetically and biochemically defined COR deletion mutants.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Sakata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takako Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Masuo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Hashimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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20
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Li Y, Zhu Q, Zhi T, Fan R, Xie T, Zhao Z, Long Y, Li Z. Genetic Causes of Non-pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Isolates in Kiwifruit Orchards. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:650099. [PMID: 33841374 PMCID: PMC8027508 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.650099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial canker disease has become the largest threat to kiwifruit cultivation and production. A monomorphic subpopulation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3) is responsible for the pandemic worldwide. Diversity in pathogenicity has been found in the pandemic subpopulation and in other Psa3 subpopulations causing epidemics in China. However, the genetic bases have not yet been elucidated. In this study, 117 Psa3 isolates were identified by Psa- and Psa3-specific primers, and evaluated for pathogenicity. Three isolates G4, G40, and S2 are not pathogenic to kiwifruit and do not elicit hypersensitivity responses (HRs) in non-host Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Two isolates, G25 and G35, exhibited attenuated HR-eliciting activity in non-host N. benthamiana, but they exhibited greatly and slightly reduced pathogenicity in host plants, respectively. The genomes of the five isolates were sequenced and compared with closely related isolates revealed by MLVA and whole-genome typing methods. The candidate genetic loci responsible for the changes in pathogenicity and HR elicitation, were further evaluated by allele replacement experiments. We found that the three non-pathogenic isolates were formed due to the independent, identical insertion events of ISPsy36 transposon in the hrpR gene, encoding a key regulator of type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III effectors (T3Es). In the symptomatic sample from which G4 was isolated, 27% HR negative isolates were detected. In isolate G25, transposon insertion of ISPsy32 at the non-coding sequence upstream of the hrpR gene was detected, similar to a previously reported low-virulent Psa3 strain M227. In isolate G35, we detected disruptions of T3Es hopBB1-1 and hopBB1-2, which induce HR in N. benthamiana leaves revealed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration. These phenotype-changed isolates were formed at low frequencies during the course of pathogen infection in host plants, supported by the binding assay of ISPsy32 and the non-coding DNA sequences upstream of the hrpR gene, the co-isolation of the virulent isolates belonging to the same MLVA clade, and the low levels of transcription of the transposon genes. Taken together, in terms of short-term field evolution, transposon insertions in the T3SS-related genes resulted in the formation of non-pathogenic and low-virulent Psa3 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiaomei Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Taihui Zhi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Kiwifruit Engineering and Technology Research Center, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhibo Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Kiwifruit Engineering and Technology Research Center, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Youhua Long
- Kiwifruit Engineering and Technology Research Center, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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21
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Ramu VS, Oh S, Lee HK, Nandety RS, Oh Y, Lee S, Nakashima J, Tang Y, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. A Novel Role of Salt- and Drought-Induced RING 1 Protein in Modulating Plant Defense Against Hemibiotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:297-308. [PMID: 33231502 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0257-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plant-encoded E3 ligases are known to be involved in plant defense. Here, we report a novel role of E3 ligase SALT- AND DROUGHT-INDUCED RING FINGER1 (SDIR1) in plant immunity. Even though SDIR1 is reasonably well-characterized, its role in biotic stress response is not known. The silencing of SDIR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana reduced the multiplication of the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. The Arabidopsis sdir1 mutant is resistant to virulent pathogens, whereas SDIR1 overexpression lines are susceptible to both host and nonhost hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogens. However, sdir1 mutant and SDIR1 overexpression lines showed hypersusceptibility and resistance, respectively, against the necrotrophic pathogen Erwinia carotovora. The mutant of SDIR1 target protein, i.e., SDIR-interacting protein 1 (SDIR1P1), also showed resistance to host and nonhost pathogens. In SDIR1 overexpression plants, transcripts of NAC transcription factors were less accumulated and the levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid were increased. In the sdir1 mutant, JA signaling genes JAZ7 and JAZ8 were downregulated. These data suggest that SDIR1 is a susceptibility factor and its activation or overexpression enhances disease caused by P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis. Our results show a novel role of SDIR1 in modulating plant defense gene expression and plant immunity.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemanna S Ramu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | - Youngjae Oh
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
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22
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Soldan R, Sanguankiattichai N, Bach-Pages M, Bervoets I, Huang WE, Preston GM. From macro to micro: a combined bioluminescence-fluorescence approach to monitor bacterial localization. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2070-2085. [PMID: 33103833 PMCID: PMC8614114 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial bioluminescence is widely used to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of bacterial populations and gene expression in vivo at a population level but cannot easily be used to study bacterial activity at the level of individual cells. In this study, we describe the development of a new library of mini‐Tn7‐lux and lux::eyfp reporter constructs that provide a wide range of lux expression levels, and which combine the advantages of both bacterial bioluminescence and fluorescent proteins to bridge the gap between macro‐ and micro‐scale imaging techniques. We demonstrate that a dual bioluminescence‐fluorescence approach using the lux operon and eYFP can be used to monitor bacterial movement in plants both macro‐ and microscopically and demonstrate that Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola can colonize the leaf vascular system and systemically infect leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). We also show that bacterial bioluminescence can be used to study the impact of plant immune responses on bacterial multiplication, viability and spread within plant tissues. The constructs and approach described in this study can be used to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of bacterial colonization and to link population dynamics and cellular interactions in a wide range of biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Soldan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Indra Bervoets
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wei E Huang
- Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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23
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Romero-Pérez A, Ameye M, Audenaert K, Van Damme EJM. Overexpression of F-Box Nictaba Promotes Defense and Anthocyanin Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana After Pseudomonas syringae Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692606. [PMID: 34394146 PMCID: PMC8358183 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) is a well-known pathogen and model organism used to study plant-pathogen interactions and subsequent plant immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effect of Pst DC3000 on Arabidopsis plants and how type III effectors are required to promote bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. F-Box Nictaba (encoded by At2g02360) is a stress-inducible lectin that is upregulated in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after Pst DC3000 infection. In this study, a flood inoculation assay was optimized to check the performance of transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings with different expression levels of F-Box Nictaba after bacterial infection. Using a combination of multispectral and fluorescent imaging combined with molecular techniques, disease symptoms, transcript levels for F-Box Nictaba, and disease-related genes were studied in Arabidopsis leaves infected with two virulent strains: Pst DC3000 and its mutant strain, deficient in flagellin ΔfliC. Analyses of plants infected with fluorescently labeled Pst DC3000 allowed us to study the differences in bacterial colonization between plant lines. Overexpression plants showed a reduced bacterial content during the later stages of the infection. Our results show that overexpression of F-Box Nictaba resulted in reduced leaf damage after bacterial infections, whereas knockdown and knockout lines were not more susceptible to Pseudomonas infection than wild-type plants. In contrast to wild-type and knockout plants, overexpressing lines for F-Box Nictaba revealed a significant increase in anthocyanin content, better efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), and higher chlorophyll content after Pst DC3000 infection. Overexpression of F-Box Nictaba coincided with increased expression of salicylic acid (SA) related defense genes, confirming earlier data that showed that F-Box Nictaba is part of the SA-dependent defense against Pst DC3000 infection. Knockout lines yielded no discernible effects on plant symptoms after Pseudomonas infection suggesting possible gene redundancy between F-Box Nictaba genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romero-Pérez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Els J. M. Van Damme
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24
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Pant BD, Oh S, Lee HK, Nandety RS, Mysore KS. Antagonistic Regulation by CPN60A and CLPC1 of TRXL1 that Regulates MDH Activity Leading to Plant Disease Resistance and Thermotolerance. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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25
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Ramu VS, Dawane A, Lee S, Oh S, Lee H, Sun L, Senthil‐Kumar M, Mysore KS. Ribosomal protein QM/RPL10 positively regulates defence and protein translation mechanisms during nonhost disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1481-1494. [PMID: 32964634 PMCID: PMC7548997 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes play an integral part in plant growth, development, and defence responses. We report here the role of ribosomal protein large (RPL) subunit QM/RPL10 in nonhost disease resistance. The RPL10-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed compromised disease resistance against nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that many genes involved in defence and protein translation mechanisms were differentially affected due to silencing of NbRPL10. Arabidopsis AtRPL10 RNAi and rpl10 mutant lines showed compromised nonhost disease resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato T1 and P. syringae pv. tabaci. Overexpression of AtRPL10A in Arabidopsis resulted in reduced susceptibility against host pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. RPL10 interacts with the RNA recognition motif protein and ribosomal proteins RPL30, RPL23, and RPS30 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Silencing or mutants of genes encoding these RPL10-interacting proteins in N. benthamiana or Arabidopsis, respectively, also showed compromised disease resistance to nonhost pathogens. These results suggest that QM/RPL10 positively regulates the defence and translation-associated genes during nonhost pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemanna S. Ramu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Labortory of Plant Functional GenomicsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Akashata Dawane
- Labortory of Plant Functional GenomicsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterInstitute of Food and Agricultural ScienceUniversity of FloridaWimaumaFloridaUSA
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | | | - Liang Sun
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | - Muthappa Senthil‐Kumar
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
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26
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Fan D, Subramanian S, Smith DL. Plant endophytes promote growth and alleviate salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12740. [PMID: 32728116 PMCID: PMC7391687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a functionally diverse group of microbes having immense potential as biostimulants and stress alleviators. Their exploitation in agro-ecosystems as an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional chemical inputs may positively affect agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. The present study describes selected rhizobacteria, from a range of origins, having plant growth promoting potential under controlled conditions. A total of 98 isolates (ectophytic or endophytic) from various crop and uncultivated plants were screened, out of which four endophytes (n, L, K and Y) from Phalaris arundinacea, Solanum dulcamara, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, and Glycine max, respectively, were selected in vitro for their vegetative growth stimulating effects on Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 seedlings with regard to leaf surface area and shoot fresh weight. A 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of the strains indicated that these isolates belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Mucilaginibacter and Rhizobium. Strains were then further tested for their effects on abiotic stress alleviation under both Petri-plate and pot conditions. Results from Petri-dish assay indicated strains L, K and Y alleviated salt stress in Arabidopsis seedlings, while strains K and Y conferred increases in fresh weight and leaf area under osmotic stress. Results from subsequent in vivo trials indicated all the isolates, especially strains L, K and Y, distinctly increased A. thaliana growth under both normal and high salinity conditions, as compared to control plants. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase), proline content and total antioxidative capacity also differed in the inoculated A. thaliana plants. Furthermore, a study on spatial distribution of the four strains, using either conventional Petri-plate counts or GFP-tagged bacteria, indicated that all four strains were able to colonize the endosphere of A. thaliana root tissue. Thus, the study revealed that the four selected rhizobacteria are good candidates to be explored as plant growth stimulators, which also possess salt stress mitigating property, partially by regulating osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the study is the first report of Scorzoneroides autumnalis (fall dandelion) and Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet) associated endophytes with PGP effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fan
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Sowmyalakshmi Subramanian
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Donald L Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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27
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Ishiga T, Sakata N, Nguyen VT, Ishiga Y. Flood inoculation of seedlings on culture medium to study interactions between Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and kiwifruit. JOURNAL OF GENERAL PLANT PATHOLOGY : JGPP 2020; 86:257-265. [PMID: 32412555 PMCID: PMC7222055 DOI: 10.1007/s10327-020-00916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a serious threat to kiwifruit production. Highly virulent strains of Psa biovar3 (Psa3) have spread rapidly to kiwifruit production areas worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop critical management strategies for bacterial canker based on dissecting the interactions between Psa and kiwifruit. Here, we developed a rapid and reliable flood-inoculation method using kiwifruit seedlings grown on Murashige and Skoog medium. This method has several advantages over inoculation of conventional soil-grown plants. We demonstrated the utility of a kiwifruit seedling assay to study the virulence of Psa biovars and Psa3 virulence factors, including the type III secretion system (T3SS). Kiwifruit seedlings inoculated with Psa3 developed severe necrosis within 1 week, whereas those inoculated with a T3SS-deficient hrcN mutant of Psa3 did not. This method was also useful for analyzing expression profiles of genes involved in Psa3 virulence during infection, and revealed that the expression of genes encoding the T3SS and type III secreted effectors were strongly induced in planta. Our results indicate that the T3SS has an important role in Psa3 virulence, and the flood-inoculation assay using kiwifruit seedling is suitable for analyzing Psa and kiwifruit interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Nanami Sakata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Viet Tru Nguyen
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
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28
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Jo SH, Lee J, Park E, Kim DW, Lee DH, Ryu CM, Choi D, Park JM. A human pathogenic bacterium Shigella proliferates in plants through adoption of type III effectors for shigellosis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2962-2978. [PMID: 31250458 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shigella, which infects primates, can be transmitted via fresh vegetables; however, its molecular interactions with plants have not been elucidated. Here, we show that four Shigella strains, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri 2a, and S. flexneri 5a, proliferate at different levels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Microscopic studies revealed that these bacteria were present inside leaves and damaged plant cells. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged S. boydii and S. flexneri 5a colonized leaves only, whereas S. flexneri 2a colonized both leaves and roots. Using Shigella mutants lacking type III secretion systems (T3SSs), we found that T3SSs that regulate the pathogenesis of shigellosis in humans also play a central role in bacterial proliferation in Arabidopsis. Strikingly, the immunosuppressive activity of two T3S effectors, OspF and OspG, was required for proliferation of Shigella in Arabidopsis. Of note, delivery of OspF or OspG effectors inside plant cells upon Shigella inoculation was confirmed using a split GFP system. These findings demonstrate that the human pathogen Shigella can proliferate in plants by adapting immunosuppressive machinery used in the original host human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Jo
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Biological Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, 56212, South Korea
| | - Eunsook Park
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
- Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Dae Hee Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Choong Min Ryu
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
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29
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Hupp S, Rosenkranz M, Bonfig K, Pandey C, Roitsch T. Noninvasive Phenotyping of Plant-Pathogen Interaction: Consecutive In Situ Imaging of Fluorescing Pseudomonas syringae, Plant Phenolic Fluorescence, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Arabidopsis Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1239. [PMID: 31681362 PMCID: PMC6803544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions have been widely studied, but mostly from the site of the plant secondary defense. Less is known about the effects of pathogen infection on plant primary metabolism. The possibility to transform a fluorescing protein into prokaryotes is a promising phenotyping tool to follow a bacterial infection in plants in a noninvasive manner. In the present study, virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains were transformed with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to follow the spread of bacteria in vivo by imaging Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (PAM) fluorescence and conventional binocular microscopy. The combination of various wavelengths and filters allowed simultaneous detection of GFP-transformed bacteria, PAM chlorophyll fluorescence, and phenolic fluorescence from pathogen-infected plant leaves. The results show that fluorescence imaging allows spatiotemporal monitoring of pathogen spread as well as phenolic and chlorophyll fluorescence in situ, thus providing a novel means to study complex plant-pathogen interactions and relate the responses of primary and secondary metabolism to pathogen spread and multiplication. The study establishes a deeper understanding of imaging data and their implementation into disease screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hupp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bonfig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chandana Pandey
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section of Crop Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section of Crop Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, CAS, Brno, Czechia
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30
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Zhao Z, Chen J, Gao X, Zhang D, Zhang J, Wen J, Qin H, Guo M, Huang L. Comparative genomics reveal pathogenicity-related loci in Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:923-942. [PMID: 31025813 PMCID: PMC6589868 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial canker of kiwifruit, is a severe global disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). Here, we found that Psa biovar 3 (Psa3) was the only biovar consisting of three widely distributed clades in the largest Chinese kiwifruit cultivated area. Comparative genomics between the three clades revealed 13 polymorphic genes, each of which had multiple intra-clade variations. For instance, we confirmed that the polymorphic copA gene, which encodes a periplasmic protein CopA that is translocated by the Twin-arginine targeting (Tat) system, was involved in copper tolerance. We also found extensive variation in pathogenicity amongst strains within each genetically monomorphic clade. Accordingly, the pathogenic determinants of Psa3 were identified via a genomic comparison of phenotypically different strains within each clade. A case study of the high- and low-virulence strains in the clade 2 of Psa3 revealed that an hfq variant involved in in vitro growth and virulence, while a conserved locus 930 bp upstream of the hrpR gene in the Type III secretion system (T3SS) cluster was required for full pathogenicity on kiwifruit and elicitation of the hypersensitivity response on non-host Nicotiana benthamiana. The '-930' locus is involved in transcriptional regulation of hrpR/S and modulates T3SS function via the hierarchical 'HrpR/S-HrpL-T3SS/effector' regulatory cascade in Psa. Our results provide insights into the molecular basis underlying the genetic diversification and evolution of pathogenicity in Psa3 since kiwifruit canker emerged in China in the 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100P. R. China
| | - Jiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100P. R. China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100P. R. China
| | - Huqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100P. R. China
| | - Ming Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceJiangsu Normal UniversityNo. 101 Shanghai RdTongshan DistrictXuzhou221116P. R. China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100P. R. China
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31
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Puigvert M, Solé M, López‐Garcia B, Coll NS, Beattie KD, Davis RA, Elofsson M, Valls M. Type III secretion inhibitors for the management of bacterial plant diseases. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:20-32. [PMID: 30062690 PMCID: PMC6430469 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The identification of chemical compounds that prevent and combat bacterial diseases is fundamental for crop production. Bacterial virulence inhibitors are a promising alternative to classical control treatments, because they have a low environmental impact and are less likely to generate bacterial resistance. The major virulence determinant of most animal and plant bacterial pathogens is the type III secretion system (T3SS). In this work, we screened nine plant extracts and 12 isolated compounds-including molecules effective against human pathogens-for their capacity to inhibit the T3SS of plant pathogens and for their applicability as virulence inhibitors for crop protection. The screen was performed using a luminescent reporter system developed in the model pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. Five synthetic molecules, one natural product and two plant extracts were found to down-regulate T3SS transcription, most through the inhibition of the regulator hrpB. In addition, for three of the molecules, corresponding to salicylidene acylhydrazide derivatives, the inhibitory effect caused a dramatic decrease in the secretion capacity, which was translated into impaired plant responses. These candidate virulence inhibitors were then tested for their ability to protect plants. We demonstrated that salicylidene acylhydrazides can limit R. solanacearum multiplication in planta and protect tomato plants from bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Our work validates the efficiency of transcription reporters to discover compounds or natural product extracts that can be potentially applied to prevent bacterial plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Puigvert
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelona08028CataloniaSpain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB)Bellaterra08193CataloniaSpain
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB)Bellaterra08193CataloniaSpain
| | - Belén López‐Garcia
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB)Bellaterra08193CataloniaSpain
| | - Núria S. Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB)Bellaterra08193CataloniaSpain
| | - Karren D. Beattie
- Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityQld4111Australia
| | - Rohan A. Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityQld4111Australia
| | | | - Marc Valls
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelona08028CataloniaSpain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB)Bellaterra08193CataloniaSpain
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32
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Singh R, Lee S, Ortega L, Ramu VS, Senthil-Kumar M, Blancaflor EB, Rojas CM, Mysore KS. Two Chloroplast-Localized Proteins: AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B, Contribute to Callose Deposition During Nonhost Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1280-1290. [PMID: 29877165 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-18-0094-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are naturally resistant to most pathogens through a broad and durable defense response called nonhost disease resistance. Nonhost disease resistance is a complex process that includes preformed physical and chemical barriers and induced responses. In spite of its importance, many components of nonhost disease resistance remain to be identified and characterized. Using virus-induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana, we discovered a novel gene that we named NbNHR2 (N. benthamiana nonhost resistance 2). NbNHR2-silenced plants were susceptible to the nonadapted pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1, which does not cause disease in wild-type or nonsilenced N. benthamiana plants. We found two orthologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana: AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B. Similar to the results obtained in N. benthamiana, Atnhr2a and Atnhr2b mutants were susceptible to the nonadapted bacterial pathogen of A. thaliana, P. syringae pv. tabaci. We further found that these mutants were also defective in callose deposition. AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B fluorescent protein fusions transiently expressed in N. benthamiana localized predominantly to chloroplasts and a few unidentified dynamic puncta. RFP-AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B-GFP displayed overlapping signals in chloroplasts, indicating that the two proteins could interact, an idea supported by coimmunoprecipitation studies. We propose that AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B are new components of a chloroplast-signaling pathway that activates callose deposition to the cell wall in response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Singh
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Seonghee Lee
- 2 Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Laura Ortega
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Vemanna S Ramu
- 2 Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Clemencia M Rojas
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
- 2 Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
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Nucleolar GTP-Binding Protein 1-2 (NOG1-2) Interacts with Jasmonate-ZIMDomain Protein 9 (JAZ9) to Regulate Stomatal Aperture during Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071922. [PMID: 29966336 PMCID: PMC6073727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant defense responses at stomata and apoplast are the most important early events during plant–bacteria interactions. The key components of stomatal defense responses have not been fully characterized. A GTPase encoding gene, NOG1-2, which is required for stomatal innate immunity against bacterial pathogens, was recently identified. Functional studies in Arabidopsis revealed that NOG1-2 regulates guard cell signaling in response to biotic and abiotic stimulus through jasmonic acid (JA)- and abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated pathways. Interestingly, in this study, Jasmonate-ZIM-domain protein 9 (JAZ9) was identified to interact with NOG1-2 for the regulation of stomatal closure. Upon interaction, JAZ9 reduces GTPase activity of NOG1-2. We explored the role of NOG1-2 binding with JAZ9 for COI1-mediated JA signaling and hypothesized that its function may be closely linked to MYC2 transcription factor in the regulation of the JA-signaling cascade in stomatal defense against bacterial pathogens. Our study provides valuable information on the function of a small GTPase, NOG1-2, in guard cell signaling and early plant defense in response to bacterial pathogens.
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Wilson DC, Kempthorne CJ, Carella P, Liscombe DK, Cameron RK. Age-Related Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana Involves the MADS-Domain Transcription Factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and Direct Action of Salicylic Acid on Pseudomonas syringae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:919-929. [PMID: 28812948 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0172-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a developmentally regulated disease-resistance response known as age-related resistance (ARR), a process that requires intercellular accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), which is thought to act as an antimicrobial agent. ARR is characterized by enhanced resistance to some pathogens at the late adult-vegetative and reproductive stages. While the transition to flowering does not cause the onset of ARR, both processes involve the MADS-domain transcription factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP). In this study, ARR-defective svp mutants were found to accumulate reduced levels of intercellular SA compared with wild type in response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Double mutant and overexpression analyses suggest that SVP and SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1) act antagonistically, such that SVP is required for ARR to alleviate the negative effects of SOC1 on SA accumulation. In vitro, SA exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity at concentrations similar to those measured in the intercellular space during ARR. In vivo, P. syringae pv. tomato formed biofilm-like aggregates in young susceptible plants, while this was drastically reduced in mature ARR-competent plants, which accumulate intercellular SA. Collectively, these results reveal a novel role for the floral regulators SVP and SOC1 in disease resistance and provide evidence that SA acts directly on pathogens as an antimicrobial agent. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Wilson
- 1 McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; and
| | | | - Philip Carella
- 1 McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; and
| | - David K Liscombe
- 2 Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Avenue N., Vineland Station, Ontario, L0R 2E0, Canada
| | - Robin K Cameron
- 1 McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; and
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35
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Shehata HR, Dumigan C, Watts S, Raizada MN. An endophytic microbe from an unusual volcanic swamp corn seeks and inhabits root hair cells to extract rock phosphate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13479. [PMID: 29044186 PMCID: PMC5647395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the animal microbiome, localization of microbes to specific cell types is well established, but there are few such examples within the plant microbiome which includes endophytes. Endophytes are non-pathogenic microbes that inhabit plants. Root hairs are single cells, equivalent to the nutrient-absorbing intestinal microvilli of animals, used by plants to increase the root surface area for nutrient extraction from soil including phosphorus (P). There has been significant interest in the microbiome of intestinal microvilli but less is known about the root hair microbiome. Here we describe a bacterial endophyte (3F11) from Zea nicaraguensis, a wild corn discovered in a Nicaraguan swamp above rock-P lava flowing from the San Cristobal volcano. Rock-P is insoluble and a major challenge for plants. Following seed coating and germination on insoluble-P, the endophyte colonized epidermal surfaces, ultimately colonizing root hairs intracellularly. The endophyte promoted root hair growth and secreted acids to solubilize rock-P for uptake by a larger root hair surface. The most interesting observation was that a seed-coated endophyte targeted and colonized a critical cell type, root hair cells, consistent with earlier studies. The endophyte maintained its targeting ability in two evolutionary divergent hosts, suggesting that the host recognition machinery is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan R Shehata
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Christopher Dumigan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sophia Watts
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manish N Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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36
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Ferreira V, Pianzzola MJ, Vilaró FL, Galván GA, Tondo ML, Rodriguez MV, Orellano EG, Valls M, Siri MI. Interspecific Potato Breeding Lines Display Differential Colonization Patterns and Induced Defense Responses after Ralstonia solanacearum Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1424. [PMID: 28894453 PMCID: PMC5581342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the main hosts of Ralstonia solanacearum, the causative agent of bacterial wilt. This plant pathogen bacteria produce asymptomatic latent infections that promote its global spread, hindering disease control. A potato breeding program is conducted in Uruguay based on the introgression of resistance from the wild native species S. commersonii Dun. Currently, several backcrosses were generated exploiting the high genetic variability of this wild species resulting in advanced interspecific breeding lines with different levels of bacterial wilt resistance. The overall aim of this work was to characterize the interaction of the improved potato germplasm with R. solanacearum. Potato clones with different responses to R. solanacearum were selected, and colonization, dissemination and multiplication patterns after infection were evaluated. A R. solanacearum strain belonging to the phylotype IIB-sequevar 1, with high aggressiveness on potato was genetically modified to constitutively generate fluorescence and luminescence from either the green fluorescence protein gene or lux operon. These reporter strains were used to allow a direct and precise visualization of fluorescent and luminescent cells in plant tissues by confocal microscopy and luminometry. Based on wilting scoring and detection of latent infections, the selected clones were classified as susceptible or tolerant, while no immune-like resistance response was identified. Typical wilting symptoms in susceptible plants were correlated with high concentrations of bacteria in roots and along the stems. Tolerant clones showed a colonization pattern restricted to roots and a limited number of xylem vessels only in the stem base. Results indicate that resistance in potato is achieved through restriction of bacterial invasion and multiplication inside plant tissues, particularly in stems. Tolerant plants were also characterized by induction of anatomical and biochemical changes after R. solanacearum infection, including hyperplasic activity of conductor tissue, tylose production, callose and lignin deposition, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. This study highlights the potential of the identified tolerant interspecific potato clones as valuable genetic resources for potato-breeding programs and leads to a better understanding of resistance against R. solanacearum in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Ferreira
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
| | - María J. Pianzzola
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Guillermo A. Galván
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Centro Regional Sur, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la RepúblicaCanelones, Uruguay
| | - María L. Tondo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET-UNR)Rosario, Argentina
- Área Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de RosarioRosario, Argentina
| | - María V. Rodriguez
- Área Biología Vegetal (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de RosarioRosario, Argentina
| | - Elena G. Orellano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET-UNR)Rosario, Argentina
- Área Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de RosarioRosario, Argentina
| | - Marc Valls
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC, IRTA, UAB, UBBarcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - María I. Siri
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
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The small GTPase, nucleolar GTP-binding protein 1 (NOG1), has a novel role in plant innate immunity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9260. [PMID: 28835689 PMCID: PMC5569028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant defense responses at stomata and apoplast are the most important early events during plant-bacteria interactions. The key components for the signaling of stomatal defense and nonhost resistance have not been fully characterized. Here we report the newly identified small GTPase, Nucleolar GTP-binding protein 1 (NOG1), functions for plant immunity against bacterial pathogens. Virus-induced gene silencing of NOG1 compromised nonhost resistance in N. benthamiana and tomato. Comparative genomic analysis showed that two NOG1 copies are present in all known plant species: NOG1-1 and NOG1-2. Gene downregulation and overexpression studies of NOG1-1 and NOG1-2 in Arabidopsis revealed the novel function of these genes in nonhost resistance and stomatal defense against bacterial pathogens, respectively. Specially, NOG1-2 regulates guard cell signaling in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli through jasmonic acid (JA)- and abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated pathways. The results here provide valuable information on the new functional role of small GTPase, NOG1, in guard cell signaling and early plant defense in response to bacterial pathogens.
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38
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Ju S, Go YS, Choi HJ, Park JM, Suh MC. DEWAX Transcription Factor Is Involved in Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1210. [PMID: 28744297 PMCID: PMC5504226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of land plants is the first physical barrier to protect their aerial parts from biotic and abiotic stresses. DEWAX, an AP2/ERF-type transcription factor, negatively regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated the resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa overexpressing DEWAX and in Arabidopsis dewax mutant. Compared to wild type (WT) leaves, Arabidopsis DEWAX OX and dewax leaves were more and less permeable to toluidine blue dye, respectively. The ROS levels increased in DEWAX OX leaves, but decreased in dewax relative to WT leaves. Compared to WT, DEWAX OX was more resistant, while dewax was more sensitive to B. cinerea; however, defense responses to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000:GFP were inversely modulated. Microarray and RT-PCR analyses indicated that the expression of defense-related genes was upregulated in DEWAX OX, but downregulated in dewax relative to WT. Transactivation assay showed that DEWAX upregulated the expression of PDF1.2a, IGMT1, and PRX37. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that DEWAX directly interacts with the GCC-box motifs of PDF1.2a promoter. In addition, ectopic expression of DEWAX increased the tolerance to B. cinerea in C. sativa. Taken together, we suggest that increased ROS accumulation and DEWAX-mediated upregulation of defense-related genes are closely associated with enhanced resistance to B. cinerea in Arabidopsis and C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulgi Ju
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
| | - Young Sam Go
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyo Ju Choi
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDeajeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDeajeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
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Hong CE, Ha YI, Choi H, Moon JY, Lee J, Shin AY, Park CJ, Yoon GM, Kwon SY, Jo IH, Park JM. Silencing of an α-dioxygenase gene, Ca-DOX, retards growth and suppresses basal disease resistance responses in Capsicum annum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:497-509. [PMID: 28004240 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-dioxygenases (α-DOX) catalyzing the primary oxygenation of fatty acids to oxylipins were recently found in plants. Here, the biological roles of the pepper α-DOX (Ca-DOX) gene, which is strongly induced during non-host pathogen infection in chili pepper, were examined. Virus-induced gene silencing demonstrated that down-regulation of Ca-DOX enhanced susceptibility to bacterial pathogens and suppressed the hypersensitive response via the suppression of pathogenesis-related genes such as PR4, proteinase inhibitor II and lipid transfer protein (PR14). Ca-DOX-silenced pepper plants also exhibited more retarded growth with lower epidermal cell numbers and reduced cell wall thickness than control plants. To better understand regulation of Ca-DOX, transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene driven from a putative Ca-DOX promoter were generated. GUS expression was significantly induced upon avirulent pathogen infection in transgenic Arabidopsis leaves, whereas GUS induction was relatively weak upon virulent pathogen treatment. After treatment with plant hormones, early and strong GUS expression was seen after treatment of salicylic acid, whereas ethylene and methyl jasmonate treatments produced relatively weak and late GUS signals. These results will enable us to further understand the role of α-DOX, which is important in lipid metabolism, defense responses, and growth development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Eun Hong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, South Korea
| | - Young-Im Ha
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyoju Choi
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, South Korea
| | - Ah-Young Shin
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Chang Jin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Gyeong Mee Yoon
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Suk-Yoon Kwon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Ick-Hyun Jo
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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40
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Wilton R, Ahrendt AJ, Shinde S, Sholto-Douglas DJ, Johnson JL, Brennan MB, Kemner KM. A New Suite of Plasmid Vectors for Fluorescence-Based Imaging of Root Colonizing Pseudomonads. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2242. [PMID: 29449848 PMCID: PMC5799272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the terrestrial ecosystem, plant-microbe symbiotic associations are ecologically and economically important processes. To better understand these associations at structural and functional levels, different molecular and biochemical tools are applied. In this study, we have constructed a suite of vectors that incorporates several new elements into the rhizosphere stable, broad-host vector pME6031. The new vectors are useful for studies requiring multi-color tagging and visualization of plant-associated, Gram-negative bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas plant growth promotion and biocontrol strains. A number of genetic elements, including constitutive promoters and signal peptides that target secretion to the periplasm, have been evaluated. Several next generation fluorescent proteins, namely mTurquoise2, mNeonGreen, mRuby2, DsRed-Express2 and E2-Crimson have been incorporated into the vectors for whole cell labeling or protein tagging. Secretion of mTurquoise2 and mNeonGreen into the periplasm of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 has also been demonstrated, providing a vehicle for tagging proteins in the periplasmic compartment. A higher copy number version of select plasmids has been produced by introduction of a previously described repA mutation, affording an increase in protein expression levels. The utility of these plasmids for fluorescence-based imaging is demonstrated by root colonization of Solanum lycopersicum seedlings by P. fluorescens SBW25 in a hydroponic growth system. The plasmids are stably maintained during root colonization in the absence of selective pressure for more than 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Wilton
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Rosemarie Wilton,
| | - Angela J. Ahrendt
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States
| | - Shalaka Shinde
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States
| | - Deirdre J. Sholto-Douglas
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research and Instrumentation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jessica L. Johnson
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States
| | - Melissa B. Brennan
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Kemner
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States
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Sabuquillo P, Gea A, Matas IM, Ramos C, Cubero J. The use of stable and unstable green fluorescent proteins for studies in two bacterial models: Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Arch Microbiol 2016; 199:581-590. [PMID: 27995281 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins have been used to track plant pathogens to understand their host interactions. To be useful, the transgenic pathogens must present similar behaviour than the wild-type isolates. Herein, a GFP marker was used to transform two plant pathogenic bacteria, Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas, to localize and track the bacteria during infection. The transgenic bacteria were evaluated to determine whether they showed the same fitness than the wild-type strains or whether the expression of the GFP protein interfered in the bacterial activity. In Agrobacterium, the plasmid used for transformation was stable in the bacteria and the strain kept the virulence, while Xanthomonas was not able to conserve the plasmid and transformed strains showed virulence variations compared to wild-type strains. Although marking bacteria with GFP to track infection in plants is a common issue, works to validate the transgenic strains and corroborate their fitness are not usual. Results, presented here, confirm the importance of proper fitness tests on the marked strains before performing localization assays, to avoid underestimation of the microbe population or possible artificial effects in its interaction with the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sabuquillo
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Gea
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel M Matas
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA, Gobierno de Navarra, 31192, Mutilva, Navarra, Spain
| | - Cayo Ramos
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Jaime Cubero
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología. Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain.
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Shehata HR, Ettinger CL, Eisen JA, Raizada MN. Genes Required for the Anti-fungal Activity of a Bacterial Endophyte Isolated from a Corn Landrace Grown Continuously by Subsistence Farmers Since 1000 BC. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1548. [PMID: 27757101 PMCID: PMC5047915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytes are microbes that inhabit internal plant tissues without causing disease. Some endophytes are known to combat pathogens. The corn (maize) landrace Chapalote has been grown continuously by subsistence farmers in the Americas since 1000 BC, without the use of fungicides, and the crop remains highly valued by farmers, in part for its natural tolerance to pests. We hypothesized that the pathogen tolerance of Chapalote may, in part, be due to assistance from its endophytes. We previously identified a bacterial endophyte from Chapalote seeds, Burkholderia gladioli strain 3A12, for its ability to combat a diversity of crop pathogens, including Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the most important fungal disease of creeping bentgrass, a relative of maize used here as a model system. Strain 3A12 represents a unique opportunity to understand the anti-fungal activities of an endophyte associated with a crop variety grown by subsistence farmers since ancient times. Here, microscopy combined with Tn5-mutagenesis demonstrates that the anti-fungal mode of action of 3A12 involves flagella-dependent swarming toward its pathogen target, attachment and biofilm-mediated microcolony formation. The mutant screen revealed that YajQ, a receptor for the secondary messenger c-di-GMP, is a critical signaling system that mediates this endophytic mobility-based defense for its host. Microbes from the traditional seeds of farmers may represent a new frontier in elucidating host-microbe mutualistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan R. Shehata
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Mansoura UniversityMansoura, Egypt
| | - Cassandra L. Ettinger
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, DavisCA, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Eisen
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, DavisCA, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, DavisCA, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
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Root-hair endophyte stacking in finger millet creates a physicochemical barrier to trap the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16167. [PMID: 27669453 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ancient African crop, finger millet, has broad resistance to pathogens including the toxigenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Here, we report the discovery of a novel plant defence mechanism resulting from an unusual symbiosis between finger millet and a root-inhabiting bacterial endophyte, M6 (Enterobacter sp.). Seed-coated M6 swarms towards root-invading Fusarium and is associated with the growth of root hairs, which then bend parallel to the root axis, subsequently forming biofilm-mediated microcolonies, resulting in a remarkable, multilayer root-hair endophyte stack (RHESt). The RHESt results in a physical barrier that prevents entry and/or traps F. graminearum, which is then killed. M6 thus creates its own specialized killing microhabitat. Tn5-mutagenesis shows that M6 killing requires c-di-GMP-dependent signalling, diverse fungicides and resistance to a Fusarium-derived antibiotic. Further molecular evidence suggests long-term host-endophyte-pathogen co-evolution. The end result of this remarkable symbiosis is reduced deoxynivalenol mycotoxin, potentially benefiting millions of subsistence farmers and livestock. Further results suggest that the anti-Fusarium activity of M6 may be transferable to maize and wheat. RHESt demonstrates the value of exploring ancient, orphan crop microbiomes.
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Biocontrol activity of Paenibacillus polymyxa AC-1 against Pseudomonas syringae and its interaction with Arabidopsis thaliana. Microbiol Res 2016; 185:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mousa WK, Shearer CR, Limay-Rios V, Zhou T, Raizada MN. Bacterial endophytes from wild maize suppress Fusarium graminearum in modern maize and inhibit mycotoxin accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:805. [PMID: 26500660 PMCID: PMC4593954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wild maize (teosinte) has been reported to be less susceptible to pests than their modern maize (corn) relatives. Endophytes, defined as microbes that inhabit plants without causing disease, are known for their ability to antagonize plant pests and pathogens. We hypothesized that the wild relatives of modern maize may host endophytes that combat pathogens. Fusarium graminearum is the fungus that causes Gibberella Ear Rot (GER) in modern maize and produces the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). In this study, 215 bacterial endophytes, previously isolated from diverse maize genotypes including wild teosintes, traditional landraces and modern varieties, were tested for their ability to antagonize F. graminearum in vitro. Candidate endophytes were then tested for their ability to suppress GER in modern maize in independent greenhouse trials. The results revealed that three candidate endophytes derived from wild teosintes were most potent in suppressing F. graminearum in vitro and GER in a modern maize hybrid. These wild teosinte endophytes could suppress a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens of modern crops in vitro. The teosinte endophytes also suppressed DON mycotoxin during storage to below acceptable safety threshold levels. A fourth, less robust anti-fungal strain was isolated from a modern maize hybrid. Three of the anti-fungal endophytes were predicted to be Paenibacillus polymyxa, along with one strain of Citrobacter. Microscopy studies suggested a fungicidal mode of action by all four strains. Molecular and biochemical studies showed that the P. polymyxa strains produced the previously characterized anti-Fusarium compound, fusaricidin. Our results suggest that the wild relatives of modern crops may serve as a valuable reservoir for endophytes in the ongoing fight against serious threats to modern agriculture. We discuss the possible impact of crop evolution and domestication on endophytes in the context of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa K. Mousa
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Mansoura UniversityMansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Victor Limay-Rios
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of GuelphRidgetown, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
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Song GC, Lee S, Hong J, Choi HK, Hong GH, Bae DW, Mysore KS, Park YS, Ryu CM. Aboveground insect infestation attenuates belowground Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:148-158. [PMID: 25676198 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease. Although Agrobacterium can be popularly used for genetic engineering, the influence of aboveground insect infestation on Agrobacterium induced gall formation has not been investigated. Nicotiana benthamiana leaves were exposed to a sucking insect (whitefly) infestation and benzothiadiazole (BTH) for 7 d, and these exposed plants were inoculated with a tumorigenic Agrobacterium strain. We evaluated, both in planta and in vitro, how whitefly infestation affects crown gall disease. Whitefly-infested plants exhibited at least a two-fold reduction in gall formation on both stem and crown root. Silencing of isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1), required for salicylic acid (SA) synthesis, compromised gall formation indicating an involvement of SA in whitefly-derived plant defence against Agrobacterium. Endogenous SA content was augmented in whitefly-infested plants upon Agrobacterium inoculation. In addition, SA concentration was three times higher in root exudates from whitefly-infested plants. As a consequence, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of roots of whitefly-infested plants was clearly inhibited when compared to control plants. These results suggest that aboveground whitefly infestation elicits systemic defence responses throughout the plant. Our findings provide new insights into insect-mediated leaf-root intra-communication and a framework to understand interactions between three organisms: whitefly, N. benthamiana and Agrobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Jaehwa Hong
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Choi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Gun Hyong Hong
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Central Instrument Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yong-Soon Park
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
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Deora A, Gossen BD, Amirsadeghi S, McDonald MR. A Multiplex qPCR Assay for Detection and Quantification of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Soil. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:1002-1009. [PMID: 30690966 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-14-0608-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various physical and chemical factors in soil can inhibit the detection and quantification of soilborne plant pathogens using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. A multiplexed TaqMan qPCR assay, including a competitive internal positive control (CIPC), was developed to identify and (where necessary) compensate for inhibition in the quantification of resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae from soil. The CIPC amplicon was developed by modifying a sequence coding for green fluorescent protein so that it could be amplified with P. brassicae-specific primers. Addition of CIPC at 5 fg/μl to the singleplex qPCR assay designed to quantify P. brassicae genomic DNA did not reduce the sensitivity, specificity, or reproducibility of the assay. Each of the soil samples, either artificially inoculated or naturally infested with P. brassicae, exhibited no amplification of the CIPC. When the samples were diluted and reassessed, the quantification cycle of the CIPC relative to the control (water only) was delayed in each sample. The magnitude of the delay was used to adjust the estimate of resting spore concentration. The corrected concentration estimates were significantly higher than the unadjusted estimate, which indicated the presence of DNA inhibitors in samples even after dilution. The only exception was a mineral soil sample inoculated with a low concentration (103 spores/g) of resting spores. The assay was optimized for use on a range of soil types. A sample of 0.25 g for mineral soil and 0.10 g for high-organic-matter soil was optimum for recovery of DNA of P. brassicae. The assay represents an improvement over existing assays for estimating resting spore concentration in infested fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Deora
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bruce D Gossen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Sasan Amirsadeghi
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mary Ruth McDonald
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Moreira LM, Facincani AP, Ferreira CB, Ferreira RM, Ferro MIT, Gozzo FC, de Oliveira JCF, Ferro JA, Soares MR. Chemotactic signal transduction and phosphate metabolism as adaptive strategies during citrus canker induction by Xanthomonas citri. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:197-210. [PMID: 25403594 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri strain 306 pathotype A (Xac) was completely sequenced more than 10 years; to date, few studies involving functional genomics Xac and its host compatible have been developed, specially related to adaptive events that allow the survival of Xac within the plant. Proteomic analysis of Xac showed that the processes of chemotactic signal transduction and phosphate metabolism are key adaptive strategies during the interaction of a pathogenic bacterium with its plant host. The results also indicate the importance of a group of proteins that may not be directly related to the classical virulence factors, but that are likely fundamental to the success of the initial stages of the infection, such as methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (Mcp) and phosphate specific transport (Pst). Furthermore, the analysis of the mutant of the gene pstB which codifies to an ABC phosphate transporter subunit revealed a complete absence of citrus canker symptoms when inoculated in compatible hosts. We also conducted an in silico analysis which established the possible network of genes regulated by two-component systems PhoPQ and PhoBR (related to phosphate metabolism), and possible transcriptional factor binding site (TFBS) motifs of regulatory proteins PhoB and PhoP, detaching high degree of conservation of PhoB TFBS in 84 genes of Xac genome. This is the first time that chemotaxis signal transduction and phosphate metabolism were therefore indicated to be fundamental to the process of colonization of plant tissue during the induction of disease associated with Xanthomonas genus bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Marcio Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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Cruz APZ, Ferreira V, Pianzzola MJ, Siri MI, Coll NS, Valls M. A novel, sensitive method to evaluate potato germplasm for bacterial wilt resistance using a luminescent Ralstonia solanacearum reporter strain. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:277-85. [PMID: 24283938 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-13-0303-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Several breeding programs are under way to introduce resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in solanaceous crops. The lack of screening methods allowing easy measurement of pathogen colonization and the inability to detect latent (i.e., symptomless) infections are major limitations when evaluating resistance to this disease in plant germplasm. We describe a new method to study the interaction between R. solanacearum and potato germplasm that overcomes these restrictions. The R. solanacearum UY031 was genetically modified to constitutively generate light from a synthetic luxCDABE operon stably inserted in its chromosome. Colonization of this reporter strain on different potato accessions was followed using life imaging. Bacterial detection in planta by this nondisruptive system correlated with the development of wilting symptoms. In addition, we demonstrated that quantitative detection of the recombinant strain using a luminometer can identify latent infections on symptomless potato plants. We have developed a novel, unsophisticated, and accurate method for high-throughput evaluation of pathogen colonization in plant populations. We applied this method to compare the behavior of potato accessions with contrasting resistance to R. solanacearum. This new system will be especially useful to detect latency in symptomless parental lines before their inclusion in long-term breeding programs for disease resistance.
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Ramegowda V, Senthil-kumar M, Udayakumar M, Mysore KS. A high-throughput virus-induced gene silencing protocol identifies genes involved in multi-stress tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:193. [PMID: 24289810 PMCID: PMC3879149 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the function of a particular gene under various stresses is important for engineering plants for broad-spectrum stress tolerance. Although virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been used to characterize genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance, currently available gene silencing and stress imposition methodology at the whole plant level is not suitable for high-throughput functional analyses of genes. This demands a robust and reliable methodology for characterizing genes involved in abiotic and multi-stress tolerance. RESULTS Our methodology employs VIGS-based gene silencing in leaf disks combined with simple stress imposition and effect quantification methodologies for easy and faster characterization of genes involved in abiotic and multi-stress tolerance. By subjecting leaf disks from gene-silenced plants to various abiotic stresses and inoculating silenced plants with various pathogens, we show the involvement of several genes for multi-stress tolerance. In addition, we demonstrate that VIGS can be used to characterize genes involved in thermotolerance. Our results also showed the functional relevance of NtEDS1 in abiotic stress, NbRBX1 and NbCTR1 in oxidative stress; NtRAR1 and NtNPR1 in salinity stress; NbSOS1 and NbHSP101 in biotic stress; and NtEDS1, NbETR1, NbWRKY2 and NbMYC2 in thermotolerance. CONCLUSIONS In addition to widening the application of VIGS, we developed a robust, easy and high-throughput methodology for functional characterization of genes involved in multi-stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkategowda Ramegowda
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK 73402, USA
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560 065Karnataka, India
- Present address: VR: Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA; MS: National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Muthappa Senthil-kumar
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK 73402, USA
- Present address: VR: Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA; MS: National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Makarla Udayakumar
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560 065Karnataka, India
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy., Ardmore, OK 73402, USA
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