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Moazzami K, Kulshreshtha A, Gold M, Rahbar A, Goldstein F, Shah AJ, Bremner JD, Vaccarino V, Quyyumi AA. Hemodynamic Reactivity to Mental Stress and Cognitive Function in Coronary Artery Disease. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:498-506. [PMID: 38648028 PMCID: PMC11270642 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with coronary artery disease (CAD) are at higher risk of cognitive impairment than those without CAD. Psychological stress is a risk factor for both conditions, and assessing the hemodynamic reactivity to mental stress could explain the link between stress and cognitive function. METHODS A total of 779 individuals with stable CAD from two prospective cohort studies were included. All individuals underwent acute mental stress testing, as well as conventional stress testing. Cognitive function was assessed both at baseline and at a 2-year follow-up. The rate-pressure product (RPP) was calculated as the mean systolic blood pressure times the mean heart rate at rest. RPP reactivity was defined as the maximum RPP during standardized mental stress test minus the RPP at rest. RESULTS After multivariable adjustment, every standard deviation decrease in RPP reactivity with mental stress was associated with slower completion of Trail-A and Trail-B in both cohorts (13% and 11% in cohort 1, and 15% and 16% in cohort 2, respectively; p for all <.01). After a 2-year follow-up period, every standard deviation decrease in RPP reactivity with mental stress was associated with a 8% and 9% slower completion of Trail-A and Trail-B, respectively ( p for all <.01). There was no significant association between RPP reactivity with conventional stress testing and any of the cognitive tests. CONCLUSION In the CAD population, a blunted hemodynamic response to mental stress is associated with slower visuomotor processing and worse executive function at baseline and with greater decline in these abilities over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Moazzami
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (Moazzami, Gold, Rahbar, Quyyumi), Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute; Grady Health System (Moazzami); Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (Kulshreshtha, Shah, Vaccarino), Emory University; Departments of Family and Preventive Medicine (Kulshreshtha) and Neurology (Goldstein), and Goizuetta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Goldstein), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta; Atlanta VA Medical Center (Shah, Bremner), Decatur; Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (Bremner) and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Bremner), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Ding H, Kim M, Searls E, Sunderaraman P, De Anda-Duran I, Low S, Popp Z, Hwang PH, Li Z, Goyal K, Hathaway L, Monteverde J, Rahman S, Igwe A, Kolachalama VB, Au R, Lin H. Digital neuropsychological measures by defense automated neurocognitive assessment: reference values and clinical correlates. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1340710. [PMID: 38426173 PMCID: PMC10902432 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1340710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the growth of digital tools for cognitive health assessment, there's a lack of known reference values and clinical implications for these digital methods. This study aims to establish reference values for digital neuropsychological measures obtained through the smartphone-based cognitive assessment application, Defense Automated Neurocognitive Assessment (DANA), and to identify clinical risk factors associated with these measures. Methods The sample included 932 cognitively intact participants from the Framingham Heart Study, who completed at least one DANA task. Participants were stratified into subgroups based on sex and three age groups. Reference values were established for digital cognitive assessments within each age group, divided by sex, at the 2.5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 97.5th percentile thresholds. To validate these values, 57 cognitively intact participants from Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center were included. Associations between 19 clinical risk factors and these digital neuropsychological measures were examined by a backward elimination strategy. Results Age- and sex-specific reference values were generated for three DANA tasks. Participants below 60 had median response times for the Go-No-Go task of 796 ms (men) and 823 ms (women), with age-related increases in both sexes. Validation cohort results mostly aligned with these references. Different tasks showed unique clinical correlations. For instance, response time in the Code Substitution task correlated positively with total cholesterol and diabetes, but negatively with high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and triglycerides. Discussion This study established and validated reference values for digital neuropsychological measures of DANA in cognitively intact white participants, potentially improving their use in future clinical studies and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitong Ding
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- The Framingham Heart Study, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Minzae Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Edward Searls
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Preeti Sunderaraman
- The Framingham Heart Study, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ileana De Anda-Duran
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Spencer Low
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zachary Popp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Phillip H. Hwang
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zexu Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kriti Goyal
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lindsay Hathaway
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jose Monteverde
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Salman Rahman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Akwaugo Igwe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vijaya B. Kolachalama
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing & Data Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- The Framingham Heart Study, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Roché S, Kearns H, Brindle RC. Testing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as a potential moderator of the association between current chronic stress and cardiovascular reactivity. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 193:112245. [PMID: 37730123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by mixed findings regarding the relationship between chronic stress and cardiovascular reactivity, the current study aimed to investigate whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) serve as a potential moderator of the association between current chronic stress and cardiovascular reactivity. Incidence of ACEs, levels of current chronic stress, and heart rate (HR) reactivity to a mental arithmetic stress task were measured in 111 participants (age = 20.83, 76 % female, 66 % White). ACEs were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and current chronic stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale. Moderation analyses were conducted with HR reactivity as the outcome and ACEs as the moderator. Results indicated that a greater amount of current chronic stress was significantly associated with relatively blunted HR reactivity (β = -0.25, p = 0.03) even after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Exposure to ACEs was not significantly related to HR reactivity, (all p ≥ 0.66), and there was no significant interaction between current chronic stress and ACE exposure in predicting HR reactivity, (all p ≥ 0.44). These results show that current chronic stress is associated with relatively blunted HR reactivity and that exposure to ACEs does not moderate the relationship between chronic stress and cardiac stress reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Roché
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, USA
| | - Hannah Kearns
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Washington and Lee University, USA
| | - Ryan C Brindle
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, USA.
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Neurodevelopmental Trajectory in a Child with Congenital Heart Disease. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40817-022-00121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Ginty AT, Tyra AT, Young DA, Brindle RC, de Rooij SR, Williams SE. Cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress and academic achievement. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14064. [PMID: 35353904 PMCID: PMC9541813 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress have been associated with cognitive function. However, previous work has assessed cardiovascular reactions and cognitive function in the laboratory at the same time. The present study examined the association between cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress in the laboratory and academic performance in final year high school students. Heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output reactions to an acute psychological stress task were measured in 131 participants during their final year of high school. Performance on high school A‐levels were obtained the following year. Higher heart rate and cardiac output reactivity were associated with better A‐level performance. These associations were still statistically significant after adjusting for a wide range of potentially confounding variables. The present results are consistent with a body of literature suggesting that higher heart rate reactions to acute psychological stress are associated with better cognitive performance across a variety of domains. The present study is the first to examine the associations between cardiovascular reactions to stress in the laboratory and academic achievement. Additionally, it is the first to examine a more comprehensive hemodynamic profile of cardiovascular reactivity (e.g., cardiac output) with cognitive function. The present results are consistent with a body of literature suggesting that higher heart rate reactions to acute psychological stress are associated with better cognitive performance across a variety of domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandra T Tyra
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Danielle A Young
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan C Brindle
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science & Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, USA
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Williams
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Brindle RC, Pearson A, Ginty AT. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) relate to blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity to acute laboratory stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104530. [PMID: 35031343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor future mental and physical health. Altered biological reactivity to mental stress may be a possible mechanism linking ACEs to poor health. However, it is not clear if ACEs relate to blunted or exaggerated stress reactivity. This meta-analysis aimed to determine whether exposure to ACEs is associated with cardiovascular and cortisol stress reactivity. A systematic review yielded 37 sources. Random-effects modelling tested the aggregate effects of 83 studies of the association between ACEs and stress reactivity. Exposure to ACEs was associated with relatively blunted cardiovascular and cortisol stress reactivity. Effect sizes did not vary as a function of sample sex or reactivity measure (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, or cortisol). Meta-regression revealed preliminary evidence of greater blunting in samples of a younger age and samples reporting greater ACE exposure. Subgroup analyses for stress task, ACE measurement instrument, and sample race were not conducted because of a lack of between-study variability. Exposure to ACEs is associated with dysregulation of multiple components of the human stress response system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Brindle
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States; Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States.
| | - Alexandra Pearson
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States
| | - Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
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Jennings JR, Muldoon MF, Allen B, Ginty AT, Gianaros PJ. Cerebrovascular function in hypertension: Does high blood pressure make you old? Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13654. [PMID: 32830869 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The majority of individuals over an age of 60 have hypertension. Elevated blood pressure and older age are associated with very similar changes in brain structure and function. We review the parallel brain changes associated with increasing age and blood pressure. This review focuses on joint associations of aging and elevated blood pressure with neuropsychological function, regional cerebral blood flow responses to cognitive and metabolic challenges, white matter disruptions, grey matter volume, cortical thinning, and neurovascular coupling. Treatment of hypertension ameliorates many of these changes but fails to reverse them. Treatment of hypertension itself appears more successful with better initial brain function. We show evidence that sympathetic and renal influences known to increase blood pressure also impact brain integrity. Possible central mechanisms contributing to the course of hypertension and aging are then suggested. An emphasis is placed on psychologically relevant factors: stress, cardiovascular reactions to stress, and diet/obesity. The contribution of some of these factors to biological aging remains unclear and may provide a starting point for defining the independent and interacting effects of aging and increasing blood pressure on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew F Muldoon
- Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ben Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Xin Y, Yao Z, Wang W, Luo Y, Aleman A, Wu J. Recent life stress predicts blunted acute stress response and the role of executive control. Stress 2020; 23:359-367. [PMID: 31672083 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1687684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the associations between recent life stress and responses to acute psychological stress, and how these associations varied with executive control. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), salivary cortisol, and affective states were measured before, during and after the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), an effective laboratory stressor, in 54 healthy participants, and executive control function was tested with a Go/No-Go task in a neutral context on a different day. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that high frequency of life stress during the last twelve months predicted blunted cardiovascular acute stress response, i.e., smaller HR and HRV reactivity. Moreover, the low executive control group showed a significant association between higher recent life stress and blunted acute stress response, which was not apparent in the high executive control group. The results suggested that greater executive control may benefit us with adaptive acute stress response under recent life stress.HighlightsThe Trier Social Stress Test induces cardiovascular and cortisol responses.Higher life event frequency (LEF) predicts smaller cardiovascular stress response.Executive control plays a role in the link of LEF to stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xin
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuxi Yao
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - André Aleman
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
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Ginty AT, Kraynak TE, Kuan DC, Gianaros PJ. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity during and after psychological stress in women. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13445. [PMID: 31376163 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) integrates sensory, affective, memory-related, and social information from diverse brain systems to coordinate behavioral and peripheral physiological responses according to contextual demands that are appraised as stressful. However, the functionality of the vmPFC during stressful experiences is not fully understood. Among 40 female participants, the present study evaluated (a) functional connectivity of the vmPFC during exposure to and recovery following an acute psychological stressor, (b) associations among vmPFC functional connectivity, heart rate, and subjective reports of stress across individuals, and (c) whether patterns of vmPFC functional connectivity were associated with distributed brain networks. Results showed that psychological stress increased vmPFC functional connectivity with individual brain areas implicated in stressor processing (e.g., insula, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex) and decreased connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex and thalamus. There were no statistical differences in vmPFC connectivity to individual brain areas during recovery, as compared with baseline. Spatial similarity analyses revealed stressor-evoked increased connectivity of the vmPFC with the so-called dorsal attention, ventral attention, and frontoparietal networks, as well as decreased connectivity with the default mode network. During recovery, vmPFC connectivity increased with the frontoparietal network. Finally, individual differences in heart rate and perceived stress were associated with vmPFC connectivity to the ventral attention, frontoparietal, and default mode networks. Psychological stress appears to alter network-level functional connectivity of the vmPFC in a manner that further relates to individual differences in stressor-evoked cardiovascular and affective reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Thomas E Kraynak
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dora C Kuan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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10
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Fusion of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol for stress response identification based on adverse childhood experience. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 57:1229-1245. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-01958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Wu J, Sun X, Wang L, Zhang L, Fernández G, Yao Z. Error consciousness predicts physiological response to an acute psychosocial stressor in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 83:84-90. [PMID: 28601751 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There are substantial individual differences in the response towards acute stressor. The aim of the current study was to examine how the neural activity after an error response during a non-stressful state, prospectively predicts the magnitude of physiological stress response (e.g., cortisol response and heart rate) and negative affect elicited by a laboratory stress induction procedure in nonclinical participants. Thirty-seven healthy young male adults came to the laboratory for the baseline neurocognitive measurement on the first day during which they performed a Go/Nogo task with their electroencephalogram recorded. On the second day, they came again to be tested on their stress response using an acute psychosocial stress procedure (i.e., the Trier Social Stress Test, the TSST). Results showed that the amplitude of error positivity (Pe) significantly predicted both the heart rate and cortisol response towards the TSST. Our results suggested that baseline cognitive neural activity reflecting error consciousness could be used as a biological predictor of physiological response to an acute psychological stressor in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuxi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Carroll D, Ginty AT, Whittaker AC, Lovallo WR, de Rooij SR. The behavioural, cognitive, and neural corollaries of blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactions to acute psychological stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:74-86. [PMID: 28254428 PMCID: PMC6741350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent research shows that blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactions to acute psychological stress are associated with adverse behavioural and health outcomes: depression, obesity, bulimia, and addictions. These outcomes may reflect suboptimal functioning of the brain's fronto-limbic systems that are needed to regulate motivated behaviour in the face of challenge. In support of this, brain imaging data demonstrate fronto-limbic hypoactivation during acute stress exposure. Those demonstrating blunted reactions also show impairments of motivation, including lower cognitive ability, more rapid cognitive decline, and poorer performance on motivation-dependent tests of lung function. Persons exhibiting blunted stress reactivity display well established temperament characteristics, including neuroticism and impulsivity, characteristic of various behavioural disorders. Notably, the outcomes related to blunted stress reactivity are similar to those that define Reward Deficiency Syndrome. Accordingly, some individuals may be characterised by a broad failure in cardiovascular and cortisol responding to both stress and reward, reflecting fronto-limbic dysregulation. Finally, we proffer a model of blunted stress reactivity, its antecedents and sequelae, and identify future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Anna C Whittaker
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - William R Lovallo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Exploring the possible mechanisms of blunted cardiac reactivity to acute psychological stress. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 113:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Ong Lai Teik D, Lee XS, Lim CJ, Low CM, Muslima M, Aquili L. Ginseng and Ginkgo Biloba Effects on Cognition as Modulated by Cardiovascular Reactivity: A Randomised Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150447. [PMID: 26938637 PMCID: PMC4777384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is some evidence to suggest that ginseng and Ginkgo biloba can improve cognitive performance, however, very little is known about the mechanisms associated with such improvement. Here, we tested whether cardiovascular reactivity to a task is associated with cognitive improvement. Methodology/Principal findings Using a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover design, participants (N = 24) received two doses of Panax Ginseng (500, 1000 mg) or Ginkgo Biloba (120, 240 mg) (N = 24), and underwent a series of cognitive tests while systolic, diastolic, and heart rate readings were taken. Ginkgo Biloba improved aspects of executive functioning (Stroop and Berg tasks) in females but not in males. Ginseng had no effect on cognition. Ginkgo biloba in females reversed the initial (i.e. placebo) increase in cardiovascular reactivity (systolic and diastolic readings increased compared to baseline) to cognitive tasks. This effect (reversal) was most notable after those tasks (Stroop and Iowa) that elicited the greatest cardiovascular reactivity during placebo. In males, although ginkgo also decreased cardiovascular readings, it did so from an initial (placebo) blunted response (i.e. decrease or no change from baseline) to cognitive tasks. Ginseng, on the contrary, increased cardiovascular readings compared to placebo. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that cardiovascular reactivity may be a mechanism by which ginkgo but not ginseng, in females is associated with certain forms of cognitive improvement. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02386852
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Shiang Lee
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Chu Jian Lim
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Chia Mei Low
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Mariyam Muslima
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Luca Aquili
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Wawrzyniak AJ, Hamer M, Steptoe A, Endrighi R. Decreased reaction time variability is associated with greater cardiovascular responses to acute stress. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:739-48. [PMID: 26894967 PMCID: PMC4855624 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) responses to mental stress are prospectively associated with poor CV outcomes. The association between CV responses to mental stress and reaction times (RTs) in aging individuals may be important but warrants further investigation. The present study assessed RTs to examine associations with CV responses to mental stress in healthy, older individuals using robust regression techniques. Participants were 262 men and women (mean age = 63.3 ± 5.5 years) from the Whitehall II cohort who completed a RT task (Stroop) and underwent acute mental stress (mirror tracing) to elicit CV responses. Blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability were measured at baseline, during acute stress, and through a 75‐min recovery. RT measures were generated from an ex‐Gaussian distribution that yielded three predictors: mu‐RT, sigma‐RT, and tau‐RT, the mean, standard deviation, and mean of the exponential component of the normal distribution, respectively. Decreased intraindividual RT variability was marginally associated with greater systolic (B = −.009, SE = .005, p = .09) and diastolic (B = −.004, SE = .002, p = .08) blood pressure reactivity. Decreased intraindividual RT variability was associated with impaired systolic blood pressure recovery (B = −.007, SE = .003, p = .03) and impaired vagal tone (B = −.0047, SE = .0024, p = .045). Study findings offer tentative support for an association between RTs and CV responses. Despite small effect sizes and associations not consistent across predictors, these data may point to a link between intrinsic neuronal plasticity and CV responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wawrzyniak
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mark Hamer
- National Centre for Sport & Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Romano Endrighi
- Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Yano Y, Ning H, Reis JP, Lewis CE, Launer LJ, Bryan RN, Yaffe K, Sidney S, Albanese E, Greenland P, Lloyd‐Jones D, Liu K. Blood Pressure Reactivity to Psychological Stress in Young Adults and Cognition in Midlife: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002718. [PMID: 26764414 PMCID: PMC4859392 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classic view of blood pressure (BP) reactivity to psychological stress in relation to cardiovascular risks assumes that excess reactivity is worse and lower reactivity is better. Evidence addressing how stress-induced BP reactivity in young adults is associated with midlife cognitive function is sparse. METHODS AND RESULTS We assessed BP reactivity during a star tracing task and a video game in adults aged 20 to 32 years. Twenty-three years later, cognitive function was assessed with use of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (a psychomotor speed test), the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (a verbal memory test), and the modified Stroop test (an executive function test). At the time of follow-up, participants (n=3021) had a mean age of 50.2 years; 56% were women, and 44% were black. In linear regression models adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics including baseline and follow-up resting BP, lower systolic BP (SBP) reactivity during the star tracing and video game was associated with worse Digit Symbol Substitution Test scores (β [SE]: 0.11 [0.02] and 0.05 [0.02], respectively) and worse performance on the Stroop test (β [SE]: -0.06 [0.02] and -0.05 [0.02]; all P<0.01). SBP reactivity was more consistently associated than diastolic BP reactivity with cognitive function scores. The associations between SBP reactivity and cognitive function were mostly similar between blacks and whites. CONCLUSIONS Lower psychological stress-induced SBP reactivity in younger adults was associated with lower cognitive function in midlife. BP reactivity to psychological stressors may have different associations with target organs in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Hongyan Ning
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Jared P. Reis
- Division of Cardiovascular SciencesNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteBethesdaMD
| | - Cora E. Lewis
- Division of Preventive MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamAL
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population SciencesNational Institute on AgingBethesdaMD
| | - R. Nick Bryan
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Health SystemPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology and EpidemiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCA
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Division of ResearchKaiser Permanente Northern CaliforniaOaklandCA
| | | | - Philip Greenland
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Donald Lloyd‐Jones
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
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17
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Gao Y, Borlam D, Zhang W. The association between heart rate reactivity and fluid intelligence in children. Biol Psychol 2015; 107:69-75. [PMID: 25782406 PMCID: PMC4385475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine (a) whether findings of increased cardiovascular reactivity in relation to cognitive ability seen in infants, young adults and the elderly can be extended to middle childhood and (b) which specific aspect(s) of intelligence is related to cardiovascular reactivity. We examined cardiovascular activity in 340 8- and 9-year-old children during a number judgment task and measured fluid and crystallized IQ using the WISC-IV (Wechsler, 2003). Regression analyses revealed that heart rate (HR) reactivity was positively associated with fluid intelligence and perceptual reasoning in particular, after controlling for the effects of sex, age, task performance, social adversity, and resting HR. Intelligence scores were not associated with respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity. Findings are consistent with prior literature in infants and older populations and for the first time suggest that the association between HR reactivity and cognitive ability is specific for fluid reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States; The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Deborah Borlam
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States.
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.
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18
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Blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity to acute psychological stress: A summary of results from the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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The other side of the coin: Blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity are associated with negative health outcomes. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Nakajima M, Hoffman R, Al'Absi M. Poor working memory and reduced blood pressure levels in concurrent users of khat and tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16:279-87. [PMID: 24078758 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine the extent in which concurrent use of khat and tobacco was associated with decrements in working memory. We also tested whether cardiovascular activity during a cognitive task was related to performance outcomes, as research has shown linkages between maladaptive physiological adjustments and cognitive functions. METHODS Seventy-four concurrent users of khat and tobacco, 49 khat-only users, and 52 nonusers (M age ± SD: 23.8±4.8) completed a laboratory session including 10 min of a mental arithmetic challenge task. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were collected throughout the task. Analyses of variance and correlational analyses were conducted. RESULTS We found that concurrent users evidenced the lowest number of correct responses on the math task among these 3 groups (ps < .05). Concurrent users also showed fewer number of attempts than khat-only users (ps < .01) and lower accuracy rate than nonusers (ps < .05). The performance of khat-only users and nonusers were comparable on these 3 measures (p > .76). Overall blood pressure levels were lower in concurrent users than in nonusers (p < .05). Correlational analysis found that lower SBP during the math task was associated with fewer number of correct responses and attempts and lower accuracy rate on the task (ps < .05). Multiple regression analysis controlling for gender found that concurrent use predicted math performance (ps < .05). Reported duration and frequency of khat and tobacco use and nicotine dependence predicted performance measures (ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest potential linkages between concurrent use of khat and tobacco and impaired working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nakajima
- Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
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21
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Ginty AT, Gianaros PJ, Derbyshire SWG, Phillips AC, Carroll D. Blunted cardiac stress reactivity relates to neural hypoactivation. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:219-29. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie T. Ginty
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; USA
| | | | - Anna C. Phillips
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
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22
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Popham F, Skivington K, Benzeval M. Why do those out of work because of sickness or disability have a high mortality risk? Evidence from a Scottish cohort. Eur J Public Health 2012; 23:629-35. [PMID: 23254272 PMCID: PMC3719476 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cks164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Existing evidence on the association between being out of work because of sickness or disability and high mortality risk suggests that most of the association cannot be explained by controlling for health, health behaviour or socio-economic position. However, studies are often based on administrative data that lack explanatory factors. Here, we investigate this high mortality risk using detailed information from a cohort study. Methods: Data from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 prospective cohort study were used to follow those (average age 56 years) employed, unemployed and out of work in 1988 to death or end of follow-up in 2011. Using a parametric survival model, mean survival was calculated for each employment group after adjustment for health behaviours, health and socio-economic position. Results: The difference in survival between those sick or disabled (30% survival at end of follow-up), and those unemployed (49%) or employed (61%) was mostly accounted for by adjusting for the higher levels of poor heath at baseline in the former group (49, 46 and 56%, respectively, after adjustment). After controlling for all variables, the difference between those sick or disabled (51%) and those employed (56%) was further attenuated slightly. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the present health of those out of work and sick or disabled should be taken seriously, as their long-term survival prospects are considerably poorer than other employment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Popham
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, UK.
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23
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Lovallo WR. Early life adversity reduces stress reactivity and enhances impulsive behavior: implications for health behaviors. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 90:8-16. [PMID: 23085387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Altered reactivity to stress, either in the direction of exaggerated reactivity or diminished reactivity, may signal a dysregulation of systems intended to maintain homeostasis and a state of good health. Evidence has accumulated that diminished reactivity to psychosocial stress may signal poor health outcomes. One source of diminished cortisol and autonomic reactivity is the experience of adverse rearing during childhood and adolescence. The Oklahoma Family Health Patterns Project has examined a cohort of 426 healthy young adults with and without a family history of alcoholism. Regardless of family history, persons who had experienced high degrees of adversity prior to age 16 had a constellation of changes including reduced cortisol and heart rate reactivity, diminished cognitive capacity, and unstable regulation of affect, leading to behavioral impulsivity and antisocial tendencies. We present a model whereby this constellation of physiological, cognitive, and affective tendencies is consistent with altered central dopaminergic activity leading to changes in brain function that may foster impulsive and risky behaviors. These in turn may promote greater use of alcohol other drugs along with adopting poor health behaviors. This model provides a pathway from early life adversity to low stress reactivity that forms a basis for risky behaviors and poor health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Lovallo
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and VA Medical Center, Behavioral Sciences Laboratories (151A), 921 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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24
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Carroll D, Bibbey A, Roseboom TJ, Phillips AC, Ginty AT, Rooij SR. Forced expiratory volume is associated with cardiovascular and cortisol reactions to acute psychological stress. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:866-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; United Kingdom
| | - Adam Bibbey
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; United Kingdom
| | - Tessa J. Roseboom
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Anna C. Phillips
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; United Kingdom
| | - Annie T. Ginty
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; United Kingdom
| | - Susanne R. Rooij
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
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25
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Ginty AT, Phillips AC, Roseboom TJ, Carroll D, Derooij SR. Cardiovascular and cortisol reactions to acute psychological stress and cognitive ability in the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study. Psychophysiology 2011; 49:391-400. [PMID: 22091868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Given evidence linking blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactions to acute stress and a range of adverse behavioral outcomes, the present study examined the associations between cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity and cognitive ability measured independently of the stress task exposure. Cognitive ability was assessed using the Alice Heim-4 test of general intelligence and two memory tasks in 724 men and women who were part of the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study. Blood pressure and heart rate, as well as cortisol reactivity, were measured to a battery of three standard acute stress tasks. Poorer cognitive ability was associated with lower cardiovascular reactions to stress and lower cortisol area under the curve. Our results are consistent with recent findings implicating low physiological stress reactivity in a range of adverse behavioral and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie T Ginty
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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26
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Heart rate reactivity is associated with future cognitive ability and cognitive change in a large community sample. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 82:167-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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