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Inamori KI, Nakamura K, Shishido F, Hsu JC, Nagafuku M, Nitta T, Ikeda J, Yoshimura H, Kodaira M, Tsuchida N, Matsumoto N, Uemura S, Ohno S, Manabe N, Yamaguchi Y, Togayachi A, Aoki-Kinoshita KF, Nishihara S, Furukawa JI, Kaname T, Nakamura M, Shimohata T, Tadaka S, Shirota M, Kinoshita K, Nakamura Y, Ohno I, Sekijima Y, Inokuchi JI. Functional evaluation of novel variants of B4GALNT1 in a patient with hereditary spastic paraplegia and the general population. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1437668. [PMID: 39145292 PMCID: PMC11322347 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1437668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders that are characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness in the lower limbs. SPG26 is a complicated form of HSP, which includes not only weakness in the lower limbs, but also cognitive impairment, developmental delay, cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, and peripheral neuropathy, and is caused by biallelic mutations in the B4GALNT1 (beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1) gene. The B4GALNT1 gene encodes ganglioside GM2/GD2 synthase (GM2S), which catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine to lactosylceramide, GM3, and GD3 to generate GA2, GM2, and GD2, respectively. The present study attempted to characterize a novel B4GALNT1 variant (NM_001478.5:c.937G>A p.Asp313Asn) detected in a patient with progressive multi-system neurodegeneration as well as deleterious variants found in the general population in Japan. Peripheral blood T cells from our patient lacked the ability for activation-induced ganglioside expression assessed by cell surface cholera toxin binding. Structural predictions suggested that the amino acid substitution, p.Asp313Asn, impaired binding to the donor substrate UDP-GalNAc. An in vitro enzyme assay demonstrated that the variant protein did not exhibit GM2S activity, leading to the diagnosis of HSP26. This is the first case diagnosed with SPG26 in Japan. We then extracted 10 novel missense variants of B4GALNT1 from the whole-genome reference panel jMorp (8.3KJPN) of the Tohoku medical megabank organization, which were predicted to be deleterious by Polyphen-2 and SIFT programs. We performed a functional evaluation of these variants and demonstrated that many showed perturbed subcellular localization. Five of these variants exhibited no or significantly decreased GM2S activity with less than 10% activity of the wild-type protein, indicating that they are carrier variants for HSP26. These results provide the basis for molecular analyses of B4GALNT1 variants present in the Japanese population and will help improve the molecular diagnosis of patients suspected of having HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichiro Inamori
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nakamura
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Fumi Shishido
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical Education, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jia-Chen Hsu
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioregulatory Clinical Phamacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Juntendo University, Urayasu, Japan
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Junji Ikeda
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hidekane Yoshimura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Minori Kodaira
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Tsuchida
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Rare Disease Genomics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uemura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shiho Ohno
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Manabe
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Togayachi
- Glycan and Life System Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, Hachioji, Japan
| | | | - Shoko Nishihara
- Glycan and Life System Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Furukawa
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kaname
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Matsumoto City Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shimohata
- Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shu Tadaka
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical Education, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Isao Ohno
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Medical Education, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Jin-ichi Inokuchi
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
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Singh S, Sutkus L, Li Z, Baker S, Bear J, Dilger RN, Miller DJ. Standardization of a silver stain to reveal mesoscale myelin in histological preparations of the mammalian brain. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 407:110139. [PMID: 38626852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain is built of neurons supported by myelin, a fatty substance that improves cellular communication. Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now able to measure brain structure like myelin and requires histological validation. NEW METHOD Here we present work in small and large biomedical model mammals to standardize a silver impregnation method as a high-throughput histological myelin visualization procedure. Specifically, we built a new staining well plate to increase batch size, and then systematically varied the staining and clearing cycles to describe the staining response curve across taxa and conditions. We compared tissues fixed by immersion or perfusion, mounted versus free-floating, and cut as thicker or thinner slices, with two-weeks of post-fixation. RESULTS The staining response curves show optimal staining with a single exposure across taxa when incubation and clearing epochs are held to within 3-9 min. We show that clearing was slower in mounted vs free-floating tissue, and that staining was faster and caused fracturing earlier in thinner sliced and smaller volumes of tissue. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS We developed a batch processing approach to increase throughput while ensuring reproducibility and demonstrate the optimal conditions for fine myelinated fiber morphology visualization with short cycles (<9 minutes). CONCLUSIONS We present our optimized protocol to reveal mesoscale neuroanatomical myelin content in histology across mammals. This standard staining procedure will facilitate multiscale analyses of myelin content across development as well as in the presence of injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - L Sutkus
- Neuroscience Program, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Z Li
- Neuroscience Program, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - S Baker
- Machine Shop, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - J Bear
- Machine Shop, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - R N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America; Neuroscience Program, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - D J Miller
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America; Neuroscience Program, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America.
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3
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Cohen Z, Lau L, Ahmed M, Jack CR, Liu C. Quantitative susceptibility mapping in the brain reflects spatial expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis and myelination. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26688. [PMID: 38896001 PMCID: PMC11187871 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI modality used to non-invasively measure iron content in the brain. Iron exhibits a specific anatomically varying pattern of accumulation in the brain across individuals. The highest regions of accumulation are the deep grey nuclei, where iron is stored in paramagnetic molecule ferritin. This form of iron is considered to be what largely contributes to the signal measured by QSM in the deep grey nuclei. It is also known that QSM is affected by diamagnetic myelin contents. Here, we investigate spatial gene expression of iron and myelin related genes, as measured by the Allen Human Brain Atlas, in relation to QSM images of age-matched subjects. We performed multiple linear regressions between gene expression and the average QSM signal within 34 distinct deep grey nuclei regions. Our results show a positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) between expression of ferritin and the QSM signal in deep grey nuclei regions. We repeated the analysis for other genes that encode proteins thought to be involved in the transport and storage of iron in the brain, as well as myelination. In addition to ferritin, our findings demonstrate a positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) between the expression of ferroportin, transferrin, divalent metal transporter 1, several gene markers of myelinating oligodendrocytes, and the QSM signal in deep grey nuclei regions. Our results suggest that the QSM signal reflects both the storage and active transport of iron in the deep grey nuclei regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Cohen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laurance Lau
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maruf Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Clifford R. Jack
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and ResearchRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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Martins-Macedo J, Araújo B, Anjo SI, Silveira-Rosa T, Patrício P, Alves ND, Silva JM, Teixeira FG, Manadas B, Rodrigues AJ, Lepore AC, Salgado AJ, Gomes ED, Pinto L. Glial-restricted precursors stimulate endogenous cytogenesis and effectively recover emotional deficits in a model of cytogenesis ablation. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02490-z. [PMID: 38454085 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Adult cytogenesis, the continuous generation of newly-born neurons (neurogenesis) and glial cells (gliogenesis) throughout life, is highly impaired in several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), impacting negatively on cognitive and emotional domains. Despite playing a critical role in brain homeostasis, the importance of gliogenesis has been overlooked, both in healthy and diseased states. To examine the role of newly formed glia, we transplanted Glial Restricted Precursors (GRPs) into the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), or injected their secreted factors (secretome), into a previously validated transgenic GFAP-tk rat line, in which cytogenesis is transiently compromised. We explored the long-term effects of both treatments on physiological and behavioral outcomes. Grafted GRPs reversed anxiety-like deficits and demonstrated an antidepressant-like effect, while the secretome promoted recovery of only anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, GRPs elicited a recovery of neurogenic and gliogenic levels in the ventral DG, highlighting the unique involvement of these cells in the regulation of brain cytogenesis. Both GRPs and their secretome induced significant alterations in the DG proteome, directly influencing proteins and pathways related to cytogenesis, regulation of neural plasticity and neuronal development. With this work, we demonstrate a valuable and specific contribution of glial progenitors to normalizing gliogenic levels, rescuing neurogenesis and, importantly, promoting recovery of emotional deficits characteristic of disorders such as MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Martins-Macedo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), School of Health (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruna Araújo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), School of Health (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Silveira-Rosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Patrício
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Dinis Alves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana M Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), School of Health (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana J Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), School of Health (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Üremiş MM, Üremiş N, Gül M, Gül S, Çiğremiş Y, Durhan M, Türköz Y. Acrylamide, Applied During Pregnancy and Postpartum Period in Offspring Rats, Significantly Disrupted Myelination by Decreasing the Levels of Myelin-Related Proteins: MBP, MAG, and MOG. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:617-635. [PMID: 37989894 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a colorless, odorless, and water-soluble solid molecule. In addition to being an important industrial material, ACR is found in fried and baked carbohydrate-rich foods. ACR is regarded as a typical axonal neurotoxin that induces neuropathy. The brain is protected from oxidative damage by vitamin E, which is regarded as the most powerful fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin. This study aimed to reveal the toxic effect of ACR on the development of myelin in the brain at the molecular level and to examine whether Vitamin E has a neuroprotective effect on the harmful effect of ACR. The study was started by dividing 40 pregnant rats into 4 groups and after lactation, the study was continued with offspring rats (females and males offspring rats) from each group. Offspring rats were equally divided into Control, Vitamin E, ACR, ACR + Vitamin E groups. Following the ACR administration, the Water Maze test was applied to evaluate cognitive function. To evaluate the level of demyelination and remyelination, MBP, MAG, and MOG proteins and mRNA levels were performed. In addition, the degeneration of myelin and glial cells was examined by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic analysis. Analysis results showed that ACR administration decreased gene and protein levels of myelin-related proteins MBP, MAG, and MOG. The findings were confirmed by histopathological, immunohistochemical, and microscopic examinations. The application of vitamin E improved this negative effect of ACR. It has been observed that ACR may play a role in the pathogenesis of myelin-related neurodegenerative diseases by causing demyelination during gestation, lactation, and post-lactation. In addition, it has been understood that vitamin E supports myelination as a strong neuroprotective vitamin against the toxicity caused by ACR. Our research results suggest that acrylamide may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis in humans since fast-food-type nutrition is very common today and people are chronically exposed to acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mehdi Üremiş
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nuray Üremiş
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gül
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Semir Gül
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yılmaz Çiğremiş
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Merve Durhan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Türköz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
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Achiro JM, Tao Y, Gao F, Lin CH, Watanabe M, Neumann S, Coppola G, Black DL, Martin KC. Aging differentially alters the transcriptome and landscape of chromatin accessibility in the male and female mouse hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1334862. [PMID: 38318533 PMCID: PMC10839115 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1334862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging-related memory impairment and pathological memory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease differ between males and females, and yet little is known about how aging-related changes in the transcriptome and chromatin environment differ between sexes in the hippocampus. To investigate this question, we compared the chromatin accessibility landscape and gene expression/alternative splicing pattern of young adult and aged mouse hippocampus in both males and females using ATAC-seq and RNA-seq. We detected significant aging-dependent changes in the expression of genes involved in immune response and synaptic function and aging-dependent changes in the alternative splicing of myelin sheath genes. We found significant sex-bias in the expression and alternative splicing of hundreds of genes, including aging-dependent female-biased expression of myelin sheath genes and aging-dependent male-biased expression of genes involved in synaptic function. Aging was associated with increased chromatin accessibility in both male and female hippocampus, especially in repetitive elements, and with an increase in LINE-1 transcription. We detected significant sex-bias in chromatin accessibility in both autosomes and the X chromosome, with male-biased accessibility enriched at promoters and CpG-rich regions. Sex differences in gene expression and chromatin accessibility were amplified with aging, findings that may shed light on sex differences in aging-related and pathological memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Achiro
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Tao
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fuying Gao
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chia-Ho Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marika Watanabe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sylvia Neumann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Douglas L. Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kelsey C. Martin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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7
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Klinkovskij A, Shepelev M, Isaakyan Y, Aniskin D, Ulasov I. Advances of Genome Editing with CRISPR/Cas9 in Neurodegeneration: The Right Path towards Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3333. [PMID: 38137554 PMCID: PMC10741756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) is rising rapidly as the world's population ages. Conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia are becoming more prevalent and are now the fourth leading cause of death, following heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Although modern diagnostic techniques for detecting NDDs are varied, scientists are continuously seeking new and improved methods to enable early and precise detection. In addition to that, the present treatment options are limited to symptomatic therapy, which is effective in reducing the progression of neurodegeneration but lacks the ability to target the root cause-progressive loss of neuronal functioning. As a result, medical researchers continue to explore new treatments for these conditions. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of the key features of NDDs and an overview of the underlying mechanisms of neuroimmune dysfunction. Additionally, we dive into the cutting-edge treatment options that gene therapy provides in the quest to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Klinkovskij
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Mikhail Shepelev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Str., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Yuri Isaakyan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Denis Aniskin
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
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Mariotto S, de Gaspari P, Jäger D, Hahn S, Forni C, Saschenbrecker S, Lattwein E, Dinoto A, Ferrari S. A novel cell-based immunofluorescence assay for the detection of autoantibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1289810. [PMID: 38169815 PMCID: PMC10758835 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1289810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy with antibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the peripheral nervous system caused by pathogenic IgM recognizing the human natural killer-1 glycoepitope expressed on MAG. This study aimed to analyze the performance of a new indirect immunofluorescence cell-based assay (CBA, EUROIMMUN) for the detection of anti-MAG IgM. Antibody reactivity was determined in sera from 95 patients with clinical and neurophysiological evidence of anti-MAG-associated neuropathy and in control samples from 55 patients with other forms of peripheral neuropathy. Compared to the results of the gold standard method (ELISA, Bühlmann) and using samples at a dilution of 1:100, the CBA had a sensitivity of 98.9% and a specificity of 100% (PPV 100%, NPV 98.2%). In conclusion, the CBA allows the detection of antibodies to MAG using an easy and standardized technique, and it presents a sensitive and specific alternative to the more time-consuming ELISA. Larger studies are needed to address anti-MAG titer monitoring in parallel with clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mariotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Piera de Gaspari
- Neuroimmunology Group, Pediatric Research Institute, Padua, Italy
| | - Dominik Jäger
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hahn
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cindy Forni
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sandra Saschenbrecker
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Erik Lattwein
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alessandro Dinoto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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9
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Beydoun SR, Darki L. Paraproteinemic Neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:1492-1513. [PMID: 37851040 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coexistence of polyneuropathy and gammopathy is a common but potentially challenging situation in clinical practice. This article reviews the clinical, electrophysiologic, and hematologic phenotypes of the paraproteinemic neuropathies and the diagnostic and treatment strategies for each. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Advances in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of various paraproteinemic neuropathies and their corresponding phenotypes have identified potential new therapeutic targets. Therapeutic strategies to diminish anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) IgM antibodies have shown partial and inconsistent efficacy; however, antigen-specific immune therapy is being investigated as a novel treatment to remove the presumably pathogenic anti-MAG antibody. Advances in genetic and cell signaling studies have resulted in the approval of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Monoclonal antibodies are being investigated for the treatment of light chain amyloidosis. ESSENTIAL POINTS Early recognition and treatment of underlying plasma cell disorders improves clinical outcomes in patients with paraproteinemic neuropathy. Despite significant progress, our knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms for paraproteinemic neuropathy is still limited. Clinicians' awareness of clinical phenotypes, electrophysiologic hallmarks, and hematologic findings of the different paraproteinemic neuropathies is crucial to promptly identify and treat patients and to avert misdiagnosis. Multidisciplinary collaboration among specialists, including neurologists and hematologists, is paramount for the optimal treatment of these patients with overlapping conditions.
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10
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Dunn AD, Robinson SA, Nwokafor C, Estill M, Ferrante J, Shen L, Lemchi CO, Creus-Muncunill J, Ramirez A, Mengaziol J, Brynildsen JK, Leggas M, Horn J, Ehrlich ME, Blendy JA. Molecular and long-term behavioral consequences of neonatal opioid exposure and withdrawal in mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1202099. [PMID: 37424750 PMCID: PMC10324024 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1202099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infants exposed to opioids in utero are at high risk of exhibiting Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS), a combination of somatic withdrawal symptoms including high pitched crying, sleeplessness, irritability, gastrointestinal distress, and in the worst cases, seizures. The heterogeneity of in utero opioid exposure, particularly exposure to polypharmacy, makes it difficult to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms that could inform early diagnosis and treatment of NOWS, and challenging to investigate consequences later in life. Methods To address these issues, we developed a mouse model of NOWS that includes gestational and post-natal morphine exposure that encompasses the developmental equivalent of all three human trimesters and assessed both behavior and transcriptome alterations. Results Opioid exposure throughout all three human equivalent trimesters delayed developmental milestones and produced acute withdrawal phenotypes in mice reminiscent of those observed in infants. We also uncovered different patterns of gene expression depending on the duration and timing of opioid exposure (3-trimesters, in utero only, or the last trimester equivalent only). Opioid exposure and subsequent withdrawal affected social behavior and sleep in adulthood in a sex-dependent manner but did not affect adult behaviors related to anxiety, depression, or opioid response. Discussion Despite marked withdrawal and delays in development, long-term deficits in behaviors typically associated with substance use disorders were modest. Remarkably, transcriptomic analysis revealed an enrichment for genes with altered expression in published datasets for Autism Spectrum Disorders, which correlate well with the deficits in social affiliation seen in our model. The number of differentially expressed genes between the NOWS and saline groups varied markedly based on exposure protocol and sex, but common pathways included synapse development, the GABAergic and myelin systems, and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia D. Dunn
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shivon A. Robinson
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States
| | - Chiso Nwokafor
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Molly Estill
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julia Ferrante
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Crystal O. Lemchi
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jordi Creus-Muncunill
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Angie Ramirez
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juliet Mengaziol
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julia K. Brynildsen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mark Leggas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jamie Horn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julie A. Blendy
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Mok KKS, Yeung SHS, Cheng GWY, Ma IWT, Lee RHS, Herrup K, Tse KH. Apolipoprotein E ε4 disrupts oligodendrocyte differentiation by interfering with astrocyte-derived lipid transport. J Neurochem 2023; 165:55-75. [PMID: 36549843 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carriers of the APOE4 (apolipoprotein E ε4) variant of the APOE gene are subject to several age-related health risks, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The deficient lipid and cholesterol transport capabilities of the APOE4 protein are one reason for the altered risk profile. In particular, APOE4 carriers are at elevated risk for sporadic AD. While deposits o misfolded proteins are present in the AD brain, white matter (WM) myelin is also disturbed. As myelin is a lipid- and cholesterol-rich structure, the connection to APOE makes considerable biological sense. To explore the APOE-WM connection, we have analyzed the impact of human APOE4 on oligodendrocytes (OLs) of the mouse both in vivo and in vitro. We find that APOE proteins is enriched in astrocytes but sparse in OL. In human APOE4 (hAPOE4) knock-in mice, myelin lipid content is increased but the density of major myelin proteins (MBP, MAG, and PLP) is largely unchanged. We also find an unexpected but significant reduction of cell density of the OL lineage (Olig2+ ) and an abnormal accumulation of OL precursors (Nkx 2.2+ ), suggesting a disruption of OL differentiation. Gene ontology analysis of an existing RNA-seq dataset confirms a robust transcriptional response to the altered chemistry of the hAPOE4 mouse brain. In culture, the uptake of astrocyte-derived APOE during Lovastatin-mediated depletion of cholesterol synthesis is sufficient to sustain OL differentiation. While endogenous hAPOE protein isoforms have no effects on OL development, exogenous hAPOE4 abolishes the ability of very low-density lipoprotein to restore myelination in Apoe-deficient, cholesterol-depleted OL. Our data suggest that APOE4 impairs myelination in the aging brain by interrupting the delivery of astrocyte-derived lipids to the oligodendrocytes. We propose that high myelin turnover and OL exhaustion found in APOE4 carriers is a likely explanation for the APOE-dependent myelin phenotypes of the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingston King-Shi Mok
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny Hoi-Sang Yeung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gerald Wai-Yeung Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Iris Wai-Ting Ma
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ralph Hon-Sun Lee
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kai-Hei Tse
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Schnaar RL. Gangliosides as Siglec ligands. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:159-167. [PMID: 36701102 PMCID: PMC11000168 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a sialoglycan can be translated into to a biological response when it binds to a specific endogenous lectin. Among endogenous sialic acid-binding lectins in humans are those comprising the 15-member Siglec family, most of which are expressed on overlapping sets of immune cells. Endogenous Siglec ligands are sialoglycolipids (gangliosides) and/or sialoglycoproteins, on cell surfaces or in the extracellular milieu, that bind to and initiate signaling by cell surface Siglecs. In the nervous system, where gangliosides are the predominant sialoglycans, Siglec-4 (myelin-associated glycoprotein) on myelinating cells binds to gangliosides GD1a and GT1b on nerve cell axons to ensure stable and productive axon-myelin interactions. In the immune system, Siglec-7 on natural killer cells binds to gangliosides GD3 and GD2 to inhibit immune signaling. Expression of GD3 and GD2 on cancer cells can lead to tumor immune evasion. Siglec-1 (sialoadhesin, CD169) on macrophages binds to gangliosides on tumors and enveloped viruses. This may enhance antigen presentation in some cases, or increase viral distribution in others. Several other Siglecs bind to gangliosides in vitro, the biological significance of which has yet to be fully established. Gangliosides, which are found on all human cells and tissues in cell-specific distributions, are functional Siglec ligands with varied roles driving Siglec-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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13
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Sato R, Shimizu F, Kuwahara M, Mizukami Y, Watanabe K, Maeda T, Sano Y, Takeshita Y, Koga M, Kusunoki S, Kanda T. Autocrine TNF-α Increases Penetration of Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Antibodies Across the Blood-Nerve Barrier in Anti-MAG Neuropathy. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:10/3/e200086. [PMID: 36810162 PMCID: PMC9944621 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Deposition of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in the sural nerve is a key feature in anti-MAG neuropathy. Whether the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) is disrupted in anti-MAG neuropathy remains elusive.We aimed to evaluate the effect of sera from anti-MAG neuropathy at the molecular level using our in vitro human BNB model and observe the change of BNB endothelial cells in the sural nerve of anti-MAG neuropathy. METHODS Diluted sera from patients with anti-MAG neuropathy (n = 16), monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS) neuropathy (n = 7), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, n = 10), and healthy controls (HCs, n = 10) incubated with human BNB endothelial cells to identify the key molecule of BNB activation using RNA-seq and a high-content imaging system, and exposed with a BNB coculture model to evaluate small molecule/IgG/IgM/anti-MAG antibody permeability. RESULTS RNA-seq and the high-content imaging system showed the significant upregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in BNB endothelial cells after exposure to sera from patients with anti-MAG neuropathy, whereas the serum TNF-α concentration was not changed among the MAG/MGUS/ALS/HC groups. Sera from patients with anti-MAG neuropathy did not increase 10-kDa dextran or IgG permeability but enhanced IgM and anti-MAG antibody permeability. Sural nerve biopsy specimens from patients with anti-MAG neuropathy showed higher TNF-α expression levels in BNB endothelial cells and preservation of the structural integrity of the tight junctions and the presence of more vesicles in BNB endothelial cells. Neutralization of TNF-α reduces IgM/anti-MAG antibody permeability. DISCUSSION Sera from individuals with anti-MAG neuropathy increased transcellular IgM/anti-MAG antibody permeability via autocrine TNF-α secretion and NF-κB signaling in the BNB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- From the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (R.S., F.S., Y.S., Y.T., Michiaki Koga, T.K.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube; Department of Neurology (Motoi Kuwahara, S.K.), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka; Center for Gene Research (Y.M., K.W.), Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan; and Japan Community Health Care Organization (S.K.).
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14
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Role of DAMPs and cell death in autoimmune diseases: the example of multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2023; 24:57-70. [PMID: 36750753 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of unknown etiology and still incompletely clarified pathogenesis. The disease is generally considered a disorder resulting from a complex interplay between environmental risk factors and predisposing causal genetic variants. To examine the etiopathogenesis of the disease, two complementary pre-clinical models are currently discussed: the "outside-in" model proposing a peripherally elicited inflammatory/autoimmune attack against degraded myelin as the cause of the disease, and the "inside-out" paradigm implying a primary cytodegenerative process of cells in the CNS that triggers secondary reactive inflammatory/autoimmune responses against myelin debris. In this review, the integrating pathogenetic role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in these two scenario models is examined by focusing on the origin and sources of these molecules, which are known to promote neuroinflammation and, via activation of pattern recognition receptor-bearing antigen-presenting cells, drive and shape autoimmune responses. In particular, environmental factors are discussed that are conceptually defined as agents which produce endogenous DAMPs via induction of regulated cell death (RCD) or act themselves as exogenous DAMPs. Indeed, in the field of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, recent research has focused on environmental triggers that cause secondary events in terms of subroutines of RCD, which have been identified as prolific sources of DAMPs. Finally, a model of a DAMP-driven positive feed-forward loop of chronic inflammatory demyelinating processes is proposed, aimed at reconciling the competing "inside-out" and "outside-in" paradigms.
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15
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Yilmaz S, Öner P. Low α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase plasma concentration correlates with the presence and severity of the bipolar affective disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:187-194. [PMID: 36102137 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Believing that a neurodevelopmental pathology may cause bipolar affective disorder (BAD), we aimed to measure the concentrations of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGAL), a lysosomal enzyme. METHODS The study included 32 patients with BAD and 32 healthy controls. The Young Mania Rating Scale was used to measure the severity of the disease. Serum α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase concentrations were measured in all blood samples using the human α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase ELISA Kit. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was found in the α-NAGAL values between the groups. The mean α-NAGAL values of BAD patients are lower than the mean α-NAGAL values of the control group. A strong negative and statistically significant relationship was found between the α-NAGAL values of patients with BAD and their Young Mania Rating Scale scores. And a positive strong correlation was found between the age of onset of the disease and α-NAGAL levels. CONCLUSIONS Low α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase concentrations may cause the accumulation of some glycoproteins in the lysosomes in the brain during the gestational period, producing the clinical symptoms of BAD. α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency may not be the only cause of BAD, but it may be an important factor in the aetiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pınar Öner
- Elaziğ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elaziğ, Turkey
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16
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Mu JD, Ma LX, Zhang Z, Qian X, Zhang QY, Ma LH, Sun TY. The factors affecting neurogenesis after stroke and the role of acupuncture. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1082625. [PMID: 36741282 PMCID: PMC9895425 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1082625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces a state of neuroplasticity in the central nervous system, which can lead to neurogenesis phenomena such as axonal growth and synapse formation, thus affecting stroke outcomes. The brain has a limited ability to repair ischemic damage and requires a favorable microenvironment. Acupuncture is considered a feasible and effective neural regulation strategy to improve functional recovery following stroke via the benign modulation of neuroplasticity. Therefore, we summarized the current research progress on the key factors and signaling pathways affecting neurogenesis, and we also briefly reviewed the research progress of acupuncture to improve functional recovery after stroke by promoting neurogenesis. This study aims to provide new therapeutic perspectives and strategies for the recovery of motor function after stroke based on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Dan Mu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Xiao Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,The Key Unit of State Administration of Traditional Chines Medicine, Evaluation of Characteristic Acupuncture Therapy, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Liang-Xiao Ma ✉
| | - Zhou Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Qian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Yong Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Hui Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yi Sun
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using a neurodevelopmental approach to examine the aetiology, we predicted an enzyme deficiency to exist at the cellular level and aimed to measure α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGAL) blood levels. METHODS The study included 32 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was applied to the patients with schizophrenia. Serum α-NAGAL concentrations were measured in blood samples taken from all participants using the human alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase ELISA Kit. RESULTS The mean α-NAGAL values of schizophrenic patients are lower than the mean α-NAGAL values of the control group (p = 0.000 < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between α-NAGAL values and PANSS scores of patients with schizophrenia. PANSS total (r = -0.708, p = 0.000 < 0.001), PANSS positive (r = -0.627, p = 0.000 < 0.001), PANSS negative (r = -0.386, p = 0.029 < 0.05). And a positive moderate correlation was found between the age of onset of the disease and α-NAGAL levels (r = 0.529, p = 0.002 < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Based on the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, the low α-NAGAL concentrations this study found might cause accumulation of glycoproteins in the lysosomes in the central nervous system during the gestational period and then might result in the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. α-NAGAL may be an important factor in the aetiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yılmaz
- Elazığ Medical Park Hospital, Istinye University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Pınar Öner
- Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
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18
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Polyneuropathy Associated with IgM Monoclonal Gammopathy; Advances in Genetics and Treatment, Focusing on Anti-MAG Antibodies. HEMATO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hemato3040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
With increasing age, the chances of developing either MGUS or polyneuropathy increase as well. In some cases, there is a causative relationship between the IgM M-protein and polyneuropathy. In approximately half of these cases, IgM targets the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). This results in chronic polyneuropathy with slowly progressive, predominantly sensory neurological deficits and distally demyelinating features in nerve conduction studies. Despite the disease being chronic and developing slowly, it can cause considerable impairment. We reviewed English medical publications between 1980 and May 2022 on IgM gammopathy-associated polyneuropathy, with special attention to studies addressing the pathophysiology or treatment of anti-MAG polyneuropathy. Treatment options have been limited to a temporizing effect of intravenous immunoglobulins in some patients and a more sustained effect of rituximab but in only 30 to 55 percent of patients. An increase in our knowledge concerning genetic mutations, particularly the MYD88L265P mutation, led to the development of novel targeted treatment options such as BTK inhibitors. Similarly, due to the increasing knowledge of the pathophysiology of anti-MAG polyneuropathy, new treatment options are emerging. Since anti-MAG polyneuropathy is a rare disease with diverse symptomatology, large trials with good outcome measures are a challenge.
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Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3201644. [PMID: 36046684 PMCID: PMC9423989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3201644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the diverse physiological influence, the impact of glial cells has become much more evident on neurological illnesses, resulting in the origins of many diseases appearing to be more convoluted than previously happened. Since neurological disorders are often random and unknown, hence the construction of animal models is difficult to build, representing a small fraction of people with a gene mutation. As a result, an immediate necessity is grown to work within in vitro techniques for examining these illnesses. As the scientific community recognizes cell-autonomous contributions to a variety of central nervous system illnesses, therapeutic techniques involving stem cells for treating neurological diseases are gaining traction. The use of stem cells derived from a variety of sources is increasingly being used to replace both neuronal and glial tissue. The brain's energy demands necessitate the reliance of neurons on glial cells in order for it to function properly. Furthermore, glial cells have diverse functions in terms of regulating their own metabolic activities, as well as collaborating with neurons via secreted signaling or guidance molecules, forming a complex network of neuron-glial connections in health and sickness. Emerging data reveals that metabolic changes in glial cells can cause morphological and functional changes in conjunction with neuronal dysfunction under disease situations, highlighting the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological illnesses. In this context, it is required to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms and create potential novel therapeutics. According to research, synaptic malfunction is one of the features of various mental diseases, and glial cells are acting as key ingredients not only in synapse formation, growth, and plasticity but also in neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis which creates critical physiological capacity in the focused sensory system. The goal of this review article is to elaborate state-of-the-art information on a few glial cell types situated in the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their role in the onset and progression of neurological disorders.
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Hain D, Gallego-Flores T, Klinkmann M, Macias A, Ciirdaeva E, Arends A, Thum C, Tushev G, Kretschmer F, Tosches MA, Laurent G. Molecular diversity and evolution of neuron types in the amniote brain. Science 2022; 377:eabp8202. [PMID: 36048944 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The existence of evolutionarily conserved regions in the vertebrate brain is well established. The rules and constraints underlying the evolution of neuron types, however, remain poorly understood. To compare neuron types across brain regions and species, we generated a cell type atlas of the brain of a bearded dragon and compared it with mouse datasets. Conserved classes of neurons could be identified from the expression of hundreds of genes, including homeodomain-type transcription factors and genes involved in connectivity. Within these classes, however, there are both conserved and divergent neuron types, precluding a simple categorization of the brain into ancestral and novel areas. In the thalamus, neuronal diversification correlates with the evolution of the cortex, suggesting that developmental origin and circuit allocation are drivers of neuronal identity and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hain
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tatiana Gallego-Flores
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Angeles Macias
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elena Ciirdaeva
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Arends
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Thum
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georgi Tushev
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Maria Antonietta Tosches
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gilles Laurent
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Development of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity after Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury Is Accompanied by Time-Dependent Changes in Lumbosacral Expression of Axonal Growth Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158667. [PMID: 35955811 PMCID: PMC9368817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in urinary dysfunction, which majorly affects the quality of life of SCI patients. Abnormal sprouting of lumbosacral bladder afferents plays a crucial role in this condition. Underlying mechanisms may include changes in expression of regulators of axonal growth, including chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) and repulsive guidance molecules, known to be upregulated at the injury site post SCI. Here, we confirmed lumbosacral upregulation of the growth-associated protein GAP43 in SCI animals with bladder dysfunction, indicating the occurrence of axonal sprouting. Neurocan and Phosphacan (CSPGs), as well as Nogo-A (MAI), at the same spinal segments were upregulated 7 days post injury (dpi) but returned to baseline values 28 dpi. In turn, qPCR analysis of the mRNA levels for receptors of those repulsive molecules in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons showed a time-dependent decrease in receptor expression. In vitro assays with DRG neurons from SCI rats demonstrated that exposure to high levels of NGF downregulated the expression of some, but not all, receptors for those regulators of axonal growth. The present results, therefore, show significant molecular changes at the lumbosacral cord and DRGs after thoracic lesion, likely critically involved in neuroplastic events leading to urinary impairment.
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22
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Dermitzakis I, Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Miliaras D, Kesidou E, Boziki M, Petratos S, Grigoriadis N, Theotokis P. Developmental Cues and Molecular Drivers in Myelinogenesis: Revisiting Early Life to Re-Evaluate the Integrity of CNS Myelin. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3208-3237. [PMID: 35877446 PMCID: PMC9324160 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) coordinates its communication through saltatory conduction, facilitated by myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs). Despite the fact that neurogenesis from stem cell niches has caught the majority of attention in recent years, oligodendrogenesis and, more specifically, the molecular underpinnings behind OL-dependent myelinogenesis, remain largely unknown. In this comprehensive review, we determine the developmental cues and molecular drivers which regulate normal myelination both at the prenatal and postnatal periods. We have indexed the individual stages of myelinogenesis sequentially; from the initiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, including migration and proliferation, to first contact with the axon that enlists positive and negative regulators for myelination, until the ultimate maintenance of the axon ensheathment and myelin growth. Here, we highlight multiple developmental pathways that are key to successful myelin formation and define the molecular pathways that can potentially be targets for pharmacological interventions in a variety of neurological disorders that exhibit demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasonas Dermitzakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Dimosthenis Miliaras
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Glycan-Lectin Interactions as Novel Immunosuppression Drivers in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116312. [PMID: 35682991 PMCID: PMC9181495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite diagnostic and therapeutic improvements, glioblastoma (GB) remains one of the most threatening brain tumor in adults, underlining the urgent need of new therapeutic targets. Lectins are glycan-binding proteins that regulate several biological processes through the recognition of specific sugar motifs. Lectins and their ligands are found on immune cells, endothelial cells and, also, tumor cells, pointing out a strong correlation among immunity, tumor microenvironment and vascularization. In GB, altered glycans and lectins contribute to tumor progression and immune evasion, shaping the tumor-immune landscape promoting immunosuppressive cell subsets, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and M2-macrophages, and affecting immunoeffector populations, such as CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we discuss the latest knowledge on the immune cells, immune related lectin receptors (C-type lectins, Siglecs, galectins) and changes in glycosylation that are involved in immunosuppressive mechanisms in GB, highlighting their interest as possible novel therapeutical targets.
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24
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Coelho MA, Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Rajendran RL, Sugano AA, Mosaner T, Santos GS, Bizinotto Lana JV, Lana AVSD, da Fonseca LF, Domingues RB, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC, Lana JFSD. Application of Sygen® in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathies—A Review of Biological Interactions. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050217. [PMID: 35621495 PMCID: PMC9138133 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role of Sygen® in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, a severe disease that affects the peripheral nervous system in diabetic individuals. This disorder often impacts the lower limbs, causing significant discomfort and, if left untreated, progresses into more serious conditions involving chronic ulcers and even amputation in many cases. Although there are management strategies available, peripheral neuropathies are difficult to treat as they often present multiple causes, especially due to metabolic dysfunction in diabetic individuals. Gangliosides, however, have long been studied and appreciated for their role in neurological diseases. The monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) ganglioside, popularly known as Sygen, provides beneficial effects such as enhanced neuritic sprouting, neurotrophism, neuroprotection, anti-apoptosis, and anti-excitotoxic activity, being particularly useful in the treatment of neurological complications that arise from diabetes. This product mimics the roles displayed by neurotrophins, improving neuronal function and immunomodulation by attenuating exacerbated inflammation in neurons. Furthermore, Sygen assists in axonal stabilization and keeps nodal and paranodal regions of myelin fibers organized. This maintains an adequate propagation of action potentials and restores standard peripheral nerve function. Given the multifactorial nature of this complicated disorder, medical practitioners must carefully screen the patient to avoid confusion and misdiagnosis. There are several studies analyzing the role of Sygen in neurological disorders. However, the medical literature still needs more robust investigations such as randomized clinical trials regarding the administration of this compound for diabetic peripheral neuropathies, specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Amaral Coelho
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine-Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Fellow in Joint Replacement, Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - André Atsushi Sugano
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Tomas Mosaner
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Gabriel Silva Santos
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - João Vitor Bizinotto Lana
- Medical Specialties School Centre, Centro Universitário Max Planck, Indaiatuba 13343-060, Brazil; (J.V.B.L.); (A.V.S.D.L.)
| | | | - Lucas Furtado da Fonseca
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Rafael Barnabé Domingues
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - José Fábio Santos Duarte Lana
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
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Chasapis CT, Kelaidonis K, Ridgway H, Apostolopoulos V, Matsoukas JM. The Human Myelin Proteome and Sub-Metalloproteome Interaction Map: Relevance to Myelin-Related Neurological Diseases. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040434. [PMID: 35447967 PMCID: PMC9029312 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin in humans is composed of about 80% lipids and 20% protein. Initially, myelin protein composition was considered low, but various recent proteome analyses have identified additional myelin proteins. Although, the myelin proteome is qualitatively and quantitatively identified through complementary proteomic approaches, the corresponding Protein–Protein Interaction (PPI) network of myelin is not yet available. In the present work, the PPI network was constructed based on available experimentally supported protein interactions of myelin in PPI databases. The network comprised 2017 PPIs between 567 myelin proteins. Interestingly, structure-based in silico analysis revealed that 20% of the myelin proteins that are interconnected in the proposed PPI network are metal-binding proteins/enzymes that construct the main sub-PPI network of myelin proteome. Finally, the PPI networks of the myelin proteome and sub-metalloproteome were analyzed ontologically to identify the biochemical processes of the myelin proteins and the interconnectivity of myelin-associated diseases in the interactomes. The presented PPI dataset could provide a useful resource to the scientific community to further our understanding of human myelin biology and serve as a basis for future studies of myelin-related neurological diseases and particular autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis where myelin epitopes are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos T. Chasapis
- NMR Facility, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: (C.T.C.); (J.M.M.)
| | | | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
- AquaMem Scientific Consultants, Rodeo, NM 88056, USA
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - John M. Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.T.C.); (J.M.M.)
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26
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Hänggi P, Aliu B, Martin K, Herrendorff R, Steck AJ. Decrease in Serum Anti-MAG Autoantibodies Is Associated With Therapy Response in Patients With Anti-MAG Neuropathy: Retrospective Study. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/1/e1109. [PMID: 34759022 PMCID: PMC8587733 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The objective of the retrospective analysis was to test the hypothesis that changes in serum anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) autoantibodies are associated with clinical response to immunotherapy in patients with anti-MAG neuropathy. Methods As of January 29, 2020, we used anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein-related search strings in the Medline database to identify studies that provided information on anti-MAG immunoglobulin M (IgM) autoantibodies and clinical outcomes during immunotherapies. The relative change in anti-MAG IgM titers, paraprotein levels, or total IgM was determined before, during, or posttreatment, and the patients were assigned to “responder,” “nonresponder,”’ or “acute deteriorating” category depending on their clinical response to treatment. The studies were qualified as “supportive” or “not supportive” depending on the percentage of patients exhibiting an association between relative change of anti-MAG antibody titers or levels and change in clinical outcomes. Results Fifty studies with 410 patients with anti-MAG neuropathy were included in the analysis. Forty studies with 303 patients supported the hypothesis that a “responder” patient had a relative reduction of anti-MAG antibody titers or levels that is associated with clinical improvements and “nonresponder” patients exhibited no significant change in anti-MAG IgM antibodies. Six studies with 93 patients partly supported, and 4 studies with 26 patients did not support the hypothesis. Discussion The retrospective analysis confirmed the hypothesis that a relative reduction in serum anti-MAG IgM antibodies is associated with a clinical response to immunotherapies; a sustained reduction of at least 50% compared with pretreatment titers or levels could be a valuable indicator for therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hänggi
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Butrint Aliu
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kea Martin
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Herrendorff
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Johann Steck
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
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From Molecules to Behavior in Long-Term Inorganic Mercury Intoxication: Unraveling Proteomic Features in Cerebellar Neurodegeneration of Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010111. [PMID: 35008538 PMCID: PMC8745249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a severe environmental pollutant with neurotoxic effects, especially when exposed for long periods. Although there are several evidences regarding mercury toxicity, little is known about inorganic mercury (IHg) species and cerebellum, one of the main targets of mercury associated with the neurological symptomatology of mercurial poisoning. Besides that, the global proteomic profile assessment is a valuable tool to screen possible biomarkers and elucidate molecular targets of mercury neurotoxicity; however, the literature is still scarce. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to IHg in adult rats’ cerebellum and explore the modulation of the cerebellar proteome associated with biochemical and functional outcomes, providing evidence, in a translational perspective, of new mercury toxicity targets and possible biomarkers. Fifty-four adult rats were exposed to 0.375 mg/kg of HgCl2 or distilled water for 45 days using intragastric gavage. Then, the motor functions were evaluated by rotarod and inclined plane. The cerebellum was collected to quantify mercury levels, to assess the antioxidant activity against peroxyl radicals (ACAPs), the lipid peroxidation (LPO), the proteomic profile, the cell death nature by cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and the Purkinje cells density. The IHg exposure increased mercury levels in the cerebellum, reducing ACAP and increasing LPO. The proteomic approach revealed a total 419 proteins with different statuses of regulation, associated with different biological processes, such as synaptic signaling, energy metabolism and nervous system development, e.g., all these molecular changes are associated with increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis, with a neurodegenerative pattern on Purkinje cells layer and poor motor coordination and balance. In conclusion, all these findings feature a neurodegenerative process triggered by IHg in the cerebellum that culminated into motor functions deficits, which are associated with several molecular features and may be related to the clinical outcomes of people exposed to the toxicant.
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28
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Kang M, Yao Y. Laminin regulates oligodendrocyte development and myelination. Glia 2021; 70:414-429. [PMID: 34773273 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the cells that myelinate axons and provide trophic support to neurons in the CNS. Their dysfunction has been associated with a group of disorders known as demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Oligodendrocytes are derived from oligodendrocyte precursor cells, which differentiate into premyelinating oligodendrocytes and eventually mature oligodendrocytes. The development and function of oligodendrocytes are tightly regulated by a variety of molecules, including laminin, a major protein of the extracellular matrix. Accumulating evidence suggests that laminin actively regulates every aspect of oligodendrocyte biology, including survival, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination. How can laminin exert such diverse functions in oligodendrocytes? It is speculated that the distinct laminin isoforms, laminin receptors, and/or key signaling molecules expressed in oligodendrocytes at different developmental stages are the reasons. Understanding molecular targets and signaling pathways unique to each aspect of oligodendrocyte biology will enable more accurate manipulation of oligodendrocyte development and function, which may have implications in the therapies of demyelinating diseases. Here in this review, we first introduce oligodendrocyte biology, followed by the expression of laminin and laminin receptors in oligodendrocytes and other CNS cells. Next, the functions of laminin in oligodendrocyte biology, including survival, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination, are discussed in detail. Last, key questions and challenges in the field are discussed. By providing a comprehensive review on laminin's roles in OL lineage cells, we hope to stimulate novel hypotheses and encourage new research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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29
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Remyelination in PNS and CNS: current and upcoming cellular and molecular strategies to treat disabling neuropathies. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8097-8110. [PMID: 34731366 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a lipid-rich nerve cover that consists of glial cell's plasmalemma layers and accelerates signal conduction. Axon-myelin contact is a source for many developmental and regenerative signals of myelination. Intra- or extracellular factors including both enhancers and inhibitors are other factors affecting the myelination process. Myelin damages are observed in several congenital and hereditary diseases, physicochemical conditions, infections, or traumatic insults, and remyelination is known as an intrinsic response to injuries. Here we discuss some molecular events and conditions involved in de- and remyelination and compare the phenomena of remyelination in CNS and PNS. We have explained applying some of these molecular events in myelin restoration. Finally, the current and upcoming treatment strategies for myelin restoration are explained in three groups of immunotherapy, endogenous regeneration enhancement, and cell therapy to give a better insight for finding the more effective rehabilitation strategies considering the underlying molecular events of a lesion formation and its current condition.
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30
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Srivastava A, Kumar K, Banerjee J, Tripathi M, Dubey V, Sharma D, Yadav N, Sharma MC, Lalwani S, Doddamani R, Chandra PS, Dixit AB. Transcriptomic profiling of high- and low-spiking regions reveals novel epileptogenic mechanisms in focal cortical dysplasia type II patients. Mol Brain 2021; 14:120. [PMID: 34301297 PMCID: PMC8305866 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of the cerebral cortex with poorly-defined epileptogenic zones (EZs), and poor surgical outcome in FCD is associated with inaccurate localization of the EZ. Hence, identifying novel epileptogenic markers to aid in the localization of EZ in patients with FCD is very much needed. High-throughput gene expression studies of FCD samples have the potential to uncover molecular changes underlying the epileptogenic process and identify novel markers for delineating the EZ. For this purpose, we, for the first time performed RNA sequencing of surgically resected paired tissue samples obtained from electrocorticographically graded high (MAX) and low spiking (MIN) regions of FCD type II patients and autopsy controls. We identified significant changes in the MAX samples of the FCD type II patients when compared to non-epileptic controls, but not in the case of MIN samples. We found significant enrichment for myelination, oligodendrocyte development and differentiation, neuronal and axon ensheathment, phospholipid metabolism, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton, semaphorins, and ion channels in the MAX region. Through the integration of both MAX vs non-epileptic control and MAX vs MIN RNA sequencing (RNA Seq) data, PLP1, PLLP, UGT8, KLK6, SOX10, MOG, MAG, MOBP, ANLN, ERMN, SPP1, CLDN11, TNC, GPR37, SLC12A2, ABCA2, ABCA8, ASPA, P2RX7, CERS2, MAP4K4, TF, CTGF, Semaphorins, Opalin, FGFs, CALB2, and TNC were identified as potential key regulators of multiple pathways related to FCD type II pathology. We have identified novel epileptogenic marker elements that may contribute to epileptogenicity in patients with FCD and could be possible markers for the localization of EZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | | | - Vivek Dubey
- Department of Biophysics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Devina Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Nitin Yadav
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - M C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Modeling links softening of myelin and spectrin scaffolds of axons after a concussion to increased vulnerability to repeated injuries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024961118. [PMID: 34234016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024961118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the microtubule lattice, which serves as a rigid cytoskeletal backbone for the axon, is a hallmark mechanical initiator of pathophysiology after concussion. Understanding the mechanical stress transfer from the brain tissue to the axonal cytoskeleton is essential to determine the microtubule lattice's vulnerability to mechanical injury. Here, we develop an ultrastructural model of the axon's cytoskeletal architecture to identify the components involved in the dynamic load transfer during injury. Corroborative in vivo studies were performed using a gyrencephalic swine model of concussion via single and repetitive head rotational acceleration. Computational analysis of the load transfer mechanism demonstrates that the myelin sheath and the actin/spectrin cortex play a significant role in effectively shielding the microtubules from tissue stress. We derive failure maps in the space spanned by tissue stress and stress rate to identify physiological conditions in which the microtubule lattice can rupture. We establish that a softer axonal cortex leads to a higher susceptibility of the microtubules to failure. Immunohistochemical examination of tissue from the swine model of single and repetitive concussion confirms the presence of postinjury spectrin degradation, with more extensive pathology observed following repetitive injury. Because the degradation of myelin and spectrin occurs over weeks following the first injury, we show that softening of the myelin layer and axonal cortex exposes the microtubules to higher stress during repeated incidences of traumatic brain injuries. Our predictions explain how mechanical injury predisposes axons to exacerbated responses to repeated injuries, as observed in vitro and in vivo.
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Hur JW, Kim MS, Oh SY, Kang HY, Bae J, Kim H, Lee H, Lee SW, Park DH. Label-Free Quantitative Proteome Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid from a Rat Stroke Model with Stem Cell Therapy. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211023474. [PMID: 34176333 PMCID: PMC8239959 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211023474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) are capable of immunomodulation and regeneration after neural injury. For these reasons, hAMSCs have been investigated as a promising stem cell candidate for stroke treatment. However, noninvasive experiments studying the effects of grafted stem cells in the host brain have not yet been reported. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can be collected without sacrificing the subject, is involved in physiological control of the brain and reflects the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Following stem cell transplantation in a stroke model, quantitative analysis of CSF proteome changes can potentially reveal the therapeutic effect of stem cells on the host CNS. We examined hAMSC-secreted proteins obtained from serum-free culture medium by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which identified several extracellular matrix proteins, supporting the well-known active paracrine function of hAMSCs. Subsequently, we performed label-free quantitative proteomic analysis on CSF samples from rat stroke models intravenously injected with hAMSC (experimental) or phosphate buffered saline (control). In total, 524 proteins were identified; among them, 125 and 91 proteins were increased and decreased with hAMSC treatment, respectively. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis revealed three proteins, 14-3-3 theta, MAG, and neurocan, that showed significant increases in the hAMSC-treated model; these proteins are core members of neurotrophin signaling, nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling, and glycosaminoglycan metabolism, respectively. Subsequent histological and neurologic function experiments validated proliferative neurogenesis in the hAMSC-treated stroke model. We conclude that (i) intravenous injection of hAMSCs can induce neurologic recovery in a rat stroke model and (ii) CSF may reflect the therapeutic effect of hAMSCs. Additionally, proteins as 14-3-3 theta, MAG, and neurocan could be considered as potential CSF biomarkers of neuroregeneration. These CSF proteome profiling results would be utilized as valuable resource in further stroke studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseok W Hur
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, 36899Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Department of New Biology, 235496DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Se-Yeon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, 36899Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, 36899Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jingi Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, 36899Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hokeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, 36899Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hangyeore Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, 36899Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, 36899Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, 36899Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center of Innovative Cell Therapy and Research, Anam Hospital, 36899Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Saiki T, Nakamura N, Miyabe M, Ito M, Minato T, Sango K, Matsubara T, Naruse K. The Effects of Insulin on Immortalized Rat Schwann Cells, IFRS1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115505. [PMID: 34071138 PMCID: PMC8197103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells play an important role in peripheral nerve function, and their dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy and other demyelinating diseases. The physiological functions of insulin in Schwann cells remain unclear and therefore define the aim of this study. By using immortalized adult Fischer rat Schwann cells (IFRS1), we investigated the mechanism of the stimulating effects of insulin on the cell proliferation and expression of myelin proteins (myelin protein zero (MPZ) and myelin basic protein (MBP). The application of insulin to IFRS1 cells increased the proliferative activity and induced phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, but not P38-MAPK. The proliferative potential of insulin-stimulated IFRS1 was significantly suppressed by the addition of LY294002, a PI3 kinase inhibitor. The insulin-stimulated increase in MPZ expression was significantly suppressed by the addition of PD98059, a MEK inhibitor. Furthermore, insulin-increased MBP expression was significantly suppressed by the addition of LY294002. These findings suggest that both PI3-K/Akt and ERK/MEK pathways are involved in insulin-induced cell growth and upregulation of MPZ and MBP in IFRS1 Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Saiki
- Department of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University Dental Hospital, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
| | - Nobuhisa Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-759-2111; Fax: +81-52-759-2168
| | - Megumi Miyabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Mizuho Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Tomomi Minato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aichi Gakuin University Dental Hospital, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Diseases and Infection, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Tatsuaki Matsubara
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
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Abstract
A dense and diverse array of glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids decorate all cell surfaces. In vertebrates, many of these carry sialic acid, in a variety of linkages and glycan contexts, as their outermost sugar moiety. Among their functions, glycans engage complementary glycan binding proteins (lectins) to regulate cell physiology. Among the glycan binding proteins are the Siglecs, sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. In humans, there are 14 Siglecs, most of which are expressed on overlapping subsets of immune system cells. Each Siglec engages distinct, endogenous sialylated glycans that initiate signaling programs and regulate cellular responses. Here, we explore the emerging science of Siglec ligands, including endogenous sialoglycoproteins and glycolipids and synthetic sialomimetics. Knowledge in this field promises to reveal new molecular pathways controlling cell physiology and new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Clarke JP, Thibault PA, Salapa HE, Levin MC. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Role of hnRNP A1 Function and Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:659610. [PMID: 33912591 PMCID: PMC8072284 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.659610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) is a member of the hnRNP family of conserved proteins that is involved in RNA transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA transport, protein translation, microRNA processing, telomere maintenance and the regulation of transcription factor activity. HnRNP A1 is ubiquitously, yet differentially, expressed in many cell types, and due to post-translational modifications, can vary in its molecular function. While a plethora of knowledge is known about the function and dysfunction of hnRNP A1 in diseases other than neurodegenerative disease (e.g., cancer), numerous studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, multiple sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s disease have found that the dysregulation of hnRNP A1 may contribute to disease pathogenesis. How hnRNP A1 mechanistically contributes to these diseases, and whether mutations and/or altered post-translational modifications contribute to pathogenesis, however, is currently under investigation. The aim of this comprehensive review is to first describe the background of hnRNP A1, including its structure, biological functions in RNA metabolism and the post-translational modifications known to modify its function. With this knowledge, the review then describes the influence of hnRNP A1 in neurodegenerative disease, and how its dysfunction may contribute the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Clarke
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Patricia A Thibault
- Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hannah E Salapa
- Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael C Levin
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Kapitza C, Chunder R, Scheller A, Given KS, Macklin WB, Enders M, Kuerten S, Neuhuber WL, Wörl J. Murine Esophagus Expresses Glial-Derived Central Nervous System Antigens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063233. [PMID: 33810144 PMCID: PMC8004938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered to specifically affect the central nervous system (CNS) for a long time. As autonomic dysfunction including dysphagia can occur as accompanying phenomena in patients, the enteric nervous system has been attracting increasing attention over the past years. The aim of this study was to identify glial and myelin markers as potential target structures for autoimmune processes in the esophagus. RT-PCR analysis revealed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, but an absence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in the murine esophagus. Selected immunohistochemistry for GFAP, PLP, and MBP including transgenic mice with cell-type specific expression of PLP and GFAP supported these results by detection of (1) GFAP, PLP, and MBP in Schwann cells in skeletal muscle and esophagus; (2) GFAP, PLP, but no MBP in perisynaptic Schwann cells of skeletal and esophageal motor endplates; (3) GFAP and PLP, but no MBP in glial cells surrounding esophageal myenteric neurons; and (4) PLP, but no GFAP and MBP in enteric glial cells forming a network in the esophagus. Our results pave the way for further investigations regarding the involvement of esophageal glial cells in the pathogenesis of dysphagia in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kapitza
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Rittika Chunder
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Anja Scheller
- University of Saarland, Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Katherine S. Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Wendy B. Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Michael Enders
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University Hospitals Bonn, University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried L. Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Jürgen Wörl
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-913-1852-2870
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37
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Mihajkoska E, Poceva Panovska A, Brezovska K, Pendovska M, Taravari A, Suturkova L. The role of antibodies to peripheral nerve antigens in pathogenesis and laboratory evaluation of immune-mediated neuropathies. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2021. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2021.67.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of antiganglioside autoantibodies and their association with clinically defined subtypes implicate an autoimmune mechanism of peripheraland cranial nerve damage in peripheral neuropathies.
Increased titer of antibodies that react with human peripheral nerve antigens have been reported in patients with motor neuropathy including Guillain-Barré syndrome,chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy and sensory motor neuropathy. This study represents review of the data related to increased titers of anti-glucoconjugate antibodies in different autoimmune neuropathies and their correlation with existence of structural homology between bacterial and glycoconjugated structures, as a basis for understanding the immune pathological response to glycoproteins and glycolipids present in the human peripheral nerve as target antigens in autoimmune neuropathies.
Evaluation of presence and increased level of autoantibodies against peripheral nerve antigens could be an important parameter in laboratory evaluation, diagnosis and prognosis of autoimmune neuropathies and contribute in more efficient therapeutic approaches in treatment of these pathological conditions.
Keywords: anti-glycoconjugate antibodies, anti-ganglioside antibodies, peripheral nerves, autoimmune neuropathies
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenija Mihajkoska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Mother Theresa 47, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Ana Poceva Panovska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Mother Theresa 47, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Katerina Brezovska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Mother Theresa 47, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Marija Pendovska
- University Clinic for Hematology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Mother Theresa 47, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Arben Taravari
- Universiy Clinic for Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 50 Divizija 6, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Ljubica Suturkova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Mother Theresa 47, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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Hogberg HT, de Cássia da Silveira E Sá R, Kleensang A, Bouhifd M, Cemiloglu Ulker O, Smirnova L, Behl M, Maertens A, Zhao L, Hartung T. Organophosphorus flame retardants are developmental neurotoxicants in a rat primary brainsphere in vitro model. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:207-228. [PMID: 33078273 PMCID: PMC7811506 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to regulatory bans and voluntary substitutions, halogenated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FR) are increasingly substituted by mainly organophosphorus FR (OPFR). Leveraging a 3D rat primary neural organotypic in vitro model (rat brainsphere), we compare developmental neurotoxic effects of BDE-47-the most abundant PBDE congener-with four OPFR (isopropylated phenyl phosphate-IPP, triphenyl phosphate-TPHP, isodecyl diphenyl phosphate-IDDP, and tricresyl phosphate (also known as trimethyl phenyl phosphate)-TMPP). Employing mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics and transcriptomics, we observe at similar human-relevant non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.1-5 µM) stronger developmental neurotoxic effects by OPFR. This includes toxicity to neurons in the low µM range; all FR decrease the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (except BDE-47 and TPHP). Furthermore, n-acetyl aspartate (NAA), considered a neurologic diagnostic molecule, was decreased by all OPFR. At similar concentrations, the FR currently in use decreased plasma membrane dopamine active transporter expression, while BDE-47 did not. Several findings suggest astrogliosis induced by the OPFR, but not BDE-47. At the 5 µM concentrations, the OPFR more than BDE-47 interfered with myelination. An increase of cytokine gene and receptor expressions suggests that exposure to OPFR may induce an inflammatory response. Pathway/category overrepresentation shows disruption in 1) transmission of action potentials, cell-cell signaling, synaptic transmission, receptor signaling, (2) immune response, inflammation, defense response, (3) cell cycle and (4) lipids metabolism and transportation. Taken together, this appears to be a case of regretful substitution with substances not less developmentally neurotoxic in a primary rat 3D model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena T Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rita de Cássia da Silveira E Sá
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Andre Kleensang
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mounir Bouhifd
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ozge Cemiloglu Ulker
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Maertens
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Rhode SC, Beier JP, Ruhl T. Adipose tissue stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration-In vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:545-560. [PMID: 33070351 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells (SCs) are crucially involved in several steps of the subsequent regenerative processes, such as the Wallerian degeneration. They promote lysis and phagocytosis of myelin, secrete numbers of neurotrophic factors and cytokines, and recruit macrophages for a biological debridement. However, nerve injuries with a defect size of >1 cm do not show proper tissue regeneration and require a surgical nerve gap reconstruction. To find a sufficient alternative to the current gold standard-the autologous nerve transplant-several cell-based therapies have been developed and were experimentally investigated. One approach aims on the use of adipose tissue stem cells (ASCs). These are multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells that can differentiate into multiple phenotypes along the mesodermal lineage, such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and myocytes. Furthermore, ASCs also possess neurotrophic features, that is, they secrete neurotrophic factors like the nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, ciliary neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, and artemin. They can also differentiate into the so-called Schwann cell-like cells (SCLCs). These cells share features with naturally occurring SCs, as they also promote nerve regeneration in the periphery. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the use of ASCs in peripheral nerve regeneration and peripheral nerve tissue engineering both in vitro and in vivo. While the sustainability of differentiation of ASCs to SCLCs in vivo is still questionable, ASCs used with different nerve conduits, such as hydrogels or silk fibers, have been shown to promote nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Charlotte Rhode
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justus Patrick Beier
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Ruhl
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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40
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CGRP-Mediated Prolactin Upregulation: a Possible Pathomechanism in IgG4-Related Disease. Inflammation 2020; 44:536-548. [PMID: 33067662 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Similar to other immune-mediated diseases, IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is the disease that develops in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to external or endogenous antigens. In the present study, it was confirmed that MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein) antibodies (IgG, IgG4, and IgM) were detected by immunofluorescence (IFA) in serum of the patients with IgG4-RD. In vivo, the levels of prolactin and Th2 cytokines in CGRP+/- rats were higher than those in wild-type. Our findings indicate that the presence of CGRP-deficiency-mediated MAG antibodies is a probable molecular basis for the initial events which were triggered in IgG4-RD immune responses via prolactin upregulation.
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Milichko V, Dyachuk V. Novel Glial Cell Functions: Extensive Potency, Stem Cell-Like Properties, and Participation in Regeneration and Transdifferentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:809. [PMID: 33015034 PMCID: PMC7461986 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cells in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. During the past decade, a subpopulation of immature peripheral glial cells, namely, embryonic Schwann cell-precursors, have been found to perform important functions related to development. These cells have properties resembling those of the neural crest and, depending on their location in the body, can transform into several different cell types in peripheral tissues, including autonomic neurons. This review describes the multipotent properties of Schwann cell-precursors and their importance, together with innervation, during early development. The heterogeneity of Schwann cells, as revealed using single-cell transcriptomics, raises a question on whether some glial cells in the adult peripheral nervous system retain their stem cell-like properties. We also discuss how a deeper insight into the biology of both embryonic and adult Schwann cells might lead to an effective treatment of the damage of both neural and non-neural tissues, including the damage caused by neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, understanding the potential involvement of Schwann cells in the regulation of tumor development may reveal novel targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Milichko
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Dyachuk
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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42
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Sipione S, Monyror J, Galleguillos D, Steinberg N, Kadam V. Gangliosides in the Brain: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Applications. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:572965. [PMID: 33117120 PMCID: PMC7574889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.572965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids highly abundant in the nervous system, and carry most of the sialic acid residues in the brain. Gangliosides are enriched in cell membrane microdomains ("lipid rafts") and play important roles in the modulation of membrane proteins and ion channels, in cell signaling and in the communication among cells. The importance of gangliosides in the brain is highlighted by the fact that loss of function mutations in ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes result in severe neurodegenerative disorders, often characterized by very early or childhood onset. In addition, changes in the ganglioside profile (i.e., in the relative abundance of specific gangliosides) were reported in healthy aging and in common neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. At least in HD, PD and in some forms of epilepsy, experimental evidence strongly suggests a potential role of gangliosides in disease pathogenesis and potential treatment. In this review, we will summarize ganglioside functions that are crucial to maintain brain health, we will review changes in ganglioside levels that occur in major neurological conditions and we will discuss their contribution to cellular dysfunctions and disease pathogenesis. Finally, we will review evidence of the beneficial roles exerted by gangliosides, GM1 in particular, in disease models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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43
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Jahn O, Siems SB, Kusch K, Hesse D, Jung RB, Liepold T, Uecker M, Sun T, Werner HB. The CNS Myelin Proteome: Deep Profile and Persistence After Post-mortem Delay. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:239. [PMID: 32973451 PMCID: PMC7466725 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin membranes are dominated by lipids while the complexity of their protein composition has long been considered to be low. However, numerous additional myelin proteins have been identified since. Here we revisit the proteome of myelin biochemically purified from the brains of healthy c56Bl/6N-mice utilizing complementary proteomic approaches for deep qualitative and quantitative coverage. By gel-free, label-free mass spectrometry, the most abundant myelin proteins PLP, MBP, CNP, and MOG constitute 38, 30, 5, and 1% of the total myelin protein, respectively. The relative abundance of myelin proteins displays a dynamic range of over four orders of magnitude, implying that PLP and MBP have overshadowed less abundant myelin constituents in initial gel-based approaches. By comparisons with published datasets we evaluate to which degree the CNS myelin proteome correlates with the mRNA and protein abundance profiles of myelin and oligodendrocytes. Notably, the myelin proteome displays only minor changes if assessed after a post-mortem delay of 6 h. These data provide the most comprehensive proteome resource of CNS myelin so far and a basis for addressing proteomic heterogeneity of myelin in mouse models and human patients with white matter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Jahn
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie B. Siems
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörte Hesse
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramona B. Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Liepold
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marina Uecker
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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44
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Chataigner LMP, Leloup N, Janssen BJC. Structural Perspectives on Extracellular Recognition and Conformational Changes of Several Type-I Transmembrane Receptors. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:129. [PMID: 32850948 PMCID: PMC7427315 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-I transmembrane proteins represent a large group of 1,412 proteins in humans with a multitude of functions in cells and tissues. They are characterized by an extracellular, or luminal, N-terminus followed by a single transmembrane helix and a cytosolic C-terminus. The domain composition and structures of the extracellular and intercellular segments differ substantially amongst its members. Most of the type-I transmembrane proteins have roles in cell signaling processes, as ligands or receptors, and in cellular adhesion. The extracellular segment often determines specificity and can control signaling and adhesion. Here we focus on recent structural understanding on how the extracellular segments of several diverse type-I transmembrane proteins engage in interactions and can undergo conformational changes for their function. Interactions at the extracellular side by proteins on the same cell or between cells are enhanced by the transmembrane setting. Extracellular conformational domain rearrangement and structural changes within domains alter the properties of the proteins and are used to regulate signaling events. The combination of structural properties and interactions can support the formation of larger-order assemblies on the membrane surface that are important for cellular adhesion and intercellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. P. Chataigner
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nadia Leloup
- Structural Biology and Protein Biochemistry, Morphic Therapeutic, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Bert J. C. Janssen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Pajoohesh-Ganji A, Karl M, Garrison E, Osei-Bonsu NA, Clarkson-Paredes C, Ahn J, Miller RH. Developmental ablation of mature oligodendrocytes exacerbates adult CNS demyelination. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100110. [PMID: 34589870 PMCID: PMC8474627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin in the brain and the spinal cord that results in localized functional deficits. Several risk factors have been associated with MS, however none fully explain the enhanced susceptibility seen in older individuals. Epidemiological data, based on geographical prevalence studies suggest that susceptibility is established early in life and frequently long before the diagnosis of disease raising the possibility that developmental events influence adult disease onset and progression. Here we test the hypothesis that selective loss of mature oligodendrocytes during postnatal development results in enhanced susceptibility to a demyelinating insult to the mature CNS. A transgenic mouse model was utilized to specifically induce apoptotic cell death in a subset of mature oligodendrocytes (MBP-iCP9) during the first 2 postnatal weeks followed by either a local LPC spinal cord injection or the induction of EAE in the adult animal. Immunostaining, immunoblotting, behavioral testing, and electron microscopy were utilized to examine the differences in the response between animals with developmental loss of oligodendrocytes and controls. We show that during development, oligodendrocyte apoptosis results in transient reductions in myelination and functional deficits that recover after 10–14 days. Compared to animals in which oligodendrocyte development was unperturbed, animals subjected to postnatal oligodendrocyte loss showed delayed recovery from an LPC lesion to the mature spinal cord. Unexpectedly, the induction and severity of MOG induced EAE was not significantly altered in animals following oligodendrocyte developmental loss even though there was a substantial increase in spinal cord tissue damage and CNS inflammation. It is unclear why the elevated glial responses seen in developmentally compromised animals were not reflected in enhanced functional deficits. These observations suggest that developmental loss of oligodendrocytes results in long lasting tissue changes that alter its response to subsequent insults and the capacity for repair in the adult. Developmental oligodendrocyte apoptosis induces transient myelin and functional loss. Developmental loss of oligodendrocytes compromises adult remyelination after LPC. Developmental loss of oligodendrocytes enhances CNS immune response in EAE. Elevated CNS glial reactivity does not alter course of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahdeah Pajoohesh-Ganji
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Molly Karl
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eric Garrison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nana Adwoa Osei-Bonsu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Cheryl Clarkson-Paredes
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Julie Ahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Robert H Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
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Mohamed E, Paisley CE, Meyer LC, Bigbee JW, Sato-Bigbee C. Endogenous opioid peptides and brain development: Endomorphin-1 and Nociceptin play a sex-specific role in the control of oligodendrocyte maturation and brain myelination. Glia 2020; 68:1513-1530. [PMID: 32065429 PMCID: PMC11006003 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The generation of fully functional oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, is preceded by a complex maturational process. We previously showed that the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation and rat brain myelination were altered by perinatal exposure to buprenorphine and methadone, opioid analogs used for the management of pregnant addicts. Those observations suggested the involvement of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOR). However, it remained to be determined if these receptors and their endogenous ligands could indeed control the timing of myelination under normal physiological conditions of brain development. We now found that the endogenous MOR ligand endomorphin-1 (EM-1) exerts a striking stimulatory action on cellular and morphological maturation of rat pre-oligodendrocytes, but unexpectedly, these effects appear to be restricted to the cells from the female pups. Critically, this stimulation is abolished by coincubation with the endogenous NOR ligand nociceptin. Furthermore, NOR antagonist treatment of 9-day-old female pups results in accelerated brain myelination. Interestingly, the lack of sex-dependent differences in developmental brain levels of EM-1 and nociceptin, or oligodendroglial expression of MOR and NOR, suggests that the observed sex-specific responses may be highly dependent on important intrinsic differences between the male and female oligodendrocytes. The discovery of a significant effect of EM-1 and nociceptin in the developing female oligodendrocytes and brain myelination, underscores the need for further studies investigating brain sex-related differences and their implications in opioid use and abuse, pain control, and susceptibility and remyelinating capacity in demyelinating disease as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Caitlin E Paisley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Logan C Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John W Bigbee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Carmen Sato-Bigbee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Zhang XF, Chen T, Yan A, Xiao J, Xie YL, Yuan J, Chen P, Wong AOL, Zhang Y, Wong NK. Poly(I:C) Challenge Alters Brain Expression of Oligodendroglia-Related Genes of Adult Progeny in a Mouse Model of Maternal Immune Activation. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:115. [PMID: 32714147 PMCID: PMC7340146 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Altered white matter connectivity, as evidenced by pervasive microstructural changes in myelination and axonal integrity in neuroimaging studies, has been implicated in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental conditions such as schizophrenia. Despite an increasing appreciation that such white matter disconnectivity is linked to social behavior deficits, virtually no etiologically meaningful myelin-related genes have been identified in oligodendrocytes, the key myelinating cells in the CNS, to furnish an account on the causes. The impact of neurodevelopmental perturbations during pregnancy such as maternal immune activation (MIA) on these genes in memory-related neural networks has not been experimentally scrutinized. Methods: In this study, a mouse model of MIA by the viral dsRNA analog poly(I:C) was employed to mimic the effects of inflammation during pregnancy. Transcriptional expression levels of selected myelin- or oligodendroglia-related genes implicated in schizophrenia or ASD development were analyzed by in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) with brain samples from MIA and control groups. The analysis focused on SOX-10 (SRY-related HMG-box 10), MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein), and Tf (transferrin) expression in the hippocampus and the surrounding memory-related cortical regions in either hemisphere. Results: Specifically, ISH reveals that in the brain of prenatal poly(I:C)-exposed mouse offspring in the MIA model (gestation day 9), mRNA expression of the genes SOX10, MAG and Tf were generally reduced in the limbic system including the hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex and parahippocampal gyrus on either side of the hemispheres. qRT-PCR further confirms the reduction of SOX10, MAG, and Tf expression in the medial prefrontal cortex, sensory cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Conclusions: Our present results provide direct evidence that prenatal exposure to poly(I:C) elicits profound and long-term changes in transcript level and spatial distribution of myelin-related genes in multiple neocortical and limbic regions, notably the hippocampus and its surrounding memory-related neural networks. Our work demonstrates the potential utility of oligodendroglia-related genes as biomarkers for modeling neurodevelopmental disorders, in agreement with the hypothesis that MIA during pregnancy could lead to compromised white matter connectivity in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aifen Yan
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong-Li Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pin Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Aliu B, Demeestere D, Seydoux E, Boucraut J, Delmont E, Brodovitch A, Oberholzer T, Attarian S, Théaudin M, Tsouni P, Kuntzer T, Derfuss T, Steck AJ, Ernst B, Herrendorff R, Hänggi P. Selective inhibition of anti-MAG IgM autoantibody binding to myelin by an antigen-specific glycopolymer. J Neurochem 2020; 154:486-501. [PMID: 32270492 PMCID: PMC7497077 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) neuropathy is a disabling autoimmune peripheral neuropathy that is caused by circulating monoclonal IgM autoantibodies directed against the human natural killer‐1 (HNK‐1) epitope. This carbohydrate epitope is highly expressed on adhesion molecules such as MAG, a glycoprotein present in myelinated nerves. We previously showed the therapeutic potential of the glycopolymer poly(phenyl disodium 3‐O‐sulfo‐β‐d‐glucopyranuronate)‐(1→3)‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside (PPSGG) in selectively neutralizing anti‐MAG IgM antibodies in an immunological mouse model and ex vivo with sera from anti‐MAG neuropathy patients. PPSGG is composed of a biodegradable backbone that multivalently presents a mimetic of the HNK‐1 epitope. In this study, we further explored the pharmacodynamic properties of the glycopolymer and its ability to inhibit the binding of anti‐MAG IgM to peripheral nerves. The polymer selectively bound anti‐MAG IgM autoantibodies and prevented the binding of patients’ anti‐MAG IgM antibodies to myelin of non‐human primate sciatic nerves. Upon PPSGG treatment, neither activation nor inhibition of human and murine peripheral blood mononuclear cells nor alteration of systemic inflammatory markers was observed in mice or ex vivo in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Intravenous injections of PPSGG to mice immunized against the HNK‐1 epitope removed anti‐MAG IgM antibodies within less than 1 hr, indicating a fast and efficient mechanism of action as compared to a B‐cell depletion with anti‐CD20. In conclusion, these observations corroborate the therapeutic potential of PPSGG for an antigen‐specific treatment of anti‐MAG neuropathy. ![]()
Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butrint Aliu
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Demeestere
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - José Boucraut
- Immunology laboratory, AP-HM, Marseille, France.,INT, UMR CNRS 7289, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Emilien Delmont
- Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Brodovitch
- Immunology laboratory, AP-HM, Marseille, France.,Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Shahram Attarian
- Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Théaudin
- Nerve-Muscle Unit, Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pinelopi Tsouni
- Nerve-Muscle Unit, Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Kuntzer
- Nerve-Muscle Unit, Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Clinic of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J Steck
- Clinic of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Herrendorff
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Hänggi
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Wilson ER, Della-Flora Nunes G, Weaver MR, Frick LR, Feltri ML. Schwann cell interactions during the development of the peripheral nervous system. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:464-489. [PMID: 32281247 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells play a critical role in the development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), establishing important relationships both with the extracellular milieu and other cell types, particularly neurons. In this review, we discuss various Schwann cell interactions integral to the proper establishment, spatial arrangement, and function of the PNS. We include signals that cascade onto Schwann cells from axons and from the extracellular matrix, bidirectional signals that help to establish the axo-glial relationship and how Schwann cells in turn support the axon. Further, we speculate on how Schwann cell interactions with other components of the developing PNS ultimately promote the complete construction of the peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gustavo Della-Flora Nunes
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Weaver
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Luciana R Frick
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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50
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Characterization of Sialic Acid-Binding Immunoglobulin-Type Lectins in Fish Reveals Teleost-Specific Structures and Expression Patterns. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040836. [PMID: 32244286 PMCID: PMC7226832 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular glycocalyx of vertebrates is frequently decorated with sialic acid residues. These sialylated structures are recognized by sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) of immune cells, which modulate their responsiveness. Fifteen Siglecs are known to be expressed in humans, but only four Siglecs are regularly present in fish: Siglec1, CD22, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and Siglec15. While several studies have dealt with the physiological roles of these four Siglecs in mammals, little is known about Siglecs in fish. In the present manuscript, the expression landscapes of these Siglecs were determined in the two salmonid species Oncorhynchus mykiss and Coregonus maraena and in the percid fish Sander lucioperca. This gene-expression profiling revealed that the expression of MAG is not restricted to neuronal cells but is detectable in all analyzed blood cells, including erythrocytes. The teleostean MAG contains the inhibitory motif ITIM; therefore, an additional immunomodulatory function of MAG is likely to be present in fish. Besides MAG, Siglec1, CD22, and Siglec15 were also expressed in all analyzed blood cell populations. Interestingly, the expression profiles of genes encoding Siglecs and particular associated enzymes changed in a gene- and tissue-specific manner when Coregonus maraena was exposed to handling stress. Thus, the obtained data indicate once more that stress directly affects immune-associated processes.
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