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McMorris T, Hale BJ, Pine BS, Williams TB. Creatine supplementation research fails to support the theoretical basis for an effect on cognition: Evidence from a systematic review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114982. [PMID: 38582412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Creatine supplementation has been put forward as a possible aid to cognition, particularly for vegans, vegetarians, the elderly, sleep deprived and hypoxic individuals. However, previous narrative reviews have only provided limited support for these claims. This is despite the fact that research has shown that creatine supplementation can induce increased brain concentrations of creatine, albeit to a limited extent. We carried out a systematic review to examine the current state of affairs. The review supported claims that creatine supplementation can increases brain creatine content but also demonstrated somewhat equivocal results for effects on cognition. It does, however, provide evidence to suggest that more research is required with stressed populations, as supplementation does appear to significantly affect brain content. Issues with research design, especially supplementation regimens, need to be addressed. Future research must include measurements of creatine brain content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth PO12ER, United Kingdom.
| | - Beverley J Hale
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice S Pine
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth PO12ER, United Kingdom
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2
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Zhu Z, Cheng Y, Han X, Wang T, Zhang H, Yao Q, Chen F, Gu L, Yang D, Chen L, Zhao Y. 20( S)-Protopanaxadiol Exerts Antidepressive Effects in Chronic Corticosterone-Induced Rodent Animal Models as an Activator of Brain-Type Creatine Kinase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10376-10390. [PMID: 38661058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is one of the bioactive ingredients in ginseng and possesses neuroprotective properties. Brain-type creatine kinase (CK-BB) is an enzyme involved in brain energy homeostasis via the phosphocreatine-creatine kinase system. We previously identified PPD as directly bound to CK-BB and activated its activity in vitro. In this study, we explored the antidepressive effects of PPD that target CK-BB. First, we conducted time course studies on brain CK-BB, behaviors, and hippocampal structural plasticity responses to corticosterone (CORT) administration. Five weeks of CORT injection reduced CK-BB activity and protein levels and induced depression-like behaviors and hippocampal structural plasticity impairment. Next, a CK inhibitor and an adeno-associated virus-targeting CKB were used to diminish CK-BB activity or its expression in the brain. The loss of CK-BB in the brain led to depressive behaviors and morphological damage to spines in the hippocampus. Then, a polyclonal antibody against PPD was used to determine the distribution of PPD in the brain tissues. PPD was detected in the hippocampus and cortex and observed in astrocytes, neurons, and vascular endotheliocytes. Finally, different PPD doses were used in the chronic CORT-induced depression model. Treatment with a high dose of PPD significantly increased the activity and expression of CK-BB after long-term CORT injection. In addition, PPD alleviated the damage to depressive-like behaviors and structural plasticity induced by repeated CORT injection. Overall, our study revealed the critical role of CK-BB in mediating structural plasticity in CORT-induced depression and identified CK-BB as a therapeutic target for PPD, allowing us to treat stress-related mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hantao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Yao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Research and Innovation Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Research and Innovation Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Meng X, Zhang S, Zhou S, Ma Y, Yu X, Guan L. Putative Risk Biomarkers of Bipolar Disorder in At-risk Youth. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01219-w. [PMID: 38710851 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable and functionally impairing disease. The recognition and intervention of BD especially that characterized by early onset remains challenging. Risk biomarkers for predicting BD transition among at-risk youth may improve disease prognosis. We reviewed the more recent clinical studies to find possible pre-diagnostic biomarkers in youth at familial or (and) clinical risk of BD. Here we found that putative biomarkers for predicting conversion to BD include findings from multiple sample sources based on different hypotheses. Putative risk biomarkers shown by perspective studies are higher bipolar polygenetic risk scores, epigenetic alterations, elevated immune parameters, front-limbic system deficits, and brain circuit dysfunction associated with emotion and reward processing. Future studies need to enhance machine learning integration, make clinical detection methods more objective, and improve the quality of cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Meng
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuzhe Zhou
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yantao Ma
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lili Guan
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.
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4
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Gordji-Nejad A, Matusch A, Kleedörfer S, Jayeshkumar Patel H, Drzezga A, Elmenhorst D, Binkofski F, Bauer A. Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4937. [PMID: 38418482 PMCID: PMC10902318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The inverse effects of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation on high energy phosphates, neural creatine, and cognitive performances suggest that creatine is a suitable candidate for reducing the negative effects of sleep deprivation. With this, the main obstacle is the limited exogenous uptake by the central nervous system (CNS), making creatine only effective over a long-term diet of weeks. Thus far, only repeated dosing of creatine over weeks has been studied, yielding detectable changes in CNS levels. Based on the hypothesis that a high extracellular creatine availability and increased intracellular energy consumption will temporarily increase the central creatine uptake, subjects were orally administered a high single dose of creatinemonohydrate (0.35 g/kg) while performing cognitive tests during sleep deprivation. Two consecutive 31P-MRS scans, 1H-MRS, and cognitive tests were performed each at evening baseline, 3, 5.5, and 7.5 h after single dose creatine (0.35 g/kg) or placebo during sub-total 21 h sleep deprivation (SD). Our results show that creatine induces changes in PCr/Pi, ATP, tCr/tNAA, prevents a drop in pH level, and improves cognitive performance and processing speed. These outcomes suggest that a high single dose of creatine can partially reverse metabolic alterations and fatigue-related cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gordji-Nejad
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Matusch
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sophie Kleedörfer
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Harshal Jayeshkumar Patel
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Binkofski
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Abdennadher M, Inati SK, Rahhal S, Khan O, Bartolini L, Thurm A, Theodore W, Miller JS, Porter FD, Bianconi S. Characterization of seizures and EEG findings in creatine transporter deficiency due to SLC6A8 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:337-345. [PMID: 37850681 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Seizures occur in up to 59% of boys with creatine transporter deficiency (CTD). While seizure phenotypes have been previously described, electroencephalogram (EEG) findings have only been reported in several case reports. In this prospective observational study, we report seizure characteristics and EEG findings in combination with neurobehavioral and SLC6A8 pathogenic variants in twenty males with CTD. Eighteen study participants (SP) underwent video-EEG, and seven had follow-up EEG recordings. Seizures typically occurred by age of 2 years. Thirteen (65%) had non-febrile seizures, requiring anti-seizure medications in nine. Four had febrile seizures. Seizures were bilateral tonic-clonic in 7 SP and focal impaired awareness in 5 SP; often responding to 1 to 2 antiseizure medications. EEG showed slowing in 5 SP, beta activity in 6 SP, and focal/multifocal, and/or generalized epileptiform activity in 9 SP. Follow-up EEGs in 7 SP showed emergence of epileptiform activity in 1 SP, and increased activity in 2 SP. In conclusion, seizures were frequent in our cohort but tended to respond to antiseizure medications. Longitudinal follow up provided further insight into emergence of seizures and EEG abnormalities soliciting future studies with long term follow up. Biomarkers of epileptogenicity in CTD are needed to predict seizures in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Abdennadher
- Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara K Inati
- Neurophysiology of Epilepsy Unit, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Samar Rahhal
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Omar Khan
- Veterans Administration, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Luca Bartolini
- Hasbro Childrens' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, NIMH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Theodore
- Clinical Epilepsy Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Judith S Miller
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Simona Bianconi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Clinical Genetics, Kaiser Permanente Medical Group of Southern California, La Palma, California, USA
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Gonsalves SG, Saligan LN, Bergeron CM, Lee PR, Fishbein KW, Spencer RG, Zampino M, Sun X, Sheng JYS, Stearns V, Carducci M, Ferrucci L, Lukkahatai N. Exploring the links of skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity, physical functionality, and mental well-being of cancer survivors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2669. [PMID: 38302539 PMCID: PMC10834492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical impairments following cancer treatment have been linked with the toxic effects of these treatments on muscle mass and strength, through their deleterious effects on skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Accordingly, we designed the present study to explore relationships of skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity with physical performance and perceived cancer-related psychosocial experiences of cancer survivors. We assessed skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity using in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS), measuring the postexercise phosphocreatine resynthesis time constant, τPCr, in 11 post-chemotherapy participants aged 34-70 years. During the MRS procedure, participants performed rapid ballistic knee extension exercise to deplete phosphocreatine (PCr); hence, measuring the primary study outcome, which was the recovery rate of PCr (τPCr). Patient-reported outcomes of psychosocial symptoms and well-being were assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System and the 36-Item Short Form health survey (SF-36). Rapid bioenergetic recovery, reflected through a smaller value of τPCr was associated with worse depression (rho ρ = - 0.69, p = 0.018, and Cohen's d = - 1.104), anxiety (ρ = - 0.61, p = .046, d = - 0.677), and overall mental health (ρ = 0.74, p = 0.010, d = 2.198) scores, but better resilience (ρ = 0.65, p = 0.029), and coping-self efficacy (ρ = 0.63, p = 0.04) scores. This is the first study to link skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity with subjective reports of cancer-related behavioral toxicities. Further investigations are warranted to confirm these findings probing into the role of disease status and personal attributes in these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Gonsalves
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Leorey N Saligan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Christopher M Bergeron
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip R Lee
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth W Fishbein
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard G Spencer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marta Zampino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinyi Sun
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Vered Stearns
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Carducci
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nada Lukkahatai
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Karger G, Berger J, Dringen R. Modulation of Cellular Levels of Adenosine Phosphates and Creatine Phosphate in Cultured Primary Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:402-414. [PMID: 37855866 PMCID: PMC10787699 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy currency of all cells, while creatine phosphate (CrP) is considered as a buffer of high energy-bond phosphate that facilitates rapid regeneration of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Astrocyte-rich primary cultures contain ATP, ADP and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in average specific contents of 36.0 ± 6.4 nmol/mg, 2.9 ± 2.1 nmol/mg and 1.7 ± 2.1 nmol/mg, respectively, which establish an adenylate energy charge of 0.92 ± 0.04. The average specific cellular CrP level was found to be 25.9 ± 10.8 nmol/mg and the CrP/ATP ratio was 0.74 ± 0.28. The specific cellular CrP content, but not the ATP content, declined with the age of the culture. Absence of fetal calf serum for 24 h caused a partial loss in the cellular contents of both CrP and ATP, while application of creatine for 24 h doubled the cellular CrP content and the CrP/ATP ratio, but did not affect ATP levels. In glucose-deprived astrocytes, the high cellular ATP and CrP contents were rapidly depleted within minutes after application of the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose and the respiratory chain inhibitor antimycin A. For those conditions, the decline in CrP levels always preceded that of ATP contents. In contrast, incubation of glucose-fed astrocytes for up to 30 min with antimycin A had little effect on the high cellular ATP content, while the CrP level was significantly lowered. These data demonstrate the importance of cellular CrP for maintaining a high cellular ATP content in astrocytes during episodes of impaired ATP regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Karger
- Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Julius Berger
- Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Libell JL, Lakhani DA, Balar AB, Khan M, Carpenter JS, Joseph JT. Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase deficiency: Case report and brief review of the literature. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:4331-4337. [PMID: 37808418 PMCID: PMC10550807 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a decrease in creatine synthesis, resulting in cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome (CCDS). GAMT deficiency is caused by mutations in the GAMT gene located on chromosome 19, which impairs the conversion of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) to creatine. The resulting accumulation of the toxic metabolite GAA and the lack of creatine lead to various symptoms, including global developmental delays, behavioral issues, and epilepsy. The gold standard for diagnosis of GAMT deficiency is genetic testing. Treatment options for GAMT deficiency include creatine supplementation, ornithine supplementation, arginine restriction, and sodium benzoate supplementation. These treatment options have been shown to improve movement disorders and epileptic symptoms, but their impact on intellectual and speech development is limited. Early intervention has shown promising results in normalizing neurological development in a minor subgroup of patients. Therefore, there is a growing need for newborn screening techniques to detect GAMT deficiency early and prevent permanent neurological delays. Here we report a case of GAMT deficiency with emphasis on imaging presentation. Our case showed reduced brain parenchyma creatine stores on MR Spectroscopy, which may provide an avenue to aid in early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Libell
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Dhairya A. Lakhani
- Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Aneri B. Balar
- Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Musharaf Khan
- Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Carpenter
- Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Joe T. Joseph
- Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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9
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Rahhal S, Farmer C, Thurm A, Wassif CA, Cawley NX, Perreault J, Dang Do A, Bianconi S, Hannah-Shmouni F, Guthrie W, Cubit LS, Miller JS, Sutton VR, Koeberl D, Porter FD. Elevated amyloid beta peptides and total tau in cerebrospinal fluid in individuals with Creatine transporter deficiency. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2023; 37:101001. [PMID: 37662495 PMCID: PMC10470314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD) is a rare X-linked disorder of creatine transport caused by pathogenic variants in SLC6A8 (Xq28). The disorder is marked by developmental delay, especially speech delay. The biomarkers Aβ40, Aβ42 and total tau are abnormal in Alzheimer disease (AD), a common neurodegenerative disorder pathologically characterized by Aβ peptide containing amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Although CTD results in neuronal energy deficiency, the pathological processes underlying the CTD phenotype are not fully characterized. Methods Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was collected as an optional part of a natural history study of CTD. Aβ40, Aβ42 and total tau levels were quantified in CSF from individuals with CTD and from age-appropriate comparison samples. Neuro3-Plex enzyme-linked immunoassay was performed on a Quanterix SR-X instrument. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, 3rd Edition was used to determine an overall Adaptive Behavior Composite (ABC) standard score. Results CSF from 12 individuals with CTD and 23 age appropriate non-CTD comparison samples were analyzed. We found that levels of total tau [t(32) = 4.05, p = 0.0003], Aβ40 [t(31) = 6.11, p < 0.0001], and Aβ42 [t(32) = 3.20, p = 0.003] were elevated in the participants with CTD relative to the comparison group. Additionally, except for one individual that we considered an outlier, all three biomarkers correlated inversely with the adaptive behavior score (total tau: ρ = -0.60 [-0.88, 0.005]; Aβ40: ρ = -0.67 [-0.91, -0.12]; Aβ42: ρ = -0.62 [-0.89, -0.02]). Conclusion We describe here the novel finding of elevated protein biomarkers in the CSF of individuals with CTD. Aβ40, Aβ42 and total tau are markedly elevated in individuals with CTD compared to comparison samples, and increased levels of these biomarkers inversely correlated with ABC scores. We hypothesize that elevated CSF levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 are due to cellular energy deficiency. Elevated CSF total tau levels may indicate ongoing neuronal damage. The observed inverse correlation of Vineland ABC scores with increased biomarker levels needs to be confirmed in a larger CTD cohort; however, our observation of increased Aβ40, Aβ42 and total tau levels in CSF from individuals with CTD may provide insight into pathological mechanisms contributing to the CTD phenotype and may prove useful as supportive data in future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Rahhal
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristan Farmer
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A. Wassif
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niamh X. Cawley
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Perreault
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - An Dang Do
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simona Bianconi
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Whitney Guthrie
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura S. Cubit
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith S. Miller
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - V. Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine & Texas Children's Hospital, USA
| | - Dwight Koeberl
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Forbes D. Porter
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Mo H, Kim J, Kim JY, Kim JW, Han H, Choi SH, Rim YA, Ju JH. Intranasal administration of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neural stem cell-secretome as a treatment option for Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:50. [PMID: 37946307 PMCID: PMC10634159 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly, resulting in gradual destruction of cognitive abilities. Research on the development of various AD treatments is underway; however, no definitive treatment has been developed yet. Herein, we present induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cortical neural stem cell secretome (CNSC-SE) as a new treatment candidate for AD and explore its efficacy. METHODS We first assessed the effects of CNSC-SE treatment on neural maturation and electromagnetic signal during cortical nerve cell differentiation. Then to confirm the efficacy in vivo, CNSC-SE was administered to the 5×FAD mouse model through the nasal cavity (5 μg/g, once a week, 4 weeks). The cell-mediated effects on nerve recovery, amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque aggregation, microglial and astrocyte detection in the brain, and neuroinflammatory responses were investigated. Metabolomics analysis of iPSC-derived CNSC-SE revealed that it contained components that could exert neuro-protective effects or amplify cognitive restorative effects. RESULTS Human iPSC-derived CNSC-SE increased neuronal proliferation and dendritic structure formation in vitro. Furthermore, CNSC-SE-treated iPSC-derived cortical neurons acquired electrical network activity and action potential bursts. The 5×FAD mice treated with CNSC-SE showed memory restoration and reduced Aβ plaque accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the iPSC-derived CNSC-SE may serve as a potential, non-invasive therapeutic option for AD in reducing amyloid infiltration and restoring memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkyung Mo
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Juryun Kim
- YiPSCELL, Inc, Omnibus Park, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Yejean Kim
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jang Woon Kim
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeju Han
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hwa Choi
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- YiPSCELL, Inc, Omnibus Park, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Mejdahl Nielsen M, Petersen ET, Fenger CD, Ørngreen MC, Siebner HR, Boer VO, Považan M, Lund A, Grønborg SW, Hammer TB. X-linked creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency in females: Difficult to recognize, but a potentially treatable disease. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 140:107694. [PMID: 37708665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD), caused by pathogenic variants in SLC6A8, is the second most common cause of X-linked intellectual disability. Symptoms include intellectual disability, epilepsy, and behavioral disorders and are caused by reduced cerebral creatine levels. Targeted treatment with oral supplementation is available, however the treatment efficacy is still being investigated. There are clinical and theoretical indications that heterozygous females with CTD respond better to supplementation treatment than hemizygous males. Unfortunately, heterozygous females with CTD often have more subtle and uncharacteristic clinical and biochemical phenotypes, rendering diagnosis more difficult. We report a new female case who presented with learning disabilities and seizures. After determining the diagnosis with molecular genetic testing confirmed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), the patient was treated with supplementation treatment including creatine, arginine, and glycine. After 28 months of treatment, the patient showed prominent clinical improvement and increased creatine levels in the brain. Furthermore, we provide a review of the 32 female cases reported in the current literature including a description of phenotypes, genotypes, diagnostic approaches, and effects of supplementation treatment. Based on this, we find that supplementation treatment should be tested in heterozygous female patients with CTD, and a prospective treatment underlines the importance of diagnosing these patients. The diagnosis should be suspected in a broad clinical spectrum of female patients and can only be made by molecular genetic testing. 1H-MRS of cerebral creatine levels is essential for establishing the diagnosis in females, and especially valuable when assessing variants of unknown significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Mejdahl Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Esben Thade Petersen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Section for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina Dühring Fenger
- Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Denmark; Amplexa Genetics, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Cathrine Ørngreen
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; European Reference Network for Rare Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN) - Project ID No 739543, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent Oltman Boer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Michal Považan
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Allan Lund
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; European Reference Network for Rare Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN) - Project ID No 739543, Denmark
| | - Sabine Weller Grønborg
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; European Reference Network for Rare Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN) - Project ID No 739543, Denmark
| | - Trine Bjørg Hammer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Denmark
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12
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Eskandari S, Rezayof A, Asghari SM, Hashemizadeh S. Neurobiochemical characteristics of arginine-rich peptides explain their potential therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropeptides 2023; 101:102356. [PMID: 37390744 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer̕ s disease (AD), Parkinson̕ s disease (PD), Huntington̕ s disease (HD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) require special attention to find new potential treatment methods. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between the biochemical properties of arginine-rich peptides (ARPs) and their neuroprotective effects to deal with the harmful effects of risk factors. It seems that ARPs have portrayed a promising and fantastic landscape for treating neurodegeneration-associated disorders. With multimodal mechanisms of action, ARPs play various unprecedented roles, including as the novel delivery platforms for entering the central nervous system (CNS), the potent antagonists for calcium influx, the invader molecules for targeting mitochondria, and the protein stabilizers. Interestingly, these peptides inhibit the proteolytic enzymes and block protein aggregation to induce pro-survival signaling pathways. ARPs also serve as the scavengers of toxic molecules and the reducers of oxidative stress agents. They also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties. Moreover, by providing an efficient nucleic acid delivery system, ARPs can play an essential role in developing various fields, including gene vaccines, gene therapy, gene editing, and imaging. ARP agents and ARP/cargo therapeutics can be raised as an emergent class of neurotherapeutics for neurodegeneration. Part of the aim of this review is to present recent advances in treating neurodegenerative diseases using ARPs as an emerging and powerful therapeutic tool. The applications and progress of ARPs-based nucleic acid delivery systems have also been discussed to highlight their usefulness as a broad-acting class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Eskandari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - S Mohsen Asghari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shiva Hashemizadeh
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Alraddadi EA, Khojah AM, Alamri FF, Kecheck HK, Altaf WF, Khouqeer Y. Potential role of creatine as an anticonvulsant agent: evidence from preclinical studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1201971. [PMID: 37456992 PMCID: PMC10339234 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1201971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders affecting people of all ages representing a significant social and public health burden. Current therapeutic options for epilepsy are not effective in a significant proportion of patients suggesting a need for identifying novel targets for the development of more effective therapeutics. There is growing evidence from animal and human studies suggesting a role of impaired brain energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of epilepsy. Candidate compounds with the potential to target brain energetics have promising future in the management of epilepsy and other related neurological disorders. Creatine is a naturally occurring organic compound that serves as an energy buffer and energy shuttle in tissues, such as brain and skeletal muscle, that exhibit dynamic energy requirements. In this review, applications of creatine supplements in neurological conditions in which mitochondrial dysfunction is a central component in its pathology will be discussed. Currently, limited evidence mainly from preclinical animal studies suggest anticonvulsant properties of creatine; however, the exact mechanism remain to be elucidated. Future work should involve larger clinical trials of creatine used as an add-on therapy, followed by large clinical trials of creatine as monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Alraddadi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Khojah
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal F. Alamri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husun K. Kecheck
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wid F. Altaf
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Khouqeer
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Bagcioglu E, Solmaz V, Erbas O, Özkul B, Çakar B, Uyanikgil Y, Söğüt İ. Modafinil Improves Autism-like Behavior in Rats by Reducing Neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:9-23. [PMID: 37043086 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the ameliorating effect of Modafinil on neuroinflammation, behavioral, and histopathological alterations in rats induced by propionic acid (PPA). Thirty male Wistar rats were used in the study, divided into 3 groups of ten subjects. One group served as a control, the subjects in the other two were given 250 mg/kg/day of PPA by intraperitoneal injection over the course of 5 days to induce autism. The experimental design was as follows: Group 1: Normal control (orally-fed control, n = 10); Group 2 (PPA + saline, n = 10): PPA and 1 ml/kg/day % 0.9 NaCl saline via oral gavage; Group 3 (PPA + Modafinil, n = 10) PPA and 30 mg/kg/day Modafinil (Modiodal tablets 100 mg, Cephalon) via oral gavage. All of the groups were investigated for behavioral, biochemical, and histological abnormality. Autism-like behaviors were reduced significantly in the rats treated with PPA. TNF-α, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), IL-17, IL-2, and NF-KB levels as well as MDA levels and lactate were significantly higher in those treated with PPA compared to the control group. Using immunohistochemical methods, the number of neurons and GFAP immunoreactivity was significantly altered in PPA-treated rats compared to the control. Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), we found that lactate levels were significantly higher in the PPA-treated rats, while creatinine levels were significantly decreased. In the rats administered with Modafinil, behavior, neuroinflammation, and histopathological changes brought about by PPA were significantly reversed. Our results demonstrate the potential role of Modafinil in ameliorating PPA-induced neuroinflammation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Bagcioglu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Volkan Solmaz
- Department of Neurophysiology, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oytun Erbas
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Bilim University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Özkul
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Atlas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Çakar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yigit Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Söğüt
- Department of Biochemistry, Demiroğlu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Jett S, Boneu C, Zarate C, Carlton C, Kodancha V, Nerattini M, Battista M, Pahlajani S, Williams S, Dyke JP, Mosconi L. Systematic review of 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of brain high energy phosphates and membrane phospholipids in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1183228. [PMID: 37273652 PMCID: PMC10232902 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1183228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many lines of evidence suggest that mitochondria have a central role in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondrial dysfunction, cerebral energy dysmetabolism and oxidative damage increase with age, and are early event in AD pathophysiology and may precede amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques. In vivo probes of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism are therefore crucial to characterize the bioenergetic abnormalities underlying AD risk, and their relationship to pathophysiology and cognition. A majority of the research conducted in humans have used 18F-fluoro-deoxygluose (FDG) PET to image cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglc), but key information regarding oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the process which generates 90% of the energy for the brain, cannot be assessed with this method. Thus, there is a crucial need for imaging tools to measure mitochondrial processes and OXPHOS in vivo in the human brain. 31Phosphorus-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) is a non-invasive method which allows for the measurement of OXPHOS-related high-energy phosphates (HEP), including phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi), in addition to potential of hydrogen (pH), as well as components of phospholipid metabolism, such as phosphomonoesters (PMEs) and phosphodiesters (PDEs). Herein, we provide a systematic review of the existing literature utilizing the 31P-MRS methodology during the normal aging process and in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, with an additional focus on individuals at risk for AD. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the technique, in addition to considering future directions toward validating the use of 31P-MRS measures as biomarkers for the early detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jett
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Camila Boneu
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Camila Zarate
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caroline Carlton
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vibha Kodancha
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matilde Nerattini
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michael Battista
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Silky Pahlajani
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Schantel Williams
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Dyke
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lisa Mosconi
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Tran NT, Muccini AM, Hale N, Tolcos M, Snow RJ, Walker DW, Ellery SJ. Creatine in the fetal brain: A regional investigation of acute global hypoxia and creatine supplementation in a translational fetal sheep model. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1154772. [PMID: 37066075 PMCID: PMC10097948 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1154772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine supplementation during pregnancy is a promising prophylactic treatment for perinatal hypoxic brain injury. Previously, in near-term sheep we have shown that fetal creatine supplementation reduces cerebral metabolic and oxidative stress induced by acute global hypoxia. This study investigated the effects of acute hypoxia with or without fetal creatine supplementation on neuropathology in multiple brain regions. Methods Near-term fetal sheep were administered continuous intravenous infusion of either creatine (6 mg kg-1 h-1) or isovolumetric saline from 122 to 134 days gestational age (dGA; term is approx. 145 dGA). At 131 dGA, global hypoxia was induced by a 10 min umbilical cord occlusion (UCO). Fetuses were then recovered for 72 h at which time (134 dGA) cerebral tissue was collected for either RT-qPCR or immunohistochemistry analyses. Results UCO resulted in mild injury to the cortical gray matter, thalamus and hippocampus, with increased cell death and astrogliosis and downregulation of genes involved in regulating injury responses, vasculature development and mitochondrial integrity. Creatine supplementation reduced astrogliosis within the corpus callosum but did not ameliorate any other gene expression or histopathological changes induced by hypoxia. Of importance, effects of creatine supplementation on gene expression irrespective of hypoxia, including increased expression of anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) and pro-inflammatory (e.g., MPO, TNFa, IL-6, IL-1β) genes, particularly in the gray matter, hippocampus, and striatum were identified. Creatine treatment also effected oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination in white matter regions. Conclusion While supplementation did not rescue mild neuropathology caused by UCO, creatine did result in gene expression changes that may influence in utero cerebral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi T. Tran
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nhi T. Tran,
| | - Anna M. Muccini
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadia Hale
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod J. Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David W. Walker
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stacey J. Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Rawat V, Tyagi R, Singh I, Das P, Srivastava AK, Makharia GK, Sharma U. Cerebellar Abnormalities on Proton MR Spectroscopy and Imaging in Patients With Gluten Ataxia: A Pilot Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:782579. [PMID: 35655925 PMCID: PMC9152097 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.782579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten ataxia is a rare immune-mediated neurological disorder caused by the ingestion of gluten. The diagnosis is not straightforward as antibodies are present in only up to 38% of patients, but often at lower titers. The symptoms of ataxia may be mild at the onset but lead to permanent damage if remain untreated. It is characterized by damage to the cerebellum however, the pathophysiology of the disease is not clearly understood. The present study investigated the neurochemical profile of vermis and right cerebellum and structural changes in various brain regions of patients with gluten ataxia (n = 6, age range 40–65 years) and compared it with healthy controls (n = 10, 40–55 years). Volumetric 3-D T1 and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the three planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) of the whole brain and single-voxel 1H- magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the vermis and right cerebellum were acquired on 3 T human MR scanner. The metabolite concentrations were estimated using LC Model (6.1–4A) while brain volumes were estimated using the online tool volBrain pipeline and CERES and corrected for partial volumes. The levels of neuro-metabolites (N-acetyl aspartate + N-acetyl aspartate glutamate, glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine, and total creatine) were found to be significantly lower in vermis, while N-acetyl aspartate + N-acetyl aspartate glutamate and glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine was lower in cerebellum regions in the patients with gluten ataxia compared to healthy controls. A significant reduction in the white matter of (total brain, cerebellum, and cerebrum); reduction in the volumes of cerebellum lobe (X) and thalamus while lateral ventricles were increased in the patients with gluten ataxia compared to healthy controls. The reduced neuronal metabolites along with structural changes in the brain suggested neuronal degeneration in the patients with gluten ataxia. Our preliminary findings may be useful in understanding the gluten-induced cerebral damage and indicated that MRI and MRS may serve as a non-invasive useful tool in the early diagnosis, thereby enabling better management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa Rawat
- Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Tyagi
- Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Inder Singh
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Govind K. Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Uma Sharma
- Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Uma Sharma
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18
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Henkel ND, Wu X, O'Donovan SM, Devine EA, Jiron JM, Rowland LM, Sarnyai Z, Ramsey AJ, Wen Z, Hahn MK, McCullumsmith RE. Schizophrenia: a disorder of broken brain bioenergetics. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2393-2404. [PMID: 35264726 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A substantial and diverse body of literature suggests that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is related to deficits of bioenergetic function. While antipsychotics are an effective therapy for the management of positive psychotic symptoms, they are not efficacious for the complete schizophrenia symptom profile, such as the negative and cognitive symptoms. In this review, we discuss the relationship between dysfunction of various metabolic pathways across different brain regions in relation to schizophrenia. We contend that several bioenergetic subprocesses are affected across the brain and such deficits are a core feature of the illness. We provide an overview of central perturbations of insulin signaling, glycolysis, pentose-phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in schizophrenia. Importantly, we discuss pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions that target these pathways and how such interventions may be exploited to improve the symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Henkel
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Xiajoun Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sinead M O'Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Emily A Devine
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zoltan Sarnyai
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy J Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA
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19
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Hakala JO, Pahkala K, Juonala M, Salo P, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Lehtimäki T, Laitinen TP, Jokinen E, Taittonen L, Tossavainen P, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT, Rovio SP. Repeatedly Measured Serum Creatinine and Cognitive Performance in Midlife: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Neurology 2022; 98:e2268-e2281. [PMID: 35410906 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Serum creatinine is typically used to assess kidney function. Impaired kidney function and thereby high serum creatinine increases risk of poor cognitive performance. However, serum creatinine might have a non-linear association as low serum creatinine has been linked with cardiovascular risk and impaired cognitive performance. We studied the longitudinal association between serum creatinine and cognitive performance in midlife. METHODS Since 2001, participants from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study were followed up for 10 years. Serum creatinine was measured repeatedly in 2001, 2007, and 2011. Sex-specific longitudinal trajectories for serum creatinine among participants without kidney disease were identified using latent class growth mixture modeling. Overall cognitive function and four specific domains such as 1) working memory, 2) episodic memory and associative learning, 3) reaction time, and 4) information processing were assessed using a computerized cognitive test. RESULTS Four serum creatinine trajectory groups all with clinically normal serum creatinine were identified for both men (N=973) and women (N=1,204). After 10 years of follow-up, cognitive testing was performed for 2,026 participants aged 34 to 49 years (mean age 41.8 years). In men and women, consistently low serum creatinine was associated with poor childhood school performance, low adulthood education, low adulthood annual income, low physical activity, and smoking. Compared to the men in the low serum creatinine trajectory group, those in the high serum creatinine group had better overall cognitive performance (β=0.353 SD, 95%CI 0.022-0.684) and working memory (β=0.351 SD, 95%CI 0.034-0.668), while those in the moderate (β=0.247 SD, 95%CI 0.026-0.468) or the normal (β=0.244 SD, 95%CI 0.008-0.481) serum creatinine groups had better episodic memory and associative learning. No associations were found for women. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that, in men, compared to low serum creatinine levels consistently high levels may associate with better memory and learning function in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juuso O Hakala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Salo
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tomi P Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero Jokinen
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Taittonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital Oulu, Finland
| | - Päivi Tossavainen
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Sa Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi P Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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20
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Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Brain Function and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050921. [PMID: 35267907 PMCID: PMC8912287 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the vast majority of research involving creatine supplementation has focused on skeletal muscle, there is a small body of accumulating research that has focused on creatine and the brain. Preliminary studies indicate that creatine supplementation (and guanidinoacetic acid; GAA) has the ability to increase brain creatine content in humans. Furthermore, creatine has shown some promise for attenuating symptoms of concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and depression but its effect on neurodegenerative diseases appears to be lacking. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current body of research pertaining to creatine supplementation on total creatine and phophorylcreatine (PCr) content, explore GAA as an alternative or adjunct to creatine supplementation on brain creatine uptake, assess the impact of creatine on cognition with a focus on sleep deprivation, discuss the effects of creatine supplementation on a variety of neurological and mental health conditions, and outline recent advances on creatine supplementation as a neuroprotective supplement following traumatic brain injury or concussion.
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21
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Role of Creatine Supplementation in Conditions Involving Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030529. [PMID: 35276888 PMCID: PMC8838971 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine monohydrate (CrM) is one of the most widely used nutritional supplements among active individuals and athletes to improve high-intensity exercise performance and training adaptations. However, research suggests that CrM supplementation may also serve as a therapeutic tool in the management of some chronic and traumatic diseases. Creatine supplementation has been reported to improve high-energy phosphate availability as well as have antioxidative, neuroprotective, anti-lactatic, and calcium-homoeostatic effects. These characteristics may have a direct impact on mitochondrion's survival and health particularly during stressful conditions such as ischemia and injury. This narrative review discusses current scientific evidence for use or supplemental CrM as a therapeutic agent during conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Based on this analysis, it appears that CrM supplementation may have a role in improving cellular bioenergetics in several mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases, ischemic conditions, and injury pathology and thereby could provide therapeutic benefit in the management of these conditions. However, larger clinical trials are needed to explore these potential therapeutic applications before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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22
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Nair N, Hegarty JP, Cirstea CM, Gu M, Appling CB, Beversdorf DQ. Relationship Between MR Spectroscopy-Detected Glutamatergic Neurometabolites and Changes in Social Behaviors in a Pilot Open-Label Trial of Memantine for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:898006. [PMID: 35935413 PMCID: PMC9355704 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.898006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurobiology underlying ASD is largely unknown but altered neural excitability/inhibitory ratios have been reported. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamatergic antagonist studied for the treatment of core ASD symptoms, with mixed results. We examined whether glutamatergic levels were associated with and predicted response to memantine in an exploratory pilot study. METHODS Ten adult participants with ASD underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) imaging at baseline and behavioral assessments before and after 12-weeks of open-label memantine. Post-treatment scores on Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) for social interaction were the primary outcome measure, and scores on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) were included as a secondary outcome. LCModel was used to quantify the concentrations of Point RESolved Spectroscopy-detected glutamate+glutamine (Glx) (and other neurometabolites, i.e., N-acetylaspartate, NAA; creatine+phosphocreatine, Cr+PCr, and myo-inositol, Ins), within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) and right (R) posterolateral cerebellum. SPM was used to perform brain tissue segmentation within the spectroscopic voxels. CGI-I scores post-treatment were used to classify the participants into two groups, responders (scores 1-3; n = 5) and non-responders (scores 4-7, or withdrew due to increase behaviors; n = 5). Independent samples t-tests, partial correlations and linear hierarchical regression models (SPSS) were used to determine between-group differences in neurometabolite concentrations and associations between neurometabolites and behavioral scores. RESULTS Responders and non-responders did not significantly differ in Glx levels in any region of interest, but differed in NAA levels in LDLPFC (higher in responders vs. non-responders). Although changes in CGI-I social scores were not correlated with Glx in any region of interest, the linear hierarchical regression did reveal that Glx and Ins levels in LDLPFC were predictors of post-treatment CGI-I social scores. Changes in SRS scores were correlated with baseline Cr+PCr levels in the LDLPFC. DISCUSSION Our pilot data suggest that baseline Glx, a marker of glutamatergic neurotransmission, did not directly predict response to memantine for social outcomes in adults with ASD. However, interactions between Glx and the neurometabolite associated with glial integrity (Ins) may help predict treatment response. Further, those with highest baseline NAA, a putative neuronal marker, and Cr+pCr, a brain energy metabolism marker, were the best responders. These preliminary results may explain some of the mixed results reported in previous memantine trials in ASD. Future studies will need to examine these results in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Nair
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - John Patrick Hegarty
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Carmen Mihaela Cirstea
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Carrina Brooke Appling
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - David Quentin Beversdorf
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,William and Nancy Thompson Endowed Chair in Radiology, Departments of Radiology, Neurology and Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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23
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Sun Y, Kong L, Zhang AH, Han Y, Sun H, Yan GL, Wang XJ. A Hypothesis From Metabolomics Analysis of Diabetic Retinopathy: Arginine-Creatine Metabolic Pathway May Be a New Treatment Strategy for Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:858012. [PMID: 35399942 PMCID: PMC8987289 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.858012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, which the leading causes of blindness worldwide, and its irreversibility renders the existing treatment methods unsatisfactory. Early detection and timely intervention can effectively reduce the damage caused by diabetic retinopathy. Metabolomics is a branch of systems biology and a powerful tool for studying pathophysiological processes, which can help identify the characteristic metabolic changes marking the progression of diabetic retinopathy, discover potential biomarkers to inform clinical diagnosis and treatment. This review provides an update on the known metabolomics biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy. Through comprehensive analysis of biomarkers, we found that the arginine biosynthesis is closely related to diabetic retinopathy. Meanwhile, creatine, a metabolite with arginine as a precursor, has attracted our attention due to its important correlation with diabetic retinopathy. We discuss the possibility of the arginine-creatine metabolic pathway as a therapeutic strategy for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Kong
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Guang-Li Yan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xi-Jun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Xi-Jun Wang,
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24
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Wallery JJ, Kale VP, Novak J, Gibbs S, Do MHT, McKew JC, Terse PS. Evaluation of chronic toxicity of cyclocreatine in beagle dogs after oral gavage administration for up to 23 weeks. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 430:115680. [PMID: 34411581 PMCID: PMC8549071 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocreatine (LUM-001) was evaluated for chronic toxicity (23 weeks) in beagle dogs to support clinical development in patients with creatine transporter deficiency (CTD) disorder. Deionized water (vehicle control) or cyclocreatine was administered by oral gavage twice daily (12 ± 1 h apart) at 20, 40 and 75 mg/kg/dose followed by a recovery period. Due to severe toxicity, the study was terminated earlier than the planned 39 weeks of dosing. Animals in the 20, 40 and 75 mg/kg/dose groups completed 160, 106, and 55 days of dosing, respectively, followed by 30, 55 and 106 days of a recovery period, respectively. Three (25%), 7 (58%), and 7 (58%) animals were euthanized and/or found dead in the 40, 80, and 150 mg/kg/day dose groups, respectively. Clinical signs observed were inappetence, frequent emesis, stool abnormalities, weight loss, lethargy and respiratory distress. Histopathological evaluation revealed congestion, edema, cellular infiltration, fibrin, and/or hemorrhage in the lungs of all dose groups. Additionally, animals in all cyclocreatine treatment groups had perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuoles in the heart, kidneys, skeletal and smooth muscles. After the recovery period, the vacuoles were still observed in the cardiac and renal tissues. Cyclocreatine was absorbed rapidly with mean Tmax within 1 to 2 h and half-life ranged between 2.17 and 2.79 h on Day 1, however, on the final day of dosing, it ranged between 5.80 and 8.77 h (males) and 10.3 to 13.1 h (females). To conclude, in this study the lungs, kidneys, heart, skeletal and smooth muscles were identified as the target organs of cyclocreatine toxicity in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pramod S Terse
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Ghirardini E, Calugi F, Sagona G, Di Vetta F, Palma M, Battini R, Cioni G, Pizzorusso T, Baroncelli L. The Role of Preclinical Models in Creatine Transporter Deficiency: Neurobiological Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081123. [PMID: 34440297 PMCID: PMC8392480 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) Transporter Deficiency (CTD) is an X-linked metabolic disorder, mostly caused by missense mutations in the SLC6A8 gene and presenting with intellectual disability, autistic behavior, and epilepsy. There is no effective treatment for CTD and patients need lifelong assistance. Thus, the research of novel intervention strategies is a major scientific challenge. Animal models are an excellent tool to dissect the disease pathogenetic mechanisms and drive the preclinical development of therapeutics. This review illustrates the current knowledge about Cr metabolism and CTD clinical aspects, with a focus on mainstay diagnostic and therapeutic options. Then, we discuss the rodent models of CTD characterized in the last decade, comparing the phenotypes expressed within clinically relevant domains and the timeline of symptom development. This analysis highlights that animals with the ubiquitous deletion/mutation of SLC6A8 genes well recapitulate the early onset and the complex pathological phenotype of the human condition. Thus, they should represent the preferred model for preclinical efficacy studies. On the other hand, brain- and cell-specific conditional mutants are ideal for understanding the basis of CTD at a cellular and molecular level. Finally, we explain how CTD models might provide novel insight about the pathogenesis of other disorders, including cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/pathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/therapy
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Creatine/deficiency
- Creatine/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/metabolism
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/pathology
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/therapy
- Mice
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/deficiency
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Ghirardini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Francesco Calugi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Sagona
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Di Vetta
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Palma
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Battini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Baroncelli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Fowler CF, Madularu D, Dehghani M, Devenyi GA, Near J. Longitudinal quantification of metabolites and macromolecules reveals age- and sex-related changes in the healthy Fischer 344 rat brain. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101:109-122. [PMID: 33610061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with numerous biological changes, including altered brain metabolism and tissue chemistry. In vivo characterization of the neurochemical profile during aging is possible using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a powerful noninvasive technique capable of quantifying brain metabolites involved in physiological processes that become impaired with age. A prominent macromolecular signal underlies those of brain metabolites and is particularly visible at high fields; parameterization of this signal into components improves quantification and expands the number of biomarkers comprising the neurochemical profile. The present study reports, for the first time, the simultaneous absolute quantification of brain metabolites and individual macromolecules in aging male and female Fischer 344 rats, measured longitudinally using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 T. We identified age- and sex-related changes in neurochemistry, with prominent differences in metabolites implicated in anaerobic energy metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and neuroprotection, as well as numerous macromolecule changes. These findings contribute to our understanding of the neurobiological processes associated with healthy aging, critical for the proper identification and management of pathologic aging trajectories. This article is part of the Virtual Special Issue titled COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF HEALTHY AND PATHOLOGICAL AGING. The full issue can be found on ScienceDirect athttps://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neurobiology-of-aging/special-issue/105379XPWJP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin F Fowler
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada.
| | - Dan Madularu
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada; Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Masoumeh Dehghani
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jamie Near
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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27
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Tribble JR, Otmani A, Sun S, Ellis SA, Cimaglia G, Vohra R, Jöe M, Lardner E, Venkataraman AP, Domínguez-Vicent A, Kokkali E, Rho S, Jóhannesson G, Burgess RW, Fuerst PG, Brautaset R, Kolko M, Morgan JE, Crowston JG, Votruba M, Williams PA. Nicotinamide provides neuroprotection in glaucoma by protecting against mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101988. [PMID: 33932867 PMCID: PMC8103000 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a REDOX cofactor and metabolite essential for neuronal survival. Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease in which neuronal levels of NAD decline. We assess the effects of nicotinamide (a precursor to NAD) on retinal ganglion cells (the affected neuron in glaucoma) in normal physiological conditions and across a range of glaucoma relevant insults including mitochondrial stress and axon degenerative insults. We demonstrate retinal ganglion cell somal, axonal, and dendritic neuroprotection by nicotinamide in rodent models which represent isolated ocular hypertensive, axon degenerative, and mitochondrial degenerative insults. We performed metabolomics enriched for small molecular weight metabolites for the retina, optic nerve, and superior colliculus which demonstrates that ocular hypertension induces widespread metabolic disruption, including consistent changes to α-ketoglutaric acid, creatine/creatinine, homocysteine, and glycerophosphocholine. This metabolic disruption is prevented by nicotinamide. Nicotinamide provides further neuroprotective effects by increasing oxidative phosphorylation, buffering and preventing metabolic stress, and increasing mitochondrial size and motility whilst simultaneously dampening action potential firing frequency. These data support continued determination of the utility of long-term nicotinamide treatment as a neuroprotective therapy for human glaucoma. Nicotinamide is neuroprotective in cell and animal models that recapitulate isolated features of glaucoma. Systemic nicotinamide administration has limited molecular side-effects on visual system tissue under basal conditions. Nicotinamide provides a robust reversal in the disease metabolic profile of glaucomatous animals. Nicotinamide increases oxidative phosphorylation, buffers and prevents metabolic stress, and increases mitochondrial size.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Tribble
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Amin Otmani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shanshan Sun
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Sevannah A Ellis
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Gloria Cimaglia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Rupali Vohra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Eye Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Melissa Jöe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Emma Lardner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Abinaya P Venkataraman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Domínguez-Vicent
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eirini Kokkali
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Seungsoo Rho
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gauti Jóhannesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre of Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Peter G Fuerst
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| | - Rune Brautaset
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Eye Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Vision Research, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Pete A Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bonilla DA, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Forero DA, Kerksick CM, Roberts MD, Rawson ES. Metabolic Basis of Creatine in Health and Disease: A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041238. [PMID: 33918657 PMCID: PMC8070484 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is a ubiquitous molecule that is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Most of the Cr pool is found in tissues with high-energy demands. Cr enters target cells through a specific symporter called Na+/Cl−-dependent Cr transporter (CRT). Once within cells, creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the reversible transphosphorylation reaction between [Mg2+:ATP4−]2− and Cr to produce phosphocreatine (PCr) and [Mg2+:ADP3−]−. We aimed to perform a comprehensive and bioinformatics-assisted review of the most recent research findings regarding Cr metabolism. Specifically, several public databases, repositories, and bioinformatics tools were utilized for this endeavor. Topics of biological complexity ranging from structural biology to cellular dynamics were addressed herein. In this sense, we sought to address certain pre-specified questions including: (i) What happens when creatine is transported into cells? (ii) How is the CK/PCr system involved in cellular bioenergetics? (iii) How is the CK/PCr system compartmentalized throughout the cell? (iv) What is the role of creatine amongst different tissues? and (v) What is the basis of creatine transport? Under the cellular allostasis paradigm, the CK/PCr system is physiologically essential for life (cell survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and migration/motility) by providing an evolutionary advantage for rapid, local, and temporal support of energy- and mechanical-dependent processes. Thus, we suggest the CK/PCr system acts as a dynamic biosensor based on chemo-mechanical energy transduction, which might explain why dysregulation in Cr metabolism contributes to a wide range of diseases besides the mitigating effect that Cr supplementation may have in some of these disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society–DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110861, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-320-335-2050
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Diego A. Forero
- Professional Program in Sport Training, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA;
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
- Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Eric S. Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA;
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Bonfante S, Joaquim L, Fileti ME, Giustina AD, de Souza Goldim MP, Danielski LG, Cittadin E, De Carli RJ, de Farias BX, Engel NA, da Rosa N, Fortunato JJ, Giridharan V, Scaini G, Rezin GT, Generoso J, de Bitencourt RM, Terra S, Barichello T, Petronilho F. Stanniocalcin 1 Inhibits the Inflammatory Response in Microglia and Protects Against Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:119-132. [PMID: 33025358 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy is a serious consequence of sepsis, triggered by the host response against an infectious agent, that can lead to brain damage and cognitive impairment. Several mechanisms have been proposed in this bidirectional communication between the immune system and the brain after sepsis as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1), an endogen neuroprotective protein, acts as an anti-inflammatory and suppresses superoxide generation through induction of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in the mitochondria. Here, we demonstrated a protective role of STC-1 on inflammatory responses in vitro, in activated microglia stimulated with LPS, and on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function in the hippocampus of rats subjected to an animal model of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), as well the consequences on long-term memory. Recombinant human STC-1 (rhSTC1) suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-stimulated microglia without changing the UCP-2 expression. Besides, rhSTC1 injected into the cisterna magna decreased acute hippocampal inflammation and oxidative stress and increased the activity of complex I and II activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain and creatine kinase at 24 h after sepsis. rhSTC1 was effective in preventing long-term cognitive impairment after CLP. In conclusion, rhSTC1 confers significant neuroprotection by inhibiting the inflammatory response in microglia and protecting against sepsis-associated encephalopathy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bonfante
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Fileti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Evandro Cittadin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Raquel Jaconi De Carli
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Bianca Xavier de Farias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicole Alessandra Engel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jucélia Jeremias Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Vijayasree Giridharan
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mariano de Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Silvia Terra
- Graduate Program: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia de Processos Inflamatórios e Metabólicos (NEUROIMet), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
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Dinesh OC, Kankayaliyan T, Rademacher M, Tomlinson C, Bertolo RF, Brunton JA. Neonatal Piglets Can Synthesize Adequate Creatine, but Only with Sufficient Dietary Arginine and Methionine, or with Guanidinoacetate and Excess Methionine. J Nutr 2021; 151:531-539. [PMID: 33437999 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suckling piglets synthesize most of their creatine requirement, which consumes substantial amounts of arginine in order to synthesize guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and methionine in order to transmethylate GAA to creatine. OBJECTIVES To determine whether supplemental GAA or creatine spare arginine and/or methionine for protein synthesis and, if GAA is supplemented, whether excess methionine is needed for conversion to creatine. METHODS Yucatan miniature piglets (9-11 days old; both sexes) were fed 1 of 5 elemental diets for 5 days: 1) low arginine (0.3 g·kg-1·d-1) and low methionine (0.20 g·kg-1·d-1; Base); 2) Base plus GAA (0.093 g·kg-1·d-1; +GAA); 3) Base plus GAA plus excess methionine (0.5 g·kg-1·d-1; +GAA/Met); 4) Base plus creatine (0.12 g·kg-1·d-1; +Cre); or 5) excess arginine (1.8 g·kg-1·d-1) and excess methionine (+Arg/Met). Isotope tracers were infused to determine whole-body GAA, creatine, and protein synthesis; tissues were analyzed for creatine synthesis enzymes and metabolite concentrations. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA. RESULTS : GAA and creatine syntheses were 115% and 32% higher, respectively, with the +Arg/Met diet (P < 0.0001), in spite of 33% lower renal L-arginine: glycine amidinotransferase activity (P < 0.0001) compared to Base, suggesting substrate availability dictates synthesis rather than enzyme capacity. GAA or creatine supplementation reduced arginine conversion to creatine by 46% and 43%, respectively (P < 0.01), but did not spare amino acids for whole-body protein synthesis, suggesting that limited amino acids were diverted to protein at the expense of creatine synthesis. The +GAA/Met diet led to higher creatine concentrations in the kidney (2.6-fold) and liver (7.6-fold) than the +GAA diet (P < 0.01), suggesting excess methionine is needed for GAA conversion to creatine. CONCLUSIONS Piglets are capable of synthesizing sufficient creatine from the precursor amino acids arginine and methionine, or from GAA plus methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Chandani Dinesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
| | | | - Meike Rademacher
- Animal Nutrition, Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung), Hanau, Germany
| | - Christopher Tomlinson
- Departments of Paediatrics and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert F Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
| | - Janet A Brunton
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
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Treatment experience in two adults with creatinfe transporter deficiency. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100731. [PMID: 33665121 PMCID: PMC7907527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD) is an X-linked form of intellectual disability (ID) caused by SCL6A8 mutations. Limited information exists on the adult course of CTD, and there are no treatment studies in adults. Methods We report two half-brothers with CTD, 36 and 31 years at intervention start. Their clinical phenotypes were consistent with CTD, and intervention was indicated because of progressive disease course, with increased difficulties speaking, walking and eating, resulting in fatigue, and malnutrition. We therefore performed treatment trials with arginine, glycine and a proprietary product containing creatine and betaine, and then a trial supplementing with betaine alone. Results In the older patient, glycine and arginine were accompanied by adverse effects, while betaine containing proprietary product gave improved balance, speech and feeding. When supplementation stopped, his condition deteriorated, and improved again after starting betaine supplement. Betaine supplementation was also beneficial in the younger patient, reducing his exhaustion, feeding difficulties and weight loss, making him able to resume his protected work. Discussion & conclusion We report for the first time that betaine supplement was well tolerated and efficient in adults with CTD, while arginine and/or glycine were accompanied by side effects. Thus, betaine is potentially a new useful treatment for CTD patients. We discuss possible underlying treatment mechanisms. Betaine has been reported to have antagonistic effect on NKCC1 channels, a mechanism shared with bumetanide, a medication with promising results in both in autism and epilepsy. Further studies of betaine's effects in well-designed studies are warranted.
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Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020586. [PMID: 33578876 PMCID: PMC7916590 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a robust and compelling body of evidence supporting the ergogenic and therapeutic role of creatine supplementation in muscle. Beyond these well-described effects and mechanisms, there is literature to suggest that creatine may also be beneficial to brain health (e.g., cognitive processing, brain function, and recovery from trauma). This is a growing field of research, and the purpose of this short review is to provide an update on the effects of creatine supplementation on brain health in humans. There is a potential for creatine supplementation to improve cognitive processing, especially in conditions characterized by brain creatine deficits, which could be induced by acute stressors (e.g., exercise, sleep deprivation) or chronic, pathologic conditions (e.g., creatine synthesis enzyme deficiencies, mild traumatic brain injury, aging, Alzheimer’s disease, depression). Despite this, the optimal creatine protocol able to increase brain creatine levels is still to be determined. Similarly, supplementation studies concomitantly assessing brain creatine and cognitive function are needed. Collectively, data available are promising and future research in the area is warranted.
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Ostojic SM. Diagnostic and Pharmacological Potency of Creatine in Post-Viral Fatigue Syndrome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020503. [PMID: 33557013 PMCID: PMC7913646 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS) is a widespread chronic neurological disease with no definite etiological factor(s), no actual diagnostic test, and no approved pharmacological treatment, therapy, or cure. Among other features, PVFS could be accompanied by various irregularities in creatine metabolism, perturbing either tissue levels of creatine in the brain, the rates of phosphocreatine resynthesis in the skeletal muscle, or the concentrations of the enzyme creatine kinase in the blood. Furthermore, supplemental creatine and related guanidino compounds appear to impact both patient- and clinician-reported outcomes in syndromes and maladies with chronic fatigue. This paper critically overviews the most common disturbances in creatine metabolism in various PVFS populations, summarizes human trials on dietary creatine and creatine analogs in the syndrome, and discusses new frontiers and open questions for using creatine in a post-COVID-19 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M. Ostojic
- FSPE Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, H-7621 Pecs, Hungary
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Creatine Metabolism in Female Reproduction, Pregnancy and Newborn Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020490. [PMID: 33540766 PMCID: PMC7912953 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine metabolism is an important component of cellular energy homeostasis. Via the creatine kinase circuit, creatine derived from our diet or synthesized endogenously provides spatial and temporal maintenance of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production; this is particularly important for cells with high or fluctuating energy demands. The use of this circuit by tissues within the female reproductive system, as well as the placenta and the developing fetus during pregnancy is apparent throughout the literature, with some studies linking perturbations in creatine metabolism to reduced fertility and poor pregnancy outcomes. Maternal dietary creatine supplementation during pregnancy as a safeguard against hypoxia-induced perinatal injury, particularly that of the brain, has also been widely studied in pre-clinical in vitro and small animal models. However, there is still no consensus on whether creatine is essential for successful reproduction. This review consolidates the available literature on creatine metabolism in female reproduction, pregnancy and the early neonatal period. Creatine metabolism is discussed in relation to cellular bioenergetics and de novo synthesis, as well as the potential to use dietary creatine in a reproductive setting. We highlight the apparent knowledge gaps and the research “road forward” to understand, and then utilize, creatine to improve reproductive health and perinatal outcomes.
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Kreider RB, Stout JR. Creatine in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020447. [PMID: 33572884 PMCID: PMC7910963 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. This is because creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, particularly during metabolically stressed states, and limitations in the ability to transport and/or store creatine can impair metabolism. Moreover, increasing availability of creatine in tissue may enhance cellular metabolism and thereby lessen the severity of injury and/or disease conditions, particularly when oxygen availability is compromised. This systematic review assesses the peer-reviewed scientific and medical evidence related to creatine's role in promoting general health as we age and how creatine supplementation has been used as a nutritional strategy to help individuals recover from injury and/or manage chronic disease. Additionally, it provides reasonable conclusions about the role of creatine on health and disease based on current scientific evidence. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that creatine supplementation has several health and therapeutic benefits throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Kreider
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeffery R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
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Stares A, Bains M. The Additive Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Training in an Aging Population: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2021; 43:99-112. [PMID: 30762623 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of creatine supplementation in young athletes and bodybuilders is well established including ergogenic properties of muscular hypertrophy, strength, power, and endurance. Whether the benefits of creatine supplementation translate to an aging population with moderate training stimulus remains unclear especially in regard to gender, creatine dose, and duration. This systematic review assessed whether creatine supplementation combined with exercise results in additive improvements in indices of skeletal muscle, bone, and mental health over exercise alone in healthy older adults. METHODS PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were utilized to identify randomized controlled trials of creatine supplementation combined with exercise in an aging population with additional predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts, reviewed full-text articles, and performed quality assessments using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Seventeen studies were comprehensively reviewed according to categories of strength, endurance, functional capacity, body composition, cognition, and safety. These studies suggest that any additive ergogenic creatine effects on upper and/or lower body strength, functional capacity, and lean mass in an older population would require a continuous and daily low-dose creatine supplementation combined with at least 12 weeks of resistance training. Potential creatine specific increases in regional bone mineral density of the femur are possible but may require at least 1 year of creatine supplementation combined with moderate resistance training, and additional long-term clinical trials are warranted. The limited data suggested no additive effects of creatine over exercise alone on indices of mental health. The beneficial effects of creatine supplementation are more consistent in older women than in men. CONCLUSIONS Creatine monohydrate is safe to use in older adults. While creatine in conjunction with moderate- to high-intensity exercise in an aging population may improve skeletal muscle health, additional studies are needed to determine the effective dosing and duration paradigm for potential combined creatine and exercise effects on bone and cognition in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Stares
- School of Physical Therapy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas
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Fedin A, Saverskaya E, Badalyan K. Multimodal therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:112-118. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Clarke H, Kim DH, Meza CA, Ormsbee MJ, Hickner RC. The Evolving Applications of Creatine Supplementation: Could Creatine Improve Vascular Health? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092834. [PMID: 32947909 PMCID: PMC7551337 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a naturally occurring compound, functioning in conjunction with creatine kinase to play a quintessential role in both cellular energy provision and intracellular energy shuttling. An extensive body of literature solidifies the plethora of ergogenic benefits gained following dietary creatine supplementation; however, recent findings have further indicated a potential therapeutic role for creatine in several pathologies such as myopathies, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disturbances, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, creatine has been found to exhibit non-energy-related properties, such as serving as a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Despite the therapeutic success of creatine supplementation in varying clinical populations, there is scarce information regarding the potential application of creatine for combatting the current leading cause of mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD). Taking into consideration the broad ergogenic and non-energy-related actions of creatine, we hypothesize that creatine supplementation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for improving vascular health in at-risk populations such as older adults or those with CVD. With an extensive literature search, we have found only four clinical studies that have investigated the direct effect of creatine on vascular health and function. In this review, we aim to give a short background on the pleiotropic applications of creatine, and to then summarize the current literature surrounding creatine and vascular health. Furthermore, we discuss the varying mechanisms by which creatine could benefit vascular health and function, such as the impact of creatine supplementation upon inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Clarke
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Do-Houn Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Cesar A. Meza
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
- Department of Biokenetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Robert C. Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
- Department of Biokenetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Correspondence:
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Kale VP, Wallery J, Novak J, Gibbs S, Bourdi M, Do MHT, McKew JC, Terse PS. Evaluation of chronic toxicity of cyclocreatine, a creatine analog, in Sprague Dawley rat after oral gavage administration for up to 26 weeks. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104750. [PMID: 32745584 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocreatine (LUM-001), a creatine analog, was evaluated for its nonclinical toxicity in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Deionized water as a vehicle control article or cyclocreatine was administered by oral gavage twice daily (approximately 12 ± 1 h apart) at 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/dose levels in rats up to 26 weeks followed by a 28-day recovery period. Due to an increased incidence of seizures, the 600 mg/kg/day dose group males were dosed only for 16-weeks followed by a 14-week recovery period. Thirteen males and four females from 600 mg/kg/day dose group were sacrificed at interim on Day 113 to study plausible brain lesions and not due to moribundity. There was a dose dependent increase in the number of seizure incidences in ≥60 mg/kg/day males and 600 mg/kg/day females. Microscopically, higher incidences of vacuoles in the brain at 600 mg/kg/day in both sexes, thyroid follicular atrophy and follicular cell hypertrophy at ≥200 mg/kg/day in males and 600 mg/kg/day in females, and seminiferous tubular degeneration and/or interstitial edema in testes at ≥200 mg/kg/day were observed. Mean plasma half-life of cyclocreatine was between 3.5 and 6.5 h. In conclusion, chronic administration of cyclocreatine by oral gavage in Sprague Dawley rats induced the seizures and microscopic lesions in the brain, testes and thyroid. Based on the results of this study the highest tested dose of 600 mg/kg/day (mean Cmax of 151.5 μg/mL; AUC0-24 of 1970 h*μg/mL) was considered the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mohammed Bourdi
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Pramod S Terse
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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van Zyl CDW, Loots DT, Solomons R, van Reenen M, Mason S. Metabolic characterization of tuberculous meningitis in a South African paediatric population using 1H NMR metabolomics. J Infect 2020; 81:743-752. [PMID: 32712206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better characterize the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolic profile of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) cases using a South African paediatric cohort. METHODS 1H NMR metabolomics was used to analyse the CSF of a South African paediatric cohort. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to compare a homogeneous control group with a well-defined TBM group. RESULTS Twenty metabolites were identified to discriminate TBM cases from controls. As expected, reduced glucose and elevated lactate were the dominating discriminators. A closer investigation of the CSF metabolic profile yielded 18 metabolites of statistical significance. Ten metabolites (acetate, alanine, choline, citrate, creatinine, isoleucine, lysine, myo-inositol, pyruvate and valine) overlapped with two other prior investigations. Eight metabolites (2-hydroxybutyrate, carnitine, creatine, creatine phosphate, glutamate, glutamine, guanidinoacetate and proline) were unique to our paediatric TBM cohort. CONCLUSIONS Through strict exclusion criteria, quality control checks and data filtering, eight unique CSF metabolites associated with TBM were identified for the first time and linked to: uncontrolled glucose metabolism, upregulated proline and creatine metabolism, detoxification and disrupted glutamate-glutamine cycle in the TBM samples. Associated with oxidative stress and chronic neuroinflammation, our findings collectively imply destabilization, and hence increased permeability, of the blood-brain barrier in the TBM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan De Wet van Zyl
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Mari van Reenen
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
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Cell-specific metabolomic responses to injury: novel insights into blood-brain barrier modulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7760. [PMID: 32385409 PMCID: PMC7210983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On one hand blood-brain barrier (BBB) disturbance aggravates disease progression, on the other it prevents drug access and impedes therapeutic efficacy. Effective ways to modulate barrier function and resolve these issues are sorely needed. Convinced that better understanding of cell-oriented BBB responses could provide valuable insight, and the fact that metabolic dysregulation is prominent in many vascular-related pathological processes associated with BBB disturbance, we hypothesized that differential cell-specific metabolic adaptation majorly influences physiological and pathological barrier functionality. Untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomic profiling was used to obtain individual biochemical fingerprints of primary astrocytes (AC) and brain endothelial cells (EC) during normoxic conditions and increasing hypoxic/ischemic injury and thus a functional readout of cell status. Bioinformatic analyses showed each cell had a distinct metabolic signature. Corroborating their roles in BBB and CNS protection, AC showed an innate ability to dynamically alter their metabolome depending on the insult. Surprisingly, in complete contrast, EC largely maintained their normoxic characteristics in injury situations and their profiles diverged from those of non-brain origin. Tissue specificity/origin is clearly important when considering EC responses. Focusing on energy capacity and utilization we discuss how cell-specific metabolic adaptive capabilities could influence vascular stability and the possibility that altering metabolite levels may be an effective way to modulate brain EC function. Overall this work novel insight into cell-associated metabolic changes, and provides a powerful resource for understanding BBB changes during different injury scenarios.
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Rahman SU, Hao Q, He K, Li Y, Yang X, Ye T, Ali T, Zhou Q, Li S. Proteomic Study Reveals the Involvement of Energy Metabolism in the Fast Antidepressant Effect of (2R, 6R)-Hydroxy Norketamine. Proteomics Clin Appl 2020; 14:e1900094. [PMID: 32080978 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression is a major disabling psychiatric disorder which causes severe financial burden and social consequences worldwide. Recently, (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), a metabolite of ketamine, showed strong antidepressant effect through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonizing independent mechanism. In the current study the goal is to identify the potential intracellular molecules and pathways that might be involved in different therapeutic effects underlying HNK as compared to NMDA antagonist MK-801. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forced-swim behavioral test, 2D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis, and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS proteomics are used. RESULTS Compared to saline group, 14 differential proteins are identified in MK-801 treated group, with six proteins significantly up-regulated, while in HNK treated group 18 distinct proteins are identified with 11 proteins significantly up-regulated. Likewise, two proteins are significantly upregulated in HNK treated group when compared to MK-801 treated group. Among these differentially expressed proteins, phosphoglycerate mutase 1, malate dehydrogenase/ cytoplasmic, and triosephosphate isomerase are co-affected by MK-801 and HNK treatment. Representative protein expression changes are quantified by western blot, showing consistent results as determined by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The core protection mechanisms of HNK observed herein involves improving the abnormal ATP synthesis, impaired glycolysis, and the defense system therefore provides mechanistic insight and molecular targets for novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiq Ur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir, 18000, Pakistan
| | - Qiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaiwu He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tahir Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Robinson JL, McBreairty LE, Ryan RA, Randunu R, Walsh CJ, Martin GM, Brunton JA, Bertolo RF. Effects of supplemental creatine and guanidinoacetic acid on spatial memory and the brain of weaned Yucatan miniature pigs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226806. [PMID: 31905208 PMCID: PMC6944358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of creatine as a potential cognitive enhancement supplement for humans prompted an investigation as to whether supplemental creatine could enhance spatial memory in young swine. We assessed memory performance and brain concentrations of creatine and its precursor guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in 14-16-week-old male Yucatan miniature pigs supplemented for 2 weeks with either 200 mg/kg∙d creatine (+Cr; n = 7) or equimolar GAA (157 mg/kg∙d) (+GAA; n = 8) compared to controls (n = 14). Spatial memory tests had pigs explore distinct sets of objects for 5 min. Objects were spatially controlled, and we assessed exploration times of previously viewed objects relative to novel objects in familiar or novel locations. There was no effect of either supplementation on memory performance, but pigs successfully identified novel objects after 10 (p < 0.01) and 20 min (p < 0.01) retention intervals. Moreover, pigs recognized spatial transfers after 65 min (p < 0.05). Regression analyses identified associations between the ability to identify novel objects in memory tests and concentrations of creatine and GAA in cerebellum, and GAA in prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). The concentration of creatine in brain regions was not influenced by creatine supplementation, but GAA supplementation increased GAA concentration in cerebellum (p < 0.05), and the prefrontal cortex of +GAA pigs had more creatine/g and less GAA/g compared to +Cr pigs (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase activity and maximal reaction velocity were also higher with GAA supplementation in prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there appears to be a relationship between memory performance and guanidino compounds in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, but the effects were unrelated to dietary supplementation. The cerebellum is identified as a target site for GAA accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Laura E. McBreairty
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Rebecca A. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Raniru Randunu
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Carolyn J. Walsh
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gerard M. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Janet A. Brunton
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Robert F. Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- * E-mail:
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He W, Wu G. Metabolism of Amino Acids in the Brain and Their Roles in Regulating Food Intake. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:167-185. [PMID: 32761576 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) and their metabolites play an important role in neurological health and function. They are not only the building blocks of protein but are also neurotransmitters. In the brain, glutamate and aspartate are the major excitatory neurotransmitters, whereas γ-aminobutyrate (GABA, a metabolite of glutamate) and glycine are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Nitric oxide (NO, a metabolite of arginine), H2S (a metabolite of cysteine), serotonin (a metabolite of tryptophan) and histamine (a metabolite of histidine), as well as dopamine and norepinephrine (metabolites of tyrosine) are neurotransmitters to modulate synaptic plasticity, neuronal activity, learning, motor control, motivational behavior, emotion, and executive function. Concentrations of glutamine (a precursor of glutamate and aspartate), branched-chain AAs (precursors of glutamate, glutamine and aspartate), L-serine (a precursor of glycine and D-serine), methionine and phenylalanine in plasma are capable of affecting neurotransmission through the syntheses of glutamate, aspartate, and glycine, as well as the competitive transport of tryptophan and tyrosine across from the blood-brain barrier. Adequate consumption of AAs is crucial to maintain their concentrations and the production of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Thus, the content and balance of AAs in diets have a profound impact on food intake by animals. Knowledge of AA transport and metabolism in the brain is beneficial for improving the health and well-being of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Sartini S, Lattanzi D, Di Palma M, Savelli D, Eusebi S, Sestili P, Cuppini R, Ambrogini P. Maternal Creatine Supplementation Positively Affects Male Rat Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Adult Offspring. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092014. [PMID: 31461895 PMCID: PMC6770830 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine plays a crucial role in developing the brain, so much that its genetic deficiency results in mental dysfunction and cognitive impairments. Moreover, creatine supplementation is currently under investigation as a preventive measure to protect the fetus against oxidative stress during difficult pregnancies. Although creatine use is considered safe, posing minimal risk to clinical health, we found an alteration in morpho-functional maturation of neurons when male rats were exposed to creatine loads during brain development. In particular, increased excitability and enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) were observed in the hippocampal pyramidal neurons of weaning pups. Since these effects were observed a long time after creatine treatment had been terminated, long-lasting modifications persisting into adulthood were hypothesized. Such modifications were investigated in the present study using morphological, electrophysiological, and calcium imaging techniques applied to hippocampal Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) neurons of adult rats born from dams supplemented with creatine. When compared to age-matched controls, the treated adult offspring were found to retain enhanced neuron excitability and an improved LTP, the best-documented neuronal substrate for memory formation. While translating data from rats to humans does have limitations, our findings suggest that prenatal creatine supplementation could have positive effects on adult cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sartini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Davide Lattanzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Michael Di Palma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - David Savelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Eusebi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
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Marques EP, Ferreira FS, Santos TM, Prezzi CA, Martins LAM, Bobermin LD, Quincozes-Santos A, Wyse ATS. Cross-talk between guanidinoacetate neurotoxicity, memory and possible neuroprotective role of creatine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165529. [PMID: 31398469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased creatine and increased guanidinoacetate (GAA) levels. Patients present neurological symptoms whose mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the effects of an intrastriatal administration of 10 μM of GAA (0.02 nmol/striatum) on energy metabolism, redox state, inflammation, glutamate homeostasis, and activities/immunocontents of acetylcholinesterase and Na+,K+-ATPase, as well as on memory acquisition. The neuroprotective role of creatine was also investigated. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with creatine (50 mg/kg) or saline for 7 days underwenting stereotactic surgery. Forty-eight hours after surgery, the animals (then sixty-days-old) were divided into groups: Control, GAA, GAA + Creatine, and Creatine. Experiments were performed 30 min after intrastriatal infusion. GAA decreased SDH, complexes II and IV activities, and ATP levels, but had no effect on mitochondrial mass/membrane potential. Creatine totally prevented SDH and complex II, and partially prevented COX and ATP alterations. GAA increased dichlorofluorescein levels and decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Creatine only prevented catalase and dichlorofluorescein alterations. GAA increased cytokines, nitrites levels and acetylcholinesterase activity, but not its immunocontent. Creatine prevented such effects, except nitrite levels. GAA decreased glutamate uptake, but had no effect on the immunocontent of its transporters. GAA decreased Na+,K+-ATPase activity and increased the immunocontent of its α3 subunit. The performance on the novel object recognition task was also impaired. Creatine partially prevented the changes in glutamate uptake and Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and completely prevented the memory impairment. This study helps to elucidate the protective effects of creatine against the damage caused by GAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Peil Marques
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Marcon Santos
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Acauan Prezzi
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leo A M Martins
- Program of Post-graduation in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Program of Post-graduation in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Program of Post-graduation in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Program of Post-graduation in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Street Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Annex, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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de Moura Alvorcem L, Britto R, Parmeggiani B, Glanzel NM, da Rosa-Junior NT, Cecatto C, Bobermin LD, Amaral AU, Wajner M, Leipnitz G. Evidence that thiol group modification and reactive oxygen species are involved in hydrogen sulfide-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in rat cerebellum. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:141-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Marques EP, Wyse ATS. Creatine as a Neuroprotector: an Actor that Can Play Many Parts. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:411-423. [PMID: 31069754 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that plays a central role as an energy buffer in high energy demanding systems, including the muscular and the central nervous system. It can be acquired from diet or synthesized endogenously, and its main destination is the system creatine/phosphocreatine that strengthens cellular energetics via a temporal and spatial energy buffer that can restore cellular ATP without a reliance on oxygen. This compound has been proposed to possess secondary roles, such as direct and indirect antioxidant, immunomodulatory agent, and possible neuromodulator. However, these effects may be associated with its bioenergetic role in the mitochondria. Given the fundamental roles that creatine plays in the CNS, several preclinical and clinical studies have tested the potential that creatine has to treat degenerative disorders. However, although in vitro and in vivo animal models are highly encouraging, most clinical trials fail to reproduce positive results suggesting that the prophylactic use for neuroprotection in at-risk populations or patients is the most promising field. Nonetheless, the only clearly positive data of the creatine supplementation in human beings are related to the (rare) creatine deficiency syndromes. It seems critical that future studies must establish the best dosage regime to increase brain creatine in a way that can relate to animal studies, provide new ways for creatine to reach the brain, and seek larger experimental groups with biomarkers for prediction of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Peil Marques
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Metabolic Disease, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Post graduate program in Biological Science - Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Metabolic Disease, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Post graduate program in Biological Science - Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Legind CS, Broberg BV, Mandl RCW, Brouwer R, Anhøj SJ, Hilker R, Jensen MH, McGuire P, Pol HH, Fagerlund B, Rostrup E, Glenthøj BY. Heritability of cerebral glutamate levels and their association with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a 1[H]-spectroscopy twin study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:581-589. [PMID: 30301944 PMCID: PMC6333786 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Research findings implicate cerebral glutamate in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, including genetic studies reporting associations with glutamatergic neurotransmission. The extent to which aberrant glutamate levels can be explained by genetic factors is unknown, and if glutamate can serve as a marker of genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia remains to be established. We investigated the heritability of cerebral glutamate levels and whether a potential association with schizophrenia spectrum disorders could be explained by genetic factors. Twenty-three monozygotic (MZ) and 20 dizygotic (DZ) proband pairs con- or discordant for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, along with healthy control pairs (MZ = 28, DZ = 18) were recruited via the National Danish Twin Register and the Psychiatric Central Register (17 additional twins were scanned without their siblings). Glutamate levels in the left thalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were measured using 1[H]-magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 Tesla and analyzed by structural equation modeling. Glutamate levels in the left thalamus were heritable and positively correlated with liability for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (phenotypic correlation, 0.16, [0.02-0.29]; p = 0.010). The correlation was explained by common genes influencing both the levels of glutamate and liability for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In the ACC, glutamate and glx levels were heritable, but not correlated to disease liability. Increases in thalamic glutamate levels found in schizophrenia spectrum disorders are explained by genetic influences related to the disease, and as such the measure could be a potential marker of genetic susceptibility, useful in early detection and stratification of patients with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stefan Legind
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, & Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Brian Villumsen Broberg
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, & Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Christiaan William Mandl
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, & Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Jesper Anhøj
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, & Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hilker
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, & Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Høj Jensen
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, & Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Hilleke Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, & Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Egill Rostrup
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, & Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Yding Glenthøj
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, & Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tan Z, Long X, Tian F, Huang L, Xie F, Li S. Alterations in Brain Metabolites in Patients with Epilepsy with Impaired Consciousness: A Case-Control Study of Interictal Multivoxel 1H-MRS Findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:245-252. [PMID: 30679211 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies have shown perfusion abnormalities in the thalamus and upper brain stem in patients with epilepsy with impaired consciousness. We hypothesized that these areas associated with consciousness will also show metabolic abnormalities. However, metabolic abnormalities in those areas correlated with consciousness has not been characterized with multiple-voxel 1H-MRS. In this study, we investigated the metabolic alterations in these brain regions and assessed the correlation between seizure features and metabolic alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-seven patients with epilepsy and 24 control subjects underwent routine MR imaging and 3D multiple-voxel 1H-MRS. Patients were divided into 3 subgroups: focal impaired awareness seizures (n = 18), primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (n = 19), and secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (n = 20). The measured metabolite alterations in NAA/Cr, NAA/(Cr + Cho), and Cho/Cr ratios in brain regions associated with the consciousness network were compared between the patient and control groups. ROIs were placed in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, precuneus, thalamus, and upper brain stem. Correlations between clinical parameters (epilepsy duration and seizure frequency) and metabolite alterations were analyzed. RESULTS Significantly lower NAA/Cr and NAA/(Cho + Cr) ratios (P < .05 and < .01, respectively) were observed in the bilateral thalamus and upper brain stem in all experimental groups, and significantly high Cho/Cr ratios (P < .05) were observed in the right thalamus in the focal impaired awareness seizures group. There were no significant differences in metabolite ratios among the 3 patient groups (P > .05). The secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures group showed a negative correlation between the duration of epilepsy and the NAA/(Cr + Cho) ratio in the bilateral thalamus (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic alterations were observed in the brain stem and thalamus in patients with epilepsy with impaired consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tan
- From the Departments of Neurology (Z.T., X.L., F.T., L.H., S.L.)
| | - X Long
- From the Departments of Neurology (Z.T., X.L., F.T., L.H., S.L.)
| | - F Tian
- From the Departments of Neurology (Z.T., X.L., F.T., L.H., S.L.)
| | - L Huang
- From the Departments of Neurology (Z.T., X.L., F.T., L.H., S.L.)
| | - F Xie
- Radiology (F.X.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - S Li
- From the Departments of Neurology (Z.T., X.L., F.T., L.H., S.L.)
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