1
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Soliman AS, Umstead A, Lamp J, Vega IE. EFhd2 co-aggregates with monomeric and filamentous tau in vitro. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1373410. [PMID: 38765673 PMCID: PMC11100465 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1373410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are characterized by the abnormal buildup of tau protein, with early oligomeric forms associated with neurodegeneration and the later neurofibrillary tangles possibly conferring neuroprotection. The molecular mechanisms governing the formation of these tau species are unclear. Lately, there has been an increased focus on examining the interactions between tau and other proteins, along with their influence on the aggregation of tau. Our previous work revealed EFhd2's association with pathological tau in animal models and tauopathy brains. Herein, we examined the impact of EFhd2 on monomeric and filamentous tau in vitro. The results demonstrated that EFhd2 incubation with monomeric full length human tau (hTau40) formed amorphous aggregates, where both EFhd2 and hTau40 colocalized. Moreover, EFhd2 is entangled with arachidonic acid (ARA)-induced filamentous hTau40. Furthermore, EFhd2-induced aggregation with monomeric and filamentous hTau40 is EFhd2 concentration dependent. Using sandwich ELISA assays, we assessed the reactivity of TOC1 and Alz50-two conformation-specific tau antibodies-to EFhd2-hTau40 aggregates (in absence and presence of ARA). No TOC1 signal was detected in EFhd2 aggregates with monomeric hTau40 whereas EFhd2 aggregates with hTau in the presence of ARA showed a higher signal compared to hTau40 filaments. In contrast, EFhd2 aggregates with both monomeric and filamentous hTau40 reduced Alz50 reactivity. Taken together, our results illustrate for the first time that EFhd2, a tau-associated protein, interacts with monomeric and filamentous hTau40 to form large aggregates that are starkly different from tau oligomers and filaments. Given these findings and previous research, we hypothesize that EFhd2 may play a role in the formation of tau aggregates. Nevertheless, further in vivo studies are imperative to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam S. Soliman
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Andrew Umstead
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Jared Lamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Irving E. Vega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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2
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Sołtys K, Tarczewska A, Bystranowska D. Modulation of biomolecular phase behavior by metal ions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119567. [PMID: 37582439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) appears to be a newly appreciated aspect of the cellular organization of biomolecules that leads to the formation of membraneless organelles (MLOs). MLOs generate distinct microenvironments where particular biomolecules are highly concentrated compared to those in the surrounding environment. Their thermodynamically driven formation is reversible, and their liquid nature allows them to fuse with each other. Dysfunctional biomolecular condensation is associated with human diseases. Pathological states of MLOs may originate from the mutation of proteins or may be induced by other factors. In most aberrant MLOs, transient interactions are replaced by stronger and more rigid interactions, preventing their dissolution, and causing their uncontrolled growth and dysfunction. For these reasons, there is great interest in identifying factors that modulate LLPS. In this review, we discuss an enigmatic and mostly unexplored aspect of this process, namely, the regulatory effects of metal ions on the phase behavior of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sołtys
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aneta Tarczewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Bystranowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Vega IE, Umstead A. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation to Study the Association of Proteins in Solution. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2551:253-267. [PMID: 36310208 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2597-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a reversible biological process that contributes to the formation of critical concentration of proteins, forming membraneless compartments that are physiologically and pathologically relevant. Several proteins have been shown to demix into liquid droplets under in vitro crowding conditions. These studies are mainly conducted in isolation using purified recombinant proteins. Recently, we used LLPS to study the association between two proteins that are co-aggregated in Alzheimer's disease brain, tau, and EFhd2. Here, we describe how we used LLPS to determine the molecular components that contribute to the transition of these two proteins from liquid droplets to solid-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Andrew Umstead
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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4
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Lehne F, Bogdan S. Getting cells into shape by calcium-dependent actin cross-linking proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1171930. [PMID: 37025173 PMCID: PMC10070769 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1171930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton represents a highly dynamic filament system providing cell structure and mechanical forces to drive a variety of cellular processes. The dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are controlled by a number of conserved proteins that maintain the pool of actin monomers, promote actin nucleation, restrict the length of actin filaments and cross-link filaments into networks or bundles. Previous work has been established that cytoplasmic calcium is an important signal to rapidly relay information to the actin cytoskeleton, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we summarize new recent perspectives on how calcium fluxes are transduced to the actin cytoskeleton in a physiological context. In this mini-review we will focus on three calcium-binding EF-hand-containing actin cross-linking proteins, α-actinin, plastin and EFHD2/Swiprosin-1, and how these conserved proteins affect the cell's actin reorganization in the context of cell migration and wound closure in response to calcium.
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5
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Tarczewska A, Bielak K, Zoglowek A, Sołtys K, Dobryszycki P, Ożyhar A, Różycka M. The Role of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation during Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091266. [PMID: 36139105 PMCID: PMC9496343 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some animal organs contain mineralized tissues. These so-called hard tissues are mostly deposits of calcium salts, usually in the form of calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. Examples of this include fish otoliths and mammalian otoconia, which are found in the inner ear, and they are an essential part of the sensory system that maintains body balance. The composition of ear stones is quite well known, but the role of individual components in the nucleation and growth of these biominerals is enigmatic. It is sure that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) play an important role in this aspect. They have an impact on the shape and size of otoliths. It seems probable that IDPs, with their inherent ability to phase separate, also play a role in nucleation processes. This review discusses the major theories on the mechanisms of biomineral nucleation with a focus on the importance of protein-driven liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). It also presents the current understanding of the role of IDPs in the formation of calcium carbonate biominerals and predicts their potential ability to drive LLPS.
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6
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Lehne F, Pokrant T, Parbin S, Salinas G, Großhans J, Rust K, Faix J, Bogdan S. Calcium bursts allow rapid reorganization of EFhD2/Swip-1 cross-linked actin networks in epithelial wound closure. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2492. [PMID: 35524157 PMCID: PMC9076686 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell morphology require the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Calcium fluxes have been suggested as an important signal to rapidly relay information to the actin cytoskeleton, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the EF-hand domain containing protein EFhD2/Swip-1 as a conserved lamellipodial protein strongly upregulated in Drosophila macrophages at the onset of metamorphosis when macrophage behavior shifts from quiescent to migratory state. Loss- and gain-of-function analysis confirm a critical function of EFhD2/Swip-1 in lamellipodial cell migration in fly and mouse melanoma cells. Contrary to previous assumptions, TIRF-analyses unambiguously demonstrate that EFhD2/Swip-1 proteins efficiently cross-link actin filaments in a calcium-dependent manner. Using a single-cell wounding model, we show that EFhD2/Swip-1 promotes wound closure in a calcium-dependent manner. Mechanistically, our data suggest that transient calcium bursts reduce EFhD2/Swip-1 cross-linking activity and thereby promote rapid reorganization of existing actin networks to drive epithelial wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lehne
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pokrant
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabnam Parbin
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit, Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit, Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Rust
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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7
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Osorio C, Sfera A, Anton JJ, Thomas KG, Andronescu CV, Li E, Yahia RW, Avalos AG, Kozlakidis Z. Virus-Induced Membrane Fusion in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:845580. [PMID: 35531328 PMCID: PMC9070112 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.845580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of epidemiological and research data has associated neurotropic viruses with accelerated brain aging and increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Many viruses replicate optimally in senescent cells, as they offer a hospitable microenvironment with persistently elevated cytosolic calcium, abundant intracellular iron, and low interferon type I. As cell-cell fusion is a major driver of cellular senescence, many viruses have developed the ability to promote this phenotype by forming syncytia. Cell-cell fusion is associated with immunosuppression mediated by phosphatidylserine externalization that enable viruses to evade host defenses. In hosts, virus-induced immune dysfunction and premature cellular senescence may predispose to neurodegenerative disorders. This concept is supported by novel studies that found postinfectious cognitive dysfunction in several viral illnesses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1, herpes simplex virus-1, and SARS-CoV-2. Virus-induced pathological syncytia may provide a unified framework for conceptualizing neuronal cell cycle reentry, aneuploidy, somatic mosaicism, viral spreading of pathological Tau and elimination of viable synapses and neurons by neurotoxic astrocytes and microglia. In this narrative review, we take a closer look at cell-cell fusion and vesicular merger in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. We present a "decentralized" information processing model that conceptualizes neurodegeneration as a systemic illness, triggered by cytoskeletal pathology. We also discuss strategies for reversing cell-cell fusion, including, TMEM16F inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, senolytics, and tubulin stabilizing agents. Finally, going beyond neurodegeneration, we examine the potential benefit of harnessing fusion as a therapeutic strategy in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Adonis Sfera
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan J. Anton
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Karina G. Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Christina V. Andronescu
- Medical Anthropology – Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Erica Li
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rayan W. Yahia
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Andrea García Avalos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Medicina Campus, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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8
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Thylur Puttalingaiah R. Role of Swiprosin-1/EFHD2 as a biomarker in the development of chronic diseases. Life Sci 2022; 297:120462. [PMID: 35276221 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Swiprosin-1 or EFHD2, is a Ca2+ binding actin protein and its expression has been shown to be distinct in various cell types. The expression of swiprosin-1 is upregulated during the activation of immune cells, epithelial and endothelial cells. The expression of swiprosin-1 is regulated by diverse signaling pathways that are contingent upon the specific type of cells. The aim of this review is to summarize and provide an overview of the role of swiprosin-1 in pathophysiological conditions of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetic nephropathy, neuropsychiatric diseases, and in the process of inflammation, immune response, and inflammatory diseases. Novel approaches for the targeting of swiprosin-1 as a biomarker in the early detection and prevention of various development of chronic diseases are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Thylur Puttalingaiah
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Avenue, Room 945-B1, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA..
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9
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OUP accepted manuscript. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4763-4781. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Tong LC, Wang ZB, Zhang JQ, Wang Y, Liu WY, Yin H, Li JC, Su DF, Cao YB, Zhang LC, Li L. Swiprosin-1 deficiency in macrophages alleviated atherogenesis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:344. [PMID: 34759279 PMCID: PMC8580969 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a vital role in the development of atherosclerosis. Previously, we have found that swiprosin-1 was abundantly expressed in macrophages. Here, we investigated the role of swiprosin-1 expressed in macrophages in atherogenesis. Bone marrow transplantation was performed from swiprosin-1-knockout (Swp-/-) mice and age-matched ApoE-/- mice. Atherosclerotic lesion, serum lipid, and interleukin-β (IL-β) levels were detected. In vitro, the peritoneal macrophages isolated from Swp-/- and wild-type mice were stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and the macrophage of foam degree, cellular lipid content, apoptosis, inflammatory factor, migration, and autophagy were determined. Our results showed that swiprosin-1 was mainly expressed in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaques in aorta from ApoE-/- mice fed with high-cholesterol diet (HCD). The expression of swiprosin-1 in the foaming of RAW264.7 macrophages gradually increased with the increase of the concentration and time stimulated with ox-LDL. Atherosclerotic plaques, accumulation of macrophages, collagen content, serum total cholesterol, LDL, and IL-β levels were decreased in Swp-/- → ApoE-/- mice compared with Swp+/+ → ApoE-/- mice fed with HCD for 16 weeks. The macrophage foam cell formation and cellular cholesterol accumulation were reduced, while the lipid uptake and efflux increased in macrophages isolated from Swp-/- compared to wild-type mice treated with ox-LDL. Swiprosin-1 deficiency in macrophages could inhibit apoptosis, inflammation, migration, and promote autophagy. Taken together, our results demonstrated that swiprosin-1 deficiency in macrophages could alleviate the development and progression of AS. The role of swiprosin-1 may provide a promising new target for ameliorating AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chang Tong
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ye Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Li
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Bing Cao
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li-Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Soliman AS, Umstead A, Grabinski T, Kanaan NM, Lee A, Ryan J, Lamp J, Vega IE. EFhd2 brain interactome reveals its association with different cellular and molecular processes. J Neurochem 2021; 159:992-1007. [PMID: 34543436 PMCID: PMC9552186 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
EFhd2 is a conserved calcium-binding protein that is highly expressed in the central nervous system. We have shown that EFhd2 interacts with tau protein, a key pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. However, EFhd2's physiological and pathological functions in the brain are still poorly understood. To gain insights into its physiological function, we identified proteins that co-immunoprecipitated with EFhd2 from mouse forebrain and hindbrain, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, quantitative mass spectrometry was used to detect protein abundance changes due to the deletion of the Efhd2 gene in mouse forebrain and hindbrain regions. Our data show that mouse EFhd2 is associated with cytoskeleton components, vesicle trafficking modulators, cellular stress response-regulating proteins, and metabolic proteins. Moreover, proteins associated with the cytoskeleton, vesicular transport, calcium signaling, stress response, and metabolic pathways showed differential abundance in Efhd2(-/-) mice. This study presents, for the first time, an EFhd2 brain interactome that it is associated with different cellular and molecular processes. These findings will help prioritize further studies to investigate the mechanisms by which EFhd2 modulates these processes in physiological and pathological conditions of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam S Soliman
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrew Umstead
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Tessa Grabinski
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Andy Lee
- NeuroInitiatives LLC, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - John Ryan
- NeuroInitiatives LLC, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jared Lamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Rai SK, Savastano A, Singh P, Mukhopadhyay S, Zweckstetter M. Liquid-liquid phase separation of tau: From molecular biophysics to physiology and disease. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1294-1314. [PMID: 33930220 PMCID: PMC8197432 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensation via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of intrinsically disordered proteins/regions (IDPs/IDRs), with and without nucleic acids, has drawn widespread interest due to the rapidly unfolding role of phase-separated condensates in a diverse range of cellular functions and human diseases. Biomolecular condensates form via transient and multivalent intermolecular forces that sequester proteins and nucleic acids into liquid-like membrane-less compartments. However, aberrant phase transitions into gel-like or solid-like aggregates might play an important role in neurodegenerative and other diseases. Tau, a microtubule-associated neuronal IDP, is involved in microtubule stabilization, regulates axonal outgrowth and transport in neurons. A growing body of evidence indicates that tau can accomplish some of its cellular activities via LLPS. However, liquid-to-solid transition resulting in the abnormal aggregation of tau is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The physical chemistry of tau is crucial for governing its propensity for biomolecular condensation which is governed by various intermolecular and intramolecular interactions leading to simple one-component and complex multi-component condensates. In this review, we aim at capturing the current scientific state in unveiling the intriguing molecular mechanism of phase separation of tau. We particularly focus on the amalgamation of existing and emerging biophysical tools that offer unique spatiotemporal resolutions on a wide range of length- and time-scales. We also discuss the link between quantitative biophysical measurements and novel biological insights into biomolecular condensation of tau. We believe that this account will provide a broad and multidisciplinary view of phase separation of tau and its association with physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Rai
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)MohaliIndia
| | - Adriana Savastano
- Research group Translational Structural BiologyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GöttingenGermany
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)MohaliIndia
| | - Samrat Mukhopadhyay
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)MohaliIndia
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Research group Translational Structural BiologyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GöttingenGermany
- Department for NMR‐based Structural BiologyMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingenGermany
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13
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Kogias G, Zheng F, Kalinichenko LS, Kornhuber J, Alzheimer C, Mielenz D, Müller CP. Swiprosin1/EFhd2 is involved in the monoaminergic and locomotor responses of psychostimulant drugs. J Neurochem 2020; 154:424-440. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kogias
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Fang Zheng
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Liubov S. Kalinichenko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Alzheimer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology Department of Internal Medicine III Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Center University Clinic Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian P. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
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14
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Vega IE, Umstead A, Kanaan NM. EFhd2 Affects Tau Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:845. [PMID: 31456657 PMCID: PMC6700279 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of tau proteins from its soluble physiological conformation to the pathological aggregate forms found in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, is poorly understood. Therefore, understanding the process that modulates the formation of toxic tau oligomers and their conversion to putative neuroprotective neurofibrillary tangles will lead to better therapeutic strategies. We previously identified that EFhd2 is associated with aggregated tau species in AD brains and the coiled-coil domain in EFhd2 mediates the interaction with tau. To further characterize the association between EFhd2 and tau, we examined whether EFhd2 could affect the liquid-liquid phase separation properties of tau under molecular crowding conditions. We demonstrate that EFhd2 alters tau liquid phase behavior in a calcium and coiled-coil domain dependent manner. Co-incubation of EFhd2 and tau in the absence of calcium leads to the formation of solid-like structures containing both proteins, while in the presence of calcium these two proteins phase separate together into liquid droplets. EFhd2's coiled-coil domain is necessary to alter tau's liquid phase separation, indicating that protein-protein interaction is required. The results demonstrate that EFhd2 affects the liquid-liquid phase separation of tau proteins in vitro, suggesting that EFhd2 modulates the structural dynamics of tau proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew Umstead
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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15
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Vega IE, Sutter A, Parks L, Umstead A, Ivanova MI. Tau's Three-Repeat Domain and EFhd2 Co-incubation Leads to Increased Thioflavin Signal. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:879. [PMID: 30559642 PMCID: PMC6286997 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the protein tau is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to tau protein aggregation are still unclear. Previously, we showed that EFhd2 protein is associated with pathological aggregated forms of tau in AD brain. Further, immuno-gold analyses of purified tau aggregates showed that EFhd2 co-localized with filamentous tau structures. We demonstrated that EFhd2’s coiled-coil domain is required for its association with tau proteins. However, it is unknown the role that EFhd2 plays in tau aggregation. Here, we show that incubation of K19-tau with substoichiometric amount of EFhd2 promote the formation of amyloid structures in vitro. The result suggests that EFhd2 may play a role in the biogenesis of aggregated tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexandra Sutter
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Luke Parks
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew Umstead
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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16
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Peled M, Dragovich MA, Adam K, Strazza M, Tocheva AS, Vega IE, Mor A. EF Hand Domain Family Member D2 Is Required for T Cell Cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:2824-2831. [PMID: 30275048 PMCID: PMC6200634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a major coinhibitory receptor and a member of the immunological synapse (IS). To uncover proteins that regulate PD-1 recruitment to the IS, we searched for cytoskeleton-related proteins that also interact with PD-1 using affinity purification mass spectrometry. Among these proteins, EF hand domain family member D2 (EFHD2), a calcium binding adaptor protein, was functionally and mechanistically analyzed for its contribution to PD-1 signaling. EFHD2 was required for PD-1 to inhibit cytokine secretion, proliferation, and adhesion of human T cells. Interestingly, EFHD2 was also required for human T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and for mounting an antitumor immune response in a syngeneic murine tumor model. Mechanistically, EFHD2 contributed to IS stability, lytic vesicles trafficking, and granzyme B secretion. Altogether, EFHD2 is an important regulator of T cell cytotoxicity and further studies should evaluate its role in T cell-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Peled
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Pulmonary Department, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52620, Israel
| | - Matthew A Dragovich
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Kieran Adam
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503; and
| | - Adam Mor
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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17
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EFhd2/Swiprosin-1 is a common genetic determinator for sensation-seeking/low anxiety and alcohol addiction. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1303-1319. [PMID: 28397836 PMCID: PMC5984092 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In many societies, the majority of adults regularly consume alcohol. However, only a small proportion develops alcohol addiction. Individuals at risk often show a high sensation-seeking/low-anxiety behavioural phenotype. Here we asked which role EF hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2; Swiprosin-1) plays in the control of alcohol addiction-associated behaviours. EFhd2 knockout (KO) mice drink more alcohol than controls and spontaneously escalate their consumption. This coincided with a sensation-seeking and low-anxiety phenotype. A reversal of the behavioural phenotype with β-carboline, an anxiogenic inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonist, normalized alcohol preference in EFhd2 KO mice, demonstrating an EFhd2-driven relationship between personality traits and alcohol preference. These findings were confirmed in a human sample where we observed a positive association of the EFhd2 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs112146896 with lifetime drinking and a negative association with anxiety in healthy adolescents. The lack of EFhd2 reduced extracellular dopamine levels in the brain, but enhanced responses to alcohol. In confirmation, gene expression analysis revealed reduced tyrosine hydroxylase expression and the regulation of genes involved in cortex development, Eomes and Pax6, in EFhd2 KO cortices. These findings were corroborated in Xenopus tadpoles by EFhd2 knockdown. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in mice showed that a lack of EFhd2 reduces cortical volume in adults. Moreover, human MRI confirmed the negative association between lifetime alcohol drinking and superior frontal gyrus volume. We propose that EFhd2 is a conserved resilience factor against alcohol consumption and its escalation, working through Pax6/Eomes. Reduced EFhd2 function induces high-risk personality traits of sensation-seeking/low anxiety associated with enhanced alcohol consumption, which may be related to cortex function.
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18
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Zhang S, Tu Y, Sun YM, Li Y, Wang RM, Cao Y, Li L, Zhang LC, Wang ZB. Swiprosin-1 deficiency impairs macrophage immune response of septic mice. JCI Insight 2018; 3:95396. [PMID: 29415882 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that many therapeutic strategies have been adopted to delay the development of sepsis, sepsis remains one of the leading causes of death in noncoronary intensive care units. Recently, sepsis-3 was defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. Here, we report that swiprosin-1 (also known as EFhd2) plays an important role in the macrophage immune response to LPS-induced or cecal ligation and puncture-induced (CLP-induced) sepsis in mice. Swiprosin-1 depletion causes higher mortality, more severe organ dysfunction, restrained macrophage recruitment in the lung and kidney, and attenuated inflammatory cytokine production (including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ). The immunosuppression caused by swiprosin-1 deficiency is manifested by impaired bactericidal capacity and decreased HLA-DR expression in macrophages. Swiprosin-1 affects the activation of the JAK2/STAT1/STAT3 pathway by regulating the expression of IFN-γ receptors in macrophages. Our findings provide a potential target for the regulation of the macrophage immune response in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Ye Tu
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University
| | - Yi-Ming Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Ya Li
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Rong-Mei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Yongbing Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and
| | - Ling Li
- Shanghai Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and
| | - Li-Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
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Regensburger M, Prots I, Reimer D, Brachs S, Loskarn S, Lie DC, Mielenz D, Winner B. Impact of Swiprosin-1/Efhd2 on Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:347-355. [PMID: 29337116 PMCID: PMC5830914 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Swiprosin-1/Efhd2 (Efhd2) is highly expressed in the CNS during development and in the adult. EFHD2 is regulated by Ca2+ binding, stabilizes F-actin, and promotes neurite extension. Previous studies indicated a dysregulation of EFHD2 in human Alzheimer's disease brains. We hypothesized a detrimental effect of genetic ablation of Efhd2 on hippocampal integrity and specifically investigated adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Efhd2 was expressed throughout adult neuronal development and in mature neurons. We observed a severe reduction of the survival of adult newborn neurons in Efhd2 knockouts, starting at the early neuroblast stage. Spine formation and dendrite growth of newborn neurons were compromised in full Efhd2 knockouts, but not upon cell-autonomous Efhd2 deletion. Together with our finding of severe hippocampal tauopathy in Efhd2 knockout mice, these data connect Efhd2 to impaired synaptic plasticity as present in Alzheimer's disease and identify a role of Efhd2 in neuronal survival and synaptic integration in the adult hippocampus. Efhd2 is expressed in the dentate gyrus and its loss reduces adult neurogenesis Reduced neurite complexity and spine density in new neurons of Efhd2 knockout mice Role of cell-extrinsic EFHD2 for dendrite morphology of adult newborn neurons Increased levels of pathological TAU in the hippocampus of Efhd2 knockout mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Regensburger
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glueckstrasse 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany; IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glueckstrasse 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany; IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Dorothea Reimer
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glueckstrasse 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glueckstrasse 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Sandra Loskarn
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glueckstrasse 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany; IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Dieter Chichung Lie
- Emil-Fischer Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glueckstrasse 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glueckstrasse 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany; IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
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20
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Vega IE, Umstead A, Wygant CM, Beck JS, Counts SE. Ezrin Expression is Increased During Disease Progression in a Tauopathy Mouse Model and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2018; 15:1086-1095. [PMID: 30101710 PMCID: PMC6522142 DOI: 10.2174/1567205015666180813152043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of diagnostic tools and disease-modifying treatments against Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders, collectively known as tauopathies, has led to a socioeconomic burden of epidemic proportion. Proteomics approaches can be used to identify novel proteome changes that could help us understand the pathogenesis of tau-related pathological hallmarks and/or cellular stress responses associated with tauopathy. These studies, however, need to be conducted taking into consideration brain region specificity and stage of neurodegeneration in order to provide insights about the pathological role of the identified proteins. METHODS We used a tauopathy mouse model (JNPL3) that expresses human tau bearing a P301L mutation and develops motor impairment, the severity of which correlates with the increased accumulation of pathological tau. Tissue was dissected from asymptomatic and severely motor impaired JNPL3 mice as well as non-transgenic littermate controls and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Differentially abundant protein spots were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Postmortem mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD and normal aging controls were used to validate the pathological significance of the identified protein. RESULTS Ezrin was identified as a protein that is upregulated in tau-mediated neurodegeneration. We demonstrate that Ezrin protein abundance increased in JNPL3 mice preceded motor impairment and was sustained in severely motor impaired mice. Ezrin expression was also increased in the temporal cortex of MCI and AD patients. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that increased Ezrin protein abundance changes are associated with the early stages of neurodegeneration in tauopathy models and human disease. Understanding the role of Ezrin in tauopathies such as AD may provide new insights for targeting tau-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E. Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer’s Disease Core Center, University of Michigan, Michigan State University and Wayne State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Umstead
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Cassandra M. Wygant
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - John S. Beck
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott E. Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer’s Disease Core Center, University of Michigan, Michigan State University and Wayne State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Hauenstein Neurosciences Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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EFHD2 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and correlates with postsurgical recurrence of stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14617. [PMID: 29097801 PMCID: PMC5668280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery is the only curative treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, approximately one-third of these patients develop recurrence, which remains the main cause of mortality in the postsurgical treatment of NSCLC. Many molecular markers have been proposed to predict recurrence of early-stage disease, but no marker has demonstrated sufficient reliability for clinical application. In the present study, the novel protein EF-hand domain-containing protein D2 (EFHD2) was identified as expressed in highly metastatic tumor cells. EFHD2 increased the formation of protrusive invadopodia structures and cell migration and invasion abilities and promoted the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) character of lung adenocarcinoma cells. We demonstrated that the mechanism of EFHD2 in enhancing EMT occurs partly through inhibition of caveolin-1 (CAV1) for cancer progression. The expression of EFHD2 was significantly correlated with postsurgical recurrence of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma in the Kaplan-Meier-plotter cancer database search and our retrospective cohort study (HR, 6.14; 95% CI, 2.40-15.74; P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that EFHD2 expression was an independent clinical predictor for this disease. We conclude that EFHD2 expression is associated with increased metastasis and EMT and could serve as an independent marker to predict postsurgical recurrence of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
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22
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Physiological and pathophysiological functions of Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 in the nervous system. Biochem J 2017; 473:2429-37. [PMID: 27515255 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and dysregulation of Ca(2+) are linked to neurodegenerative processes and behavioural disorders. Our understanding of the causes and factors involved in behavioural disorders and neurodegeneration, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), a tau-related disease, is on the one hand limited and on the other hand controversial. Here, we review recent data about the links between the Ca(2+)-binding EF-hand-containing cytoskeletal protein Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and neurodegeneration. Specifically, we summarize the functional biochemical data obtained in vitro with the use of recombinant EFhd2 protein, and integrated them with in vivo data in order to interpret the emerging role of EFhd2 in synaptic plasticity and in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly involving the tauopathies. We also discuss its functions in actin remodelling through cofilin and small GTPases, thereby linking EFhd2, synapses and the actin cytoskeleton. Expression data and functional experiments in mice and in humans have led to the hypothesis that down-regulation of EFhd2, especially in the cortex, is involved in dementia.
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23
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Wang ZB, Han P, Tong LC, Luo Y, Su WH, Wei X, Yu XH, Liu WY, Zhang XH, Lei H, Li ZZ, Wang F, Chen JG, Ma TH, Su DF, Li L. Low level of swiprosin-1/EFhd2 in vestibular nuclei of spontaneously hypersensitive motion sickness mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40986. [PMID: 28128226 PMCID: PMC5269593 DOI: 10.1038/srep40986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to motion sickness (MS) varies considerably among humans. However, the cause of such variation is unclear. Here, we used a classical genetic approach to obtain mouse strains highly sensitive and resistant to MS (SMS and RMS). Proteomics analysis revealed substantially lower swiprosin-1 expression in SMS mouse brains. Inducing MS via rotary stimulation decreased swiprosin-1 in the mouse brains. Swiprosin-1 knockout mice were much more sensitive to motion disturbance. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong swiprosin-1 expression in the vestibular nuclei (VN). Over-expressing swiprosin-1 in the VN of SMS mice decreased MS susceptibility. Down-regulating swiprosin-1 in the VN of RMS mice by RNAi increased MS susceptibility. Additional in vivo experiments revealed decreased swiprosin-1 expression by glutamate via the NMDA receptor. Glutamate increased neuronal excitability in SMS or swiprosin-1 knockout mice more prominently than in RMS or wild-type mice. These results indicate that swiprosin-1 in the VN is a critical determinant of the susceptibility to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling-Chang Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei-Heng Su
- Basal medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 130041, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xu-Hong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei-Ye Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Tong-Hui Ma
- Basal medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 130041, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Park KR, An JY, Kang JY, Lee JG, Lee Y, Mun SA, Jun CD, Song WK, Eom SH. Structural mechanism underlying regulation of human EFhd2/Swiprosin-1 actin-bundling activity by Ser183 phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:442-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Structural implications of Ca 2+-dependent actin-bundling function of human EFhd2/Swiprosin-1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39095. [PMID: 27974828 PMCID: PMC5156911 DOI: 10.1038/srep39095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
EFhd2/Swiprosin-1 is a cytoskeletal Ca2+-binding protein implicated in Ca2+-dependent cell spreading and migration in epithelial cells. EFhd2 domain architecture includes an N-terminal disordered region, a PxxP motif, two EF-hands, a ligand mimic helix and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. We reported previously that EFhd2 displays F-actin bundling activity in the presence of Ca2+ and this activity depends on the coiled-coil domain and direct interaction of the EFhd2 core region. However, the molecular mechanism for the regulation of F-actin binding and bundling by EFhd2 is unknown. Here, the Ca2+-bound crystal structure of the EFhd2 core region is presented and structures of mutants defective for Ca2+-binding are also described. These structures and biochemical analyses reveal that the F-actin bundling activity of EFhd2 depends on the structural rigidity of F-actin binding sites conferred by binding of the EF-hands to Ca2+. In the absence of Ca2+, the EFhd2 core region exhibits local conformational flexibility around the EF-hand domain and C-terminal linker, which retains F-actin binding activity but loses the ability to bundle F-actin. In addition, we establish that dimerisation of EFhd2 via the C-terminal coiled-coil domain, which is necessary for F-actin bundling, occurs through the parallel coiled-coil interaction.
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26
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Arendt T, Stieler JT, Holzer M. Tau and tauopathies. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:238-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Vega IE. EFhd2, a Protein Linked to Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:150. [PMID: 27064956 PMCID: PMC4814571 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
EFhd2 is a conserved calcium binding protein linked to different neurological disorders and types of cancer. Although, EFhd2 is more abundant in neurons, it is also found in other cell types. The physiological function of this novel protein is still unclear, but it has been shown in vitro to play a role in calcium signaling, apoptosis, actin cytoskeleton, and regulation of synapse formation. Recently, EFhd2 was shown to promote cell motility by modulating the activity of Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA. Although, EFhd2's role in promoting cell invasion and metastasis is of great interest in cancer biology, this review focusses on the evidence that links EFhd2 to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurological disorders. Altered expression of EFhd2 has been documented in AD, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and schizophrenia, indicating that Efhd2 gene expression is regulated in response to neuropathological processes. However, the specific role that EFhd2 plays in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders is still poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrated that EFhd2 has structural characteristics similar to amyloid proteins found in neurological disorders. Moreover, EFhd2 co-aggregates and interacts with known neuropathological proteins, such as tau, C9orf72, and Lrrk2. These results suggest that EFhd2 may play an important role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the understanding of EFhd2's role in health and disease could lead to decipher molecular mechanisms that become activated in response to neuronal stress and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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The calcium-binding protein EFhd2 modulates synapse formation in vitro and is linked to human dementia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 73:1166-82. [PMID: 25383639 PMCID: PMC4238966 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EFhd2 is a calcium-binding adaptor protein that has been found to be associated with pathologically aggregated tau in the brain in Alzheimer disease and in a mouse model of frontotemporal dementia. EFhd2 has cell type-specific functions, including the modulation of intracellular calcium responses, actin dynamics, and microtubule transport. Here we report that EFhd2 protein and mRNA levels are reduced in human frontal cortex tissue affected by different types of dementia with and without tau pathology. We show that EFhd2 is mainly a neuronal protein in the brain and is abundant in the forebrain. Using short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of EFhd2 expression in cultured cortical neurons, we demonstrate that loss of EFhd2 affects the number of synapses developed in vitro whereas it does not alter neurite outgrowth per se. Our data suggest that EFhd2 is involved in the control of synapse development and maintenance through means other than affecting neurite development. The changes in expression levels observed in human dementias might, therefore, play a significant role in disease onset and progression of dementia, which is characterized by the loss of synapses.
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The adaptor protein Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 is dispensable for platelet function in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107139. [PMID: 25243606 PMCID: PMC4170979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets are anuclear cell fragments derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes that safeguard vascular integrity, but may also cause pathological vessel occlusion. Reorganizations of the platelet cytoskeleton and agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+-mobilization are crucial for platelet hemostatic function. EF-hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2, Swiprosin-1) is a Ca2+-binding cytoskeletal adaptor protein involved in actin remodeling in different cell types, but its function in platelets is unknown. Objective Based on the described functions of EFhd2 in immune cells, we tested the hypothesis that EFhd2 is a crucial adaptor protein for platelet function acting as a regulator of Ca2+-mobilization and cytoskeletal rearrangements. Methods and Results We generated EFhd2-deficient mice and analyzed their platelets in vitro and in vivo. Efhd2-/- mice displayed normal platelet count and size, exhibited an unaltered in vivo life span and showed normal Ca2+-mobilization and activation/aggregation responses to classic agonists. Interestingly, upon stimulation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-coupled receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI, Efhd2-/- platelets showed a slightly increased coagulant activity. Furthermore, absence of EFhd2 had no significant impact on integrin-mediated clot retraction, actomyosin rearrangements and spreading of activated platelets on fibrinogen. In vivo EFhd2-deficiency resulted in unaltered hemostatic function and unaffected arterial thrombus formation. Conclusion These results show that EFhd2 is not essential for platelet function in mice indicating that other cytoskeletal adaptors may functionally compensate its loss.
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The Ca2+ sensor protein swiprosin-1/EFhd2 is present in neurites and involved in kinesin-mediated transport in neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103976. [PMID: 25133820 PMCID: PMC4136728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 (EFhd2) is a cytoskeletal Ca2+ sensor protein strongly expressed in the brain. It has been shown to interact with mutant tau, which can promote neurodegeneration, but nothing is known about the physiological function of EFhd2 in the nervous system. To elucidate this question, we analyzed EFhd2−/−/lacZ reporter mice and showed that lacZ was strongly expressed in the cortex, the dentate gyrus, the CA1 and CA2 regions of the hippocampus, the thalamus, and the olfactory bulb. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting confirmed this pattern and revealed expression of EFhd2 during neuronal maturation. In cortical neurons, EFhd2 was detected in neurites marked by MAP2 and co-localized with pre- and post-synaptic markers. Approximately one third of EFhd2 associated with a biochemically isolated synaptosome preparation. There, EFhd2 was mostly confined to the cytosolic and plasma membrane fractions. Both synaptic endocytosis and exocytosis in primary hippocampal EFhd2−/− neurons were unaltered but transport of synaptophysin-GFP containing vesicles was enhanced in EFhd2−/− primary hippocampal neurons, and notably, EFhd2 inhibited kinesin mediated microtubule gliding. Therefore, we found that EFhd2 is a neuronal protein that interferes with kinesin-mediated transport.
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Serrano-Velez JL, Rodriguez-Alvarado M, Torres-Vazquez II, Fraser SE, Yasumura T, Vanderpool KG, Rash JE, Rosa-Molinar E. Abundance of gap junctions at glutamatergic mixed synapses in adult Mosquitofish spinal cord neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:66. [PMID: 25018700 PMCID: PMC4072101 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
"Dye-coupling", whole-mount immunohistochemistry for gap junction channel protein connexin 35 (Cx35), and freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling (FRIL) reveal an abundance of electrical synapses/gap junctions at glutamatergic mixed synapses in the 14th spinal segment that innervates the adult male gonopodium of Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Mosquitofish). To study gap junctions' role in fast motor behavior, we used a minimally-invasive neural-tract-tracing technique to introduce gap junction-permeant or -impermeant dyes into deep muscles controlling the gonopodium of the adult male Mosquitofish, a teleost fish that rapidly transfers (complete in <20 mS) spermatozeugmata into the female reproductive tract. Dye-coupling in the 14th spinal segment controlling the gonopodium reveals coupling between motor neurons and a commissural primary ascending interneuron (CoPA IN) and shows that the 14th segment has an extensive and elaborate dendritic arbor and more gap junctions than do other segments. Whole-mount immunohistochemistry for Cx35 results confirm dye-coupling and show it occurs via gap junctions. Finally, FRIL shows that gap junctions are at mixed synapses and reveals that >50 of the 62 gap junctions at mixed synapses are in the 14th spinal segment. Our results support and extend studies showing gap junctions at mixed synapses in spinal cord segments involved in control of genital reflexes in rodents, and they suggest a link between mixed synapses and fast motor behavior. The findings provide a basis for studies of specific roles of spinal neurons in the generation/regulation of sex-specific behavior and for studies of gap junctions' role in regulating fast motor behavior. Finally, the CoPA IN provides a novel candidate neuron for future studies of gap junctions and neural control of fast motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott E Fraser
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Yasumura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - John E Rash
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA ; Program in Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eduardo Rosa-Molinar
- Biological Imaging Group, University of Puerto Rico San Juan, PR, USA ; Institute of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico San Juan, PR, USA
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Vázquez-Rosa E, Rodríguez-Cruz EN, Serrano S, Rodríguez-Laureano L, Vega IE. Cdk5 phosphorylation of EFhd2 at S74 affects its calcium binding activity. Protein Sci 2014; 23:1197-207. [PMID: 24917152 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
EFhd2 is a calcium binding protein, which is highly expressed in the central nervous system and associated with pathological forms of tau proteins in tauopathies. Previous phosphoproteomics studies and bioinformatics analysis suggest that EFhd2 may be phosphorylated. Here, we determine whether Cdk5, a hyperactivated kinase in tauopathies, phosphorylates EFhd2 and influence its known molecular activities. The results indicated that EFhd2 is phosphorylated by brain extract of the transgenic mouse CK-p25, which overexpresses the Cdk5 constitutive activator p25. Consistently, in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that Cdk5, but not GSK3β, directly phosphorylates EFhd2. Biomass, tandem mass spectrometry, and mutagenesis analyses indicated that Cdk5 monophosphorylates EFhd2 at S74, but not the adjacent S76. Furthermore, Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of EFhd2 affected its calcium binding activity. Finally, a phospho-specific antibody was generated against EFhd2 phosphorylated at S74 and was used to detect this phosphorylation event in postmortem brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease and normal-aging control cases. Results demonstrated that EFhd2 is phosphorylated in vivo at S74. These results imply that EFhd2's physiological and/or pathological function could be regulated by its phosphorylation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Vázquez-Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931; Protein Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931
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Brachs S, Lang C, Buslei R, Purohit P, Fürnrohr B, Kalbacher H, Jäck HM, Mielenz D. Monoclonal antibodies to discriminate the EF hand containing calcium binding adaptor proteins EFhd1 and EFhd2. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 32:237-45. [PMID: 23909416 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ca(2+) binding adaptor proteins of the EF hand family play important roles in neuronal and immune cell Ca(2+) signaling. Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 (EFhd2) and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 (EFhd1) are conserved and very homologous Ca(2+) binding adaptor proteins of the EF hand family, with possibly redundant functions. In particular, EFhd2 has been proposed to be involved in B cell signaling and neuropathological disorders. Little is known thus far about the expression of EFhd2 on the single cell level in tissue sections or blood cells. Here we describe the generation of four specific anti-EFhd2 monoclonal antibodies. These recognize murine and human EFhd2, but not murine EFhd1, and their binding site maps to a region in the N-terminal part of EFhd2, where EFhd2 and EFhd1 differ most. Moreover, to detect EFhd1 specifically, we also generated anti-EFhd1 polyclonal antibodies, making use of a singular peptide of the N-terminal part of the protein. Using anti-EFhd2 MAb, we reveal two EFhd2 pools in B cells, one at the membrane and one cytoplasmic pool. Staining of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells shows EFhd2 expression in B cells but a ∼5 fold higher expression in monocytes. Taken together, EFhd2 monoclonal antibodies will be valuable to assess the real subcellular localization and expression level of EFhd2 in healthy and diseased primary cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachs
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Erlangen, Germany
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Atherton J, Kurbatskaya K, Bondulich M, Croft CL, Garwood CJ, Chhabra R, Wray S, Jeromin A, Hanger DP, Noble W. Calpain cleavage and inactivation of the sodium calcium exchanger-3 occur downstream of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2014; 13:49-59. [PMID: 23919677 PMCID: PMC4326873 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by pathological deposits of β-amyloid (Aβ) in senile plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) comprising hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau, synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Substantial evidence indicates that disrupted neuronal calcium homeostasis is an early event in AD that could mediate synaptic dysfunction and neuronal toxicity. Sodium calcium exchangers (NCXs) play important roles in regulating intracellular calcium, and accumulating data suggests that reduced NCX function, following aberrant proteolytic cleavage of these exchangers, may contribute to neurodegeneration. Here, we show that elevated calpain, but not caspase-3, activity is a prominent feature of AD brain. In addition, we observe increased calpain-mediated cleavage of NCX3, but not a related family member NCX1, in AD brain relative to unaffected tissue and that from other neurodegenerative conditions. Moreover, the extent of NCX3 proteolysis correlated significantly with amounts of Aβ1-42. We also show that exposure of primary cortical neurons to oligomeric Aβ1-42 results in calpain-dependent cleavage of NCX3, and we demonstrate that loss of NCX3 function is associated with Aβ toxicity. Our findings suggest that Aβ mediates calpain cleavage of NCX3 in AD brain and therefore that reduced NCX3 activity could contribute to the sustained increases in intraneuronal calcium concentrations that are associated with synaptic and neuronal dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Atherton
- Institute of Psychiatry; Department of Neuroscience; King's College London; London SE5 8AF UK
| | - Ksenia Kurbatskaya
- Institute of Psychiatry; Department of Neuroscience; King's College London; London SE5 8AF UK
| | - Marie Bondulich
- Institute of Psychiatry; Department of Neuroscience; King's College London; London SE5 8AF UK
| | - Cara L. Croft
- Institute of Psychiatry; Department of Neuroscience; King's College London; London SE5 8AF UK
| | - Claire J. Garwood
- Institute of Psychiatry; Department of Neuroscience; King's College London; London SE5 8AF UK
| | - Resham Chhabra
- Institute of Psychiatry; Department of Neuroscience; King's College London; London SE5 8AF UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Institute of Psychiatry; Department of Neuroscience; King's College London; London SE5 8AF UK
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- NextGenSciences Dx; 155 Federal Street Suite 700 Boston MA 02110 USA
| | - Diane P. Hanger
- Institute of Psychiatry; Department of Neuroscience; King's College London; London SE5 8AF UK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Institute of Psychiatry; Department of Neuroscience; King's College London; London SE5 8AF UK
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Huh YH, Kim SH, Chung KH, Oh S, Kwon MS, Choi HW, Rhee S, Ryu JH, Park ZY, Jun CD, Song WK. Swiprosin-1 modulates actin dynamics by regulating the F-actin accessibility to cofilin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 70:4841-54. [PMID: 23959172 PMCID: PMC3830201 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protrusions, like lamellipodia, and cell movement are dependent on actin dynamics, which are regulated by a variety of actin-binding proteins acting cooperatively to reorganize actin filaments. Here, we provide evidence that Swiprosin-1, a newly identified actin-binding protein, modulates lamellipodial dynamics by regulating the accessibility of F-actin to cofilin. Overexpression of Swiprosin-1 increased lamellipodia formation in B16F10 melanoma cells, whereas knockdown of Swiprosin-1 inhibited EGF-induced lamellipodia formation, and led to a loss of actin stress fibers at the leading edges of cells but not in the cell cortex. Swiprosin-1 strongly facilitated the formation of entangled or clustered F-actin, which remodeled the structural organization of actin filaments making them in accessible to cofilin. EGF-induced phosphorylation of Swiprosin-1 at Ser183, a phosphorylation site newly identified using mass spectrometry, effectively inhibited clustering of actin filaments and permitted cofilin access to F-actin, resulting in actin depolymerization. Cells over expressing a Swiprosin-1 phosphorylation-mimicking mutant or a phosphorylation-deficient mutant exhibited irregular membrane dynamics during the protrusion and retraction cycles of lamellipodia. Taken together, these findings suggest that dynamic exchange of Swiprosin-1 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is a novel mechanism that regulates actin dynamics by modulating the pattern of cofilin activity at the leading edges of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hyun Huh
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - So Hee Kim
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwun Chung
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Sena Oh
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kwon
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Choi
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- School of Biological Sciences, Joong Ang University, Seoul, 156756 Korea
| | - Je-Hwang Ryu
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders and Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500757 Korea
| | - Zee Yong Park
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
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Kwon MS, Park KR, Kim YD, Na BR, Kim HR, Choi HJ, Piragyte I, Jeon H, Chung KH, Song WK, Eom SH, Jun CD. Swiprosin-1 is a novel actin bundling protein that regulates cell spreading and migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71626. [PMID: 23977092 PMCID: PMC3744483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein functions are often revealed by their localization to specialized cellular sites. Recent reports demonstrated that swiprosin-1 is found together with actin and actin-binding proteins in the cytoskeleton fraction of human mast cells and NK-like cells. However, direct evidence of whether swiprosin-1 regulates actin dynamics is currently lacking. We found that swiprosin-1 localizes to microvilli-like membrane protrusions and lamellipodia and exhibits actin-binding activity. Overexpression of swiprosin-1 enhanced lamellipodia formation and cell spreading. In contrast, swiprosin-1 knockdown showed reduced cell spreading and migration. Swiprosin-1 induced actin bundling in the presence of Ca(2+), and deletion of the EF-hand motifs partially reduced bundling activity. Swiprosin-1 dimerized in the presence of Ca(2+) via its coiled-coil domain, and a lysine (Lys)-rich region in the coiled-coil domain was essential for regulation of actin bundling. Consistent with these observations, mutations of the EF-hand motifs and coiled-coil region significantly reduced cell spreading and lamellipodia formation. We provide new evidence of how swiprosin-1 influences cytoskeleton reorganization and cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ryoung Park
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Dae Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Na
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Indre Piragyte
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyesung Jeon
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwun Chung
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Eom
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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Abstract
Tauopathies are a family of neurodegenerative diseases that have the pathological hallmark of intraneuronal accumulation of filaments composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins that tend to aggregate in an ultrastructure known as neurofibrillary tangles. The identification of mutations on the tau gene in familial cases of tauopathies underscores the pathological role of the tau protein. However, the molecular process that underlines tau-mediated neurodegeneration is not understood. Here, a proteomics approach was used to identify proteins that may be affected during the course of tau-mediated neurodegeneration in the tauopathy mouse model JNPL3. The JNPL3 mice express human tau proteins bearing a P301L mutation, which mimics the neurodegenerative process observed in humans with tauopathy. The results showed that the protein amphiphysin-1 (AMPH1) is significantly reduced in terminally ill JNPL3 mice. Specifically, the AMPH1 protein level is reduced in brain regions known to accumulate aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. The AMPH1 protein reduction was validated in Alzheimer's disease cases. Taken together, the results suggest that the reduction of the AMPH1 protein level is a molecular event associated with the progression of tau-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Ferrer-Acosta Y, Rodríguez-Cruz EN, Orange F, De Jesús-Cortés H, Madera B, Vaquer-Alicea J, Ballester J, Guinel MJF, Bloom GS, Vega IE. EFhd2 is a novel amyloid protein associated with pathological tau in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2013; 125:921-31. [PMID: 23331044 PMCID: PMC3676478 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
EFhd2 is a conserved calcium-binding protein, abundant within the central nervous system. Previous studies identified EFhd2 associated with pathological forms of tau proteins in the tauopathy mouse model JNPL3, which expresses the human tau(P301L) mutant. This association was validated in human tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role that EFhd2 may play in tauopathies is still unknown. Here, we show that EFhd2 formed amyloid structures in vitro, a capability that is reduced by calcium ions. Electron microscopy (EM) analyses demonstrated that recombinant EFhd2 formed filamentous structures. EM analyses of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions derived from human AD brains also indicated that EFhd2 co-localizes with aggregated tau proteins and formed granular structures. Immunohistological analyses of brain slices demonstrated that EFhd2 co-localizes with pathological tau proteins in AD brains, confirming the co-aggregation of EFhd2 and pathological tau. Furthermore, EFhd2's coiled-coil domain mediated its self-oligomerization in vitro and its association with tau proteins in JNPL3 mouse brain extracts. The results demonstrate that EFhd2 is a novel amyloid protein associated with pathological tau proteins in AD brain and that calcium binding may regulate the formation of EFhd2's amyloid structures. Hence, EFhd2 may play an important role in the pathobiology of tau-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancy Ferrer-Acosta
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - Eva N. Rodríguez-Cruz
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - François Orange
- Nanoscopy Facility, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
| | - Hector De Jesús-Cortés
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - Bismark Madera
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
- Confocal Microscopy Facility, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico – Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Jaime Vaquer-Alicea
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - Juan Ballester
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - Maxime J-F. Guinel
- Nanoscopy Facility, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
| | - George S. Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virgina, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Irving E. Vega
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
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Acosta YF, Rodríguez Cruz EN, Vaquer ADC, Vega IE. Functional and structural analysis of the conserved EFhd2 protein. Protein Pept Lett 2013; 20:573-83. [PMID: 22973849 PMCID: PMC3633529 DOI: 10.2174/0929866511320050011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
EFhd2 is a novel protein conserved from C. elegans to H. sapiens. This novel protein was originally identified in cells of the immune and central nervous systems. However, it is most abundant in the central nervous system, where it has been found associated with pathological forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The physiological or pathological roles of EFhd2 are poorly understood. In this study, a functional and structural analysis was carried to characterize the molecular requirements for EFhd2's calcium binding activity. The results showed that mutations of a conserved aspartate on either EF-hand motif disrupted the calcium binding activity, indicating that these motifs work in pair as a functional calcium binding domain. Furthermore, characterization of an identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that introduced a missense mutation indicates the importance of a conserved phenylalanine on EFhd2 calcium binding activity. Structural analysis revealed that EFhd2 is predominantly composed of alpha helix and random coil structures and that this novel protein is thermostable. EFhd2's thermo stability depends on its N-terminus. In the absence of the N-terminus, calcium binding restored EFhd2's thermal stability. Overall, these studies contribute to our understanding on EFhd2 functional and structural properties, and introduce it into the family of canonical EF-hand domain containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancy Ferrer Acosta
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Eva N. Rodríguez Cruz
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Ana del C. Vaquer
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Irving E. Vega
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
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Kim YD, Kwon MS, Na BR, Kim HR, Lee HS, Jun CD. Swiprosin-1 Expression Is Up-Regulated through Protein Kinase C-θ and NF-κB Pathway in T Cells. Immune Netw 2013; 13:55-62. [PMID: 23700395 PMCID: PMC3659256 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Swiprosin-1 exhibits the highest expression in CD8+ T cells and immature B cells and has been proposed to play a role in lymphocyte biology through actin remodeling. However, regulation of swiprosin-1 gene expression is poorly understood. Here we report that swiprosin-1 is up-regulated in T cells by PKC pathway. Targeted inhibition of the specific protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes by siRNA revealed that PKC-θ is involved in the expression of swiprosin-1 in the human T cells. In contrast, down-regulation of swiprosin-1 by A23187 or ionomycin suggests that calcium-signaling plays a negative role. Interestingly, swiprosin-1 expression is only reduced by treatment with NF-κB inhibitors but not by NF-AT inhibitor, suggesting that the NF-κB pathway is critical for regulation of swiprosin-1 expression. Collectively, these results suggest that swiprosin-1 is a PKC-θ-inducible gene and that it may modulate the late phase of T cell activation after antigen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Dae Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Maintenance of synaptic stability requires calcium-independent phospholipase A₂ activity. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:569149. [PMID: 22685677 PMCID: PMC3364014 DOI: 10.1155/2012/569149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂s) represent one of the largest groups of lipid-modifying enzymes. Over the years, significant advances have been made in understanding their potential physiological and pathological functions. Depending on their calcium requirement for activation, PLA₂s are classified into calcium dependent and independent. This paper mainly focuses on brain calcium-independent PLA₂ (iPLA₂) and on the mechanisms by which they influence neuronal function and regulate synaptic plasticity. Particular attention will be given to the iPLA₂γ isoform and its role in the regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. In particular, the paper discusses the possibility that brain iPLA₂γ deficiencies could destabilise normal synaptic operation and might contribute to the aetiology of some brain disorders. In this line, the paper presents new data indicating that iPLA₂γ deficiencies accentuate AMPA receptor destabilization and tau phosphorylation, which suggests that this iPLA₂ isoform should be considered as a potential target for the treatment of Tau-related disorders.
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Hagen S, Brachs S, Kroczek C, Fürnrohr BG, Lang C, Mielenz D. The B cell receptor-induced calcium flux involves a calcium mediated positive feedback loop. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:411-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Liu Y, Su Y, Sun S, Wang T, Qiao X, Run X, Liang Z. Tau phosphorylation and μ-calpain activation mediate the dexamethasone-induced inhibition on the insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35783. [PMID: 22536436 PMCID: PMC3335002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has suggested that insulin resistance (IR) or high levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) may be linked with the pathogenesis and/or progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although studies have shown that a high level of GCs results in IR, little is known about the molecular details that link GCs and IR in the context of AD. Abnormal phosphorylation of tau and activation of μ-calpain are two key events in the pathology of AD. Importantly, these two events are also related with GCs and IR. We therefore speculate that tau phosphorylation and μ-calpain activation may mediate the GCs-induced IR. Akt phosphorylation at Ser-473 (pAkt) is commonly used as a marker for assessing IR. We employed two cell lines, wild-type HEK293 cells and HEK293 cells stably expressing the longest human tau isoform (tau-441; HEK293/tau441 cells). We examined whether DEX, a synthetic GCs, induces tau phosphorylation and μ-calpain activation. If so, we examined whether the DEX-induced tau phosphorylation and μ-calpain activation mediate the DEX-induced inhibition on the insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. The results showed that DEX increased tau phosphorylation and induced tau-mediated μ-calpain activation. Furthermore, pre-treatment with LiCl prevented the effects of DEX on tau phosphorylation and μ-calpain activation. Finally, both LiCl pre-treatment and calpain inhibition prevented the DEX-induced inhibition on the insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. In conclusion, our study suggests that the tau phosphorylation and μ-calpain activation mediate the DEX-induced inhibition on the insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shenggang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xian Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqin Run
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhihou Liang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Díaz-Balzac CA, Lázaro-Peña MI, García-Rivera EM, González CI, García-Arrarás JE. Calbindin-D32k is localized to a subpopulation of neurons in the nervous system of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima (Echinodermata). PLoS One 2012; 7:e32689. [PMID: 22412907 PMCID: PMC3296734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the calbindin subfamily serve as markers of subpopulations of neurons within the vertebrate nervous system. Although markers of these proteins are widely available and used, their application to invertebrate nervous systems has been very limited. In this study we investigated the presence and distribution of members of the calbindin subfamily in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima (Selenka, 1867). Immunohistological experiments with antibodies made against rat calbindin 1, parvalbumin, and calbindin 2, showed that these antibodies labeled cells and fibers within the nervous system of H. glaberrima. Most of the cells and fibers were co-labeled with the neural-specific marker RN1, showing their neural specificity. These were distributed throughout all of the nervous structures, including the connective tissue plexi of the body wall and podia. Bioinformatics analyses of the possible antigen recognized by these markers showed that a calbindin 2-like protein present in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, corresponded to the calbindin-D32k previously identified in other invertebrates. Western blots with anti-calbindin 1 and anti-parvalbumin showed that these markers recognized an antigen of approximately 32 kDa in homogenates of radial nerve cords of H. glaberrima and Lytechinus variegatus. Furthermore, immunoreactivity with anti-calbindin 1 and anti-parvalbumin was obtained to a fragment of calbindin-D32k of H. glaberrima. Our findings suggest that calbindin-D32k is present in invertebrates and its sequence is more similar to the vertebrate calbindin 2 than to calbindin 1. Thus, characterization of calbindin-D32k in echinoderms provides an important view of the evolution of this protein family and represents a valuable marker to study the nervous system of invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Díaz-Balzac
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - María I. Lázaro-Peña
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Enrique M. García-Rivera
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Carlos I. González
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - José E. García-Arrarás
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail:
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Hornbruch-Freitag C, Griemert B, Buttgereit D, Renkawitz-Pohl R. Drosophila Swiprosin-1/EFHD2 accumulates at the prefusion complex stage during Drosophila myoblast fusion. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3266-78. [PMID: 21896648 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.083907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Drosophila embryo, transient cell adhesion during myoblast fusion is known to lead to the formation of fusion-restricted myogenic-adhesive structures (FuRMASs). Here, we report that within these FuRMASs, a Drosophila homologue of human and mouse swiprosins (EF-hand-domain-containing proteins) is expressed, which we named Drosophila Swiprosin-1 (Drosophila Swip-1). Drosophila Swip-1 is highly conserved and is closely related to the calcium-binding proteins swiprosin-1 and swiprosin-2 that have a role in the immune system in humans and mice. Our study shows that Drosophila Swip-1 is also expressed in corresponding cells of the Drosophila immune system. During myoblast fusion, Drosophila Swip-1 accumulates transiently in the foci of fusion-competent myoblasts (FCMs). Both the EF-hand and the coiled-coil domain of Drosophila Swip-1 are required to localise the protein to these foci. The formation of Drosophila Swip-1 foci requires successful cell adhesion between FCMs and founder cells (FCs) or growing myotubes. Moreover, Drosophila Swip-1 foci were found to increase in number in sing(22) mutants, which arrest myoblast fusion after prefusion complex formation. By contrast, Drosophila Swip-1 foci are not significantly enriched in blow(2) and kette(J4-48) mutants, which stop myogenesis beyond the prefusion complex stage but before plasma membrane merging. Therefore, we hypothesise that Drosophila Swip-1 participates in the breakdown of the prefusion complex during the progression of myoblast fusion.
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Abstract
It is well established that the intracellular accumulation of Aβ (amyloid β-peptide) is associated with AD (Alzheimer's disease) and that this accumulation is toxic to neurons. The precise mechanism by which this toxicity occurs is not well understood; however, identifying the causes of this toxicity is an essential step towards developing treatments for AD. One intracellular location where the accumulation of Aβ can have a major effect is within mitochondria, where mitochondrial proteins have been identified that act as binding sites for Aβ, and when binding occurs, a toxic response results. At one of these identified sites, an enzyme known as ABAD (amyloid-binding alcohol dehydrogenase), we have identified changes in gene expression in the brain cortex, following Aβ accumulation within mitochondria. Specifically, we have identified two proteins that are up-regulated not only in the brains of transgenic animal models of AD but also in those of human sufferers. The increased expression of these proteins demonstrates the complex and counteracting pathways that are activated in AD. Previous studies have identified approximate contact sites between ABAD and Aβ; on basis of these observations, we have shown that by using a modified peptide approach it is possible to reverse the expression of these two proteins in living transgenic animals and also to recover mitochondrial and behavioural deficits. This indicates that the ABAD–Aβ interaction is potentially an interesting target for therapeutic intervention. To explore this further we used a fluorescing substrate mimic to measure the activity of ABAD within living cells, and in addition we have identified chemical fragments that bind to ABAD, using a thermal shift assay.
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De Vos A, Anandhakumar J, Van den Brande J, Verduyckt M, Franssens V, Winderickx J, Swinnen E. Yeast as a model system to study tau biology. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:428970. [PMID: 21559193 PMCID: PMC3090044 DOI: 10.4061/2011/428970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated and aggregated human protein tau constitutes a hallmark of a multitude of neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies, exemplified by Alzheimer's disease. In spite of an enormous amount of research performed on tau biology, several crucial questions concerning the mechanisms of tau toxicity remain unanswered. In this paper we will highlight some of the processes involved in tau biology and pathology, focusing on tau phosphorylation and the interplay with oxidative stress. In addition, we will introduce the development of a human tau-expressing yeast model, and discuss some crucial results obtained in this model, highlighting its potential in the elucidation of cellular processes leading to tau toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann De Vos
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jayamani Anandhakumar
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jeff Van den Brande
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mathias Verduyckt
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Franssens
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Erwin Swinnen
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Dütting S, Brachs S, Mielenz D. Fraternal twins: Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1, two homologous EF-hand containing calcium binding adaptor proteins with distinct functions. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:2. [PMID: 21244694 PMCID: PMC3036668 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular calcium concentration govern cytoskeletal rearrangement, mitosis, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation or synaptic transmission, thereby, regulating cellular effector and organ functions. Calcium binding proteins respond to changes in the intracellular calcium concentration with structural changes, triggering enzymatic activation and association with downstream proteins. One type of calcium binding proteins are EF-hand super family proteins. Here, we describe two recently discovered homologous EF-hand containing adaptor proteins, Swiprosin-1/EF-hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2) and Swiprosin-2/EF-hand domain containing 1 (EFhd1), which are related to allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1). For reasons of simplicity and concision we propose to name Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 from now on EFhd2 and EFhd1, according to their respective gene symbols. AIF-1 and Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 are already present in Bilateria, for instance in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenhorhabditis elegans. Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 arose later from gene duplication in the tetrapodal lineage. Secondary structure prediction of AIF-1 reveals disordered regions and one functional EF-hand. Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 exhibit a disordered region at the N-terminus, followed by two EF-hands and a coiled-coil domain. Whereas both proteins are similar in their predicted overall structure they differ in a non-homologous stretch of 60 amino acids just in front of the EF-hands. AIF-1 controls calcium-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement in innate immune cells by means of its functional EF-hand. We propose that Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 as well is a cytoskeleton associated adaptor protein involved in immune and brain cell function. Pro-inflammatory conditions are likely to modulate expression and function of Swiprosin-1/EFhd2. Swiprosin-2/EFhd1, on the other hand, modulates apoptosis and differentiation of neuronal and muscle precursor cells, probably through an association with mitochondria. We suggest furthermore that Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 is part of a cellular response to oxidative stress, which could explain its pro-survival activity in neuronal, muscle and perhaps some malignant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dütting
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine III, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the small EF-hand calcium-binding protein S100B plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease. Among other evidences are the increased levels of both S100B and its receptor, the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGEs) in the AD diseased brain. The regulation of RAGE signaling by S100B is complex and probably involves other ligands including the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), the Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs), or transtheyretin. In this paper we discuss the current literature regarding the role of S100B/RAGE activation in Alzheimer's disease.
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Allyson J, Dontigny E, Auberson Y, Cyr M, Massicotte G. Blockade of NR2A-containing NMDA receptors induces Tau phosphorylation in rat hippocampal slices. Neural Plast 2010; 2010:340168. [PMID: 20508838 PMCID: PMC2874924 DOI: 10.1155/2010/340168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors has been proposed to play a key role in both neuronal cell function and dysfunction. In the present study, we used selective NMDA receptor antagonists to investigate the involvement of NR2A and NR2B subunits in the modulatory effect of basal NMDA receptor activity on the phosphorylation of Tau proteins. We observed, in acute hippocampal slice preparations, that blockade of NR2A-containing NMDA receptors by the NR2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 provoked the hyperphosphorylation of a residue located in the proline-rich domain of Tau (i.e., Ser199). This effect seemed to be Ser199 specific as there was no increase in phosphorylation at Ser262 and Ser409 residues located in the microtubule-binding and C-terminal domains of Tau proteins, respectively. From a mechanistic perspective, our study revealed that blockade of NR2A-containing receptors influences Tau phosphorylation probably by increasing calcium influx into neurons, which seems to rely on accumulation of new NR1/NR2B receptors in neuronal membranes and could involve the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Allyson
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Eve Dontigny
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Yves Auberson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Cyr
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Guy Massicotte
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
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