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Xu FQ, Meng LL, Kuča K, Wu QS. The mechanism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-alleviated manganese toxicity in plants: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108808. [PMID: 38865805 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The development of the mining industry and the overuse of inorganic fertilizers have led to an excess of manganese (Mn) in the soil, thereby, contaminating the soil environment and people's health. On heavy metal-contaminated soils, the combined arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-phytoremediation technique becomes a hotspot because of its environmentally friendly, in situ remediation. AMF inoculation often leads to a decrease in host Mn acquisition, which provides a basis for its application in phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Moreover, the utilization value of native AMF is greater than that of exotic AMF, because native AMF can adapt better to Mn-contaminated soils. In addition to the fact that AMF enhance plant Mn tolerance responses such as regionalization, organic matter chelation, limiting uptake and efflux, and so on, AMF also develop plant-independent fungal pathways such as direct biosorption of Mn by mycorrhizal hyphae, fungal Mn transporter genes, and sequestration of Mn by mycorrhizal hyphae, glomalin, and arbuscule-containing root cortical cells, which together mitigate excessive Mn toxicity to plants. Clarifying AMF-plant interactions under Mn stress will provide support for utilizing AMF as a phytoremediation in Mn-contaminated soils. The review reveals in detail how AMF develop its own mechanisms for responding to excess Mn and how AMF enhance plant Mn tolerance, accompanied by perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qi Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Spices & Horticultural Plant Germplasm Innovation & Utilization, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Lu-Lu Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Spices & Horticultural Plant Germplasm Innovation & Utilization, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Qiang-Sheng Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Spices & Horticultural Plant Germplasm Innovation & Utilization, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
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Serrano K, Tedeschi F, Andersen SU, Scheller HV. Unraveling plant-microbe symbioses using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00152-3. [PMID: 38991926 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Plant-microbe symbioses require intense interaction and genetic coordination to successfully establish in specific cell types of the host and symbiont. Traditional RNA-seq methodologies lack the cellular resolution to fully capture these complexities, but single-cell and spatial transcriptomics (ST) are now allowing scientists to probe symbiotic interactions at an unprecedented level of detail. Here, we discuss the advantages that novel spatial and single-cell transcriptomic technologies provide in studying plant-microbe endosymbioses and highlight key recent studies. Finally, we consider the remaining limitations of applying these approaches to symbiosis research, which are mainly related to the simultaneous capture of both plant and microbial transcripts within the same cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Serrano
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Francesca Tedeschi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 81, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stig U Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 81, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Sun Y, Cheng Y, Li H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Ren X, Wu D, Wang F. Organic phosphorus levels change the hyphosphere phoD-harboring bacterial community of Funneliformis mosseae. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:131-143. [PMID: 38129688 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The phoD-harboring bacterial community is responsible for organic phosphorus (P) mineralization in soil and is important for understanding the interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) at the community level for organic P turnover. However, current understanding of the phoD-harboring bacterial community associated with AM fungal hyphae responses to organic P levels remains incomplete. Here, two-compartment microcosms were used to explore the response of the phoD-harboring bacterial community in the hyphosphere to organic P levels by high-throughput sequencing. Extraradical hyphae of Funneliformis mosseae enriched the phoD-harboring bacterial community and organic P levels significantly altered the composition of the phoD-harboring bacterial community in the Funneliformis mosseae hyphosphere. The relative abundance of dominant families Pseudomonadaceae and Burkholderiaceae was significantly different among organic P treatments and were positively correlated with alkaline phosphatase activity and available P concentration in the hyphosphere. Furthermore, phytin addition significantly decreased the abundance of the phoD gene, and the latter was significantly and negatively correlated with available P concentration. These findings not only improve the understanding of how organic P influences the phoD-harboring bacterial community but also provide a new insight into AM fungus-PSB interactions at the community level to drive organic P turnover in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Sun
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yanan Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hang Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiujuan Ren
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Dafu Wu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Yurkov AP, Kryukov AA, Gorbunova AO, Kudriashova TR, Kovalchuk AI, Gorenkova AI, Bogdanova EM, Laktionov YV, Zhurbenko PM, Mikhaylova YV, Puzanskiy RK, Bagrova TN, Yakhin OI, Rodionov AV, Shishova MF. Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Distinct Ecosystems of the North Caucasus, a Temperate Biodiversity Hotspot. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:11. [PMID: 38248921 PMCID: PMC10817546 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations that are focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) biodiversity is still limited. The analysis of the AMF taxa in the North Caucasus, a temperate biodiversity hotspot, used to be limited to the genus level. This study aimed to define the AMF biodiversity at the species level in the North Caucasus biotopes. METHODS The molecular genetic identification of fungi was carried out with ITS1 and ITS2 regions as barcodes via sequencing using Illumina MiSeq, the analysis of phylogenetic trees for individual genera, and searches for operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with identification at the species level. Sequences from MaarjAM and NCBI GenBank were used as references. RESULTS We analyzed >10 million reads in soil samples for three biotopes to estimate fungal biodiversity. Briefly, 50 AMF species belonging to 20 genera were registered. The total number of the AM fungus OTUs for the "Subalpine Meadow" biotope was 171/131, that for "Forest" was 117/60, and that for "River Valley" was 296/221 based on ITS1/ITS2 data. The total number of the AM fungus species (except for virtual taxa) for the "Subalpine Meadow" biotope was 24/19, that for "Forest" was 22/13, and that for "River Valley" was 28/24 based on ITS1/ITS2 data. Greater AMF diversity, as well as number of OTUs and species, in comparison with that of forest biotopes, characterized valley biotopes (disturbed ecosystems; grasslands). The correlation coefficient between "Percentage of annual plants" and "Glomeromycota total reads" r = 0.76 and 0.81 for ITS1 and ITS2, respectively, and the correlation coefficient between "Percentage of annual plants" and "OTUs number (for total species)" was r = 0.67 and 0.77 for ITS1 and ITS2, respectively. CONCLUSION High AMF biodiversity for the river valley can be associated with a higher percentage of annual plants in these biotopes and the active development of restorative successional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P. Yurkov
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.L.)
| | - Alexey A. Kryukov
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.L.)
| | - Anastasiia O. Gorbunova
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.L.)
| | - Tatyana R. Kudriashova
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.L.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia I. Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.L.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia I. Gorenkova
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.L.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina M. Bogdanova
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.L.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Yuri V. Laktionov
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.L.)
| | - Peter M. Zhurbenko
- Laboratory of Biosystematics and Cytology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.M.Z.); (Y.V.M.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Yulia V. Mikhaylova
- Laboratory of Biosystematics and Cytology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.M.Z.); (Y.V.M.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Faculty of Ecology, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 192007 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Tatyana N. Bagrova
- Faculty of Ecology, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 192007 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Oleg I. Yakhin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, The Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia;
| | - Alexander V. Rodionov
- Laboratory of Biosystematics and Cytology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.M.Z.); (Y.V.M.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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Agaras BC, Grossi CEM, Ulloa RM. Unveiling the Secrets of Calcium-Dependent Proteins in Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: An Abundance of Discoveries Awaits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3398. [PMID: 37836138 PMCID: PMC10574481 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of Calcium ions (Ca2+) is extensively documented and comprehensively understood in eukaryotic organisms. Nevertheless, emerging insights, primarily derived from studies on human pathogenic bacteria, suggest that this ion also plays a pivotal role in prokaryotes. In this review, our primary focus will be on unraveling the intricate Ca2+ toolkit within prokaryotic organisms, with particular emphasis on its implications for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). We undertook an in silico exploration to pinpoint and identify some of the proteins described in the existing literature, including prokaryotic Ca2+ channels, pumps, and exchangers that are responsible for regulating intracellular Calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), along with the Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) that play a pivotal role in sensing and transducing this essential cation. These investigations were conducted in four distinct PGPR strains: Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca SMMP3, P. donghuensis SVBP6, Pseudomonas sp. BP01, and Methylobacterium sp. 2A, which have been isolated and characterized within our research laboratories. We also present preliminary experimental data to evaluate the influence of exogenous Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]ex) on the growth dynamics of these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Cecilia Agaras
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Plant Probiotic Bacteria (LFGBBP), Centre of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Soils, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Cecilia Eugenia María Grossi
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
- Laboratory of Plant Signal Transduction, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology (INGEBI), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Rita María Ulloa
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
- Laboratory of Plant Signal Transduction, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology (INGEBI), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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Magnucka EG, Kulczycki G, Oksińska MP, Kucińska J, Pawęska K, Milo Ł, Pietr SJ. The Effect of Various Forms of Sulfur on Soil Organic Matter Fractions and Microorganisms in a Pot Experiment with Perennial Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2649. [PMID: 37514266 PMCID: PMC10384080 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the agronomic evaluation of the supplementation of mineral NPKMg fertilizers with elemental sulfur, magnesium, potassium, or ammonium sulfates in pot experiments with ryegrass growing in a sandy Arenosol with very low sulfur content. A benefit evaluation was carried out on the basis of biomass production, crop nutritional status, and changes in the content of soil organic matter fractions. Furthermore, the total number of bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and fungi was estimated using the qPCR technique in soil samples after 60 days of ryegrass growth. The combined application of NPKMg and sulfur or sulfate fertilizers significantly increased the summary yield of three cuttings of fresh ryegrass biomass in the range of 32.3% to 82.7%. The application, especially in the form of sulfates, significantly decreased the content of free phenolic acids. Furthermore, compared to the control, i.e., soil with NPKMg applied alone, an increase in the content of glomalin-related proteins and a decrease in the amount of water-soluble organic carbon compounds were observed. Neither the number of DNA marker copy numbers of the total bacterial community nor the nitrogen-fixing bacteria were noticeably different. In turn, the total number of genetic markers for fungi was significantly higher in soils with potassium or ammonium sulfates compared to the control soil. The general results suggest that the application of sulfur fertilizers with NPKMg mineral fertilizer can benefit crops and support soil fertility due to the stabilization of aggregates and the decrease in water-soluble organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta G Magnucka
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Grunwaldzka St. 53, 50-357 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kulczycki
- Institute of Soil Science, Plant Nutrition and Environmental Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Grunwaldzka St. 53, 50-357 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata P Oksińska
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Grunwaldzka St. 53, 50-357 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kucińska
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Grunwaldzka St. 53, 50-357 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawęska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Milo
- Chemical Plants "Siarkopol" Tarnobrzeg Ltd., Chemiczna St. 3, 39-400 Tarnobrzeg, Poland
| | - Stanisław J Pietr
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Grunwaldzka St. 53, 50-357 Wrocław, Poland
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Aparicio Chacón MV, Van Dingenen J, Goormachtig S. Characterization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Effector Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119125. [PMID: 37298075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are colonized by various fungi with both pathogenic and beneficial lifestyles. One type of colonization strategy is through the secretion of effector proteins that alter the plant's physiology to accommodate the fungus. The oldest plant symbionts, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), may exploit effectors to their benefit. Genome analysis coupled with transcriptomic studies in different AMFs has intensified research on the effector function, evolution, and diversification of AMF. However, of the current 338 predicted effector proteins from the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, only five have been characterized, of which merely two have been studied in detail to understand which plant proteins they associate with to affect the host physiology. Here, we review the most recent findings in AMF effector research and discuss the techniques used for the functional characterization of effector proteins, from their in silico prediction to their mode of action, with an emphasis on high-throughput approaches for the identification of plant targets of the effectors through which they manipulate their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Aparicio Chacón
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Judith Van Dingenen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Crescio S, Godeas AM, Silvani V. Detección de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares en la hojarasca de distintas especies arbóreas: evaluación de tres técnicas de clarificación. BOLETÍN DE LA SOCIEDAD ARGENTINA DE BOTÁNICA 2023. [DOI: 10.31055/1851.2372.v58.n2.37810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introducción y objetivos: Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) forman asociaciones simbióticas mutualistas con las raíces de las plantas y se desarrollan en el suelo y hojarasca. Hasta el momento, se ha empleado una única técnica de clarificación en hojarasca para el estudio de los HMA, pero dada la gran variabilidad anatómica y bioquímica de las hojas, es necesario analizar otras metodologías. En este trabajo se evaluaron y ajustaron tres técnicas de clarificación en hojarasca de distintas especies arbóreas para la detección de HMA.
M&M: Se recolectó hojarasca de Quercus robur, Tipuana tipu, Ulmus minor, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Platanus acerifolia, Laurus nobilis, Populus alba and Melia azedarach de la superficie del suelo en dos parques de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Además, se inoculó hojarasca de F. pennsylvanica con Rhizoglomus intraradices en un cultivo bajo condiciones semicontroladas. Fueron evaluadas tres técnicas de clarificación: “5 – 5 – 5” de Arambarri (2018), Phillips & Hayman (1970) y Peterson et al. (2008), y se ajustaron modificando la duración y condiciones de exposición a los reactivos.
Resultados: La técnica de clarificación propuesta por Peterson et al. (2008) fue la más apropiada para todas las hojarascas evaluadas, dado que se obtuvo una eficaz clarificación, conservación de la estructura foliar y la visualización de esporas e hifas de HMA.
Conclusión: La selección adecuada de la técnica depende de la calidad de la hojarasca. La optimización del método de Peterson et al. (2008) permitió detectar estructuras de HMA en la hojarasca delicada de F. pennsylvanica y T. tipu.
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A bacillaceae consortium positively impacts arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonisation, plant phosphate nutrition, and tuber yield in Solanum tuberosum cv. Jazzy. Symbiosis 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-023-00904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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10
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van Creij J, Auxier B, An J, Wijfjes RY, Bergin C, Rosling A, Bisseling T, Pan Z, Limpens E. Stochastic nuclear organization and host-dependent allele contribution in Rhizophagus irregularis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:53. [PMID: 36709253 PMCID: PMC9883914 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are arguably the most important symbionts of plants, offering a range of benefits to their hosts. However, the provisioning of these benefits does not appear to be uniform among AM fungal individuals, with genetic variation between fungal symbionts having a substantial impact on plant performance. Interestingly, genetic variation has also been reported within fungal individuals, which contain millions of haploid nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm. In the model AM fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, several isolates have been reported to be dikaryotes, containing two genetically distinct types of nuclei recognized based on their mating-type (MAT) locus identity. However, their extremely coenocytic nature and lack of a known single nucleus stage has raised questions on the origin, distribution and dynamics of this genetic variation. RESULTS Here we performed DNA and RNA sequencing at the mycelial individual, single spore and single nucleus levels to gain insight into the dynamic genetic make-up of the dikaryote-like R. irregularis C3 isolate and the effect of different host plants on its genetic variation. Our analyses reveal that parallel spore and root culture batches can have widely variable ratios of two main genotypes in C3. Additionally, numerous polymorphisms were found with frequencies that deviated significantly from the general genotype ratio, indicating a diverse population of slightly different nucleotypes. Changing host plants did not show consistent host effects on nucleotype ratio's after multiple rounds of subculturing. Instead, we found a major effect of host plant-identity on allele-specific expression in C3. CONCLUSION Our analyses indicate a highly dynamic/variable genetic organization in different isolates of R. irregularis. Seemingly random fluctuations in nucleotype ratio's upon spore formation, recombination events, high variability of non-tandemly repeated rDNA sequences and host-dependent allele expression all add levels of variation that may contribute to the evolutionary success of these widespread symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle van Creij
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Auxier
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianyong An
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands ,grid.411626.60000 0004 1798 6793Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Raúl Y. Wijfjes
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCurrent affiliation: Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Bergin
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, and Microbial Single Cell Genomics Facility, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Rosling
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ton Bisseling
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands ,grid.411626.60000 0004 1798 6793Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erik Limpens
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Zhang S, Nie Y, Fan X, Wei W, Chen H, Xie X, Tang M. A transcriptional activator from Rhizophagus irregularis regulates phosphate uptake and homeostasis in AM symbiosis during phosphorous starvation. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1114089. [PMID: 36741887 PMCID: PMC9895418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important nutrient elements for plant growth and development. Under P starvation, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can promote phosphate (Pi) uptake and homeostasis within host plants. However, the underlying mechanisms by which AM fungal symbiont regulates the AM symbiotic Pi acquisition from soil under P starvation are largely unknown. Here, we identify a HLH domain containing transcription factor RiPho4 from Rhizophagus irregularis. Methods To investigate the biological functions of the RiPho4, we combined the subcellular localization and Yeast One-Hybrid (Y1H) experiments in yeasts with gene expression and virus-induced gene silencing approach during AM symbiosis. Results The approach during AM symbiosis. The results indicated that RiPho4 encodes a conserved transcription factor among different fungi and is induced during the in planta phase. The transcription of RiPho4 is significantly up-regulated by P starvation. The subcellular localization analysis revealed that RiPho4 is located in the nuclei of yeast cells during P starvation. Moreover, knock-down of RiPho4 inhibits the arbuscule development and mycorrhizal Pi uptake under low Pi conditions. Importantly, RiPho4 can positively regulate the downstream components of the phosphate (PHO) pathway in R. irregularis. Discussion In summary, these new findings reveal that RiPho4 acts as a transcriptional activator in AM fungus to maintain arbuscule development and regulate Pi uptake and homeostasis in the AM symbiosis during Pi starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xianan Xie
- *Correspondence: Xianan Xie, ; Ming Tang,
| | - Ming Tang
- *Correspondence: Xianan Xie, ; Ming Tang,
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12
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Plant Traits and Phylogeny Predict Soil Carbon and Nutrient Cycling in Mediterranean Mixed Forests. Ecosystems 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSoil functioning is closely linked to the interactions between biological communities with the physical environment. Yet, the impact of plant community attributes on metabolic processes promoting soil nutrient cycling remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that the plant community acts as a regulating agent of nutrient mobilization in soils according to the phylogenetic and morpho-functional traits of plant species of which it is composed. Rhizosphere soils were collected in autumn and spring under 32 tree and shrub species in two Mediterranean mixed forests (four plots in each) located in southern Spain, and nine soil enzymatic activities related to C, N and P mobilization were assessed. Phylogeny and morpho-functional traits of plant species were recorded and their imprint in soil enzymatic activities across forests was determined. The results showed a plant phylogenetic signal for N mobilization in both forests, while it varied across forests for non-labile C and P mobilization. The plant phylogenetic signals were primarily driven by lineages that diversified through the Miocene, about 25 Myr ago. In addition, leaf traits and plant’s mycorrhizal type explained soil enzymatic activities independently from phylogeny. C and P mobilization increased under ectomycorrhizal plants, whilst enhanced N mobilization did occur under arbuscular mycorrhizal ones. The plant community composition led to a different carbon and nutrient mobilization degree, which in turn was mediated by distinct microbial communities mirroring differentiated resource-acquisition strategies of plants. Our results highlight the role of plant traits and mycorrhizal interactions in modulating carbon and nutrient cycling in Mediterranean mixed forest soils.
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Boosting Sustainable Agriculture by Arbuscular Mycorrhiza under Stress Condition: Mechanism and Future Prospective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5275449. [PMID: 36619307 PMCID: PMC9815931 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5275449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Global agriculture is frequently subjected to stresses from increased salt content, drought, heavy metals, and other factors, which limit plant growth and production, deteriorate soil health, and constitute a severe danger to global food security. Development of environmentally acceptable mitigation techniques against stresses and restrictions on the use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural fields is essential. Therefore, eco-friendly practises must be kept to prevent the detrimental impacts of stress on agricultural regions. The advanced metabolic machinery needed to handle this issue is not now existent in plants to deal against the stresses. Research has shown that the key role and mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) to enhance plant nutrient uptake, immobilisation and translocation of heavy metals, and plant growth-promoting attributes may be suitable agents for plant growth under diversed stressed condition. The successful symbiosis and the functional relationship between the plant and AMF may build the protective regulatory mechansm against the key challenge in particular stress. AMF's compatibility with hyperaccumulator plants has also been supported by studies on gene regulation and theoretical arguments. In order to address this account, the present review included reducing the impacts of biotic and abiotic stress through AMF, the mechanisms of AMF to improve the host plant's capacity to endure stress, and the strategies employed by AM fungus to support plant survival in stressful conditions.
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14
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Duret M, Zhan X, Belval L, Le Jeune C, Hussenet R, Laloue H, Bertsch C, Chong J, Deglène-Benbrahim L, Valat L. Use of a RT-qPCR Method to Estimate Mycorrhization Intensity and Symbiosis Vitality in Grapevine Plants Inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3237. [PMID: 36501279 PMCID: PMC9741363 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the mycorrhization level in plant roots is essential to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant physiological responses. Common methods used to quantify the mycorrhization of roots are based on microscopic visualization of stained fungal structures within the cortical cells. While this method is readily accessible, it remains time-consuming and does not allow checking of the symbiosis vitality. The aim of this work is thus to develop an efficient method for assessing the intensity and vitality of mycorrhiza associated with grapevine through gene expression analyses by RT-qPCR. To this end, grapevine plants were inoculated with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri). The relationship between mycorrhization level, assessed by microscopy, and expression of several fungus and grapevine genes involved in the symbiosis was investigated. In AMF-inoculated plants, transcript amounts of fungal constitutively-expressed genes Ri18S, RiTEF1α and RiαTub were significantly correlated to mycorrhization intensity, particularly Ri18S. Grapevine (VvPht1.1 and VvPht1.2) and AMF (GintPT, Ri14-3-3 and RiCRN1) genes, known to be specifically expressed during the mycorrhizal process, were significantly correlated to arbuscular level in the whole root system determined by microscopy. The best correlations were obtained with GintPT on the fungal side and VvPht1.2 on the plant side. Despite some minor discrepancies between microscopic and molecular techniques, the monitoring of Ri18S, GintPT and VvPht1.2 gene expression could be a rapid, robust and reliable method to evaluate the level of mycorrhization and to assess the vitality of AMF. It appears particularly useful to identify AMF-inoculated plants with very low colonization level, or with non-active fungal structures. Moreover, it can be implemented simultaneously with the expression analysis of other genes of interest, saving time compared to microscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Duret
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Xi Zhan
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Lorène Belval
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Christine Le Jeune
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Réjane Hussenet
- Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, 29 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Hélène Laloue
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Christophe Bertsch
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Julie Chong
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Laurence Deglène-Benbrahim
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Laure Valat
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
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15
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Azizi S, Tabari M, Abad ARFN, Ammer C, Guidi L, Bader MKF. Soil Inoculation With Beneficial Microbes Buffers Negative Drought Effects on Biomass, Nutrients, and Water Relations of Common Myrtle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:892826. [PMID: 35712598 PMCID: PMC9196245 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.892826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Common myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) occurs in (semi-)arid areas of the Palearctic region where climate change, over-exploitation, and habitat destruction imperil its existence. The evergreen shrub is of great economic and ecological importance due to its pharmaceutical value, ornamental use, and its role in urban greening and habitat restoration initiatives. Under greenhouse conditions, we investigated the effect of soil inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on biomass allocation, water relations, and nutritional status of drought-stressed myrtle seedlings. Single and dual AMF (Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis) and PGPR (Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida) soil inoculations were applied to myrtle seedlings growing under different soil water regimes (100, 60, and 30% of field capacity) for 6 months using a full factorial, completely randomized design. AMF and PGPR treatments, especially dual inoculations, alleviated negative drought effects on biomass and morpho-physiological traits, except for water-use efficiency, which peaked under severe drought conditions. Under the greatest soil water deficit, dual inoculations promoted leaf biomass (104%-108%), root biomass (56%-73%), mesophyll conductance (58%), and relative water content (1.4-fold) compared to non-inoculated controls. Particularly, dual AMF and PGPR inoculations stimulated nutrient dynamics in roots (N: 138%-151%, P: 176%-181%, K: 112%-114%, Ca: 124%-136%, and Mg: 130%-140%) and leaves (N: 101%-107%, P: 143%-149%, K: 83%-84%, Ca: 98%-107%, and Mg: 102%-106%). Our findings highlight soil inoculations with beneficial microbes as a cost-effective way to produce highly drought resistant seedling stock which is vital for restoring natural myrtle habitats and for future-proofing myrtle crop systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Azizi
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Tabari
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fallah Nosrat Abad
- Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martin K.-F. Bader
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
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16
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhanced Drought Resistance of Populus cathayana by Regulating the 14-3-3 Family Protein Genes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0245621. [PMID: 35612316 PMCID: PMC9241863 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02456-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants can improve their resistance to a variety of stresses by forming mutualistic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The 14-3-3 protein is a major regulator of the plant stress response. However, the regulation mechanism of 14-3-3 family protein genes (14-3-3s) of mycorrhizal plants coping with stress during AMF symbiosis remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the physiological changes and 14-3-3 expression profiles of Populus cathayana inoculated with AMF under different water conditions. The results showed that good colonization and symbiotic relationships with plants were formed under all water conditions (63.00% to 83.67%). Photosynthesis, peroxidase (POD) activity, and Mg and Ca content were significantly affected by drought and AMF. In addition, thirteen 14-3-3 protein genes (PcGRF1-PcGRF13) were identified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), of which the expression levels of PcGRF10 and PcGRF11 induced by AMF were significantly positively correlated with superoxide dismutase (SOD), POD, and sugar content, indicating that the 14-3-3s of mycorrhizal symbiotic plants may respond to drought through antioxidant and osmotic regulation. This is the first study on 14-3-3s in the symbiosis system of forest arbor plants and AMF, and it may help to further study the effects of 14-3-3s during AMF symbiosis on stresses and provide new ideas for improving mycorrhizal seedling cultivation under stress. IMPORTANCE The 14-3-3 protein may regulate many biochemical and physiological processes under abiotic stress. Studies have shown that the 14-3-3 protein gene of AMF is not only upregulated under drought stress, but also enhances the regulation of AMF on plant drought tolerance by regulating plant signal pathways and drought response genes; however, knowledge about the biological relevance of these interactions remains limited and controversial. The precise functions of Populus cathayana 14-3-3s under drought stress remain poorly resolved and the mechanisms of action of these genes in mycorrhizae-induced drought stress are still unknown. Thus, studying the drought-resistance mechanism of the AMF symbiotic plant 14-3-3 gene is of special significance to improving the drought tolerance of the plant. Further systematic study is needed to probe the mechanism by which AMF regulates different 14-3-3 genes and their subsequent physiological effects on drought.
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18
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Xie X, Lai W, Che X, Wang S, Ren Y, Hu W, Chen H, Tang M. A SPX domain-containing phosphate transporter from Rhizophagus irregularis handles phosphate homeostasis at symbiotic interface of arbuscular mycorrhizas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:650-671. [PMID: 35037255 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal symbiosis of > 70% of terrestrial vascular plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi provides the fungi with fatty acids and sugars. In return, AM fungi facilitate plant phosphate (Pi) uptake from soil. However, how AM fungi handle Pi transport and homeostasis at the symbiotic interface of AM symbiosis is poorly understood. Here, we identify an SPX (SYG1/Pho81/XPR1) domain-containing phosphate transporter, RiPT7 from Rhizophagus irregularis. To characterize the RiPT7 transporter, we combined subcellular localization and heterologous expression studies in yeasts with reverse genetics approaches during the in planta phase. The results show that RiPT7 is conserved across fungal species and expressed in the intraradical mycelia. It is expressed in the arbuscules, intraradical hyphae and vesicles, independently of Pi availability. The plasma membrane-localized RiPT7 facilitates bidirectional Pi transport, depending on Pi gradient across the plasma membrane, whereas the SPX domain of RiPT7 inhibits Pi transport activity and mediates the vacuolar targeting of RiPT7 in yeast in response to Pi starvation. Importantly, RiPT7 silencing hampers arbuscule development of R. irregularis and symbiotic Pi delivery under medium- to low-Pi conditions. Collectively, our findings reveal a role for RiPT7 in fine-tuning of Pi homeostasis across the fungal membrane to maintain the AM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianrong Che
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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19
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Xie K, Ren Y, Chen A, Yang C, Zheng Q, Chen J, Wang D, Li Y, Hu S, Xu G. Plant nitrogen nutrition: The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153591. [PMID: 34936969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant mineral nutrient required by plants, and crop productivity depends heavily on N fertilization in many soils. Production and application of N fertilizers consume huge amounts of energy and substantially increase the costs of agricultural production. Excess N compounds released from agricultural systems are also detrimental to the environment. Thus, increasing plant N uptake efficiency is essential for the development of sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial symbionts of most terrestrial plants that facilitate plant nutrient uptake and increase host resistance to diverse environmental stresses. AM association is an endosymbiotic process that relies on the differentiation of both host plant roots and AM fungi to create novel contact interfaces within the cells of plant roots. AM plants have two pathways for nutrient uptake: either direct uptake via the root hairs and root epidermis, or indirectly through AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells. Over the last few years, great progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the AM-mediated modulation of nutrient uptake processes, and a growing number of fungal and plant genes responsible for the uptake of nutrients from soil or transfer across the fungi-root interface have been identified. Here, we mainly summarize the recent advances in N uptake, assimilation, and translocation in AM symbiosis, and also discuss how N interplays with C and P in modulating AM development, as well as the synergies between AM fungi and soil microbial communities in N uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Congfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Horticulture Technology, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Ecological Environment and Soil Science, Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Duan S, Declerck S, Zhang L, Feng G. Two-component system in Rahnella aquatilis is impacted by the hyphosphere of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:119-129. [PMID: 34951128 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCS) are ubiquitous among bacteria, playing key roles in signalling events. However, to what extent the TCS of Rahnella aquatilis (a Phosphate solubilizing bacteria) is influenced by the hyphosphere of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis is totally unknown. Here, the expression of 16 genes encoding the TCS of R. aquatilis (i.e. involved in carbon-sensing and nutrient-sensing) and of eight genes regulated by the PhoR TCS (i.e. involved in inorganic and organic phosphorus mobilization) were analysed at regular intervals in presence of hyphae of R. irregularis. The study was conducted under in vitro culture conditions with phytate as the unique source of phosphorus. In presence of the AM fungus, the expression of TCS genes involved in carbon-sensing and nutrient-sensing were stimulated. Only, BaeS at 30 and 120 min, and BaeR at 60 min were inhibited. In addition, the PhoR TCS stimulated the expression of genes encoding phosphatase but inhibited the expression of genes involved in gluconic acid production. As the mechanism of coupling environmental changes with cellular physiological changes, TCS plays a pivotal role in regulating specific gene expression in R. aquatilis, recognizing environmental signals. More importantly, TCS genes may regulate bacteria response to hyphal carbon to mobilize phosphorus efficiently in the hyphosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Duan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Gu Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 10093, China
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Salmeron-Santiago IA, Martínez-Trujillo M, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Pedraza-Santos ME, Santoyo G, Pozo MJ, Chávez-Bárcenas AT. An Updated Review on the Modulation of Carbon Partitioning and Allocation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants. Microorganisms 2021; 10:75. [PMID: 35056524 PMCID: PMC8781679 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate biotrophs that supply mineral nutrients to the host plant in exchange for carbon derived from photosynthesis. Sucrose is the end-product of photosynthesis and the main compound used by plants to translocate photosynthates to non-photosynthetic tissues. AMF alter carbon distribution in plants by modifying the expression and activity of key enzymes of sucrose biosynthesis, transport, and/or catabolism. Since sucrose is essential for the maintenance of all metabolic and physiological processes, the modifications addressed by AMF can significantly affect plant development and stress responses. AMF also modulate plant lipid biosynthesis to acquire storage reserves, generate biomass, and fulfill its life cycle. In this review we address the most relevant aspects of the influence of AMF on sucrose and lipid metabolism in plants, including its effects on sucrose biosynthesis both in photosynthetic and heterotrophic tissues, and the influence of sucrose on lipid biosynthesis in the context of the symbiosis. We present a hypothetical model of carbon partitioning between plants and AMF in which the coordinated action of sucrose biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism plays a role in the generation of hexose gradients to supply carbon to AMF, and to control the amount of carbon assigned to the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan J. Valdez-Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58880, Mexico;
| | - Martha E. Pedraza-Santos
- Facultad de Agrobiología “Presidente Juárez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Uruapan 60170, Mexico;
| | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico;
| | - María J. Pozo
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana T. Chávez-Bárcenas
- Facultad de Agrobiología “Presidente Juárez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Uruapan 60170, Mexico;
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Singh PP, Srivastava D, Shukla S, Varsha. Rhizophagus proliferus genome sequence reiterates conservation of genetic traits in AM fungi, but predicts higher saprotrophic activity. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:105. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Irving TB, Alptekin B, Kleven B, Ané JM. A critical review of 25 years of glomalin research: a better mechanical understanding and robust quantification techniques are required. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1572-1581. [PMID: 34482540 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important contributors to both plant and soil health. Twenty-five years ago, researchers discovered 'glomalin', a soil component potentially produced by AMF, which was unconventionally extracted from soil and bound by a monoclonal antibody raised against Rhizophagus irregularis spores. 'Glomalin' can resist boiling, strong acids and bases, and protease treatment. Researchers proposed that 'glomalin' is a 60 kDa heat shock protein produced by AMF, while others suggested that it is a mixture of soil organic materials that are not unique to AMF. Despite disagreements on the nature of 'glomalin', it has been consistently associated with a long list of plant and soil health benefits, including soil aggregation, soil carbon storage and enhancing growth under abiotic stress. The benefits attributed to 'glomalin' have caused much excitement in the plant and soil health community; however, the mechanism(s) for these benefits have yet to be established. This review provides insights into the current understanding of the identity of 'glomalin', 'glomalin' quantification, and the associated benefits of 'glomalin'. We invite the community to think more critically about how glomalin-associated benefits are generated. We suggest a series of experiments to test hypotheses regarding the nature of 'glomalin' and associated health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Irving
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Burcu Alptekin
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Bailey Kleven
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1557 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Nguyen CT, Saito K. Role of Cell Wall Polyphosphates in Phosphorus Transfer at the Arbuscular Interface in Mycorrhizas. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:725939. [PMID: 34616416 PMCID: PMC8488203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.725939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide plants with soil mineral nutrients, particularly phosphorus. In this symbiotic association, the arbuscular interface is the main site for nutrient exchange. To understand phosphorus transfer at the interface, we analyzed the subcellular localization of polyphosphate (polyP) in mature arbuscules of Rhizophagus irregularis colonizing roots of Lotus japonicus wild-type (WT) and H+-ATPase ha1-1 mutant, which is defective in phosphorus acquisition through the mycorrhizal pathway. In both, the WT and the ha1-1 mutant, polyP accumulated in the cell walls of trunk hyphae and inside fine branch modules close to the trunk hyphae. However, many fine branches lacked polyP. In the mutant, most fine branch modules showed polyP signals compared to the WT. Notably, polyP was also observed in the cell walls of some fine branches formed in the ha1-1 mutant, indicating phosphorus release from fungal cells to the apoplastic regions. Intense acid phosphatase (ACP) activity was detected in the periarbuscular spaces around the fine branches. Furthermore, double staining of ACP activity and polyP revealed that these had contrasting distribution patterns in arbuscules. These observations suggest that polyP in fungal cell walls and apoplastic phosphatases may play an important role in phosphorus transfer at the symbiotic interface in arbuscules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuc Thi Nguyen
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Dalat University, Dalat, Vietnam
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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Andrino A, Guggenberger G, Kernchen S, Mikutta R, Sauheitl L, Boy J. Production of Organic Acids by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Contribution in the Mobilization of Phosphorus Bound to Iron Oxides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661842. [PMID: 34335645 PMCID: PMC8320662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Most plants living in tropical acid soils depend on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis for mobilizing low-accessible phosphorus (P), due to its strong bonding by iron (Fe) oxides. The roots release low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) as a mechanism to increase soil P availability by ligand exchange or dissolution. However, little is known on the LMWOA production by AM fungi (AMF), since most studies conducted on AM plants do not discriminate on the LMWOA origin. This study aimed to determine whether AMF release significant amounts of LMWOAs to liberate P bound to Fe oxides, which is otherwise unavailable for the plant. Solanum lycopersicum L. plants mycorrhized with Rhizophagus irregularis were placed in a bicompartmental mesocosm, with P sources only accessible by AMF. Fingerprinting of LMWOAs in compartments containing free and goethite-bound orthophosphate (OP or GOE-OP) and phytic acid (PA or GOE-PA) was done. To assess P mobilization via AM symbiosis, P content, photosynthesis, and the degree of mycorrhization were determined in the plant; whereas, AM hyphae abundance was determined using lipid biomarkers. The results showing a higher shoot P content, along with a lower N:P ratio and a higher photosynthetic capacity, may be indicative of a higher photosynthetic P-use efficiency, when AM plants mobilized P from less-accessible sources. The presence of mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic LMWOAs in compartments containing OP or GOE-OP and phytic acid (PA or GOE-PA) points toward the occurrence of reductive dissolution and ligand exchange/dissolution reactions. Furthermore, hyphae grown in goethite loaded with OP and PA exhibited an increased content of unsaturated lipids, pointing to an increased membrane fluidity in order to maintain optimal hyphal functionality and facilitate the incorporation of P. Our results underpin the centrality of AM symbiosis in soil biogeochemical processes, by highlighting the ability of the AMF and accompanying microbiota in releasing significant amounts of LMWOAs to mobilize P bound to Fe oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Andrino
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Georg Guggenberger
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Sarmite Kernchen
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Soil Science and Soil Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Leopold Sauheitl
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jens Boy
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Etesami H, Jeong BR, Glick BR. Contribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria, and Silicon to P Uptake by Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:699618. [PMID: 34276750 PMCID: PMC8280758 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) availability is usually low in soils around the globe. Most soils have a deficiency of available P; if they are not fertilized, they will not be able to satisfy the P requirement of plants. P fertilization is generally recommended to manage soil P deficiency; however, the low efficacy of P fertilizers in acidic and in calcareous soils restricts P availability. Moreover, the overuse of P fertilizers is a cause of significant environmental concerns. However, the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and the addition of silicon (Si) are effective and economical ways to improve the availability and efficacy of P. In this review the contributions of Si, PSB, and AMF in improving the P availability is discussed. Based on what is known about them, the combined strategy of using Si along with AMF and PSB may be highly useful in improving the P availability and as a result, its uptake by plants compared to using either of them alone. A better understanding how the two microorganism groups and Si interact is crucial to preserving soil fertility and improving the economic and environmental sustainability of crop production in P deficient soils. This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge concerning the interactions among AMF, PSB, and Si in enhancing P availability and its uptake by plants in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Department of Soil Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Shtark O, Puzanskiy R, Avdeeva G, Yemelyanov V, Shavarda A, Romanyuk D, Kliukova M, Kirpichnikova A, Tikhonovich I, Zhukov V, Shishova M. Metabolic Alterations in Pisum sativum Roots during Plant Growth and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Development. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061033. [PMID: 34063836 PMCID: PMC8224052 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intensive exchange of nutrients is a crucial part of the complex interaction between a host plant and fungi within arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. For the first time, the present study demonstrates how inoculation with AMF Rhizophagus irregularis affects the pea (Pisum sativum L.) root metabolism at key stages of plant development. These correspond to days 21 (vegetation), 42 (flowering initiation), and 56 (fruiting-green pod). Metabolome profiling was carried out by means of a state-of-the-art GC-MS technique. The content shifts revealed include lipophilic compounds, sugars, carboxylates, and amino acids. The metabolic alterations were principally dependent on the stage of plant development but were also affected by the development of AM fungi, a fact which highlights interaction between symbiotic partners. The comparison of the present data with the results of leaf metabolome profiling earlier obtained did not reveal common signatures of metabolic response to mycorrhization in leaves and roots. We supposed that the feedback for the development and symbiotic interaction on the part of the supraorganismic system (root + AM fungi) was the cause of the difference between the metabolic profile shift in leaf and root cells that our examination revealed. New investigations are required to expand our knowledge of metabolome plasticity of the whole organism and/or system of organisms, and such results might be put to use for the intensification of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Shtark
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.R.); (M.K.); (I.T.); (V.Z.)
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +7-812-470-5183 (O.S.); +7-812-328-9695 (M.S.)
| | - Roman Puzanskiy
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 193022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (R.P.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (G.A.); (V.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Galina Avdeeva
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (G.A.); (V.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Vladislav Yemelyanov
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (G.A.); (V.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexey Shavarda
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 193022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (R.P.); (A.S.)
- Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Romanyuk
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.R.); (M.K.); (I.T.); (V.Z.)
| | - Marina Kliukova
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.R.); (M.K.); (I.T.); (V.Z.)
| | - Anastasia Kirpichnikova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (G.A.); (V.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Igor Tikhonovich
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.R.); (M.K.); (I.T.); (V.Z.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (G.A.); (V.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Vladimir Zhukov
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.R.); (M.K.); (I.T.); (V.Z.)
| | - Maria Shishova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (G.A.); (V.Y.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +7-812-470-5183 (O.S.); +7-812-328-9695 (M.S.)
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Wake-up alarm: virtual time-lapse gene expression landscape illuminates mechanisms underlying dormancy breaking of germinating spores. Curr Genet 2021; 67:519-534. [PMID: 33782714 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dormancy breaking is a common physiological phenomenon that is shared by eukaryotes. Germination of spores in fungi is one of the most representative cases of dormancy breaking. Understanding the mechanisms of spore germination is therefore fundamental to basic studies on the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as agricultural applications and medical investigation of fungal pathogenesis. In fission yeast, spores are generated as a consequence of sexual differentiation under nutrient starvation, remaining dormant until further nourishment, but little is known about how dormant spores germinate in response to environmental change. In a breakthrough, methods for single-cell-based gene expression profiling have recently been introduced. Several mRNA expression profiles were assembled from single spore cells during dormancy or germination. Single-cell RNA-seq profiles were aligned sequentially according to their similarities. The alignment of transcriptomes visualised how gene expression varies over time upon dormancy breaking. In this review, we revisit knowledge from previous studies on germination, select candidate genes that may be involved in germination, and query their expression from the temporal transcriptomic dataset so that studies on S. pombe germination can be extended further.
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Afonin AM, Leppyanen IV, Kulaeva OA, Shtark OY, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA, Zhukov VA. A high coverage reference transcriptome assembly of pea (Pisum sativum L.) mycorrhizal roots. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 24:331-339. [PMID: 33659815 PMCID: PMC7716550 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is an ancient mutualistic symbiosis formed by 80–90 % of land plant species with
the obligatorily biotrophic fungi that belong to the phylum Glomeromycota. This symbiosis is mutually beneficial, as
AM fungi feed on plant photosynthesis products, in turn improving the efficiency of nutrient uptake from the environment. The garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), a widely cultivated crop and an important model for genetics, is capable of
forming triple symbiotic systems consisting of the plant, AM fungi and nodule bacteria. As transcriptomic and proteomic approaches are being implemented for studying the mutualistic symbioses of pea, a need for a reference transcriptome of genes expressed under these specific conditions for increasing the resolution and the accuracy of other
methods arose. Numerous transcriptome assemblies constructed for pea did not include mycorrhizal roots, hence the
aim of the study to construct a reference transcriptome assembly of pea mycorrhizal roots. The combined transcriptome of mycorrhizal roots of Pisum sativum cv. Frisson inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis BEG144 was investigated,
and for both the organisms independent transcriptomes were assembled (coverage 177x for pea and 45x for fungus).
Genes specific to mycorrhizal roots were found in the assembly, their expression patterns were examined with qPCR on
two pea cultivars, Frisson and Finale. The gene expression depended on the inoculation stage and on the pea cultivar.
The investigated genes may serve as markers for early stages of inoculation in genetically diverse pea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Afonin
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Leppyanen
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O A Kulaeva
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O Y Shtark
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I A Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Reinhardt D, Roux C, Corradi N, Di Pietro A. Lineage-Specific Genes and Cryptic Sex: Parallels and Differences between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Fungal Pathogens. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:111-123. [PMID: 33011084 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) live as obligate root symbionts on almost all land plants. They have long been regarded as ancient asexuals that have propagated clonally for millions of years. However, genomic studies in Rhizophagus irregularis and other AMF revealed many features indicative of sex. Surprisingly, comparative genomics of conspecific isolates of R. irregularis revealed an unexpected interstrain diversity, suggesting that AMF carry a high number of lineage-specific (LS) genes. Intriguingly, cryptic sex and LS genomic regions have previously been reported in a number of fungal pathogens of plants and humans. Here, we discuss these genomic similarities and highlight their potential relevance for AMF adaptation to the environment and for symbiotic functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Christophe Roux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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SeSaMe: Metagenome Sequence Classification of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-associated Microorganisms. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:601-612. [PMID: 33346086 PMCID: PMC8377386 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are plant root symbionts that play key roles in plant growth and soil fertility. They are obligate biotrophic fungi that form coenocytic multinucleated hyphae and spores. Numerous studies have shown that diverse microorganisms live on the surface of and inside their mycelia, resulting in a metagenome when whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data are obtained from sequencing AMF cultivated in vivo. The metagenome contains not only the AMF sequences, but also those from associated microorganisms. In this study, we introduce a novel bioinformatics program, Spore-associated Symbiotic Microbes (SeSaMe), designed for taxonomic classification of short sequences obtained by next-generation DNA sequencing. A genus-specific usage bias database was created based on amino acid usage and codon usage of a three consecutive codon DNA 9-mer encoding an amino acid trimer in a protein secondary structure. The program distinguishes between coding sequence (CDS) and non-CDS, and classifies a query sequence into a genus group out of 54 genera used as reference. The mean percentages of correct predictions of the CDS and the non-CDS test sets at the genus level were 71% and 50% for bacteria, 68% and 73% for fungi (excluding AMF), and 49% and 72% for AMF (Rhizophagus irregularis), respectively. SeSaMe provides not only a means for estimating taxonomic diversity and abundance but also the gene reservoir of the reference taxonomic groups associated with AMF. Therefore, it enables users to study the symbiotic roles of associated microorganisms. It can also be applicable to other microorganisms as well as soil metagenomes. SeSaMe is freely available at www.fungalsesame.org.
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Dozolme PMA, Moukha SM. The in vitro Production Potentialities of Secondary Toxic Metabolites by the Fungal Factory Fusarium verticillioides Is, Fortunately, Largely Underestimated in Fields: Pioneering Study on Fumonisins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:562754. [PMID: 33193148 PMCID: PMC7661692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.562754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents fungi infrequently viewed as fungal factories for secondary metabolite production resources such as mycotoxins in Ascomycota. Additionally, we demonstrated that biochemical warfare of Fusarium verticillioides factory against animal cells is not only due to mycotoxins such as fumonisins, but acute cytotoxic firing is based on different excreted secondary metabolite series, potentially leading to animal and human diseases. In this study, fumonisins, which can be followed by in situ localization, quantification, or expression of the key gene implicated in their synthesis, are used to understand secondary metabolite production by this fungus. It is known that F. verticillioides produces mycotoxins such as fumonisins on cereals, but until now, there is no evidence demonstrating a method to totally block fumonisin production on feed and food. In this paper, we explained, what was never clearly established before, that fumonisin production depends on two bottlenecks. The fumonisin synthesis and secretion in fungal articles of the mycelium are medium-independent and follow the fungal cell cycle developmental program (ontogenesis). Conversely, the fumonisin excretion into the medium depends on its composition, which also impacts fumonisin biosynthesis level. Using a high-pressure freezing method, we showed that, in non-permissive fumonisin excretion (NPFE) medium, FB1 is sequestered inside extra-vesicles and in the first third of the cell wall next to the plasmalemma, leading to the hypothesis that the fungus develops mechanisms to protect its cytosolic homeostasis against this cytotoxic. In permissive fumonisin excretion (PFE) medium, leading to very high quantities of excreted fumonisins, FB1 localized inside extra-vesicles, crosses the entire cell wall thickness, and then releases into the medium. Our results demonstrated a delayed and lower expression of Fvpks gene in mycelium developed on NPFE medium as compared to PFE medium. Conversely, higher amounts of fumonisins were accumulated in NPFE-grown mycelium than in PFE-grown mycelium. Thus, our results demonstrated for the first time that we have to take into account that the synthesis and secretion inside the article of secondary metabolites depend on the occurrence of cryptic biochemical specialized articles, differentiated in the mycelium. However, those are not morphologically different from other colonial hyphae.
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Sugiura Y, Akiyama R, Tanaka S, Yano K, Kameoka H, Marui S, Saito M, Kawaguchi M, Akiyama K, Saito K. Myristate can be used as a carbon and energy source for the asymbiotic growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25779-25788. [PMID: 32999061 PMCID: PMC7568319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006948117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, forming symbiotic associations with land plants, are obligate symbionts that cannot complete their natural life cycle without a host. The fatty acid auxotrophy of AM fungi is supported by recent studies showing that lipids synthesized by the host plants are transferred to the fungi, and that the latter lack genes encoding cytosolic fatty acid synthases. Therefore, to establish an asymbiotic cultivation system for AM fungi, we tried to identify the fatty acids that could promote biomass production. To determine whether AM fungi can grow on medium supplied with fatty acids or lipids under asymbiotic conditions, we tested eight saturated or unsaturated fatty acids (C12 to C18) and two β-monoacylglycerols. Only myristate (C14:0) led to an increase in the biomass of Rhizophagus irregularis, inducing extensive hyphal growth and formation of infection-competent secondary spores. However, such spores were smaller than those generated symbiotically. Furthermore, we demonstrated that R. irregularis can take up fatty acids in its branched hyphae and use myristate as a carbon and energy source. Myristate also promoted the growth of Rhizophagus clarus and Gigaspora margarita Finally, mixtures of myristate and palmitate accelerated fungal growth and induced a substantial change in fatty acid composition of triacylglycerol compared with single myristate application, although palmitate was not used as a carbon source for cell wall biosynthesis in this culture system. Our findings demonstrate that myristate boosts the asymbiotic growth of AM fungi and can also serve as a carbon and energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sugiura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, 399-4598 Nagano, Japan
| | - Rei Akiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, 399-4598 Nagano, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-0867 Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Yano
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-0867 Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kameoka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiori Marui
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Saito
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 989-6711 Osaki, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-0867 Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-0867 Aichi, Japan
| | - Kohki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, 399-4598 Nagano, Japan
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Tsai AYL, Oota M, Sawa S. Chemotactic Host-Finding Strategies of Plant Endoparasites and Endophytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1167. [PMID: 32849722 PMCID: PMC7411241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with microorganisms in the environment during all stages of their development and in most of their organs. These interactions can be either beneficial or detrimental for the plant and may be transient or long-term. In extreme cases, microorganisms become endoparastic or endophytic and permanently reside within a plant, while the host plant undergoes developmental reprogramming and produces new tissues or organs as a response to the invasion. Events at the cellular and molecular level following infection have been extensively described, however the mechanisms of how these microorganisms locate their plant hosts via chemotaxis remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the signalling molecules that regulate chemotaxis of endoparasitic/endophytic bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. In particular, we will focus on the molecules secreted by plants that are most likely to act as guidance cues for microorganisms. These compounds are found in a wide range of plant species and show a variety of secondary effects. Interestingly, these compounds show different attraction potencies depending on the species of the invading organism, suggesting that cues perceived in the soil may be more complex than anticipated. However, what the cognate receptors are for these attractants, as well as the mechanism of how these attractants influence these organisms, remain important outstanding questions. Host-targeting marks the first step of plant-microorganism interactions, therefore understanding the signalling molecules involved in this step plays a key role in understanding these interactions as a whole.
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Bioinformatic Methods for the Analysis of High-Throughput RNA Sequencing in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32415601 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0603-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
RNA-seq is a powerful method for transcriptome profiling that allows the detection of total RNA present in a single cell, tissues, or organs. mRNA-seq is focused on protein-coding RNAs, and results in large datasets of reads, or portion of sequenced mRNA that can be assembled back to the original transcripts to reconstruct a virtual gene catalog. Studies on the biology of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) often took great advantage of mRNA-seq, and several attempts to decipher their coding potential relied on de novo transcriptome assembly. As the transcriptional profile of an organism is modulated depending on cell types, and in response to specific biological conditions, mRNA-seq is an attractive approach to study the physiology of AMF, which are axenically unculturable and genetically intractable. mRNA-seq analyses require bioinformatic workflows to manipulate the huge amount of raw data generated by the sequencing run, with several crucial steps (e.g., library trimming, reads mapping, normalization, and differential expression calculation) which can strongly affect the final results. Here, we propose a standard workflow for de novo transcriptome assembly and differential expression calculation for AMF, which considers the most common technical issues of working in the absence of reference sequences and with mixed biological samples.
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Vangelisti A, Turrini A, Sbrana C, Avio L, Giordani T, Natali L, Giovannetti M, Cavallini A. Gene expression in Rhizoglomus irregulare at two different time points of mycorrhiza establishment in Helianthus annuus roots, as revealed by RNA-seq analysis. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:373-387. [PMID: 32227272 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a fundamental role in plant growth and nutrition in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Despite the importance of such symbionts, the different developmental changes occurring during the AMF life cycle have not been fully elucidated at the molecular level. Here, the RNA-seq approach was used to investigate Rhizoglomus irregulare specific and common transcripts at two different time points of mycorrhizal establishment in Helianthus annuus in vivo. Four days after inoculation, transcripts related to cellular remodeling (actin and tubulin), cellular signaling (calmodulin, serine/threonine protein kinase, 14-3-3 protein, and calcium transporting ATPase), lipid metabolism (fatty acid desaturation, steroid hormone, and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis), and biosynthetic processes were detected. In addition to such transcripts, 16 days after inoculation, expressed genes linked to binding and catalytic activities; ion (K+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Pi, ammonia), sugar, and lipid transport; and those involved in vacuolar polyphosphate accumulation were found. Knowledge of transcriptomic changes required for symbiosis establishment and performance is of great importance to understand the functional role of AMF symbionts in food crop nutrition and health, and in plant diversity in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vangelisti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology UOS Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Avio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giordani
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Natali
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Ruytinx J, Kafle A, Usman M, Coninx L, Zimmermann SD, Garcia K. Micronutrient transport in mycorrhizal symbiosis; zinc steals the show. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Laser Microdissection as a Useful Tool to Study Gene Expression in Plant and Fungal Partners in AM Symbiosis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2146:171-184. [PMID: 32415603 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0603-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Laser microdissection (LMD) technology has been widely applied to plant tissues, offering novel information on the role of different cell-type populations during plant-microbe interactions. In this chapter, protocols to apply the LMD approach to study plant and fungal transcript profiles in different cell-type populations from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) roots are described in detail, starting from the biological material preparation to gene expression analyses by RT-PCR and RT-qPCR.
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Campos C, Nobre T, Goss MJ, Faria J, Barrulas P, Carvalho M. Transcriptome Analysis of Wheat Roots Reveals a Differential Regulation of Stress Responses Related to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Disturbance. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8040093. [PMID: 31835704 PMCID: PMC6956056 DOI: 10.3390/biology8040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses with soil microorganisms are central in shaping the diversity and productivity of land plants and provide protection against a diversity of stresses, including metal toxicity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form extensive extraradical mycelial networks (ERM), which are very efficient in colonizing a new host. We quantified the responses of transcriptomes of wheat and one AMF partner, Rhizoglomus irregulare, to soil disturbance (Undisturbed vs. Disturbed) and to two different preceding mycotrophic species (Ornithopus compressus and Lolium rigidum). Soil disturbance and preceding plant species engender different AMF communities in wheat roots, resulting in a differential tolerance to soil manganese (Mn) toxicity. Soil disturbance negatively impacted wheat growth under manganese toxicity, probably due to the disruption of the ERM, and activated a large number of stress and starvation-related genes. The O. compressus treatment, which induces a greater Mn protection in wheat than L. rigidum, activated processes related to cellular division and growth, and very few related to stress. The L. rigidum treatment mostly induced genes that were related to oxidative stress, disease protection, and metal ion binding. R. irregulare cell division and molecular exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm were increased by O. compressus. These findings are highly relevant for sustainable agricultural systems, when considering a fit-for-purpose symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Campos
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora. Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (T.N.); (J.F.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-266-760-885
| | - Tânia Nobre
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora. Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (T.N.); (J.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Michael J. Goss
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Jorge Faria
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora. Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (T.N.); (J.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Pedro Barrulas
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Mário Carvalho
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora. Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (T.N.); (J.F.); (M.C.)
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Murphy CL, Youssef NH, Hartson S, Elshahed MS. The extraradical proteins of Rhizophagus irregularis: A shotgun proteomics approach. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:91-101. [PMID: 32008757 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomeromycota) form obligate symbiotic associations with the roots of most terrestrial plants. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms enabling AMF propagation and AMF-host interaction is currently incomplete. Analysis of AMF proteomes could yield important insights and generate hypotheses on the nature and mechanism of AMF-plant symbiosis. Here, we examined the extraradical mycelium proteomic profile of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis grown on Ri T-DNA transformed Chicory roots in a root organ culture setting. Our analysis detected 529 different peptides that mapped to 474 translated proteins in the R. irregularis genome. R. irregularis proteome was characterized by a high proportion of proteins (9.9 % of total, 21.4 % of proteins with functional prediction) mediating a wide range of signal transduction processes, e.g. Rho1 and Bmh2, Ca-signaling (calmodulin, and Ca channel protein), mTOR signaling (MAP3K7, and MAPKAP1), and phosphatidate signaling (phospholipase D1/2) proteins, as well as members of the Ras signaling pathway. In addition, the proteome contained an unusually large proportion (53.6 %) of hypothetical proteins, the majority of which (85.8 %) were Glomeromycota-specific. Forty-eight proteins were predicted to be surface/membrane associated, including multiple hypothetical proteins of yet-unrecognized functions. However, no evidence for the overproduction of specific proteins, previously implicated in promoting soil health and aggregation was obtained. Finally, the comparison of R. irregularis proteome to previously published AMF proteomes identified a core set of pathways and processes involved in AMF growth. We conclude that R. irregularis growth on chicory roots requires the activation of a wide range of signal transduction pathways, the secretion of multiple novel hitherto unrecognized Glomeromycota-specific proteins, and the expression of a wide array of surface-membrane associated proteins for cross kingdom cell-to-cell communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Noha H Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Steve Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mostafa S Elshahed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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Tian H, Wang R, Li M, Dang H, Solaiman ZM. Molecular signal communication during arbuscular mycorrhizal formation induces significant transcriptional reprogramming of wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:1109-1119. [PMID: 31304965 PMCID: PMC7145569 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis begins with molecular signal communication (MSC) between AM fungi and the roots of the host plant. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the transcriptional profiles of wheat roots can be changed significantly by AM symbiotic signals, without direct contact. METHODS Non-mycorrhizal (NM) and MSC treatments involved burying filter membrane bags containing sterilized and un-sterilized inoculum of the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, respectively. The bags physically separated roots and AM structures but allowed molecular signals to pass through. Extracted RNA from wheat roots was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS Shoot total nitrogen and phosphorus content of wheat plants was decreased by the MSC treatment. A total of 2360 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1888 up-regulated DEGs and 472 down-regulated DEGs, were found dominantly distributed on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 3B, 5B and 5D. The expression of 59 and 121 genes was greatly up- and down-regulated, respectively. Only a portion of DEGs could be enriched into known terms during gene ontology analysis, and were mostly annotated to 'catalytic activity', 'protein metabolic process' and 'membrane' in the molecular function, biological process and cellular component ontology categories, respectively. More than 120 genes that may be involved in key processes during AM symbiosis development were regulated at the pre-physical contact stages. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional profiles of wheat roots can be changed dramatically by MSC. Much of the information provided by our study is of great importance for understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Runze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zakaria M Solaiman
- SoilsWest, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Thirkell T, Cameron D, Hodge A. Contrasting Nitrogen Fertilisation Rates Alter Mycorrhizal Contribution to Barley Nutrition in a Field Trial. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1312. [PMID: 31736991 PMCID: PMC6831614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Controlled environment studies show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may contribute to plant nitrogen (N) uptake, but the role of these near-ubiquitous symbionts in crop plant N nutrition under natural field conditions remains largely unknown. In a field trial, we tested the effects of N fertilisation and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar identity on the contribution of AMF to barley N uptake using 15N tracers added to rhizosphere soil compartments. AMF were shown capable of significantly increasing plant 15N acquisition from root exclusion zones, and this was influenced by nitrogen addition type, N fertiliser application rate and barley cultivar identity. Our data demonstrate a previously overlooked potential route of crop plant N uptake which may be influenced substantially and rapidly in response to shifting agricultural management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Thirkell
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Kameoka H, Maeda T, Okuma N, Kawaguchi M. Structure-Specific Regulation of Nutrient Transport and Metabolism in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2272-2281. [PMID: 31241164 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic relationships with most land plants, mainly for the purpose of nutrient exchange. Many studies have revealed the regulation of processes in AMF, such as nutrient absorption from soil, metabolism and exchange with host plants, and the genes involved. However, the spatial regulation of the genes within the structures comprising each developmental stage is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate the structure-specific transcriptome of the model AMF species, Rhizophagus irregularis. We performed an ultra-low input RNA-seq analysis, SMART-seq2, comparing five extraradical structures, germ tubes, runner hyphae, branched absorbing structures (BAS), immature spores and mature spores. In addition, we reanalyzed the recently reported RNA-seq data comparing intraradical mycelium and arbuscule. Our analyses captured the distinct features of each structure and revealed the structure-specific expression patterns of genes related to nutrient transport and metabolism. Of note, the transcriptional profiles suggest distinct functions of BAS in nutrient absorption. These findings provide a comprehensive dataset to advance our understanding of the transcriptional dynamics of fungal nutrition in this symbiotic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Kameoka
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taro Maeda
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nao Okuma
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Shtark OY, Puzanskiy RK, Avdeeva GS, Yurkov AP, Smolikova GN, Yemelyanov VV, Kliukova MS, Shavarda AL, Kirpichnikova AA, Zhernakov AI, Afonin AM, Tikhonovich IA, Zhukov VA, Shishova MF. Metabolic alterations in pea leaves during arbuscular mycorrhiza development. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7495. [PMID: 31497392 PMCID: PMC6709666 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is known to be a mutually beneficial plant-fungal symbiosis; however, the effect of mycorrhization is heavily dependent on multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, for the proper employment of such plant-fungal symbiotic systems in agriculture, a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of the plant developmental response to mycorrhization is needed. The aim of this work was to uncover the physiological and metabolic alterations in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves associated with mycorrhization at key plant developmental stages. Plants of pea cv. Finale were grown in constant environmental conditions under phosphate deficiency. The plants were analyzed at six distinct time points, which corresponded to certain developmental stages of the pea: I: 7 days post inoculation (DPI) when the second leaf is fully unfolded with one pair of leaflets and a simple tendril; II: 21 DPI at first leaf with two pairs of leaflets and a complex tendril; III: 32 DPI when the floral bud is enclosed; IV: 42 DPI at the first open flower; V: 56 DPI when the pod is filled with green seeds; and VI: 90-110 DPI at the dry harvest stage. Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on the fresh or dry shoot weight, the leaf photochemical activity, accumulation of chlorophyll a, b or carotenoids. However, at stage III (corresponding to the most active phase of mycorrhiza development), the number of internodes between cotyledons and the youngest completely developed leaf was lower in the inoculated plants than in those without inoculation. Moreover, inoculation extended the vegetation period of the host plants, and resulted in increase of the average dry weight per seed at stage VI. The leaf metabolome, as analyzed with GC-MS, included about three hundred distinct metabolites and showed a strong correlation with plant age, and, to a lesser extent, was influenced by mycorrhization. Metabolic shifts influenced the levels of sugars, amino acids and other intermediates of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism. The use of unsupervised dimension reduction methods showed that (i) at stage II, the metabolite spectra of inoculated plants were similar to those of the control, and (ii) at stages IV and V, the leaf metabolic profiles of inoculated plants shifted towards the profiles of the control plants at earlier developmental stages. At stage IV the inoculated plants exhibited a higher level of metabolism of nitrogen, organic acids, and lipophilic compounds in comparison to control plants. Thus, mycorrhization led to the retardation of plant development, which was also associated with higher seed biomass accumulation in plants with an extended vegetation period. The symbiotic crosstalk between host plant and AM fungi leads to alterations in several biochemical pathways the details of which need to be elucidated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Y. Shtark
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Dynamics of Arctic Vegetation, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Galina S. Avdeeva
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey P. Yurkov
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Marina S. Kliukova
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey L. Shavarda
- Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Aleksandr I. Zhernakov
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey M. Afonin
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor A. Tikhonovich
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Zhukov
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Bunn RA, Simpson DT, Bullington LS, Lekberg Y, Janos DP. Revisiting the 'direct mineral cycling' hypothesis: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonize leaf litter, but why? THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:1891-1898. [PMID: 30911130 PMCID: PMC6775977 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, 516 High St., MS-9181, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA.
| | - Dylan T Simpson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, 516 High St., MS-9181, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | | | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - David P Janos
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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46
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1443-1476. [PMID: 31021528 PMCID: PMC6850671 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). Throughout this review we use an evolutionary and comparative-genomics perspective to understand fungal ecological diversity. Finally, we highlight the importance of genome-enabled inferences to envision plausible narratives and scenarios for important transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
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Wipf D, Krajinski F, van Tuinen D, Recorbet G, Courty PE. Trading on the arbuscular mycorrhiza market: from arbuscules to common mycorrhizal networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1127-1142. [PMID: 30843207 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis occurs between obligate biotrophic fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and most land plants. The exchange of nutrients between host plants and AM fungi (AMF) is presumed to be the main benefit for the two symbiotic partners. In this review article, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation). First, we focus on phosphorus and nitrogen transfer from the fungal partner to the host plant, and on the reciprocal transfer of carbon compounds, with a highlight on a possible interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition during AM symbiosis. We further discuss potential mechanisms of regulation of these nutrient exchanges linked to membrane dynamics. The review finally addresses the common mycorrhizal networks formed AMF, which interconnect plants from similar and/or different species. Finally the best way to integrate this knowledge and the ensuing potential benefits of AM into sustainable agriculture is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Franziska Krajinski
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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48
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Fernández I, Cosme M, Stringlis IA, Yu K, de Jonge R, van Wees SM, Pozo MJ, Pieterse CMJ, van der Heijden MGA. Molecular dialogue between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the nonhost plant Arabidopsis thaliana switches from initial detection to antagonism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:867-881. [PMID: 30883790 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 29% of all vascular plant species are unable to establish an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. Despite this, AM fungi (Rhizophagus spp.) are enriched in the root microbiome of the nonhost Arabidopsis thaliana, and Arabidopsis roots become colonized when AM networks nurtured by host plants are available. Here, we investigated the nonhost-AM fungus interaction by analyzing transcriptional changes in Rhizophagus, Arabidopsis and the host plant Medicago truncatula while growing in the same mycorrhizal network. In early interaction stages, Rhizophagus activated the Arabidopsis strigolactone biosynthesis genes CCD7 and CCD8, suggesting that detection of AM fungi is not completely impaired. However, in colonized Arabidopsis roots, fungal nutrient transporter genes GintPT, GintAMT2, GintMST2 and GintMST4, essential for AM symbiosis, were not activated. RNA-seq transcriptome analysis pointed to activation of costly defenses in colonized Arabidopsis roots. Moreover, Rhizophagus colonization caused a 50% reduction in shoot biomass, but also led to enhanced systemic immunity against Botrytis cinerea. This suggests that early signaling between AM fungi and Arabidopsis is not completely impaired and that incompatibility appears at later interaction stages. Moreover, Rhizophagus-mediated defenses coincide with reduced Arabidopsis growth, but also with systemic disease resistance, highlighting the multifunctional role of AM fungi in host and nonhost interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Fernández
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Cosme
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ioannis A Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ke Yu
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - SaskiaC M van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Plant-Soil-Interactions, Agroscope, Zürich, 8046, Switzerland
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Sakamoto K, Ogiwara N, Kaji T, Sugimoto Y, Ueno M, Sonoda M, Matsui A, Ishida J, Tanaka M, Totoki Y, Shinozaki K, Seki M. Transcriptome analysis of soybean (Glycine max) root genes differentially expressed in rhizobial, arbuscular mycorrhizal, and dual symbiosis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:541-568. [PMID: 31165947 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) roots establish associations with nodule-inducing rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Both rhizobia and AM fungi have been shown to affect the activity of and colonization by the other, and their interactions can be detected within host plants. Here, we report the transcription profiles of genes differentially expressed in soybean roots in the presence of rhizobial, AM, or rhizobial-AM dual symbiosis, compared with those in control (uninoculated) roots. Following inoculation, soybean plants were grown in a glasshouse for 6 weeks; thereafter their root transcriptomes were analyzed using an oligo DNA microarray. Among the four treatments, the root nodule number and host plant growth were highest in plants with dual symbiosis. We observed that the expression of 187, 441, and 548 host genes was up-regulated and 119, 1,439, and 1,298 host genes were down-regulated during rhizobial, AM, and dual symbiosis, respectively. The expression of 34 host genes was up-regulated in each of the three symbioses. These 34 genes encoded several membrane transporters, type 1 metallothionein, and transcription factors in the MYB and bHLH families. We identified 56 host genes that were specifically up-regulated during dual symbiosis. These genes encoded several nodulin proteins, phenylpropanoid metabolism-related proteins, and carbonic anhydrase. The nodulin genes up-regulated by the AM fungal colonization probably led to the observed increases in root nodule number and host plant growth. Some other nodulin genes were down-regulated specifically during AM symbiosis. Based on the results above, we suggest that the contribution of AM fungal colonization is crucial to biological N2-fixation and host growth in soybean with rhizobial-AM dual symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan.
| | - Natsuko Ogiwara
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Kaji
- JA ZEN-NOH Research and Development Center, 4-18-1 Higashiyawata, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0016, Japan
| | - Yurie Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ueno
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sonoda
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junko Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
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50
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Hestrin R, Hammer EC, Mueller CW, Lehmann J. Synergies between mycorrhizal fungi and soil microbial communities increase plant nitrogen acquisition. Commun Biol 2019; 2:233. [PMID: 31263777 PMCID: PMC6588552 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen availability often restricts primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous symbionts of terrestrial plants and can improve plant nitrogen acquisition, but have a limited ability to access organic nitrogen. Although other soil biota mineralize organic nitrogen into bioavailable forms, they may simultaneously compete for nitrogen, with unknown consequences for plant nutrition. Here, we show that synergies between the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and soil microbial communities have a highly non-additive effect on nitrogen acquisition by the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. These multipartite microbial synergies result in a doubling of the nitrogen that mycorrhizal plants acquire from organic matter and a tenfold increase in nitrogen acquisition compared to non-mycorrhizal plants grown in the absence of soil microbial communities. This previously unquantified multipartite relationship may contribute to more than 70 Tg of annually assimilated plant nitrogen, thereby playing a critical role in global nutrient cycling and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hestrin
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Edith C. Hammer
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carsten W. Mueller
- Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, TU München, 85356 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Institute for Advanced Studies, TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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