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Venter E, Zandberg L, Venter PVZ, Smuts CM, Kruger HS, Baumgartner J. Female rats consuming an iron and omega-3 fatty acid deficient diet preconception require combined iron and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the prevention of bone impairments in offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2024; 15:e6. [PMID: 38653729 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174424000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We previously showed in rats that pre- and postnatal deficiencies in iron and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids can impair bone development, with additive and potentially irreversible effects when combined. This study aimed to investigate, in female rats consuming a combined iron and n-3 fatty acid deficient (ID + n-3 FAD) diet preconception, whether supplementation with iron and docosahexaenoic/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA), alone and in combination, can prevent bone impairments in offspring. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, female Wistar rats consuming an ID + n-3 FAD diet preconception were randomised to receive an: 1) iron supplemented (Fe + n-3 FAD), 2) DHA/EPA supplemented (ID + DHA/EPA), 3) Fe + DHA/EPA, or 4) ID + n-3 FAD diet from gestational day 10 throughout pregnancy and lactation. Post-weaning, offspring (n = 24/group; male:female = 1:1) remained on the respective experimental diets for three weeks until postnatal day 42-45. Offspring born to female rats consuming a control diet preconception and an Fe+DHA/EPA diet throughout pregnancy and lactation served as non-deficient reference group (Control+Fe+DHA/EPA). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone strength using three-point bending tests. Only offspring in the Fe+DHA/EPA group had significantly higher spine and femur BMD, and higher femur stiffness than offspring in the ID + n-3 FAD group, and had similar spine BMD and femur stiffness as the Control + Fe + DHA/EPA group. Offspring in the Fe + DHA/EPA group further had significantly higher femur strength (ultimate load) than the other experimental groups, and a similar femur strength as the Control + Fe + DHA/EPA group. This study shows that only combined iron and DHA/EPA supplementation can prevent bone impairments in offspring of female rats consuming an iron and n-3 FA deficient diet preconception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Venter
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lizelle Zandberg
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Philip vZ Venter
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cornelius M Smuts
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Herculina S Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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2
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Tsuji S, Adachi Y, Tsuchida A, Hamazaki K, Matsumura K, Inadera H. Association of allergies in children younger than 3 years with levels of maternal intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or fish during pregnancy: A nationwide birth cohort study, the Japan Environment and Children's Study. Allergol Int 2024; 73:282-289. [PMID: 38218702 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory properties and are expected to prevent the onset of allergies. However, epidemiological studies investigating the relationship between child allergies and maternal intake of n-3 PUFAs or fish have yielded inconsistent results. METHODS Following exclusions from a dataset comprising 103,057 records from the Japan Environment and Children's Study, 72,105 participants were divided into five groups according to mothers' intake of n-3 PUFAs or fish during pregnancy to assess the risk of their children being diagnosed with allergy by 3 years old. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for child allergies were calculated using multivariable logistic regression analyses with reference to the lowest intake group. RESULTS Levels of maternal intake of n-3 PUFAs or fish showed inverted associations (i.e., reduced risk) with the incidence of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or parent-reported symptoms of current rhinitis with eye symptoms at different time points and the cumulative incidence from birth to 3 years of age. Inverted associations were also found for current wheeze at 1-<2 years of age and current eczema at 1-<2 and 0-<3 years of age. However, for food allergies, no significant associations were observed in the incidence in each group compared with the lowest intake group at any age. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that n-3 PUFA intake during pregnancy may reduce the risk of developing allergic diseases and symptoms in children. In addition, consumption of n-3 PUFAs or fish is very unlikely to increase the risk of allergy given that the results are from a country with high fish consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000030786 https://rctportal.niph.go.jp/detail/um?trial_id=UMIN000030786.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Tsuji
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Adachi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Pediatric Allergy Center, Toyama Red Cross Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Akiko Tsuchida
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kei Hamazaki
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenta Matsumura
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hidekuni Inadera
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Carroll KN. Impact of Climate Change on Dietary Nutritional Quality and Implications for Asthma and Allergy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2024; 44:85-96. [PMID: 37973262 PMCID: PMC11233177 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Asthma and allergic disorders are common in childhood with genetic and environmental determinants of disease that include prenatal nutritional exposures such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. Global climate change is implicated in asthma and allergic disorder morbidity with potential mechanisms including perturbations of ecosystems. There is support that environmental and climatic changes such as increasing global temperate and carbon dioxide levels affect aquatic and agricultural ecosystems with subsequent alterations in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid availability and nutrient quality and antioxidant capacity of certain crops, respectively. This article discusses asthma epidemiology and the influence of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecia N Carroll
- Division of General Pediatrics, Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abril AG, Carrera M, Pazos M. Immunomodulatory effect of marine lipids on food allergy. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1254681. [PMID: 38035353 PMCID: PMC10683508 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1254681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Seafood is highly enriched in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3), in contrast to the ultra-processed foods included in the modern Western diet that have high levels of n-6 linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6), precursor for the pro-inflammatory n-6 arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4 n-6). The capacity of marine lipids to reduce plasmatic triglycerides and blood pressure have been well-described. Moreover, recent studies have also raised evidence of a potential regulatory action of marine lipids on inflammation, the immune system, and food allergy (FA). FA is considered one of the main concerns to become life threatening in food safety. The prevalence of this emerging global problem has been increasing during the last two decades, especially in industrialized countries. About a 6-8% of young children and 2-4% of adults is estimated to be affected by FA. The main objective of the current study is to update the existing knowledge, but also the limitations, on the potential impact of marine lipids and their lipid mediators in regulating immunity, inflammation, and ultimately, food allergies. In particular, the focus is on the effect of marine lipids in modulating the key factors that control the sensitization and effector phases of FA, including gut microbiota (GM), inflammation, and immune system response. Results in animal models highlight the positive effect that consuming marine lipids, whether as a supplement or through seafood consumption, may have a relevant role in improving gut dysbiosis and inflammation, and preventing or reducing the severity of FA. However, more systematic studies in humans are needed to optimize such beneficial actions to each particular FA, age, and medical condition to reach an effective clinical application of marine lipids to improve FAs and their outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G. Abril
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Food Technology, Institute of Marine Research (IM-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Institute of Marine Research (IM-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Pazos
- Department of Food Technology, Institute of Marine Research (IM-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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Decsi T, Marosvölgyi T, Muszil E, Bódy B, Szabó É. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status at Birth and Development of Childhood Allergy: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:526. [PMID: 35455017 PMCID: PMC9030843 DOI: 10.3390/life12040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The associations of fetal fatty acids status to immune-related health parameters later in life are unclear. Our aim is to collect all available information on the relationship between fatty acid status at birth and allergy in childhood. Systematic literature search was performed on Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The search retrieved 897 articles without duplicates; 14 articles remained after excluding those that did not fit into our inclusion criteria. When the dichotomous parameter of suffering or not from allergic condition in childhood was analyzed, cord blood eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) values proved to be significantly lower in allergic than non-allergic children in four comparisons from three studies. When the linear parameters of odds ratios and relative risks for allergy were taken into consideration, high cord blood EPA, but also high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and high total n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid values were associated to clinically relevant reduction (at least 38%) in eight comparisons from five studies. Within the cord blood samples, higher EPA, docosapentaenoic acid, and DHA values were significantly and negatively associated in eight correlation analyses from three studies with laboratory parameters considered to reflect allergic trait. The data reported here may provide information for defining optimal fatty acid intakes for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Decsi
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (T.D.); (E.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Tamás Marosvölgyi
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Eszter Muszil
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (T.D.); (E.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Blanka Bódy
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (T.D.); (E.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Williams EJ, Berthon BS, Stoodley I, Williams LM, Wood LG. Nutrition in Asthma. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43:646-661. [PMID: 35272384 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An emerging body of evidence suggests that diet plays an important role in both the development and management of asthma. The relationship between dietary intake and asthma risk has been explored in epidemiological studies, though intervention trials examining the effects of nutrient intake and dietary patterns on asthma management are scarce. Evidence for diets high in fruits and vegetables, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids and soluble fiber such as the Mediterranean diet is conflicting. However, some studies suggest that these diets may reduce the risk of asthma, particularly in young children, and could have positive effects on disease management. In contrast, a Westernized dietary pattern, high in saturated fatty acids, refined grains, and sugars may promote an inflammatory environment resulting in the onset of disease and worsening of asthma outcomes. This review will summarize the state of the evidence for the impact of whole dietary patterns, as well as individual nutrients on the prevalence and management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Williams
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S Berthon
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Isobel Stoodley
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Lily M Williams
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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An Infant Formula with Large, Milk Phospholipid-Coated Lipid Droplets Supports Adequate Growth and Is Well-Tolerated in Healthy, Term Asian Infants: A Randomized, Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030634. [PMID: 35276993 PMCID: PMC8838783 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential for healthy infant growth and development. The structural complexity of lipids in human milk is not present in infant milk formula (IF). A concept IF was developed mimicking more closely the structure and composition of human milk fat globules. The current study evaluates whether a concept IF with large, milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets (mode diameter 3 to 5 μm) is equivalent to standard IF with regard to growth adequacy and safety in healthy, term Asian infants. In this randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, infants were randomized after parents decided to introduce formula. Infants received a standard IF with (Control) or without the specific prebiotic mixture scGOS/lcFOS (9:1 ratio; Control w/o prebiotics), or a Concept IF with large, milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets and the prebiotic mixture. A group of 67 breastfed infants served as a reference. As a priori defined, only those infants who were fully intervention formula-fed ≤28 days of age were included in the equivalence analysis (Control n = 29; Control w/o prebiotics n = 28; Concept n = 35, per-protocol population). Primary outcome was daily weight gain during the first four months of life, with the difference between the Concept and Control as the key comparison of interest. Additionally, adverse events, growth and tolerance parameters were evaluated. Equivalence of daily weight gain was demonstrated between the Concept and Control group after additional correction for ethnicity and birthweight (difference in estimated means of 0.1 g/d, 90%CI [-2.30, 2.47]; equivalence margin +/- 3 g/d). No clinically relevant group differences were observed in secondary growth outcomes, tolerance outcomes or number, severity or relatedness of adverse events. This study corroborates that an infant formula with large, milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets supports adequate growth and is well tolerated and safe for use in healthy infants.
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8
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Li Y, Li Q, Cao Z, Wu J. The causal association of polyunsaturated fatty acids with allergic disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:962787. [PMID: 36159460 PMCID: PMC9500587 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.962787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Previous studies have reported a potential association of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) levels with allergic disease risk and the possible benefit of PUFAs supplementation on allergic disease prevention. This study was performed to estimate the genetic association between PUFAs and allergic diseases using the method of both univariable and multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods As indicators of the PUFAs levels, we included the omega-3, omega-6, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), linoleic acid (LA), and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 (omega-6:3). Summarized statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for these PUFAs were obtained from the United Kingdom Biobank and the Twins United Kingdom cohort. Genetic data relating to allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic conjunctivitis (AC), allergic urticaria (AU) and asthma, were accessed from the FinnGen biobank analysis. Odds ratios and 95% CIs were used to express the impact. Results The MR results denoted a genetic association between the genetically determined increase in omega-3 levels and the decreased risk of some allergic diseases including AD (OR: 0.863; 95% CI: 0.785 to 0.949; p = 3.86E-03), AC (OR:0.720; 95% CI: 0.547 to 0.947; p = 1.87E-02) and AU (OR:0.821; 95% CI: 0.684 to 0.985; p = 3.42E-02), while omega-6 and DHA level was only found to have negatively correlation with risk of AC with ORs of 0.655 (95% CI: 0.445 to 0.964; p = 3.18E-02) and 0.671 (95% CI 0.490 to 0.918; p = 1.25E-02), respectively. Omega-6:3 were causally significantly associated with the increased risk of AD (OR:1.171; 95% CI: 1.045 to 1.312; p = 6.46E-03) and AC (IVW: OR:1.341; 95% CI: 1.032 to 1.743; p = 2.83E-02). After adjustment of age, economic level, BMI, smoking and alcohol behaviors in the multivariable MR analysis, a direct causal protective effect of omega-3 on AD and AC, as well as a direct causal association between DHA and AD were observed. Omega-6:3 was also found to be directly associated with an increased risk of AD and AC. No association was found of EPA or LA with allergic diseases. Conclusion Higher PUFA concentrations (omega-3, omega-6, DHA) and lower omega-6:3 ratios were genetically associated with a lower risk of some allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajia Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiangxiang Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Ningxia Geriatric Disease Clinical Research Center, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China.,Hunan People's Hospital, Department of Hunan Institute of Geriatrics, Changsha, China
| | - Ziqin Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhuang Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Firouzabadi FD, Shab-Bidar S, Jayedi A. The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized trials. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Miranda D, Zanatta A, Miles E, Calder P, Nishiyama A. Leukotriene B 4 limits the effectiveness of fish oil in an animal model of asthma. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08326. [PMID: 34816034 PMCID: PMC8591350 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the levels of eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid (ARA) in the lungs of asthmatic rats supplemented with fish oil. The present data gives insight into the action of fish oil in asthma, related to its inability to modify the contractile capacity of tracheal smooth muscle reported previously in a model of asthma in rats. Male Wistar rats were supplemented daily with 1 g of fish oil/kg of body weight for 21 days. They were exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) after previous sensitization with OVA to induce asthma. Pulmonary levels of five eicosanoids were measured using immunoassay kits: PGE2, TXB2, LTB4, LXA4, and 8-iso PGF2α. In asthmatic rats, supplementation with fish oil resulted in lower concentrations of lung eicosanoids produced by cyclooxygenase-2 and 15-lipoxygenase: PGE2, TXB2, and LXA4, respectively. Fish oil supplementation also decreased the non-enzymatically produced eicosanoid 8-iso PGF2α. Fish oil supplementation did not affect LTB4, a metabolite of 5-lipoxygenase. The limited efficacy of fish oil supplementation in asthmatic rats is associated with a lack of action in reducing the levels of LTB4 in the lungs. Thus, fish oil differentially modulates the concentrations of eicosanoids derived from ARA via specific pathways in an animal model of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.T.S.Z. Miranda
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - A.L. Zanatta
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - E.A. Miles
- School of Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - P.C. Calder
- School of Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - A. Nishiyama
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Brazil
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SÍNDROME INFLAMATORIO PERINATAL PERSISTENTE. IMPORTANTE FACTOR DE MORBIMORTALIDAD EN EL PREMATURO EXTREMO. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Matterne U, Tischer C, Wang J, Knüttel H, Genuneit J, Perkin M, Apfelbacher C. The evidence for interventions in early childhood allergy prevention - towards a living systematic review: protocol. F1000Res 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 36793508 PMCID: PMC9924298 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51490.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Research in early childhood allergy prevention (ECAP) is flourishing and new intervention strategies have proven to be promising. Due to the dynamic nature of ECAP, gaps between what is known and how guidelines inform practice are likely. A living systematic review (LSR) can narrow this gap by incorporating new evidence as it becomes available. No efficacy comparisons across various ECAP interventions for similar outcomes have been carried out. Networks of randomised clinical trials can be evaluated in the context of a network meta-analysis (NMA). We aim to establish a LSR on the efficacy and safety of any intervention investigated in randomised controlled trials (RCT) to prevent the occurrence of allergic sensitisation (AS), symptoms or diagnoses of allergic diseases in infancy and early childhood (0-3 years). Methods: A baseline SR will synthesise the evidence from existing SRs of RCTs as well as RCTs not yet considered in these. After completion of the baseline SR we propose to conduct a LSR. Using this methodology, we aim to undertake constant evidence surveillance, three-monthly search updates, and review updates every three months, should new evidence emerge. Conclusions: The ECAP evidence landscape has undergone dramatic transformations and this process is likely to continue. As a response to this, a LSR offers the potential to allow more timely synthesis of new evidence as it emerges. Long gaps between updates of SRs makes it harder for guidelines and recommendations to be up to date. Users of information, such as parents, may be confused if they encounter new evidence that is not part of a trusted guideline. A LSR approach allows us to continuously search the literature and update the evidence-base of existing ECAP interventions resulting in a decreased timespan from evidence accrual to informing clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Matterne
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany,
| | - Christina Tischer
- Institute for Health Resort Medicine and Health Promotion, State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Prinzregentenstraße 6, Bad Kissingen, 97688, Germany
| | - Jiancong Wang
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Helge Knüttel
- University Library, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Jon Genuneit
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 20a, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Michael Perkin
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Christian Apfelbacher
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany,Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
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Short RE, Cox DTC, Ling Tan Y, Bethel A, Eales JF, Garside R. Review of the evidence for oceans and human health relationships in Europe: A systematic map. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106275. [PMID: 33242730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, there is increasing scientific evidence of critical links between the oceans and human health, with research into issues such as pollution, harmful algal blooms and nutritional contributions. However, Oceans and Human Health (OHH) remains an emerging discipline. As such these links are poorly recognized in policy efforts such as the Sustainable Development Goals, with OHH not included in either marine (SDG14) or health (SDG3) goals. This is arguably short-sighted given recent development strategies such as the EU Blue Growth Agenda. OBJECTIVES In this systematic map we aim to build on recent efforts to enhance OHH in Europe by setting a baseline of existing evidence, asking: What links have been researched between marine environments and the positive and negative impacts to human health and wellbeing? METHODS We searched eight bibliographic databases and queried 57 organizations identified through stakeholder consultation. Results include primary research and systematic reviews which were screened double blind against pre-defined inclusion criteria as per a published protocol. Studies were limited to Europe, US, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Data was extracted according to a stakeholder-defined code book. A narrative synthesis explores the current evidence for relationships between marine exposures and human health outcomes, trends in knowledge gaps and change over time in the OHH research landscape. The resulting database is available on the website of the Seas, Oceans and Public Health in Europe website (https://sophie2020.eu/). RESULTS A total of 1,542 unique articles were included in the database, including those examined within 56 systematic reviews. Research was dominated by a US focus representing 50.1% of articles. A high number of articles were found to link: marine biotechnology and cardiovascular or immune conditions, consumption of seafood and cardiovascular health, chemical pollution and neurological conditions, microbial pollution and gastrointestinal or respiratory health, and oil industry occupations with mental health. A lack of evidence relates to direct impacts of plastic pollution and work within a number of industries identified as relevant by stakeholders. Research over time is dominated by marine biotechnology, though this is narrow in focus. Pollution, food and disease/injury research follow similar trajectories. Wellbeing and climate change have emerged more recently as key topics but lag behind other categories in volume of evidence. CONCLUSIONS The evidence base for OHH of relevance to European policy is growing but remains patchy and poorly co-ordinated. Considerable scope for future evidence synthesis exists to better inform policy-makers, though reviews need to better incorporate complex exposures. Priorities for future research include: proactive assessments of chemical pollutants, measurable impacts arising from climate change, effects of emerging marine industries, and regional and global assessments for OHH interactions. Understanding of synergistic effects across multiple exposures and outcomes using systems approaches is recommended to guide policies within the Blue Growth Strategy. Co-ordination of research across Europe and dedicated centres of research would be effective first steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Short
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK; Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden(1).
| | - Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
| | - Yin Ling Tan
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Alison Bethel
- PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Jacqualyn F Eales
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK.
| | - Ruth Garside
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK.
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Royal C, Gray C. Allergy Prevention: An Overview of Current Evidence. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:689-698. [PMID: 33380931 PMCID: PMC7757062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: There has been a rapid rise in allergic disorders across the globe. This has increased research into the determinants of allergy development, to identify factors that may be manipulated to mitigate risk. An opportune window in immunological development appears to exist in early life whereby certain exposures may promote or prevent the development of an allergic disposition. Furthermore, factors that affect the composition and diversity of the microbiome in early life have been explored. In this review, we discuss current literature and recommendations relating to exposures that may prevent allergy development or promote tolerance. Risk factors and recommendations: Delivery by caesarean section, omission of breastfeeding, vitamin D insufficiency, and environmental exposures, such as cigarette smoke exposure, all increase the risk of an allergic predisposition. Dietary diversity during pregnancy, lactation, and in infancy is protective. Breastfeeding for at least 4 months reduces the risk of eczema. Recommendations for food-allergen exposure has shifted from delayed introduction to early introduction as a tolerance-inducing strategy. Supplements such as probiotics and vitamins during pregnancy and infancy have yet to produce conclusive results for allergy prevention. Emollient use in infancy has not been shown to be protective against eczema or food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Royal
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Candice Royal, Paediatric Allergology, Kidsallergy Paediatric and Allergy
Centre, Cape Town, South Africa;
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15
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de Silva D, Halken S, Singh C, Muraro A, Angier E, Arasi S, Arshad H, Beyer K, Boyle R, du Toit G, Eigenmann P, Grimshaw K, Hoest A, Jones C, Khaleva E, Lack G, Szajewska H, Venter C, Verhasselt V, Roberts G. Preventing food allergy in infancy and childhood: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31:813-826. [PMID: 32396244 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review of ways to prevent immediate-onset/IgE-mediated food allergy will inform guidelines by the European Academy of Allergy and Immunology (EAACI). METHODS The GRADE approach was used. Eleven databases were searched from 1946 to October 2019 for randomized controlled trials (and large prospective cohort studies in the case of breastfeeding). The studies included heterogeneous interventions, populations, and outcomes and so were summarized narratively. RESULTS Forty-six studies examined interventions to reduce the risk of food allergy in infancy (up to 1 year) or early childhood. The following interventions for pregnant or breastfeeding women and/or infants may have little to no effect on preventing food allergy, but the evidence is very uncertain: dietary avoidance of food allergens, vitamin supplements, fish oil, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and emollients. Breastfeeding, hydrolyzed formulas, and avoiding cow's milk formula may not reduce the risk of cow's milk protein allergy; however, temporary supplementation with cow's milk formula in the first week of life may increase the risk of cow's milk allergy. Introducing well-cooked egg, but not pasteurized raw egg, from 4 to 6 months probably reduces the risk of hen's egg allergy. Introducing regular peanut consumption into the diet of an infant at increased risk beginning from 4 to 11 months probably results in a large reduction in peanut allergy in countries with a high prevalence. These conclusions about introducing peanut are based on moderate certainty evidence, from single trials in high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS Sixty percent of the included studies were published in the last 10 years, but much still remains to be understood about preventing food allergy. In particular, there is a need to validate the potential benefits of early introduction of food allergens in a wider range of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Halken
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Antonella Muraro
- Department of Women and Child Health, Food Allergy Referral Centre Veneto Region, Padua General University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Angier
- Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stefania Arasi
- Pediatric Allergology Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Hasan Arshad
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - Kirsten Beyer
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - George du Toit
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Department of Paediatric Allergy, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Philippe Eigenmann
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kate Grimshaw
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Dietetics, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Arne Hoest
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Ekaterina Khaleva
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development in Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gideon Lack
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Department of Paediatric Allergy, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carina Venter
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Graham Roberts
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development in Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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16
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Hjelmsø MH, Shah SA, Thorsen J, Rasmussen M, Vestergaard G, Mortensen MS, Brejnrod A, Brix S, Chawes B, Bønnelykke K, Sørensen SJ, Stokholm J, Bisgaard H. Prenatal dietary supplements influence the infant airway microbiota in a randomized factorial clinical trial. Nat Commun 2020; 11:426. [PMID: 31969566 PMCID: PMC6976654 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal dietary interventions during pregnancy with fish oil and high dose vitamin D have been shown to reduce the incidence of asthma and wheeze in offspring, potentially through microbial effects in pregnancy or early childhood. Here we analyze the bacterial compositions in longitudinal samples from 695 pregnant women and their children according to intervention group in a nested, factorial, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of n-3 long-chain fatty acids and vitamin D supplementation. The dietary interventions affect the infant airways, but not the infant fecal or maternal vaginal microbiota. Changes in overall beta diversity are observed, which in turn associates with a change in immune mediator profile. In addition, airway microbial maturation and the relative abundance of specific bacterial genera are altered. Furthermore, mediation analysis reveals the changed airway microbiota to be a minor and non-significant mediator of the protective effect of the dietary interventions on risk of asthma. Our results demonstrate the potential of prenatal dietary supplements as manipulators of the early airway bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis H Hjelmsø
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shiraz A Shah
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Thorsen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Chemometrics and Analytical Technologies, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gisle Vestergaard
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin S Mortensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asker Brejnrod
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Soltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bo Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
The prevalence of food allergy is raising in industrialized countries, but the mechanisms behind this increased incidence are not fully understood. Environmental factors are believed to play a role in allergic diseases, including lifestyle influences, such as diet. There is a close relationship between allergens and lipids, with many allergenic proteins having the ability to bind lipids. Dietary lipids exert pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions on cells of the innate immunity and influence antigen presentation to cells of the adaptive immunity. In addition to modifying the immunostimulating properties of proteins, lipids also alter their digestibility and intestinal absorption, changing allergen bioavailability. This study provides an overview of the role of dietary lipids in food allergy, taking into account epidemiological information, as well as results of mechanistic investigations using in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models. The emerging link among high-fat diets, obesity, and allergy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Ciesielski TH, Bartlett J, Williams SM. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake norms and preterm birth rate: a cross-sectional analysis of 184 countries. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027249. [PMID: 31005937 PMCID: PMC6527982 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preponderance of evidence now indicates that elevated long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC omega-3 PUFA) intake is often associated with reduced risk of preterm birth (PTB). This conclusion is based on recent meta-analyses that include several studies that reported null findings. We probed the reasons for this heterogeneity across studies and its implications for PTB prevention using country-level data. METHODS We analysed the relationship between national PTB rates (<37 weeks of gestation) and omega-3 PUFA intake norms from 184 countries for the year 2010. To estimate the total LC omega-3 PUFA levels (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]/docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) that these norms produce we utilised a metric that accounts for (1) seafood-based omega-3 intake (EPA/DHA) and (2) plant-based omega-3 intake (alpha-linolenic acid [ALA]), ~20% of which is converted to EPA/DHA in vivo. We then assessed the shape of the omega-3-PTB relationship with a penalised spline and conducted linear regression analyses within the linear sections of the relationship. RESULTS Penalised spline analyses indicated that PTB rates decrease linearly with increasing omega-3 levels up to ~600 mg/day. Income-adjusted linear regression analysis among the countries in this exposure range indicated that the number of PTBs per 100 live births decreases by 1.5 (95% CI 2.8 to 0.3) for each 1 SD increase in omega-3 intake norms (383 mg/day). CONCLUSIONS Taken with prior evidence for a causal association on the individual level, our findings indicate that omega-3 PUFA deficiency may be a widespread contributing factor in PTB risk. Consideration of baseline omega-3 PUFA levels is critical in the design of future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Ciesielski
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Ronin Institute, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
- The Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jacquelaine Bartlett
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- The Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- The Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Abstract
Suicide morbidity and mortality are serious public health problems, accounting for over 40,000 deaths annually and over $10 billion in combined medical and work loss costs. Suicidal behavior is the outcome of a complex causal web of distal and proximal risk processes that includes a range of interacting environmental and biological determinants. We review current understanding of risk and protective factors, including recent findings on inflammatory processes, discuss recent research on environmental risks for suicidal behaviors with a focus on economic stress, and examine potential mechanisms by which external factors and internal processes such as inflammation might contribute to pathways leading to suicidal behavior. We propose a model that links changes in the default network or resting state of brain activity with corresponding changes in brain structure and function, which in turn may be influenced by diverse inflammatory mediators, and suggest a potential framework that highlights multidisciplinary opportunities for further research.
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20
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ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy and risk of allergic outcomes or sensitization in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 122:302-313.e2. [PMID: 30552987 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic diseases have increased worldwide in the last 2 decades, with children suffering the highest burden of the condition. The ω-3 long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) possesses anti-inflammatory properties that could lead to a reduction in inflammatory mediators in allergies. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis of the most recent follow-ups of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted to assess the effectiveness of ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation started during pregnancy on allergic outcomes in offspring. METHODS The RCTs with a minimum of 1-month follow-up post gestation were eligible for inclusion. The CENTRAL, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, WHO's International Clinical Trials Register, E-theses, and Web of Science databases were searched. Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. RESULTS Ten RCTs (3,637 children), from 9 unique trials, examined the effectiveness of ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation started during pregnancy on the development of allergic outcomes in offspring. Heterogeneities were seen between the trials in terms of their sample, type, and duration of intervention and follow-up. Pooled estimates showed a significant reduction in childhood "sensitization to egg" (relative risk [RR] = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32-0.90), and "sensitization to peanut" (RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.40-0.96). No statistical differences were found for other allergic outcomes (eg, eczema, asthma/wheeze). CONCLUSION These results suggest that intake of ω-3 LCPUFA started during pregnancy can reduce the risk of sensitization to egg and peanut; however, the evidence is limited because of the small number of studies that contributed to the meta-analyses. The current evidence on the association between supplementation with ω-3 LCPUFA started during pregnancy and allergic outcomes is weak, because of the risk of bias and heterogeneities between studies.
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21
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Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Wang D, Dai J. Effects of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy on asthma or wheeze of children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:1792-1801. [PMID: 30253674 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1529161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy on the incidence of wheeze and asthma of children.Methods: A search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and CENTRAL until September 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy on wheeze/asthma of children were included. Two investigators independently searched articles, extracted data, and assessed the quality of included studies. Outcomes of relative risks were pooled. Subgroup analyses were conducted.Results: Seven RCTs involving 2047 children were included. The pooled data revealed the supplementation during pregnancy reduced the incidence of wheeze/asthma (risk ratio (RR) 0.81; 95% CI 0.66-0.99; p .04), but the incidence of childhood asthma was not significantly reduced (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.67-1.17; p .40). Subgroup analyses indicated that the risk of childhood wheeze/asthma was significantly decreased (1) in studies located in Europe (RR 0.67 95% CI 0.51- 0.88), (2) in children whose first-degree relatives were diagnosed with allergic disease (RR 0.65 95% CI 0.49-0.85), (3) when a dose of omega -3 fatty acids ≥2000 mg/d was applied (RR 0.61 95% CI 0.45-0.81), (4) in wheeze/asthma without sensitivity (RR 0.71 95% CI 0.54-0.94).Conclusion: The available low-quality evidence indicated that omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of wheeze/asthma of children, but incidence of asthma was not reduced after omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during pregnancy. More well-designed RCTs with large sample sizes need to be conducted to better understand the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during pregnancy with asthma in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Lin
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Donghai Wang
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jihong Dai
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
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Mozurkewich EL, Berman DR, Vahratian A, Clinton CM, Romero VC, Chilimigras JL, Vazquez D, Qualls C, Djuric Z. Effect of prenatal EPA and DHA on maternal and umbilical cord blood cytokines. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:261. [PMID: 29940888 PMCID: PMC6019705 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Investigators have hypothesized that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may modulate the immune response. However, available evidence is conflicting. We performed this study to investigate the effect of prenatal eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)- and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil supplementation on maternal and fetal cytokine production. Methods This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial designed to assess whether prenatal EPA- or DHA-rich fish oil supplementation would prevent perinatal depressive symptoms among women at risk. Enrolled participants received EPA-rich fish oil (1060 mg EPA plus 274 mg DHA), DHA-rich fish oil (900 mg DHA plus 180 mg EPA) or soy oil placebo. Maternal venous blood was collected at enrollment (12–20 weeks gestation) and after supplementation (34–36 weeks gestation). Umbilical cord blood was collected at delivery. We analyzed stored plasma specimens for 16 human cytokines using multiplex immunoassays. Maternal and cord blood cytokine levels were compared among the treatment groups. Associations of serum DHA and EPA with maternal and cord blood cytokines were explored via regression analysis. Results We enrolled 126 women, of whom 118 completed the trial. Prenatal supplementation with EPA-rich fish oil significantly lowered maternal IL6, IL15, and TNFα concentrations. However, supplementation with DHA-rich fish oil had no significant effect on maternal cytokine profiles. Maternal serum DHA fraction was significantly associated with IL1α, and maternal serum DHA and EPA fractions were significantly associated with IL 10 concentrations after supplementation. Compared with placebo, supplementation with EPA- or DHA-rich fish oils had no significant effect on cord blood cytokine concentrations. Conclusions Prenatal supplementation with EPA-rich fish oil significantly reduced levels of several inflammatory cytokines in maternal plasma, while prenatal DHA-rich fish oil had no significant effect on cytokine concentrations. Supplementation with EPA- and DHA- rich fish oil had no significant effect on umbilical cord blood cytokine concentrations. Trial registration Clinical Trial Registration: registration number NCT00711971 7/7/2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Mozurkewich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 10 5580, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Deborah R Berman
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anjel Vahratian
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Vivian C Romero
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Spectrum Health Maternal Fetal Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI/Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Julie L Chilimigras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 10 5580, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Delia Vazquez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Clifford Qualls
- Clinical and Translational Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zora Djuric
- Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Best KP, Sullivan TR, Palmer DJ, Gold M, Martin J, Kennedy D, Makrides M. Prenatal omega-3 LCPUFA and symptoms of allergic disease and sensitization throughout early childhood - a longitudinal analysis of long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. World Allergy Organ J 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29977437 PMCID: PMC6003086 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-018-0190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Randomized controlled trials of prenatal omega (ω-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation are suggestive of some protective effects on allergic sensitization and symptoms of allergic disease in childhood. Due to the nature of the atopic march, investigation of any effects of this prenatal intervention may be most informative when consistently assessed longitudinally during childhood. Methods Follow-up of children (n = 706) with familial risk of allergy from the Docosahexaenoic Acid to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome (DOMInO) trial. The intervention group received fish oil capsules (900 mg of ω-3 LCPUFA) daily from <21 weeks' gestation until birth; the control group received vegetable oil capsules without ω-3 LCPUFA. This new longitudinal analysis reports previously unpublished data collected at 1 and 3 years of age. The allergic disease symptom data at 1, 3 and 6 years of age were consistently reported by parents using the "International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood" (ISAAC) questionnaire. Sensitization was determined by skin prick test to age specific, common allergen extracts. Results Changes over time in symptoms of allergic disease with sensitization (IgE-mediated) and sensitization did not differ between the groups; interaction p = 0.49, p = 0.10, respectively. Averaged across the 1, 3 and 6-year assessments, there were no significant effects of prenatal ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation on IgE-mediated allergic disease symptoms (adjusted relative risk 0.88 (95% CI 0.69, 1.12), p = 0.29) or sensitization (adjusted relative risk 0.97 (95% CI 0.82, 1.15), p = 0.76). Sensitization patterns to common allergens were consistent with the atopic march, with egg sensitization at 1 year strongly associated with house dust mite sensitization at 6 years, (p < 0.0001). Discussion Although there is some evidence to suggest that maternal supplementation with 900mg ω-3 LCPUFA has a protective effect on early symptoms of allergic disease and sensitization in the offspring, we did not observe any differences in the progression of disease over time in this longitudinal analysis. Further investigation into the dose and timing of ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation, including long-term follow up of children using consistent outcome reporting, is essential to determine whether this intervention may be of benefit as a primary prevention strategy for allergic disease. Conclusion Maternal supplementation with 900 mg of ω-3 LCPUFA did not change the progression of IgE-mediated allergic disease symptoms or sensitization throughout childhood from 1 to 6 years. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN); DOMInO trial ACTRN12605000569606, early childhood allergy follow up ACTRN12610000735055 and 6-year allergy follow up ACTRN12615000498594.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Best
- 1Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,2School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,7South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006 Australia
| | - T R Sullivan
- 3School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - D J Palmer
- 4School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009 Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008 Australia
| | - M Gold
- 2School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - J Martin
- 6Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - D Kennedy
- 2School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,6Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - M Makrides
- 1Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,2School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
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Clausen M, Jonasson K, Keil T, Beyer K, Sigurdardottir ST. Fish oil in infancy protects against food allergy in Iceland-Results from a birth cohort study. Allergy 2018; 73:1305-1312. [PMID: 29318622 PMCID: PMC6032905 DOI: 10.1111/all.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of oily fish or fish oil during pregnancy, lactation and infancy has been linked to a reduction in the development of allergic diseases in childhood. METHODS In an observational study, Icelandic children (n = 1304) were prospectively followed from birth to 2.5 years with detailed questionnaires administered at birth and at 1 and 2 years of age, including questions about fish oil supplementation. Children with suspected food allergy were invited for physical examinations, allergic sensitization tests, and a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge if the allergy testing or clinical history indicated food allergy. The study investigated the development of sensitization to food and confirmed food allergy according to age and frequency of postnatal fish oil supplementation using proportional hazards modelling. RESULTS The incidence of diagnosed food sensitization was significantly lower in children who received regular fish oil supplementation (relative risk: 0.51, 95% confidence interval: 0.32-0.82). The incidence of challenge-confirmed food allergy was also reduced, although not statistically significant (0.57, 0.30-1.12). Children who began to receive fish oil in their first half year of life were significantly more protected than those who began later (P = .045 for sensitization, P = .018 for allergy). Indicators of allergy severity decreased with increased fish oil consumption (P = .013). Adjusting for parent education and allergic family history did not change the results. CONCLUSION Postnatal fish oil consumption is associated with decreased food sensitization and food allergies in infants and may provide an intervention strategy for allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Clausen
- Children's HospitalLandspitali University HospitalReykjavikIceland
| | - K. Jonasson
- School of Engineering and Natural SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - T. Keil
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health EconomicsCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - K. Beyer
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology and ImmunologyCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - S. T. Sigurdardottir
- Department of ImmunologyLandspitali University HospitalReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
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25
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Hansell AL, Bakolis I, Cowie CT, Belousova EG, Ng K, Weber-Chrysochoou C, Britton WJ, Leeder SR, Tovey ER, Webb KL, Toelle BG, Marks GB. Childhood fish oil supplementation modifies associations between traffic related air pollution and allergic sensitisation. Environ Health 2018; 17:27. [PMID: 29587831 PMCID: PMC5870687 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of potential adverse effects of traffic related air pollution (TRAP) on allergic disease have had mixed findings. Nutritional studies to examine whether fish oil supplementation may protect against development of allergic disease through their anti-inflammatory actions have also had mixed findings. Extremely few studies to date have considered whether air pollution and dietary factors such as fish oil intake may interact, which was the rationale for this study. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS) birth cohort, where children were randomised to fish oil supplementation or placebo from early life to age 5 years. We examined interactions between supplementation and TRAP (using weighted road density at place of residence as our measure of traffic related air pollution exposure) with allergic disease and lung function outcomes at age 5 and 8 years. RESULTS Outcome information was available on approximately 400 children (~ 70% of the original birth cohort). Statistically significant interactions between fish oil supplementation and TRAP were seen for house dust mite (HDM), inhalant and all-allergen skin prick tests (SPTs) and for HDM-specific interleukin-5 response at age 5. Adjusting for relevant confounders, relative risks (RRs) for positive HDM SPT were RR 1.74 (95% CI 1.22-2.48) per 100 m local road or 33.3 m of motorway within 50 m of the home for those randomised to the control group and 1.03 (0.76-1.41) for those randomised to receive the fish oil supplement. The risk differential was highest in an analysis restricted to those who did not change address between ages 5 and 8 years. In this sub-group, supplementation also protected against the effect of traffic exposure on pre-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that fish oil supplementation may protect against pro-allergic sensitisation effects of TRAP exposure. Strengths of this analysis are that supplementation was randomised and independent of TRAP exposure, however, findings need to be confirmed in a larger experimental study with the interaction investigated as a primary hypothesis, potentially also exploring epigenetic mechanisms. More generally, studies of adverse health effects of air pollution may benefit from considering potential effect modification by diet and other factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry. www.anzctr.org.au Registration: ACTRN12605000042640 , Date: 26th July 2005. Retrospectively registered, trial commenced prior to registry availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Hansell
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- Public Health and Primary Care Directorate, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Ioannis Bakolis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- Centre for Implementation Science, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Christine T Cowie
- South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena G Belousova
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kitty Ng
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine & Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R Leeder
- School of Public Health and Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Euan R Tovey
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen L Webb
- School of Public Health and Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brett G Toelle
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Guy B Marks
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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26
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Mejrhit N, Azdad O, El Kabbaoui M, Chda A, Tazi A, Bencheikh R, Aarab L. Fish consumption associated with reduction of fish allergy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-04-2017-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to examine the differences in the self-reported allergies to food, especially fish and shellfish, between children and adults, and to study the association between fish consumption and self-reported fish and shellfish allergy (FSA) according to age.
Design/methodology/approach
This study is based on a survey conducted between April 2014 and December 2016 where children and adults were recruited from the general population of the Fez-Meknes region. The total studied population was 4,046 people.
Findings
The results show that the self-reported food allergy (FA) of the general population was more frequent among children (28.2 per cent) than adults (16.8 per cent), in which eggs, fish/shellfish, milk and cereals were the most common food cited. With regard to the self-reported FSA, the authors found a prevalence of 9.5 per cent in both children and adults, whereas fish species allergies were more frequent among adults than children. The most common clinical manifestations observed in this population were cutaneous reactions. The study of the association between fish consumption and FSA shows that people who consumed fish had a lower rate of FSA, especially in adults (p < 0.001).
Originality/value
The self-reported FA of the general population was more pronounced in children than adults. Regarding the self-reported FSA, the authors have shown a prevalence of 9.5 per cent in both children and adults, indicating an important sensitivity of their population to fish and shellfish. The authors have shown that consumption of fish was associated significantly with a lower rate of FSA, especially in adults.
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Zárate R, el Jaber-Vazdekis N, Tejera N, Pérez JA, Rodríguez C. Significance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human health. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:25. [PMID: 28752333 PMCID: PMC5532176 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the development of new technologies applied to lipidomics has revitalized the analysis of lipid profile alterations and the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism, together with their involvement in the occurrence of human disease. Of particular interest is the study of omega-3 and omega-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), notably EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3), and ARA (arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6), and their transformation into bioactive lipid mediators. In this sense, new families of PUFA-derived lipid mediators, including resolvins derived from EPA and DHA, and protectins and maresins derived from DHA, are being increasingly investigated because of their active role in the "return to homeostasis" process and resolution of inflammation. Recent findings reviewed in the present study highlight that the omega-6 fatty acid ARA appears increased, and omega-3 EPA and DHA decreased in most cancer tissues compared to normal ones, and that increments in omega-3 LC-PUFAs consumption and an omega-6/omega-3 ratio of 2-4:1, are associated with a reduced risk of breast, prostate, colon and renal cancers. Along with their lipid-lowering properties, omega-3 LC-PUFAs also exert cardioprotective functions, such as reducing platelet aggregation and inflammation, and controlling the presence of DHA in our body, especially in our liver and brain, which is crucial for optimal brain functionality. Considering that DHA is the principal omega-3 FA in cortical gray matter, the importance of DHA intake and its derived lipid mediators have been recently reported in patients with major depressive and bipolar disorders, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The present study reviews the relationships between major diseases occurring today in the Western world and LC-PUFAs. More specifically this review focuses on the dietary omega-3 LC-PUFAs and the omega-6/omega-3 balance, in a wide range of inflammation disorders, including autoimmune diseases. This review suggests that the current recommendations of consumption and/or supplementation of omega-3 FAs are specific to particular groups of age and physiological status, and still need more fine tuning for overall human health and well being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Zárate
- Canary Islands Cancer Research Institute (ICIC), Ave. La Trinidad 61, Torre A. Arévalo, 7th floor, 38204 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Nabil el Jaber-Vazdekis
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7UQ UK
| | - José A. Pérez
- Department of Animal Biology, Soil Science and Geology (Animal Physiology Unit), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Biology, Soil Science and Geology (Animal Physiology Unit), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
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28
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Abstract
EPA and DHA appear to be the most important n-3 fatty acids, but roles for n-3 docosapentaenoic acid are now also emerging. Intakes of EPA and DHA are usually low, typically below those recommended. Increased intakes result in higher concentrations of EPA and DHA in blood lipids, cells and tissues. Increased content of EPA and DHA modifies the structure of cell membranes and the function of membrane proteins. EPA and DHA modulate the production of lipid mediators and through effects on cell signalling can alter the patterns of gene expression. Through these mechanisms, EPA and DHA alter cell and tissue responsiveness in a way that often results in more optimal conditions for growth, development and maintenance of health. DHA has vital roles in brain and eye development and function. EPA and DHA have a wide range of physiological roles, which are linked to certain health or clinical benefits, particularly related to CVD, cancer, inflammation and neurocognitive function. The benefits of EPA and DHA are evident throughout the life course. Future research will include better identification of the determinants of variation of responses to increased intake of EPA and DHA; more in-depth dose-response studies of the effects of EPA and DHA; clearer identification of the specific roles of EPA, docosapentaenoic acid and DHA; testing strategies to enhance delivery of n-3 fatty acids to the bloodstream; and exploration of sustainable alternatives to fish-derived very long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
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29
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Statovci D, Aguilera M, MacSharry J, Melgar S. The Impact of Western Diet and Nutrients on the Microbiota and Immune Response at Mucosal Interfaces. Front Immunol 2017; 8:838. [PMID: 28804483 PMCID: PMC5532387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings point toward diet having a major impact on human health. Diets can either affect the gut microbiota resulting in alterations in the host’s physiological responses or by directly targeting the host response. The microbial community in the mammalian gut is a complex and dynamic system crucial for the development and maturation of both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Therefore, the complex interaction between available nutrients, the microbiota, and the immune system are central regulators in maintaining homeostasis and fighting against invading pathogens at mucosal sites. Westernized diet, defined as high dietary intake of saturated fats and sucrose and low intake of fiber, represent a growing health risk contributing to the increased occurrence of metabolic diseases, e.g., diabetes and obesity in countries adapting a westernized lifestyle. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and asthma are chronic mucosal inflammatory conditions of unknown etiology with increasing prevalence worldwide. These conditions have a multifactorial etiology including genetic factors, environmental factors, and dysregulated immune responses. Their increased prevalence cannot solely be attributed to genetic considerations implying that other factors such as diet can be a major contributor. Recent reports indicate that the gut microbiota and modifications thereof, due to a consumption of a diet high in saturated fats and low in fibers, can trigger factors regulating the development and/or progression of both conditions. While asthma is a disease of the airways, increasing evidence indicates a link between the gut and airways in disease development. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the impact of westernized diet and associated nutrients on immune cell responses and the microbiota and how these can influence the pathology of IBD and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donjete Statovci
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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30
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Body weight affects ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) accumulation in youth following supplementation in post-hoc analyses of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173087. [PMID: 28379964 PMCID: PMC5381773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidelines for suggested intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are limited in youth and rely primarily on age. However, body weight varies considerably within age classifications. The current analyses examined effects of body weight and body mass index (BMI) on fatty acid accumulation in 64 youth (7–14 years) with a diagnosed mood disorder in a double-blind randomized-controlled trial (2000mg ω-3 supplements or a control capsule) across 12 weeks. Weight and height were measured at the first study visit and EPA and DHA levels were determined using fasting blood samples obtained at both the first and end-of-study visits. In the ω-3 supplementation group, higher baseline body weight predicted less plasma accumulation of both EPA [B = -0.047, (95% CI = -0.077; -0.017), β = -0.54, p = 0.003] and DHA [B = -0.02, (95% CI = -0.034; -0.007), β = -0.52, p = 0.004]. Similarly, higher BMI percentile as well as BMI category (underweight, normal weight, overweight/obese) predicted less accumulation of EPA and DHA (ps≤0.01). Adherence to supplementation was negatively correlated with BMI percentile [B = -0.002 (95% CI = -0.004; 0.00), β = -0.44, p = 0.019], but did not meaningfully affect observed associations. As intended, the control supplement exerted no significant effect on plasma levels of relevant fatty acids regardless of youth body parameters. These data show strong linear relationships of both absolute body weight and BMI percentile with ω-3 PUFA accumulation in youth. A dose-response effect was observed across the BMI spectrum. Given increasing variability in weight within BMI percentile ranges as youth age, dosing based on absolute weight should be considered. Moreover, effects of weight should be incorporated into statistical models in studies examining clinical effects of ω-3 PUFAs in youth as well as adults, as weight-related differences in effects may contribute meaningfully to inconsistencies in the current literature. Trial registration. WHO International Clinical Trial Registry Platform NCT01341925 and NCT01507753
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31
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A Review of the Evidence for the Influence of Maternal Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake on Atopy in Offspring. TOP CLIN NUTR 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/tin.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Potaczek DP, Harb H, Michel S, Alhamwe BA, Renz H, Tost J. Epigenetics and allergy: from basic mechanisms to clinical applications. Epigenomics 2017; 9:539-571. [PMID: 28322581 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are on the rise in the Western world and well-known allergy-protecting and -driving factors such as microbial and dietary exposure, pollution and smoking mediate their influence through alterations of the epigenetic landscape. Here, we review key facts on the involvement of epigenetic modifications in allergic diseases and summarize and critically evaluate the lessons learned from epigenome-wide association studies. We show the potential of epigenetic changes for various clinical applications: as diagnostic tools, to assess tolerance following immunotherapy or possibly predict the success of therapy at an early time point. Furthermore, new technological advances such as epigenome editing and DNAzymes will allow targeted alterations of the epigenome in the future and provide novel therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Potaczek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN).,German Centre for Lung Research (DZL).,John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hani Harb
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN).,German Centre for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Sven Michel
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co KG, Planegg, Germany
| | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN).,German Centre for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
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Zhang GQ, Liu B, Li J, Luo CQ, Zhang Q, Chen JL, Sinha A, Li ZY. Fish intake during pregnancy or infancy and allergic outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:152-161. [PMID: 27590571 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory properties and may reduce the risk of allergic disease. Fish is a great source of n-3 LC-PUFAs. However, the effect of fish on allergic disease remains controversial. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies regarding the effect of fish intake during pregnancy or infancy on allergic outcomes in children. The outcomes of interest were atopy, eczema, allergic rhinitis, wheeze, asthma, and food allergy. One RCT and 17 publications from 13 prospective cohort studies were included for maternal fish intake during pregnancy, and eight publications from five prospective cohort studies for fish intake in infancy. Pooled analysis suggested that maternal fish intake during pregnancy was not associated with lower risk of any allergic outcome, both in RCT and observational studies. Consumption of fish during the first year of life reduced the risk of eczema (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.47, 0.80; p = 0.0003; I2 = 68%) and allergic rhinitis (RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.36, 0.81; p = 0.003; I2 = 74%). Current evidence indicates that fish intake in infancy could reduce the risk of eczema and allergic rhinitis in children, whereas maternal fish intake during pregnancy does not affect any atopic outcome. The intake of fish per se in infancy, not specially n-3 LC-PUFAs, may have an allergy protective effect. High-quality and adequately powered RCTs are warranted to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Qi Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Liang Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anju Sinha
- Division of Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Zhong-Yue Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Li J, Yin H, Bibus DM, Byelashov OA. The role of Omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid in pregnancy and early development. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Omega Protein Corporation; Houston; TX USA
| | | | - Douglas M. Bibus
- University of Minnesota; Minneapolis; MN USA
- Lipid Technologies; LLC.; Austin MN USA
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Schindler T, Sinn JKH, Osborn DA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10:CD010112. [PMID: 27788565 PMCID: PMC6464137 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010112.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early dietary intakes may influence the development of allergic disease. It is important to determine if dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) given as supplements or added to infant formula prevent the development of allergy. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of higher PUFA intake during infancy to prevent allergic disease. SEARCH METHODS We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2015, Issue 9), MEDLINE (1966 to 14 September 2015), EMBASE (1980 to 14 September 2015) and CINAHL (1982 to 14 September 2015). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials that compared the use of a PUFA with no PUFA in infants for the prevention of allergy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials, assessed trial quality and extracted data from the included studies. We used fixed-effect analyses. The treatment effects were expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS The search found 17 studies that assessed the effect of higher versus lower intake of PUFAs on allergic outcomes in infants. Only nine studies enrolling 2704 infants reported allergy outcomes that could be used in meta-analyses. Of these, there were methodological concerns for eight.In infants up to two years of age, meta-analyses found no difference in incidence of all allergy (1 study, 323 infants; RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.26; risk difference (RD) -0.02, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.09; heterogeneity not applicable), asthma (3 studies, 1162 infants; RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.35, I2 = 0%; RD 0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.05, I2 = 0%), dermatitis/eczema (7 studies, 1906 infants; RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.06, I2 = 0%; RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.02, I2 = 0%) or food allergy (3 studies, 915 infants; RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.19, I2 = 63%; RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.02, I2 = 74%). There was a reduction in allergic rhinitis (2 studies, 594 infants; RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.96, I2 = 6%; RD -0.04, 95% CI -0.08 to -0.00, I2 = 54%; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 25, 95% CI 13 to ∞).In children aged two to five years, meta-analysis found no difference in incidence of all allergic disease (2 studies, 154 infants; RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.02, I2 = 43%; RD -0.16, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.00, I2 = 63%; NNTB 6, 95% CI 3 to ∞), asthma (1 study, 89 infants; RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.02; RD -0.20, 95% CI -0.37 to -0.02; heterogeneity not applicable; NNTB 5, 95% CI 3 to 50), dermatitis/eczema (2 studies, 154 infants; RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.24, I2 = 0%; RD -0.09 95% CI -0.22 to 0.04, I2 = 24%) or food allergy (1 study, 65 infants; RR 2.27, 95% CI 0.25 to 20.68; RD 0.05, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.16; heterogeneity not applicable).In children aged two to five years, meta-analysis found no difference in prevalence of all allergic disease (2 studies, 633 infants; RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.19, I2 = 36%; RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.07, I2 = 0%), asthma (2 studies, 635 infants; RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.53, I2 = 0%; RD 0.02, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.09, I2 = 0%), dermatitis/eczema (2 studies, 635 infants; RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.09, I2 = 0%; RD -0.04 95% CI -0.11 to 0.02, I2 = 0%), allergic rhinitis (2 studies, 635 infants; RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.25, I2 = 0%; RD 0.01, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.08, I2 = 0%) or food allergy (1 study, 119 infants; RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.19; RD -0.10, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.00; heterogeneity not applicable; NNTB 10, 95% CI 5 to ∞). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence that PUFA supplementation in infancy has an effect on infant or childhood allergy, asthma, dermatitis/eczema or food allergy. However, the quality of evidence was very low. There was insufficient evidence to determine an effect on allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schindler
- Royal Hospital for WomenDepartment of Newborn CareBarker StreetRandwickNSWAustralia2031
| | - John KH Sinn
- Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of SydneyDepartment of NeonatologySt. Leonard'sSydneyNew South WalesAustralia2065
| | - David A Osborn
- University of SydneyCentral Clinical School, Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and NeonatologySydneyNSWAustralia2050
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Leghi GE, Muhlhausler BS. The effect of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation in the placenta and maternal plasma during pregnancy. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 113:33-39. [PMID: 27720038 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy represents a state of heightened oxidative stress and inflammation, and these processes are further increased in pregnancy complications. The quality of the maternal diet is directly associated with maternal health and wellbeing, pregnancy and fetal outcomes, as well as the risk of pregnancy complications. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) have significant potential to modify placental and fetal lipid environments and thereby modulate health outcomes. The omega-3 (n-3) LCPUFA in particular have been shown to exhibit both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and have potential therapeutic applications in reducing oxidative damage and inflammation during pregnancy. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our current understanding of the impact of maternal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation during pregnancy, with a particular focus on effects on the mother and the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Leghi
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - B S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia; Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
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The content of docosahexaenoic acid in the suckling and the weaning diet beneficially modulates the ability of immune cells to response to stimuli. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 35:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Espiritu MM, Lin H, Foley E, Tsang V, Rhee E, Perlman J, Cunningham-Rundles S. Omega-3 fatty acids modulate neonatal cytokine response to endotoxin. J Perinat Med 2016; 44:711-21. [PMID: 26812855 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal immune response is characterized by an uncompensated pro-inflammatory response that can lead to inflammation-related morbidity and increased susceptibility to infection. We investigated the effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) pre-treatment on cytokine secretion to low-concentration endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in THP-1 monocytes and neonatal cord blood (CB) from healthy full-term infants. Pre-treatment of THP-1 cells, with either n-3 PUFA at 25 or 100 μM significantly reduced IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 secretion while DHA, but not EPA, reduced TNF-α response to LPS. DHA inhibition was stronger compared to EPA and effective at the low concentration. The same concentrations of n-3 PUFAs inhibited IL-12 but not IL-10 cytokine response in whole CB from 9 infants pre-treated for 24 h. To assess clinical relevance for acute response to LPS, the effects of low-concentration DHA at 25 μM or 12.5 μM were assessed before and after LPS exposure of isolated CB mononuclear cells from 20 infants for 1 h. When added before or after LPS, physiologic DHA treatment produced significant concentration-dependent inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 secretion. The results demonstrate prophylactic and therapeutic modulation of neonatal cytokine response to LPS and provide proof-of-concept that low-concentration administration of n-3 PUFA could attenuate or resolve neonatal inflammatory response.
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Gellert S, Schuchardt JP, Hahn A. Higher omega-3 index and DHA status in pregnant women compared to lactating women - Results from a German nation-wide cross-sectional study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 109:22-8. [PMID: 27269710 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During pregnancy and lactation, there is a high need of long-chain (LC) omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), for fetus and infant. Also, a low LC n-3 PUFA status during pregnancy is associated with postpartum depression. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the LC n-3 PUFA status in German women during pregnancy and lactation. MATERIAL AND METHODS As a part of a nationwide cross-sectional study in which the nutrient status of women in different stages of life was determined, 213 pregnant (≥27th week of gestation) and 127 lactating women between 18 and 44 years were evaluated regarding their LC n-3 PUFA status by measuring the omega-3 index (relative eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA concentration in erythrocyte fatty acid). RESULTS The mean omega-3 index of the total study population was 6.23±1.48%. Pregnant women showed significant (p≤0.001) higher omega-3 index values (6.40±1.31%) and DHA concentrations (5.91±1.23%) than lactating women (omega-3 index: 5.50±1.34%; DHA: 4.79±1.27%). Woman with LC n-3 PUFA supplementation showed higher omega-3 index values (7.73±1.28%) vs. women without supplementation (6.04±1.39%, p≤0.001). Week of pregnancy, month of lactation as well as smoking were negatively associated with the omega-3 index. CONCLUSION Comprehensive data on the long-term LC n-3 PUFA status of German women during pregnancy and lactation are presented. To evaluate an optimal maternal omega-3 index in view of the fetal and infant development further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gellert
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
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Beermann C, Neumann S, Fußbroich D, Zielen S, Schubert R. Combinations of distinct long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid species for improved dietary treatment against allergic bronchial asthma. Nutrition 2016; 32:1165-70. [PMID: 27297719 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergic bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with an increasing incidence in Western societies. Exposure to allergens provokes recurrent attacks of breathlessness, airway hyperreactivity, wheezing, and coughing. For the early phase and milder forms of allergic asthma, dietary supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), predominantly fish oil-associated eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 ω-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 ω-3), and distinct crop oil-derived fatty acids might provide a sustainable treatment strategy, as discussed in several studies. In addition to immune-controlling prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, specialized proresolving mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, are metabolized from different LCPUFA, which actively resolve inflammation. The aim of this review was to discuss the possible synergistic effects of ω-3 and ω-6 LCPUFA combinations concerning rebuilding fatty acid homeostasis in cellular membranes, modifying eicosanoid metabolic pathways, controlling inflammatory processes by focusing on resolving inflammation in the bronchoalveolar system on the cellular level, and helping to control clinical symptoms in bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Beermann
- Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany.
| | - Sandy Neumann
- Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Daniela Fußbroich
- Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielen
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Children's Hospital I, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Children's Hospital I, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Berman D, Clinton C, Limb R, Somers EC, Romero V, Mozurkewich E. Prenatal Omega-3 Supplementation and Eczema Risk among Offspring at Age 36 Months. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [PMID: 28649675 DOI: 10.21767/2471-304x.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term follow-up was completed in 84 mother-infant pairs of 118 women who completed a randomized controlled trial of prenatal supplementation with EPA- or DHA-rich fish oil or soy oil placebo. The goal of this study was to determine whether prenatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation protects offspring against development of early childhood allergies. METHODS AND FINDINGS Assessment of childhood allergic/atopic disease among offspring at age 36 months was performed by maternal interview using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) questions for childhood digestive allergies, wheezing, eczema or skin allergy, and respiratory allergy. Multiple logistic regressions examined the association between prenatal supplementation and childhood outcomes, adjusted for covariates. Eczema was reported in 26/84 (31%) of offspring at age 36 months, and was significantly more prevalent in the omega-3 supplementation groups vs. placebo: EPA 13/31 (41.9%); DHA 10/26 (38.5%); placebo 3/27 (11.1%), p=0.019. Compared to placebo, EPA and DHA were associated with ≥5 times risk of offspring eczema [odds ratios (ORs): EPA 5.8 (95% CI 1.4-23.3); DHA 5.0 (95% CI 1.2-21.0)]. After adjusting for other potential risk factors (race, birth weight, vaginal/Cesarean delivery, and maternal eczema) the magnitudes of association for omega-3 supplementation increased: EPA OR 8.1 (95% CI 1.4-45.6); DHA OR 9.6 (95% CI 1.6-58.5). Maternal eczema was also significantly associated with offspring eczema in the adjusted model: OR 10.8 (95% CI 2.1-54.3). CONCLUSION Contrary to our hypothesis, acids supplementation compared to soy oil was associated with a substantial increase in risk of childhood eczema. This association was not observed on childhood respiratory or digestive outcomes. It is unclear if these findings were driven by unfavorable effects of omega-3s, or whether there may have been unanticipated protective effects of the soy-based placebo with regards to eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - C Clinton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cornell University, New York NY, United States
| | - R Limb
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - E C Somers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - V Romero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - E Mozurkewich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Garcia-Larsen V, Del Giacco SR, Moreira A, Bonini M, Charles D, Reeves T, Carlsen KH, Haahtela T, Bonini S, Fonseca J, Agache I, Papadopoulos NG, Delgado L. Asthma and dietary intake: an overview of systematic reviews. Allergy 2016; 71:433-42. [PMID: 26505989 DOI: 10.1111/all.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological research on the relationship between diet and asthma has increased in the last decade. Several components found in foods have been proposed to have a series of antioxidant, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties, which can have a protective effect against asthma risk. Several literature reviews and critical appraisals have been published to summarize the existing evidence in this field. In the context of this EAACI Lifestyle and asthma Task Force, we summarize the evidence from existing systematic reviews on dietary intake and asthma, using the PRISMA guidelines. We therefore report the quality of eligible systematic reviews and summarize the results of those with an AMSTAR score ≥32. The GRADE approach is used to assess the overall quality of the existing evidence. This overview is centred on systematic reviews of nutritional components provided in the diet only, as a way to establish what type of advice can be given in clinical practice and to the general population on dietary habits and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Garcia-Larsen
- Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine, and Public Health Group; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - S. R. Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences ‘M Aresu’; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - A. Moreira
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto and Hospital São João; Porto Portugal
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - M. Bonini
- Department of Internal Medicine; Lung Function Unit; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - D. Charles
- Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine, and Public Health Group; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - T. Reeves
- Central Library; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - K.-H. Carlsen
- Department of Medicine and Allergology; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - T. Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - S. Bonini
- Second University of Naples and IFT-CNR; Rome Italy
| | - J. Fonseca
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - I. Agache
- Transylvania University Brasov; Brasov Romania
| | - N. G. Papadopoulos
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health; Institute of Human Development; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - L. Delgado
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto and Hospital São João; Porto Portugal
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
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Lee JJ, Park JH, Lee JY, Jeong JY, Lee SY, Yoon IS, Kang WS, Kim DD, Cho HJ. Omega-3 fatty acids incorporated colloidal systems for the delivery of Angelica gigas Nakai extract. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 140:239-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Rucci E, den Dekker HT, de Jongste JC, Steenweg-de-Graaff J, Gaillard R, Pasmans SG, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, Jaddoe VWV, Duijts L. Maternal fatty acid levels during pregnancy, childhood lung function and atopic diseases. The Generation R Study. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:461-71. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Rucci
- The Generation R Study Group; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Respiratory Medicine; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - H. T. den Dekker
- The Generation R Study Group; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Respiratory Medicine; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. C. de Jongste
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Respiratory Medicine; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. Steenweg-de-Graaff
- The Generation R Study Group; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - R. Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - S. G. Pasmans
- Department of Dermatology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - H. Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - V. W. V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - L. Duijts
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Respiratory Medicine; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Neonatology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
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Ahmed N, Barrow CJ, Suphioglu C. Exploring the Effects of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids on Allergy Using a HEK-Blue Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:220. [PMID: 26861314 PMCID: PMC4783952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic reactions can result in life-threatening situations resulting in high economic costs and morbidity. Therefore, more effective reagents are needed for allergy treatment. A causal relationship has been suggested to exist between the intake of omega-3/6 fatty acids, such as docosahexanoic acid (DHA), eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), docosapentanoic acid (DPA) and arachidonic acid (AA), and atopic individuals suffering from allergies. In allergic cascades, the hallmark cytokine IL-4 bind to IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) and IL-13 binds to IL-13 receptor (IL-13R), this activates the STAT6 phosphorylation pathway leading to gene activation of allergen-specific IgE antibody production by B cells. The overall aim of this study was to characterize omega-3/6 fatty acids and their effects on STAT6 signaling pathway that results in IgE production in allergic individuals. METHODS The fatty acids were tested in vitro with a HEK-Blue IL-4/IL-13 reporter cell line model, transfected with a reporter gene that produces an enzyme, secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). SEAP acts as a substitute to IgE when cells are stimulated with bioactive cytokines IL-4 and/or IL-13. RESULTS We have successfully used DHA, EPA and DPA in our studies that demonstrated a decrease in SEAP secretion, as opposed to an increase in SEAP secretion with AA treatment. A statistical Student's t-test revealed the significance of the results, confirming our initial hypothesis. CONCLUSION We have successfully identified and characterised DHA, EPA, DPA and AA in our allergy model. While AA was a potent stimulator, DHA, EPA and DPA were potential inhibitors of IL-4R/IL-13R signalling, which regulates the STAT6 induced pathway in allergic cascades. Such findings are significant in the future design of dietary therapeutics for the treatment of allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayyar Ahmed
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road,Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road,Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.
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Best KP, Gold M, Kennedy D, Martin J, Makrides M. Omega-3 long-chain PUFA intake during pregnancy and allergic disease outcomes in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:128-43. [PMID: 26675770 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is some evidence that increased maternal intake of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic disease. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate prenatal n-3 LC-PUFA dietary exposure in observational studies and n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on outcomes of IgE-mediated allergic disease. DESIGN We conducted searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Web of Science to 30 July 2015. We included prospective cohort studies that showed an association between maternal fish or n-3 LC-PUFA intake during pregnancy and RCTs with a prenatal intervention to modify maternal n-3 LC-PUFA intake and outcomes of allergic disease (eczema, rhino-conjunctivitis, asthma) or sensitization in the offspring. RESULTS A total of 13 publications from 10 prospective cohort studies and 7 publications representing 5 unique RCTs were included. Three RCTs were combined in a meta-analysis for selected outcomes. Nine of 13 observational study publications and 5 of 7 publications from RCTs found a protective association between increased prenatal n-3 LC-PUFA or fish intake and incidence of allergic disease symptoms in the child. Meta-analysis was limited because of the heterogeneity of the RCTs. Pooled results showed a significant reduction in the incidence of "atopic eczema," "any positive SPT [skin-prick test]," "sensitization to egg," and "sensitization to any food" in the first 12 mo of life [RRs (95% CIs): 0.53 (0.35, 0.81), P = 0.004; 0.68 (0.52-0.89), P = 0.006; 0.55 (0.39-0.76), P = 0.0004; and 0.59 (0.46, 0.76), P < 0.0001, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review and meta-analysis was suggestive of benefits of increased n-3 LC-PUFAs in the maternal diet and outcomes of childhood allergic disease. However, due to the inconsistency in results, the hypothesis linking maternal n-3 LC-PUFA intake to childhood allergic disease cannot unequivocally be confirmed or rejected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Best
- Women's & Children's Health Research Institute and Discipline of Pediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia;
| | - Michael Gold
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Youth and Women's Health Network, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Declan Kennedy
- Discipline of Pediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia; and
| | - James Martin
- Discipline of Pediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia; and
| | - Maria Makrides
- Women's & Children's Health Research Institute and Discipline of Pediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common diseases in the world, resulting in a substantial burden of disease. Although rates of deaths due to asthma worldwide have reduced greatly over the past 25 years, no available therapeutic regimens can cure asthma, and the burden of asthma will continue to be driven by increasing prevalence. The reasons for the increase in asthma prevalence have not been defined, which limits the opportunities to develop targeted primary prevention measures. Although associations are reported between a wide range of risk factors and childhood asthma, substantiation of causality is inherently difficult from observational studies, and few risk factors have been assessed in primary prevention studies. Furthermore, none of the primary prevention intervention strategies that have undergone scrutiny in randomised controlled trials has provided sufficient evidence to lead to widespread implementation in clinical practice. A better understanding of the factors that cause asthma is urgently needed, and this knowledge could be used to develop public health and pharmacological primary prevention measures that are effective in reducing the prevalence of asthma worldwide. To achieve this it will be necessary to think outside the box, not only in terms of risk factors for the causation of asthma, but also the types of novel primary prevention strategies that are developed, and the research methods used to provide the evidence base for their implementation. In the interim, public health efforts should remain focused on measures with the potential to improve lung and general health, such as: reducing tobacco smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure; reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution and occupational exposures; reducing childhood obesity and encouraging a diet high in vegetables and fruit; improving feto-maternal health; encouraging breastfeeding; promoting childhood vaccinations; and reducing social inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Beasley
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Alex Semprini
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Edwin A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland New Zealand
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Rizzo GS, Sen S. Maternal obesity and immune dysregulation in mother and infant: A review of the evidence. Paediatr Respir Rev 2015; 16:251-7. [PMID: 25454382 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide public health epidemic. Increasing numbers of reproductive-age women enter pregnancy overweight or obese and there is now convincing data that this adverse in utero environment impacts both fetal and lifelong development. Epidemiologic evidence has shown a simultaneous increase in obesity and asthma rates in developed countries and maternal obesity is a risk factor for infant asthma and wheeze. Here we review the state of research linking maternal obesity and immunomodulation in both mother and infant, with specific attention to the relationship between maternal obesity and offspring asthma. We will also propose several different mechanisms by which maternal obesity may predispose offspring to this chronic condition and briefly summarize interventions that have been trialed to limit this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Rizzo
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Sarbattama Sen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Tsoumani M, Sharma V, Papadopoulos NG. Food-Induced Anaphylaxis Year in Review. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-015-0054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Maternal fatty acid desaturase genotype correlates with infant immune responses at 6 months. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:891-8. [PMID: 26283408 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) have been associated with changes in early life immune responses and may modulate T-cell function in infancy. We studied the effect of maternal fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype and breast milk LCPUFA levels on infants' blood T-cell profiles and ex vivo-produced cytokines after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 6-month-old infants from the Copenhagen Prospective Study of Asthma in Childhood birth cohort. LCPUFA concentrations of breast milk were assessed at 4 weeks of age, and FADS SNP were determined in both mothers and infants (n 109). In general, breast milk arachidonic acid (AA) levels were inversely correlated with the production of IL-10 (r -0.25; P=0.004), IL-17 (r -0.24; P=0.005), IL-5 (r -0.21; P=0.014) and IL-13 (r -0.17; P=0.047), whereas EPA was positively correlated with the counts of blood regulatory T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells and decreased T-helper cell counts. The minor FADS alleles were associated with lower breast milk AA and EPA, and infants of mothers carrying the minor allele of FADS SNP rs174556 had higher production of IL-10 (r -0.23; P=0.018), IL-17 (r -0.25; P=0.009) and IL-5 (r -0.21; P=0.038) from ex vivo-activated immune cells. We observed no association between T-cell distribution and maternal or infant FADS gene variants. We conclude that increased maternal LCPUFA synthesis and breast milk AA are associated with decreased levels of IL-5, IL-13 (type-2 related), IL-17 (type-17 related) and IL-10 (regulatory immune responses), but not with interferon-γ and TNF-α, which could be due to an effect of the maternal FADS variants on the offspring immune response transferred via breast milk LCPUFA.
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