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Wierońska JM, Cieślik P, Kalinowski L. Nitric Oxide-Dependent Pathways as Critical Factors in the Consequences and Recovery after Brain Ischemic Hypoxia. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081097. [PMID: 34439764 PMCID: PMC8392725 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO•), a molecule that is involved in the regulation of proper blood flow, vasodilation, neuronal and glial activity constitutes the crucial factor that contributes to the development of pathological changes after stroke. One of the early consequences of a sudden interruption in the cerebral blood flow is the massive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in neurons due to NO• synthase uncoupling, which leads to neurotoxicity. Progression of apoptotic or necrotic neuronal damage activates reactive astrocytes and attracts microglia or lymphocytes to migrate to place of inflammation. Those inflammatory cells start to produce large amounts of inflammatory proteins, including pathological, inducible form of NOS (iNOS), which generates nitrosative stress that further contributes to brain tissue damage, forming vicious circle of detrimental processes in the late stage of ischemia. S-nitrosylation, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-1α-dependent genes activated in reactive astrocytes play essential roles in this process. The review summarizes the roles of NO•-dependent pathways in the early and late aftermath of stroke and treatments based on the stimulation or inhibition of particular NO• synthases and the stabilization of HIF-1α activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Paulina Cieślik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Biobank Fahrenheit BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Center/Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-1182
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2
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Hayashi T. [Prevention of the progression of atherosclerosis and aging through nitric oxide (NO)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:62-68. [PMID: 32115479 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.19148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The EDRF discovered in 1986 by Furchgott was later identified as NO by Ignarro. NO was a widely noted gas with diverse functions, having arginine (L-Arg) as a substrate for the NO synthase (NOS). L-Arg and L-citrulline (L-Cit) have long been associated with the urea cycle. L-Cit was produced with NO by the reaction of L-Arg and oxygen. It was shown that administration of L-Arg in animals and humans caused vasodilation and anti-arteriosclerosis effects. Despite the arginine paradox ratio of intracellular arginine concentration to the Km value of NOS gaining widespread attention, advanced arteriosclerosis is known to reduce vascular reactivity towards L-Arg. In recent years, the anti-arteriosclerosis and anti-cell aging effects of the reactive substance citrulline (L-Cit) have been studied. L-Cit and L-Arg combination therapy are starting to be considered in various clinical applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hayashi
- Center for Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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Hirfanoglu I, Turkyilmaz C, Turkyilmaz Z, Onal E, Soylemezoglu F, Karabulut R, Atalay Y. Neuroprotective effect of L-arginine in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemia. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:1139-1144. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1636794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Hirfanoglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Canan Turkyilmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zafer Turkyilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Onal
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Soylemezoglu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Karabulut
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Atalay
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Appleton JP, Woodhouse LJ, Belcher A, Bereczki D, Berge E, Caso V, Chang HM, Christensen HK, Collins R, Gommans J, Laska AC, Ntaios G, Ozturk S, Sare GM, Szatmari S, Wang Y, Wardlaw JM, Sprigg N, Bath PM. It is safe to use transdermal glyceryl trinitrate to lower blood pressure in patients with acute ischaemic stroke with carotid stenosis. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2019; 4:28-35. [PMID: 31105976 PMCID: PMC6475087 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2019-000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is concern that blood pressure (BP) lowering in acute stroke may compromise cerebral perfusion and worsen outcome in the presence of carotid stenosis. We assessed the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) in patients with carotid stenosis using data from the Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke (ENOS) Trial. Methods ENOS randomised 4011 patients with acute stroke and raised systolic BP (140-220 mm Hg) to transdermal GTN or no GTN within 48 hours of onset. Those on prestroke antihypertensives were also randomised to stop or continue their medication for 7 days. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at day 90. Ipsilateral carotid stenosis was split: <30%; 30-<50%; 50-<70%; ≥70%. Data are ORs with 95% CIs adjusted for baseline prognostic factors. Results 2023 (60.5%) ischaemic stroke participants had carotid imaging. As compared with <30%, ≥70% ipsilateral stenosis was associated with an unfavourable shift in mRS (worse outcome) at 90 days (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.44 to 2.44, p<0.001). Those with ≥70% stenosis who received GTN versus no GTN had a favourable shift in mRS (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.93, p=0.024). In those with 50-<70% stenosis, continuing versus stopping prestroke antihypertensives was associated with worse disability, mood, quality of life and cognition at 90 days. Clinical outcomes did not differ across bilateral stenosis groups. Conclusions Following ischaemic stroke, severe ipsilateral carotid stenosis is associated with worse functional outcome at 90 days. GTN appears safe in ipsilateral or bilateral carotid stenosis, and might improve outcome in severe ipsilateral carotid stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Appleton
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Woodhouse
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Belcher
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel Bereczki
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eivind Berge
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valeria Caso
- Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Hui Meng Chang
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ronan Collins
- Tallaght Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Gommans
- Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand
| | - Ann C Laska
- Department of Clinical Science, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Ntaios
- Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Serefnur Ozturk
- Neurology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gillian M Sare
- Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Szabolcs Szatmari
- Department of Neurology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Nikola Sprigg
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Philip M Bath
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Czarnecka A, Aleksandrowicz M, Jasiński K, Jaźwiec R, Kalita K, Hilgier W, Zielińska M. Cerebrovascular reactivity and cerebral perfusion of rats with acute liver failure: role of L-glutamine and asymmetric dimethylarginine in L-arginine-induced response. J Neurochem 2018; 147:692-704. [PMID: 30151828 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is impaired in acute liver failure (ALF), however, the complexity of the underlying mechanisms has often led to inconclusive interpretations. Regulation of CBF depends at least partially on variations in the local brain L-arginine concentration and/or its metabolic rate. In ALF, other factors, like an increased concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and elevated level of L-glutamine, may contribute to CBF alteration. This study demonstrated strong differences in the reactivity of the middle cerebral arteries and their response to extravascular L-arginine application between vessels isolated from rats with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced ALF and control animals. Our results also showed the decrease in the cerebral perfusion in TAA rats measured by arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance. Subsequently, we aimed to investigate the importance of balance between the concentration of ADMA and L-arginine in the CBF regulation. In vivo, intraperitoneal L-arginine administration in TAA rats corrected: (i) decrease in cerebral perfusion, (ii) decrease in brain extracellular L-arginine/ADMA ratio and (iii) increase in brain L-glutamine concentration. Our study implicates that impaired vascular tone of cerebral arteries is most likely associated with exposure to high ADMA and L-glutamine levels resulting in limited availability of L-arginine and might be responsible for reduced cerebral perfusion observed in ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czarnecka
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Aleksandrowicz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jasiński
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Radosław Jaźwiec
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kalita
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hilgier
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Ong PK, Moreira AS, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Frangos JA, Carvalho LJM. Reversal of cerebrovascular constriction in experimental cerebral malaria by L-arginine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15957. [PMID: 30374028 PMCID: PMC6206133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction associated with low nitric oxide (NO) biavailability and low plasma L-arginine levels is observed in both human and experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). In ECM, cerebrovascular constriction results in decreased pial blood flow and hypoxia, and administration of NO donors reverses constriction and increases survival. Supplementation of L-arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis by NO synthases, has been considered as a strategy to improve vascular health and act as adjunctive therapy in human severe malaria. We investigated the effect of L-arginine supplementation on pial vascular tonus of mice with ECM after direct superfusion on the brain surface or systemic delivery. Pial arteriolar diameters of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice with implanted cranial windows were measured using intravital microscopy methods, before and after L-arginine administration. Systemic delivery of L-arginine was performed intravenously, at 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, as bolus injection or slowly through osmotic pumps, combined or not with artesunate. Direct superfusion of L-arginine (10-7M, 10-5M and 10-3M) on the brain surface of mice with ECM resulted in immediate, consistent and dose-dependent dilation of pial arterioles. ECM mice showed marked cerebrovascular constriction that progressively worsened over a 24 h-period after subcutaneous saline bolus administration. L-arginine administration prevented the worsening in pial constriction at all the doses tested, and at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg it induced temporary reversal of vasoconstriction. Slow, continuous delivery of L-arginine by osmotic pumps, or combined bolus administration of artesunate with L-arginine, also prevented worsening of pial constriction and resulted in improved survival of mice with ECM. L-arginine ameliorates pial vasoconstriction in mice with ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Kai Ong
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aline S Moreira
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Laboratory of Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Bath PMW, Krishnan K, Appleton JP. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 4:CD000398. [PMID: 28429459 PMCID: PMC6478181 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000398.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) has multiple effects that may be beneficial in acute stroke, including lowering blood pressure, and promoting reperfusion and cytoprotection. Some forms of nitric oxide synthase inhibition (NOS-I) may also be beneficial. However, high concentrations of NO are likely to be toxic to brain tissue. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 1998, and last updated in 2002. OBJECTIVES To assess the safety and efficacy of NO donors, L-arginine, and NOS-I in people with acute stroke. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched 6 February 2017), MEDLINE (1966 to June 2016), Embase (1980 to June 2016), ISI Science Citation Indexes (1981 to June 2016), Stroke Trials Registry (searched June 2016), International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) (searched June 2016), Clinical Trials registry (searched June 2016), and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (searched June 2016). Previously, we had contacted drug companies and researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing nitric oxide donors, L-arginine, or NOS-I versus placebo or open control in people within one week of onset of confirmed stroke. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently applied the inclusion criteria, assessed trial quality and risk of bias, and extracted data. The review authors cross-checked data and resolved issues through discussion. We obtained published and unpublished data, as available. Data were reported as mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included five completed trials, involving 4197 participants; all tested transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), an NO donor. The assessed risk of bias was low across the included studies; one study was double-blind, one open-label and three were single-blind. All included studies had blinded outcome assessment. Overall, GTN did not improve the primary outcome of death or dependency at the end of trial (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) > 2, OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.10, 4195 participants, high-quality evidence). GTN did not improve secondary outcomes, including death (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.50) and quality of life (MD -0.01, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.15) at the end of trial overall (high-quality evidence). Systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) was lower in people treated with GTN (MD -7.2 mmHg (95% CI -8.6 to -5.9) and MD -3.3 (95% CI -4.2 to -2.5) respectively) and heart rate was higher (MD 2.0 beats per minute (95% CI 1.1 to 2.9)). Headache was more common in those randomised to GTN (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.55 to 3.62). We did not find any trials assessing other nitrates, L-arginine, or NOS-I. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend the use of NO donors, L-arginine or NOS-I in acute stroke, and only one drug (GTN) has been assessed. In people with acute stroke, GTN reduces blood pressure, increases heart rate and headache, but does not alter clinical outcome (all based on high-quality evidence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip MW Bath
- University of NottinghamStroke, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceCity Hospital CampusNottinghamUKNG5 1PB
| | - Kailash Krishnan
- University of NottinghamStroke, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceCity Hospital CampusNottinghamUKNG5 1PB
| | - Jason P Appleton
- University of NottinghamStroke, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceCity Hospital CampusNottinghamUKNG5 1PB
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Abstract
The nitric oxide donor, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), is a candidate treatment for the management of acute stroke with haemodynamic and potential reperfusion and neuroprotective effects. When administered as a transdermal patch during the acute and subacute phases after stroke, GTN was safe, lowered blood pressure, maintained cerebral blood flow, and did not induce cerebral steal or alter functional outcome. However, when given within 6 h of stroke onset, GTN reduced death and dependency (odds ratio 0.52; 95% confidence interval 0.34-0.78), death, disability, cognitive impairment and mood disturbance, and improved quality of life (data from two trials, n = 312). In a pooled analysis of four studies (n = 186), GTN reduced between-visit systolic blood pressure variability over days 1-7 compared with no GTN (mean difference -2.09; 95% confidence interval -3.83 to -0.35; p = 0.019). The efficacy of GTN given in the ultra-acute/pre-hospital setting is currently being assessed and, if found to be beneficial, the implications for hyperacute stroke practice are significant. Here, we discuss the evidence to date, potential mechanisms of action and future possibilities, including unanswered questions, for the therapeutic potential of GTN in acute stroke.
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Polycarpou A, Hricisák L, Iring A, Safar D, Ruisanchez É, Horváth B, Sándor P, Benyó Z. Adaptation of the cerebrocortical circulation to carotid artery occlusion involves blood flow redistribution between cortical regions and is independent of eNOS. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H972-H980. [PMID: 27496877 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00197.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral circulation is secured by feed-forward and feed-back control pathways to maintain and eventually reestablish the optimal oxygen and nutrient supply of neurons in case of disturbances of the cardiovascular system. Using the high temporal and spatial resolution of laser-speckle imaging we aimed to analyze the pattern of cerebrocortical blood flow (CoBF) changes after unilateral (left) carotid artery occlusion (CAO) in anesthetized mice to evaluate the contribution of macrovascular (circle of Willis) vs. pial collateral vessels as well as that of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to the cerebrovascular adaptation to CAO. In wild-type mice CoBF reduction in the left temporal cortex started immediately after CAO, reaching its maximum (-26%) at 5-10 s. Thereafter, CoBF recovered close to the preocclusion level within 30 s indicating the activation of feed-back pathway(s). Interestingly, the frontoparietal cerebrocortical regions also showed CoBF reduction in the left (-17-19%) but not in the right hemisphere, although these brain areas receive their blood supply from the common azygos anterior cerebral artery in mice. In eNOS-deficient animals the acute CoBF reduction after CAO was unaltered, and the recovery was even accelerated compared with controls. These results indicate that 1) the Willis circle alone is not sufficient to provide an immediate compensation for the loss of one carotid artery, 2) pial collaterals attenuate the ischemia of the temporal cortex ipsilateral to CAO at the expense of the blood supply of the frontoparietal region, and 3) eNOS, surprisingly, does not play an important role in this CoBF redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Polycarpou
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - László Hricisák
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - András Iring
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Safar
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Éva Ruisanchez
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Béla Horváth
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Péter Sándor
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
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Effect of Treatment Delay, Stroke Type, and Thrombolysis on the Effect of Glyceryl Trinitrate, a Nitric Oxide Donor, on Outcome after Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient from Randomised Trials. Stroke Res Treat 2016; 2016:9706720. [PMID: 27190674 PMCID: PMC4852111 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9706720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Nitric oxide (NO) donors are a candidate treatment for acute stroke and two trials have suggested that they might improve outcome if administered within 4–6 hours of stroke onset. We assessed the safety and efficacy of NO donors using individual patient data (IPD) from completed trials. Methods. Randomised controlled trials of NO donors in patients with acute or subacute stroke were identified and IPD sought from the trialists. The effect of NO donor versus control on functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and death, by time to randomisation. Secondary outcomes included measures of disability, mood, and quality of life. Results. Five trials (4,197 participants) were identified, all involving glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Compared with control, GTN lowered blood pressure by 7.4/3.3 mmHg. At day 90, GTN did not alter any clinical measures. However, in 312 patients randomised within 6 hours of stroke onset, GTN was associated with beneficial shifts in the mRS (odds ratio (OR) 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34–0.78) and reduced death (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.14–0.78). Conclusions. NO donors do not alter outcome in patients with recent stroke. However, when administered within 6 hours, NO donors might improve outcomes in both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke.
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Krishnan K, Scutt P, Woodhouse L, Adami A, Becker JL, Berge E, Cala LA, Casado AM, Caso V, Chen C, Christensen H, Collins R, Czlonkowska A, Dineen RA, Gommans J, Koumellis P, Lees KR, Ntaios G, Ozturk S, Phillips SJ, Pocock SJ, de Silva A, Sprigg N, Szatmari S, Wardlaw JM, Bath PM. Glyceryl Trinitrate for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2016; 47:44-52. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Krishnan
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Polly Scutt
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Lisa Woodhouse
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Alessandro Adami
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Jennifer L. Becker
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Eivind Berge
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Lesley A. Cala
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Ana M. Casado
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Valeria Caso
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Christopher Chen
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Hanna Christensen
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Ronan Collins
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Anna Czlonkowska
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Robert A. Dineen
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - John Gommans
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Panos Koumellis
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Kennedy R. Lees
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - George Ntaios
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Serefnur Ozturk
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Stephen J. Phillips
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Stuart J. Pocock
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Asita de Silva
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Nikola Sprigg
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Szabolcs Szatmari
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
| | - Philip M. Bath
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (K.K., P.S., L.W., N.S., P.M.B.) and Radiological Sciences Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.A.D.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stroke Centre, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Verona, Italy (A.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); School of Pathology and
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12
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Woodhouse L, Scutt P, Krishnan K, Berge E, Gommans J, Ntaios G, Wardlaw J, Sprigg N, Bath PM. Effect of Hyperacute Administration (Within 6 Hours) of Transdermal Glyceryl Trinitrate, a Nitric Oxide Donor, on Outcome After Stroke: Subgroup Analysis of the Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke (ENOS) Trial. Stroke 2015; 46:3194-201. [PMID: 26463698 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nitric oxide donors are candidate treatments for acute stroke, potentially through hemodynamic, reperfusion, and neuroprotectant effects, especially if given early. Although the large Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke (ENOS) trial of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) was neutral, a prespecified subgroup suggested that GTN improved functional outcome if administered early after stroke onset. METHODS Prospective analysis of subgroup of patients randomized into the ENOS trial within 6 hours of stroke onset. Safety and efficacy of GTN versus no GTN were assessed using data on early and late outcomes. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-three patients were randomized within 6 hours of ictus: mean (SD) age, 69.9 (12.7) years; men, 154 (56.4%); ischemic stroke, 208 (76.2%); Scandinavian Stroke Scale, 32.1 (11.9); and total anterior circulation syndrome, 86 (31.5%). When compared with no GTN, the first dose of GTN lowered blood pressure by 9.4/3.3 mm Hg (P<0.01, P=0.064) and shifted the modified Rankin Scale to a better outcome by day 90, adjusted common odds ratio, 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.80). Significant beneficial effects were also seen with GTN for disability (Barthel Index), quality of life (EuroQol-Visual Analogue Scale), cognition (telephone Mini-Mental State Examination), and mood (Zung Depression Scale). GTN was safe to administer with less serious adverse events by day 90 (GTN 18.8% versus no GTN 34.1%) and death (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.20-0.99; P=0.047). CONCLUSIONS In a subgroup analysis of the large ENOS trial, transdermal GTN was safe to administer and associated with improved functional outcome and fewer deaths when administered within 6 hours of stroke onset. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00989716.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Woodhouse
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (L.W., P.S., K.K., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand (J.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); and Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.W.)
| | - Polly Scutt
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (L.W., P.S., K.K., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand (J.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); and Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.W.)
| | - Kailash Krishnan
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (L.W., P.S., K.K., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand (J.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); and Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.W.)
| | - Eivind Berge
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (L.W., P.S., K.K., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand (J.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); and Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.W.)
| | - John Gommans
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (L.W., P.S., K.K., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand (J.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); and Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.W.)
| | - George Ntaios
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (L.W., P.S., K.K., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand (J.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); and Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.W.)
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (L.W., P.S., K.K., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand (J.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); and Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.W.)
| | - Nikola Sprigg
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (L.W., P.S., K.K., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand (J.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); and Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.W.)
| | - Philip M Bath
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (L.W., P.S., K.K., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (E.B.); Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Hawke's Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand (J.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); and Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.W.).
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13
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Cerebral endothelial function determined by cerebrovascular reactivity to L-arginine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:601515. [PMID: 24860826 PMCID: PMC4016874 DOI: 10.1155/2014/601515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium forms the inner cellular lining of blood vessels and plays an important role in many physiological functions including the control of vasomotor tone. Cerebral endothelium is probably one of the most specific types but until recently it was impossible to determine its function. In this review, the role of cerebrovascular reactivity to L-arginine (CVR-L-Arg) for assessment of cerebral endothelial function is discussed. L-Arginine induces vasodilatation through enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) in the cerebral endothelium. Transcranial Doppler sonography is used for evaluation of cerebral blood flow changes. The method is noninvasive, inexpensive, and enables reproducible measurements. CVR-L-Arg has been compared to flow-mediated dilatation as a gold standard for systemic endothelial function and intima-media thickness as a marker for morphological changes. However, it seems to show specific cerebral endothelial function. So far CVR-L-Arg has been used to study cerebral endothelial function in many pathological conditions such as stroke, migraine, etc. In addition CVR-L-Arg has also proven its usefulness in order to show potential improvement after pharmacological interventions. In conclusion CVR-L-Arg is a promising noninvasive research method that could provide means for evaluation of cerebral endothelial function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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14
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Ankolekar S, Fuller M, Cross I, Renton C, Cox P, Sprigg N, Siriwardena AN, Bath PM. Feasibility of an Ambulance-Based Stroke Trial, and Safety of Glyceryl Trinitrate in Ultra-Acute Stroke. Stroke 2013; 44:3120-8. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
The practicalities of doing ambulance-based trials where paramedics perform all aspects of a clinical trial involving patients with ultra-acute stroke have not been assessed.
Methods—
We performed a randomized controlled trial with screening, consent, randomization, and treatment performed by paramedics prior to hospitalization. Patients with probable ultra-acute stroke (<4 hours) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mm Hg were randomized to transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; 5 mg/24 hours) or none (blinding under gauze dressing) for 7 days with the first dose given by paramedics. The primary outcome was SBP at 2 hours.
Results—
Of a planned 80 patients, 41 (25 GTN, 16 no GTN) were enrolled >22 months with median age [interquartile range] 79 [16] years; men 22 (54%); SBP 168 [46]; final diagnosis: stroke 33 (80%) and transient ischemic attack 3 (7%). Time to randomization was 55 [75] minutes. After treatment with GTN versus no GTN, SBP at 2 hours was 153 [31] versus 174 [27] mm Hg, respectively, with difference −18 [30] mm Hg (
P
=0.030). GTN improved functional outcome with a shift in the modified Rankin Scale by 1 [3] point (
P
=0.040). The rates of death, 4 (16%) versus 6 (38%;
P
=0.15), and serious adverse events, 14 (56%) versus 10 (63%;
P
=0.75), did not differ between GTN and no GTN.
Conclusions—
Paramedics can successfully enroll patients with ultra-acute stroke into an ambulance-based trial. GTN reduces SBP at 2 hours and seems to be safe in ultra-acute stroke. A larger trial is needed to assess whether GTN improves functional outcome.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN66434824/66434824
. Unique identifier: 66434824.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Ankolekar
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.A., C.R., P.C., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (S.A., N.S., P.M.B.); East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (M.F., I.C., A.N.S.); and School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom (A.N.S.)
| | - Michael Fuller
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.A., C.R., P.C., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (S.A., N.S., P.M.B.); East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (M.F., I.C., A.N.S.); and School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom (A.N.S.)
| | - Ian Cross
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.A., C.R., P.C., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (S.A., N.S., P.M.B.); East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (M.F., I.C., A.N.S.); and School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom (A.N.S.)
| | - Cheryl Renton
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.A., C.R., P.C., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (S.A., N.S., P.M.B.); East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (M.F., I.C., A.N.S.); and School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom (A.N.S.)
| | - Patrick Cox
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.A., C.R., P.C., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (S.A., N.S., P.M.B.); East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (M.F., I.C., A.N.S.); and School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom (A.N.S.)
| | - Nikola Sprigg
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.A., C.R., P.C., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (S.A., N.S., P.M.B.); East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (M.F., I.C., A.N.S.); and School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom (A.N.S.)
| | - A. Niroshan Siriwardena
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.A., C.R., P.C., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (S.A., N.S., P.M.B.); East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (M.F., I.C., A.N.S.); and School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom (A.N.S.)
| | - Philip M. Bath
- From the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Stroke, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.A., C.R., P.C., N.S., P.M.B.); Department of Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (S.A., N.S., P.M.B.); East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (M.F., I.C., A.N.S.); and School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom (A.N.S.)
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15
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Chen F, Lucas R, Fulton D. The subcellular compartmentalization of arginine metabolizing enzymes and their role in endothelial dysfunction. Front Immunol 2013; 4:184. [PMID: 23847624 PMCID: PMC3705211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO) mediates endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and restrains vascular inflammation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and platelet aggregation. Impaired production of NO is a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction and promotes the development of cardiovascular disease. In endothelial cells, NO is generated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through the conversion of its substrate, l-arginine to l-citrulline. Reduced access to l-arginine has been proposed as a major mechanism underlying reduced eNOS activity and NO production in cardiovascular disease. The arginases (Arg1 and Arg2) metabolize l-arginine to generate l-ornithine and urea and increased expression of arginase has been proposed as a mechanism of reduced eNOS activity secondary to the depletion of l-arginine. Indeed, supplemental l-arginine and suppression of arginase activity has been shown to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation and ameliorate cardiovascular disease. However, this simple relationship is complicated by observations that l-arginine concentrations in endothelial cells remain sufficiently high to support NO synthesis. Accordingly, the subcellular compartmentalization of intracellular l-arginine into poorly interchangeable pools has been proposed to allow for the local depletion of pools or pockets of l-arginine. In agreement with this, there is considerable evidence supporting the importance of the subcellular localization of l-arginine metabolizing enzymes. In endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo, eNOS is found in discrete intracellular locations and the capacity to generate NO is heavily influenced by its localization inside the cell. Arg1 and Arg2 also reside in different subcellular environments and are thought to differentially influence endothelial function. The plasma membrane solute transporter, CAT-1 and the arginine recycling enzyme, arginosuccinate lyase, co-localize with eNOS and facilitate NO release. Herein, we highlight the importance of the subcellular location of eNOS and arginine transporting and metabolizing enzymes to NO release and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA , USA
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Autonomic nervous system control of the cerebral circulation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 117:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hurt RT, Garrison RN, Derhake BM, Matheson PJ. Fish oil increases blood flow in the ileum during chronic feeding in rats. Nutr Res 2012. [PMID: 23176794 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Benefits of enteral feeding with immune-enhancing diets (IEDs) depend on route, timing, and composition. We hypothesized that chronic enteral feeding with certain individual immunonutrients would enhance gastrointestinal blood flow. Male rats were fed a standard enteral diet supplemented with immunonutrients for 5 days before study. Groups were (1) standard rat chow, (2) liquid control diet (CD) alone (CD), (3) CD + fish oil, (4) CD + L-arginine, and (5) CD + RNA fragments. Whole organ blood flow distribution was measured by colorimetric microsphere technique in antrum, small intestine (in thirds), colon, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. Chronic feeding for 5 days with CD + fish oil increased blood flow in the distal third of the small intestine compared with CD alone, whereas feeding with CD + L-arginine decreased blood flow in the small intestine (all segments) compared with CD alone. Acute gavage of CD + L-arginine or CD + fish oil increased blood flow in the proximal and middle third of the small intestine compared with CD alone. Control diet + RNA increased blood flow in the proximal small intestine compared with CD alone. These findings support prior acute feeding studies with CD, CD + individual immunonutrients, or IED. Our current data suggest that blood flow benefits associated with fish oil persist during chronic feeding in rats. Enhanced gastrointestinal perfusion might partially explain the benefits of early enteral feeding with IEDs not seen with regular enteral diets and parenteral immunonutrient delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Hurt
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Charriaut-Marlangue C, Bonnin P, Gharib A, Leger PL, Villapol S, Pocard M, Gressens P, Renolleau S, Baud O. Inhaled Nitric Oxide Reduces Brain Damage by Collateral Recruitment in a Neonatal Stroke Model. Stroke 2012; 43:3078-84. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.664243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
We recently demonstrated that endogenous nitric oxide (NO) modulates collateral blood flow in a neonatal stroke model in rats. The inhalation of NO (iNO) has been found to be neuroprotective after ischemic brain damage in adults. Our objective was to examine whether iNO could modify cerebral blood flow during ischemia–reperfusion and reduce lesions in the developing brain.
Methods—
In vivo variations in cortical NO concentrations occurring after 20-ppm iNO exposure were analyzed using the voltammetric method in P7 rat pups. Inhaled NO-mediated blood flow velocities were measured by ultrasound imaging with sequential Doppler recordings in both internal carotid arteries and the basilar trunk under basal conditions and in a neonatal model of ischemia–reperfusion. The hemodynamic effects of iNO (5 to 80 ppm) were correlated with brain injury 48 hours after reperfusion.
Results—
Inhaled NO (20 ppm) significantly increased NO concentrations in the P7 rat cortex and compensated for the blockade of endogenous NO synthesis under normal conditions. Inhaled NO (20 ppm) during ischemia increased blood flow velocities and significantly reduced lesion volumes by 43% and cellular damage. In contrast, both 80 ppm iNO given during ischemia and 5 or 20 ppm iNO given 30 minutes after reperfusion were detrimental.
Conclusions—
Our findings strongly indicate that, with the appropriate timing, 20 ppm iNO can be transported into the P7 rat brain and mediated blood flow redistribution during ischemia leading to reduced infarct volume and cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Charriaut-Marlangue
- From the University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U676, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., S.V., P.G., O.B.); PremUP Foundation, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., P.G., O.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique–Explorations-Fonctionnelles, Paris, France (P.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, Paris, France (P.B., M.P.); Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CarMeN Lyon-1, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France (A.G.)
| | - Philippe Bonnin
- From the University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U676, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., S.V., P.G., O.B.); PremUP Foundation, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., P.G., O.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique–Explorations-Fonctionnelles, Paris, France (P.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, Paris, France (P.B., M.P.); Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CarMeN Lyon-1, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France (A.G.)
| | - Abdallah Gharib
- From the University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U676, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., S.V., P.G., O.B.); PremUP Foundation, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., P.G., O.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique–Explorations-Fonctionnelles, Paris, France (P.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, Paris, France (P.B., M.P.); Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CarMeN Lyon-1, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France (A.G.)
| | - Pierre-Louis Leger
- From the University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U676, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., S.V., P.G., O.B.); PremUP Foundation, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., P.G., O.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique–Explorations-Fonctionnelles, Paris, France (P.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, Paris, France (P.B., M.P.); Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CarMeN Lyon-1, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France (A.G.)
| | - Sonia Villapol
- From the University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U676, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., S.V., P.G., O.B.); PremUP Foundation, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., P.G., O.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique–Explorations-Fonctionnelles, Paris, France (P.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, Paris, France (P.B., M.P.); Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CarMeN Lyon-1, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France (A.G.)
| | - Marc Pocard
- From the University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U676, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., S.V., P.G., O.B.); PremUP Foundation, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., P.G., O.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique–Explorations-Fonctionnelles, Paris, France (P.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, Paris, France (P.B., M.P.); Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CarMeN Lyon-1, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France (A.G.)
| | - Pierre Gressens
- From the University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U676, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., S.V., P.G., O.B.); PremUP Foundation, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., P.G., O.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique–Explorations-Fonctionnelles, Paris, France (P.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, Paris, France (P.B., M.P.); Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CarMeN Lyon-1, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France (A.G.)
| | - Sylvain Renolleau
- From the University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U676, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., S.V., P.G., O.B.); PremUP Foundation, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., P.G., O.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique–Explorations-Fonctionnelles, Paris, France (P.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, Paris, France (P.B., M.P.); Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CarMeN Lyon-1, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France (A.G.)
| | - Olivier Baud
- From the University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U676, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., S.V., P.G., O.B.); PremUP Foundation, Paris, France (C.C.-M., P.-L.L., P.G., O.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie clinique–Explorations-Fonctionnelles, Paris, France (P.B.); University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, U965, Paris, France (P.B., M.P.); Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CarMeN Lyon-1, INSERM U1060, Lyon, France (A.G.)
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Terpolilli NA, Kim SW, Thal SC, Kataoka H, Zeisig V, Nitzsche B, Klaesner B, Zhu C, Schwarzmaier S, Meissner L, Mamrak U, Engel DC, Drzezga A, Patel RP, Blomgren K, Barthel H, Boltze J, Kuebler WM, Plesnila N. Inhalation of nitric oxide prevents ischemic brain damage in experimental stroke by selective dilatation of collateral arterioles. Circ Res 2011; 110:727-38. [PMID: 22207711 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.253419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stroke is the third most common cause of death in industrialized countries. The main therapeutic target is the ischemic penumbra, potentially salvageable brain tissue that dies within the first few hours after blood flow cessation. Hence, strategies to keep the penumbra alive until reperfusion occurs are needed. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of inhaled nitric oxide on cerebral vessels and cerebral perfusion under physiological conditions and in different models of cerebral ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS This experimental study demonstrates that inhaled nitric oxide (applied in 30% oxygen/70% air mixture) leads to the formation of nitric oxide carriers in blood that distribute throughout the body. This was ascertained by in vivo microscopy in adult mice. Although under normal conditions inhaled nitric oxide does not affect cerebral blood flow, after experimental cerebral ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion it selectively dilates arterioles in the ischemic penumbra, thereby increasing collateral blood flow and significantly reducing ischemic brain damage. This translates into significantly improved neurological outcome. These findings were validated in independent laboratories using two different mouse models of cerebral ischemia and in a clinically relevant large animal model of stroke. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled nitric oxide thus may provide a completely novel strategy to improve penumbral blood flow and neuronal survival in stroke or other ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Terpolilli
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Munich Medical Center-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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Mohammadi MT, Shid-Moosavi SM, Dehghani GA. Contribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in blood-brain barrier disruption during acute focal cerebral ischemia in normal rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 19:13-20. [PMID: 21852076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous level of nitric oxide (NO) is increased in the brain following the stroke, and deactivation of NO synthase has been shown to attenuate its destructive actions in animal stroke models using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) procedures. However, little is known about the effects of NO in cerebral vascular integrity and edema during acute cerebral ischemia. Here we investigated whether NO plays any role in the progression of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and edema formation in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Intraperitoneal administration of NO substrate l-arginine (300mg/kg), or NOS inhibitor (l-NAME, 1mg/kg), was done in normal rats at 20min before a 60-min MCAO. Mean arterial blood pressures (MAP) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were continuously recorded during experiment. Neurological deficit score (NDS) was evaluated 12h after termination of MCAO followed with evaluations of cerebral infarction volume (CIV), edema formation and cerebral vascular permeability (CVP), as determined by the Evans blue dye extravasations (EBE) technique. No significant changes were observed in the values of MAP and rCBF with l-arginine or l-NAME during ischemia or reperfusion periods. There was a 75-85% reduction in rCBF in during MCAO which returned back to its pre-occlusion level during reperfusion. Acute cerebral ischemia with or without l-arginine augmented NDS (4.00±0.44 and 3.00±0.30), in conjunction with increased CIV (518±57mm(3) and 461±65mm(3)), provoked edema (3.09±0.45% and 3.30±0.49%), and elevated EBE (8.28±2.04μg/g and 5.09±1.41μg/g). Inhibition of NO production by l-NAME significantly improved NDS (1.50±0.22), diminished CIV (248±56mm(3)), edema (1.18±0.58%) and EBE (1.37±0.12μg/g). This study reconfirms the cerebroprotective properties of reduced tissue NO during acute ischemic stroke, and it also validates the deleterious actions of increased NOS activity on the disruption of cerebral microvascular integrity and edema formation of ischemia/reperfusion injuries in normal rat, without changing arterial blood pressure or blood flows to ischemic regions.
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21
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Intravenous administration of pravastatin immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion reduces cerebral oedema in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:381-6. [PMID: 21497597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to protect against ischemic stroke by mechanisms that are independent of lowering serum cholesterol levels. In this study we investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of a single i.v. treatment with four increasing doses of pravastatin on permanent occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCAo) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pravastatin was given 10 min after MCAo and its effect was determined 24 h later. Treatment results were evaluated in terms of infarct volume, homolateral hemisphere oedema, glial fibrillary acid (GFAP), vimentin (Vim) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) immunoreactivity and TUNEL positivity. Cerebral levels of eNOS were measured by western blot analysis. Pravastatin did not reduce cerebral infarct while it mitigated homolateral hemisphere oedema in a dose-dependent manner with respect to controls. No differences among groups were found regarding GFAP and Vim immunoreactivity and TUNEL positivity. Instead, pravastatin-treated animals presented a more marked cerebral eNOS immunoreactivity as compared with controls. In agreement with immunohistochemistry, immunoblot revealed dose-dependent increases in cerebral levels of eNOS in pravastatin rats. Our data confirm statin neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia. In particular, it is of great interest that a single i.v. Pravastatin administration reduced cerebral oedema by upregulating eNOS expression/activity. This, by increasing vascular NO bioavailability, could have produced proximal vasodilation and contributed to reducing perfusional deficit. It is worthy stressing how important the anti-oedema action is that pravastatin seems to exert. Indeed, cerebral oedema, when widespread and beyond limits of physiological compensation, causes endocranic hypertension and additional cerebral damage over time.
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Harston GWJ, Sutherland BA, Kennedy J, Buchan AM. The contribution of L-arginine to the neurotoxicity of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator following cerebral ischemia: a review of rtPA neurotoxicity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1804-16. [PMID: 20736961 PMCID: PMC3023931 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alteplase is the only drug licensed for acute ischemic stroke, and in this formulation, the thrombolytic agent recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is stabilized in a solution of L-arginine. Improved functional outcomes after alteplase administration have been shown in clinical trials, along with improved histological and behavioral measures in experimental models of embolic stroke. However, in animal models of mechanically induced ischemia, alteplase can exacerbate ischemic damage. We have systematically reviewed the literature of both rtPA and L-arginine administration in mechanical focal ischemia. The rtPA worsens ischemic damage under certain conditions, whereas L-arginine can have both beneficial and deleterious effects dependent on the time of administration. The interaction between rtPA and L-arginine may be leading to the production of nitric oxide, which can cause direct neurotoxicity, altered cerebral blood flow, and disruption of the neurovascular unit. We suggest that alternative formulations of rtPA, in the absence of L-arginine, would provide new insight into rtPA neurotoxicity, and have the potential to offer more efficacious thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W J Harston
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Acute Stroke Programme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kondoh T, Kameishi M, Mallick HN, Ono T, Torii K. Lysine and arginine reduce the effects of cerebral ischemic insults and inhibit glutamate-induced neuronal activity in rats. Front Integr Neurosci 2010; 4:18. [PMID: 20589237 PMCID: PMC2892957 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2010.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous administration of arginine was shown to be protective against cerebral ischemic insults via nitric oxide production and possibly via additional mechanisms. The present study aimed at evaluating the neuroprotective effects of oral administration of lysine (a basic amino acid), arginine, and their combination on ischemic insults (cerebral edema and infarction) and hemispheric brain swelling induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion in rats. Magnetic resonance imaging and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were performed 2 days after ischemia induction. In control animals, the major edematous areas were observed in the cerebral cortex and striatum. The volumes associated with cortical edema were significantly reduced by lysine (2.0 g/kg), arginine (0.6 g/kg), or their combined administration (0.6 g/kg each). Protective effects of these amino acids on infarction were comparable to the inhibitory effects on edema formation. Interestingly, these amino acids, even at low dose (0.6 g/kg), were effective to reduce hemispheric brain swelling. Additionally, the effects of in vivo microiontophoretic (juxtaneuronal) applications of these amino acids on glutamate-evoked neuronal activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus were investigated in awake rats. Glutamate-induced neuronal activity was robustly inhibited by microiontophoretic applications of lysine or arginine onto neuronal membranes. Taken together, our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of oral ingestion of lysine and arginine against ischemic insults (cerebral edema and infarction), especially in the cerebral cortex, and suggest that suppression of glutamate-induced neuronal activity might be the primary mechanism associated with these neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kondoh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Kawasaki, Japan
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Yücel MA, Devor A, Akin A, Boas DA. The Possible Role of CO(2) in Producing A Post-Stimulus CBF and BOLD Undershoot. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2009; 1:7. [PMID: 20027233 PMCID: PMC2795469 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.14.007.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Comprehending the underlying mechanisms of neurovascular coupling is important for understanding the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases related to uncoupling. Moreover, it elucidates the casual relation between the neural signaling and the hemodynamic responses measured with various imaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). There are mainly two hypotheses concerning this mechanism: a metabolic hypothesis and a neurogenic hypothesis. We have modified recent models of neurovascular coupling adding the effects of both NO (nitric oxide) kinetics, which is a well-known neurogenic vasodilator, and CO2 kinetics as a metabolic vasodilator. We have also added the Hodgkin–Huxley equations relating the membrane potentials to sodium influx through the membrane. Our results show that the dominant factor in the hemodynamic response is NO, however CO2 is important in producing a brief post-stimulus undershoot in the blood flow response that in turn modifies the fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent post-stimulus undershoot. Our results suggest that increased cerebral blood flow during stimulation causes CO2 washout which then results in a post-stimulus hypocapnia induced vasoconstrictive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem A Yücel
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University Istanbul, Turkey
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Cao S, Wang LC, Kwansa H, Roman RJ, Harder DR, Koehler RC. Endothelin rather than 20-HETE contributes to loss of pial arteriolar dilation during focal cerebral ischemia with and without polymeric hemoglobin transfusion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1412-8. [PMID: 19261918 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00003.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Partial exchange transfusion with a cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) polymer during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reduces infarct volume but fails to increase blood flow, as might be expected with the induced decrease in hematocrit. In ischemic brain, endothelin antagonists are known to produce vasodilation. In nonischemic brain, pial arterioles constrict after Hb exchange transfusion, and the constriction is blocked by an inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis. We tested the hypothesis that a 20-HETE synthesis inhibitor and an endothelin A receptor antagonist increase pial arteriolar dilation after Hb exchange transfusion during MCAO. Pial arteriolar diameter was measured in the ischemic border region of the distal MCA border region through closed cranial windows in anesthetized rats subjected to the filament model of MCAO. During 2 h of MCAO, pial arteriolar dilation gradually subsided from 37 +/- 3 to 7 +/- 5% (+/-SE). Compared with residual dilation at 2 h of MCAO with vehicle superfusion (14 +/- 3%), loss of dilation was not prevented by superfusion of a 20-HETE synthesis inhibitor (21 +/- 5%), partial Hb exchange transfusion (7 +/- 5%) that decreased hematocrit to 23%, or a combination of the two (5 +/- 5%). However, loss of dilation was prevented by superfusion of an endothelin A receptor antagonist with (35 +/- 4%) or without (32 +/- 5%) Hb transfusion. Pial artery constriction during reperfusion was attenuated by HET0016 alone and by BQ610 with or without Hb transfusion. Systemic administration of the endothelin antagonist during prolonged MCAO increased blood flow in the border region. Thus loss of pial arteriolar dilation in the ischemic border region during prolonged MCAO depends on endothelin A receptor activation, and this effect was independent of the presence of cell-free Hb polymers in the plasma. In contrast to previous work in nonischemic brain, inhibition of oxygen-dependent 20-HETE synthesis does not significantly influence the pial arteriolar response to polymeric Hb exchange transfusion during focal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyi Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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l-NAME prevents GM1 ganglioside-induced vasodilation in the rat brain. Neurochem Int 2008; 53:362-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Moskowitz
- Department of Radiology, Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yong Y, Gang-Min N, Zhuo-Hui G, Xiao-Xiang Z. Modeling the diffusion of nitric oxide produced by neuronal cells in brain ischemia. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2005:7321-4. [PMID: 17281971 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical models of NO diffusion were established to investigate the role of nitric oxide produced by neuronal cells in brain ischemia. Results showed that NO synthesized at early stage of brain ischemia could diffuse to a far more distant than that of a resting state. We speculate the roles of NO produced by neuronal cells in brain ischemia might have two different effects, depending on its concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University (yuqun campus), Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
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29
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Prough DS, Kramer GC, Uchida T, Stephenson RT, Hellmich HL, Dewitt DS. EFFECTS OF HYPERTONIC ARGININE ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY COMBINED WITH HEMORRHAGIC HYPOTENSION. Shock 2006; 26:290-5. [PMID: 16912655 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000225405.66693.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypertonic saline solutions improve cerebral blood flow (CBF) when used for acute resuscitation from hemorrhagic hypotension accompanying some models of traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the duration of increased CBF is brief. Because the nitric oxide synthase substrate l-arginine provides prolonged improvement in CBF after TBI, we investigated whether a hypertonic resuscitation fluid containing l-arginine would improve CBF in comparison to hypertonic saline without l-arginine in a model of moderate, paramedian, fluid-percussion TBI followed immediately by hemorrhagic hypotension (mean arterial pressure [MAP] = 60 mm Hg for 45 min). Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with 4.0% isoflurane, intubated and ventilated with 1.5%-2.0% isoflurane in oxygen/air (50:50). After preparation for TBI and measurement of CBF using laser Doppler flowmetry and measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) using an implanted transducer, rats were subjected to moderate (2.0 atm) TBI, hemorrhaged for 45 min, and randomly assigned to receive an infusion of hypertonic saline (7.5%, 2,400 mOsm total; 6 mL/kg; n = 6) or hypertonic saline with 50, 100, or 300 mg/kg L-arginine (2,400 mOsm; 6 mL/kg; n = 6 in each of the three dose groups) and then monitored for 120 min after the end of infusion. CBF was measured continuously and calculated as a percent of the pre-TBI baseline during the hemorrhage period, after reinfusion of one of the hypertonic arginine solutions, and 30, 60, and 120 min after reinfusion. All four hypertonic solutions initially improved MAP, which, by 120 min after infusion, had decreased nearly to the levels observed during hemorrhage. ICP remained below baseline levels during resuscitation in all groups, although ICP was slightly greater (P = NS) than baseline in the hypertonic saline group. CBF increased similarly in all groups during infusion and then decreased similarly in all groups. At 120 min after infusion, CBF was highest in the group infused with hypertonic saline, but the difference was not significant. We conclude that the improvement of MAP, ICP, and CBF produced by hypertonic saline alone after TBI and hemorrhagic hypotension is not significantly enhanced by the addition of L-arginine at these doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S Prough
- Departments of Anesthesiology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0591, USA.
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Willmot M, Ghadami A, Whysall B, Clarke W, Wardlaw J, Bath PMW. Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate lowers blood pressure and maintains cerebral blood flow in recent stroke. Hypertension 2006; 47:1209-15. [PMID: 16682611 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000223024.02939.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) is common in acute stroke and is independently associated with a poor outcome. Lowering BP might improve outcome if it did not adversely affect cerebral blood flow (CBF) or cerebral perfusion pressure. We investigated the effect of glyceryl trinitrate ([GTN] an NO donor) on quantitative CBF, BP, and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with recent stroke. Eighteen patients with recent (<5 days) ischemic (n=16) or hemorrhagic (n=2) stroke were randomly assigned (2:1) to transdermal GTN (5 mg) or control. CBF (global, hemispheric, arterial territory, and lesion, using xenon computed tomography) and BP (peripheral and central) were measured before and 1 hour after treatment with GTN. The effects of GTN on CBF and BP were adjusted for baseline measurements (ANCOVA). GTN lowered peripheral systolic BP by (mean) 23 mm Hg (95% CI, 2 to 45; P=0.03) and central systolic BP by 22 mm Hg (95% CI, 0 to 44; P=0.048). In contrast, GTN did not alter CBF (mL/min per 100 g): global -1.2 (95% CI, -6.5 to 4.2; P=0.66) and ipsilateral hemisphere -1.4 (95% CI, -7.6 to 4.9; P=0.65) or area of stroke oligemia, penumbra, or core (as defined by critical CBF limits). Contralateral CBF did not change: hemisphere 0 (95% CI, -7 to 6; P=0.96). GTN did not alter cerebral perfusion pressure or zero-filling pressure. Significant reductions in BP after transdermal GTN are not associated with changes in CBF or cerebral perfusion pressure or cerebral steal in patients with recent stroke. Trials need to assess the effect of lowering BP on functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Willmot
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Willmot M, Gray L, Gibson C, Murphy S, Bath PMW. A systematic review of nitric oxide donors and L-arginine in experimental stroke; effects on infarct size and cerebral blood flow. Nitric Oxide 2005; 12:141-9. [PMID: 15797842 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2004] [Revised: 01/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is a candidate treatment for acute ischaemic stroke, however published studies in experimental stroke have given conflicting results. METHODS We performed a systematic review of published controlled studies of L-arginine (the precursor for NO) and NO donors in experimental stroke. Data were analysed using the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager software. Standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS Altogether, 25 studies(s) were identified. L-Arginine and NO donors reduced total cerebral infarct volume in permanent (SMD -1.21, 95% CI -1.69 to -0.73, p < 0.01, s = 10) and transient models of ischaemia (SMD -0.78, 95% CI -1.21 to -0.35, p < 0.01, s = 7). Drug administration increased cortical CBF in permanent (SMD +0.86, 95% CI 0.52-1.21, p < 0.01, s = 8) but not transient models (SMD +0.34, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.70, p = 0.07, s = 4). CONCLUSIONS Administration of NO in experimental stroke reduces stroke lesion volume in permanent and transient models. This may be mediated, in part, by increased cerebral perfusion in permanent models. These data support clinical trials in stroke patients, although the presence of a narrow therapeutic time window may be a limiting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Willmot
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Ahn MJ, Sherwood ER, Prough DS, Lin CY, DeWitt DS. The effects of traumatic brain injury on cerebral blood flow and brain tissue nitric oxide levels and cytokine expression. J Neurotrauma 2005; 21:1431-42. [PMID: 15672633 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, intubated, and mechanically ventilated with 1.5-2.0% isoflurane in oxygen (30%) and air. Rats were prepared for fluid percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI), laser Doppler flowmetry, and measurement of brain tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels using an ISO-NO electrode system. After preparation, isoflurane was reduced to 1.5%, and the rats were randomly assigned to receive sham (n = 6), moderate (1.9 atm, n = 6), or severe (2.8 atm, n = 6) parasagittal fluid percussion TBI. CBF and brain tissue NO levels were measured for 4 h, and then isoflurane levels were increased to 4.0% and the rats were decapitated and the brains were removed. Total RNA was isolated from rat brains and cytokine expression was determined. Laser Doppler flow velocity remained constant in the sham-injured rats but decreased significantly in rats subjected to moderate (p < 0.05) or severe (p < 0.05) TBI. Brain tissue NO levels remained constant in the sham-injured rats but decreased significantly (p < 0.01) after moderate TBI. Severe TBI produced slight, insignificant reductions in NO levels. Cytokine expression was very low in the shaminjured rats. TBI-induced expression of mRNAs for interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa). IL-1alpha and IL-1beta mRNA expression increased significantly (p < 0.05 vs. sham-injury) after severe TBI and IL-6 and TNFa mRNA expression increased significant (p < 0.05 vs. sham-injury) after both moderate and severe TBI. Other cytokine mRNA expression was unchanged after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Ja Ahn
- Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0830, USA
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Jones SC, Easley KA, Radinsky CR, Chyatte D, Furlan AJ, Perez-Trepichio AD. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition depresses the height of the cerebral blood flow-pressure autoregulation curve during moderate hypotension. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23:1085-95. [PMID: 12973025 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000081202.00668.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Variations in the height of the CBF response to hypotension have been described recently in normal animals. The authors evaluated the effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition on these variations in height using laser Doppler flowmetry in 42 anesthetized (halothane and N2O) male Sprague-Dawley rats prepared with a superfused closed cranial window. In four groups (time control, enantiomer control, NOS inhibition, and reinfusion control) exsanguination to MABPs from 100 to 40 mm Hg was used to produce autoregulatory curves. For each curve the lower limit of autoregulation (the MABP at the first decrease in CBF) was identified; the pattern of autoregulation was classified as "peak" (15% increase in %CBF), "classic" (plateau with a decrease at the lower limit of autoregulation), or "none" (15% decrease in %CBF); and the autoregulatory height as the %CBF at 70 mm Hg (%CBF(70)) was determined. NOS inhibition decreased %CBF(70) in the NOS inhibition group (P = 0.014), in the control (combined time and enantiomer control) group (P = 0.015), and in the reinfusion control group (P = 0.025). NOS inhibition via superfusion depressed the autoregulatory pattern (P = 0.02, McNemar test on changes in autoregulatory pattern) compared with control (P = 0.375). Analysis of covariance showed that changes induced by NOS inhibition in the parameters of autoregulatory height are not related to changes in the lower limit, but are strongly (P < 0.001) related to each other. NOS inhibition depressed the autoregulatory pattern, decreasing the seemingly paradoxical increase in CBF as blood pressure decreases. These results suggest that nitric oxide increases CBF near the lower limit and augments the hypotensive portion of the autoregulatory curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jones
- Department of Anesthesiology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, USA.
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Gabikian P, Clatterbuck RE, Eberhart CG, Tyler BM, Tierney TS, Tamargo RJ. Prevention of experimental cerebral vasospasm by intracranial delivery of a nitric oxide donor from a controlled-release polymer: toxicity and efficacy studies in rabbits and rats. Stroke 2002; 33:2681-6. [PMID: 12411661 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000033931.62992.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A reduction in the local availability of nitric oxide (NO) may play a role in the etiology of chronic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We investigated the toxicity and efficacy of a locally delivered NO donor from a controlled-release polymer in preventing experimental cerebral vasospasm in rats and rabbits, respectively. METHODS Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO) was incorporated into controlled release ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVAc) polymers. Twenty-eight rats were used in a dose-escalation toxicity study to establish a maximally tolerated dose of DETA/NO-EVAc polymer. In the efficacy experiment, 20 rabbits were assigned to 4 experimental groups (n=5 per group): sham operation; SAH only; SAH+empty EVAc polymer; and SAH+DETA/NO-EVAc polymer. Treatment was initiated 30 minutes after blood deposition. Basilar artery lumen patency was assessed 72 hours after hemorrhage to evaluate the efficacy of DETA/NO in preventing cerebral vasospasm. RESULTS In the toxicity study, a dose of 3.4 mg/kg was identified as the LD(20) (dose with 20% mortality during the study period) of this DETA/NO formulation. Brain histology revealed hemorrhage and ischemic changes at the implantation site associated with high concentrations of DETA/NO. In the efficacy study, treatment with DETA/NO-EVAc polymer resulted in a significant decrease in basilar artery vasospasm compared with no treatment (93.0+/-4.9% versus 71.4+/-11.9%; P=0.035) or compared with treatment with blank EVAc polymer (93.0+/-4.9% versus 73.2+/-6.4%; P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Local delivery of DETA/NO prevents vasospasm in the rabbit basilar artery. Local delivery of DETA/NO via polymers is a safe and effective strategy for preventing cerebral vasospasm after SAH in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Gabikian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md, USA
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Do KQ, Grima G, Benz B, Salt TE. Glial-neuronal transfer of arginine and S-nitrosothiols in nitric oxide transmission. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 962:81-92. [PMID: 12076965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The arginine-nitric oxide (Arg-NO) and the S-nitrosothiols systems, two less well-studied aspects of NO transmission in the central nervous system, are reviewed. A growing body of evidence suggested that they play a crucial role in NO synthesis and activity. l-Arginine, the NO precursor, is predominantly localized in glia. Together with in vitro and in vivo results of arginine release, this suggests a transfer of arginine from glia to neurons in order to supply NO synthase with its substrate. NO biosynthesis may thus involve the co-occurrence of the glial-neuronal transfer of arginine and of NOS activation. The arginine availability may shed light on the dual, beneficial and toxic effects of NO. At low arginine concentrations, neuronal NO synthase generates NO and superoxide, favouring the production of the toxin peroxynitrite. NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in neuronal cells is dependent on arginine availability and glia may play a neuroprotective role by supplying arginine. The reversible S-nitros(yl)ation of thiol containing molecules may represent an important cellular signal transduction mechanism, probably comparable to phosphorylation. S-nitrosothiols, in particular through the presence and release of S-nitroso-cysteinylglycine in sensory thalamus, may act as a local buffering system in NO transmission. This may represent a novel specific facilitating mechanism in order to enhance transmission of persistent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Q Do
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences Psychiatriques, University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
L-Arginine has attracted major interest because it has been identified as the natural substrate of nitric oxide synthase and is now recognized as a major player in the regulation of biological function. The arginine paradox refers to the phenomenon that exogenous L-arginine causes NO-mediated biological effects despite the fact that nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are theoretically saturated with the substrate L-arginine. There have been several explanations for this phenomenon, although none of them can explain the arginine paradox fully: (1) L-arginine-induced insulin, which has vasodilatory actions. (2) Neither extracellular nor intracellular concentration determines the NOS activity but rather the L-arginine amount transported across the plasma membrane may do so. (3) Endogenous NOS inhibitors reduce the enzyme sensitivity to L-arginine. These inhibitors include, NG, NG-dimethyl-L-arginine, L-citrulline, argininosuccinic acid and agmatine. (4) Intracellular L-citrulline, an NOS product, is a potent inhibitor of NOS so that the cells may need extra L-arginine to compete with L-citrulline inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Nakaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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Amin-Hanjani S, Stagliano NE, Yamada M, Huang PL, Liao JK, Moskowitz MA. Mevastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, reduces stroke damage and upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in mice. Stroke 2001; 32:980-6. [PMID: 11283400 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.32.4.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) lower serum cholesterol and decrease the incidence of stroke and cardiovascular disease. There is growing evidence that statins exert some of their beneficial effects independent of cholesterol lowering. Indeed, we have previously demonstrated that chronic simvastatin administration upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), resulting in more functional protein, augmentation of cerebral blood flow, and neuroprotection in a murine model of cerebral ischemia. In this report we examined whether another member of the statin family shared these effects and whether eNOS upregulation is sustained with longer treatment. METHODS Mevastatin (2 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg per day) was administered to 18- to 22-g male mice for 7, 14, or 28 days before 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion with the use of the filament model (n=9 to 12). Neurological deficits and cerebral infarct volumes were assessed at 24 hours. Arterial blood pressure and gases, relative cerebral blood flow, and blood cholesterol levels were monitored in a subset of animals (n=5). Absolute cerebral blood flow was measured by the [(14)C]iodoamphetamine indicator fractionation technique (n=6). eNOS mRNA and protein levels were determined. RESULTS Mevastatin increased levels of eNOS mRNA and protein, reduced infarct size, and improved neurological deficits in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Greatest protection was seen with 14- and 28-day high-dose treatment (26% and 37% infarct reduction, respectively). Cholesterol levels were reduced only after 28 days of treatment and did not correlate with infarct reduction. Baseline absolute cerebral blood flow was 30% higher after 14-day high-dose treatment. CONCLUSIONS Chronic prophylactic treatment with mevastatin upregulated eNOS and augmented cerebral blood flow. These changes occurred in the absence of changes in serum cholesterol levels, were sustained for up to 1 month of treatment, and resulted in neuroprotection after middle cerebral artery occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amin-Hanjani
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Salom JB, Ortí M, Centeno JM, Torregrosa G, Alborch E. Reduction of infarct size by the NO donors sodium nitroprusside and spermine/NO after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2000; 865:149-56. [PMID: 10821916 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a dual role (neuroprotection and neurotoxicity) in cerebral ischemia. NO promoting strategies may be beneficial shortly after ischemia. Therefore, we have studied the hemodynamic and possible neuroprotective effects of two NO donors, the classical nitrovasodilator sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the NONOate spermine/NO, after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Parietal cortical perfusion was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. The effects of increasing intravenous doses (10-300 microgram) of sodium nitroprusside and spermine/NO on cortical perfusion and arterial blood pressure were assessed. Transient (2 h) focal cerebral ischemia was carried out by the intraluminal thread method. The effects of intraischemic intravenous infusion of SNP (0.11, 1.1 mg/kg) and spermine/NO (0.36, 3.6 mg/kg) on hemodynamic parameters and infarct size developed after 1 week reperfusion were assessed. In control conditions, SNP and, to a lesser extent, spermine/NO induced dose-dependent hypotension and concomitant reduction in cortical perfusion. In focal cerebral ischemia, infusion of SNP (0.11 mg/kg) and spermine/NO (0.36, 3.6 mg/kg) reduced the infarct size. In the case of spermine/NO, cortical perfusion was maintained above the control levels during the ischemic insult. No significant hypotension was elicited by NO donors at the dose-ratios infused. In conclusion, brain damage induced by transient focal ischemia is reduced by intravenous NO donors. Neuroprotective effects of spermine/NO are due at least in part to improvement of brain perfusion, while sodium nitroprusside must provide direct cytoprotection. These results give further support to the protective effect of NO in the early stages of cerebral ischemia and point to the therapeutic potential of NONOates in the management of brain ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Salom
- Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Universidad de Valencia, Ave. Campanar 21, E46009, Valencia, Spain.
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Batteur-Parmentier S, Margaill I, Plotkine M. Modulation by nitric oxide of cerebral neutrophil accumulation after transient focal ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20:812-9. [PMID: 10826531 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200005000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A beneficial role of nitric oxide (NO) after cerebral ischemia has been previously attributed to its vascular effects. Recent data indicate a regulatory role for NO in initial leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the cerebral microcirculation under basal and ischemic conditions. In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that endogenous NO production during and/or after transient focal cerebral ischemia can also be neuroprotective by limiting the process of neutrophil infiltration and its deleterious consequences. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 hours occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery and the left common carotid artery. The effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), an NO synthase inhibitor, was examined at 48 hours after ischemia on both infarct size and myeloperoxidase activity, an index of neutrophil infiltration. L-NAME given 5 minutes after the onset of ischemia increased the cortical infarct volume by 34% and increased cortical myeloperoxidase activity by 60%, whereas administration of L-NAME at 1, 7, and 22 hours of reperfusion had no effect. Such exacerbations of infarction and myeloperoxidase activity produced when L-NAME was given 5 minutes after the onset of ischemia were not observed in rats rendered neutropenic by vinblastine. These results suggest that after transient focal ischemia, early NO production exerts a neuroprotective effect by modulating neutrophil infiltration.
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Pluta RM, Afshar JK, Thompson BG, Boock RJ, Harvey-White J, Oldfield EH. Increased cerebral blood flow but no reversal or prevention of vasospasm in response to L-arginine infusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2000; 92:121-6. [PMID: 10616090 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.92.1.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The reduction in the level of nitric oxide (NO) is a purported mechanism of delayed vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Evidence in support of a causative role for NO includes the disappearance of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from the adventitia of vessels in spasm, the destruction of NO by hemoglobin released from the clot into the subarachnoid space, and reversal of vasospasm by intracarotid NO. The authors sought to establish whether administration of L-arginine, the substrate of the NO-producing enzyme NOS, would reverse and/or prevent vasospasm in a primate model of SAH. METHODS The study was composed of two sets of experiments: one in which L-arginine was infused over a brief period into the carotid artery of monkeys with vasospasm, and the other in which L-arginine was intravenously infused into monkeys over a longer period of time starting at onset of SAH. In the short-term infusion experiment, the effect of a 3-minute intracarotid infusion of L-arginine (intracarotid concentration 10(-6) M) on the degree of vasospasm of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was examined in five cynomolgus monkeys. In the long-term infusion experiment, the effect of a 14-day intravenous infusion of saline (control group, five animals) or L-arginine (10(-3) M; six animals) on the occurrence and degree of cerebral vasospasm was examined in monkeys. The degree of vasospasm in all experiments was assessed by cerebral arteriography, which was performed preoperatively and on postoperative Days 7 (short and long-term infusion experiments) and 14 (long-term infusion experiment). In the long-term infusion experiment, plasma levels of L-arginine were measured at these times in the monkeys to confirm L-arginine availability. Vasospasm was not affected by the intracarotid infusion of L-arginine (shown by the reduction in the right MCA area on an anteroposterior arteriogram compared with preoperative values). However, intracarotid L-arginine infusion increased rCBF by 21% (p < 0.015; PCO2 38-42 mm Hg) in all vasospastic monkeys compared with rCBF measured during the saline infusions. In the long-term infusion experiment, vasospasm of the right MCA occurred with similar intensity with or without continuous intravenous administration of L-arginine on Day 7 and had resolved by Day 14. The mean plasma L-arginine level increased during infusion from 12.7+/-4 microg/ml on Day 0 to 21.9+/-13.1 microg/ml on Day 7 and was 18.5+/-3.1 microg/ml on Day 14 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Brief intracarotid and continuous intravenous infusion of L-arginine did not influence the incidence or degree of cerebral vasospasm. After SAH, intracarotid infusion of L-arginine markedly increased rCBF in a primate model of SAH. These findings discourage the use of L-arginine as a treatment for vasospasm after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pluta
- Surgical Neurology Branch and Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Bolaños JP, Almeida A. Roles of nitric oxide in brain hypoxia-ischemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1411:415-36. [PMID: 10320673 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(99)00030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence has appeared over the last 6 years suggesting that nitric oxide biosynthesis is a key factor in the pathophysiological response of the brain to hypoxia-ischemia. Whilst studies on the influence of nitric oxide in this phenomenon initially offered conflicting conclusions, the use of better biochemical tools, such as selective inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms or transgenic animals, is progressively clarifying the precise role of nitric oxide in brain ischemia. Brain ischemia triggers a cascade of events, possibly mediated by excitatory amino acids, yielding the activation of the Ca2+-dependent NOS isoforms, i.e. neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS). However, whereas the selective inhibition of nNOS is neuroprotective, selective inhibition of eNOS is neurotoxic. Furthermore, mainly in glial cells, delayed ischemia or reperfusion after an ischemic episode induces the expression of Ca2+-independent inducible NOS (iNOS), and its selective inhibition is neuroprotective. In conclusion, it appears that activation of nNOS or induction of iNOS mediates ischemic brain damage, possibly by mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion. However, there is a simultaneous compensatory response through eNOS activation within the endothelium of blood vessels, which mediates vasodilation and hence increases blood flow to the damaged brain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Bolaños
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Hansen, Jr. DW. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors with cardiovascular therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Ther Pat 1999. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.9.5.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wada K, Chatzipanteli K, Busto R, Dietrich WD. Effects of L-NAME and 7-NI on NOS catalytic activity and behavioral outcome after traumatic brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 1999; 16:203-12. [PMID: 10195468 DOI: 10.1089/neu.1999.16.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces transient increases in constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity and prolonged behavioral abnormalities. This study investigated the effects of nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) and 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole (7-NI) treatment on cNOS catalytic activity and sensorimotor behavioral outcome after TBI. Rats underwent moderate (1.8-2.2 atm) parasagittal fluid percussion brain injury (FPI). At 5 min after FPI, cNOS activity was significantly increased within the damaged cerebral cortex of vehicle-treated rats compared to the noninjured contralateral cortex (206.7 +/- 150.5 % of contralateral, p < 0.01). Pretreatment with L-NAME and 7-NI significantly reduced injury-induced cNOS activation (47.7 +/- 42.6 %, p < 0.05, and 96.16 +/- 12.76, p < 0.05, respectively). Pretreatment with L-NAME and 7-NI also inhibited cNOS activity within the contralateral noninjured cerebral cortex compared to vehicle-treated rats (L-NAME 43.7 +/- 12.47%, p < 0.05; 7-NI 36.8 +/- 7.47%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, pretreatment with 7-NI, but not L-NAME, significantly reduced forelimb placing sensorimotor deficits (3.14 +/- 1.07, p < 0.05) at 1 day after TBI compared to vehicle-treated rats (5.38 +/- 0.42). These data indicate that inhibition of injury-induced elevations in neuronal NOS activity has a beneficial effect on neurological outcome after parasagittal FPI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wada
- Neurotrauma Research Center and Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA
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Briones AM, Alonso MJ, Marín J, Salaices M. Role of iNOS in the vasodilator responses induced by L-arginine in the middle cerebral artery from normotensive and hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126:111-20. [PMID: 10051127 PMCID: PMC1565787 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The substrate of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.01 microM - 1 mM), induced endothelium-independent relaxations in segments of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and hypertensive rats (SHR) precontracted with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). These relaxations were higher in SHR than WKY arteries. 2. L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 2-amine-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-tiazine (AMT), unspecific and inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitors, respectively, reduced those relaxations, specially in SHR. 3. Four- and seven-hours incubation with dexamethasone reduced the relaxations in MCAs from WKY and SHR, respectively. 4. Polymyxin B and calphostin C, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, reduced the L-Arg-induced relaxation. 5. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 7 h incubation) unaltered and inhibited these relaxations in WKY and SHR segments, respectively. LPS antagonized the effect polymyxin B in WKY and potentiated L-Arg-induced relaxations in SHR in the presence of polymyxin B. 6. The contraction induced by PGF2alpha was greater in SHR than WKY arteries. This contraction was potentiated by dexamethasone and polymyxin B although the effect of polymyxin B was higher in SHR segments. LPS reduced that contraction and antagonized dexamethasone- and polymyxin B-induced potentiation, these effects being greater in arteries from SHR. 7. These results suggest that in MCAs: (1) the induction of iNOS participates in the L-Arg relaxation and modulates the contraction to PGF2alpha; (2) that induction is partially mediated by a PKC-dependent mechanism; and (3) the involvement of iNOS in such responses is greater in the hypertensive strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Briones
- Departmento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Wada K, Chatzipanteli K, Busto R, Dietrich WD. Role of nitric oxide in traumatic brain injury in the rat. J Neurosurg 1998; 89:807-18. [PMID: 9817419 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1998.89.5.0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Although nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to play an important role in the pathophysiological process of cerebral ischemia, its contribution to the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains to be clarified. The authors investigated alterations in constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity after TBI and the histopathological response to pharmacological manipulations of NO. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent moderate (1.7-2.2 atm) parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury. Constitutive NOS activity significantly increased within the ipsilateral parietal cerebral cortex, which is the site of histopathological vulnerability, 5 minutes after TBI occurred (234.5+/-60.2% of contralateral value [mean+/-standard error of the mean ¿SEM¿], p < 0.05), returned to control values by 30 minutes (114.1+/-17.4%), and was reduced at 1 day after TBI (50.5+/-13.1%, p < 0.01). The reduction in constitutive NOS activity remained for up to 7 days after TBI (31.8+/-6.0% at 3 days, p < 0.05; 20.1+/-12.7% at 7 days, p < 0.01). Pretreatment with 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole (7-NI) (25 mg/kg), a relatively specific inhibitor of neuronal NOS, significantly decreased contusion volume (1.27+/-0.17 mm3 [mean+/-SEM], p < 0.05) compared with that of control (2.52+/-0.35 mm3). However, posttreatment with 7-NI or pre- or posttreatment with nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) (15 mg/kg), a nonspecific inhibitor of NOS, did not affect the contusion volume compared with that of control animals (1.87+/-0.46 mm3, 2.13+/-0.43 mm3, and 2.18+/-0.53 mm3, respectively). Posttreatment with L-arginine (1.1+/-0.3 mm3, p < 0.05), but not 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1) (2.48+/-0.37 mm3), significantly reduced the contusion volume compared with that of control animals. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that constitutive NOS activity is affected after moderate parasagittal fluid percussion brain injury in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition of activated neuronal NOS and/or enhanced endothelial NOS activation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wada
- Neurotrauma Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA
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Escott KJ, Beech JS, Haga KK, Williams SC, Meldrum BS, Bath PM. Cerebroprotective effect of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole and 7-nitro indazole, after transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18:281-7. [PMID: 9498844 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199803000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole (TRIM) and 7-nitro indazole (7-NI), were used to investigate the role of nitric oxide in a model of transient focal cerebral ischemia in vivo. In halothane-anesthetized rats, the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 2 hours using an intravascular thread and then reperfused for 22 hours before histologic evaluation. TRIM (10, 20, or 50 mg/kg), 7-NI (60 mg/kg), TRIM (50 mg/kg) plus L-arginine (300 mg/kg), or L-arginine (300 mg/kg) alone was administered intraperitoneally, either at 5 or 90 minutes after MCA occlusion. Immediate administration (5 minutes after MCA occlusion) of TRIM produced a dose-related reduction in lesion size, which was reversed with L-arginine coadministration. Similarly, delayed administration of TRIM (90 minutes after MCA occlusion, 50 mg/kg) decreased total lesion volume by 48.4% +/- 13.0% in comparison to a reduction of 39.3% +/- 10.9% when TRIM (50 mg/kg) was administered immediately (5 minutes) after occlusion. 7-NI (60 mg/kg) reduced the total lesion volume by 38.5% +/- 13.7% when administered immediately (5 minutes) after MCA occlusion, but had no effect when administration was delayed (90 minutes). Neither TRIM (50 mg/kg) nor 7-NI (60 mg/kg), administered 5 minutes after MCA occlusion, had any significant effect on mean arterial blood pressure throughout the ischemic period or for up to 10 minutes after reperfusion. These results indicate that immediate or delayed administration of the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor TRIM reduces the lesion volume after transient MCA occlusion. In contrast, only immediate administration of 7-NI reduces lesion volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Escott
- Department of Medicine, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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Hussain SN. Activity of nitric oxide synthase in the ventilatory muscle vasculature. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 119:191-201. [PMID: 11253785 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(97)00419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated in the in situ vascularly isolated canine diaphragm the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of basal vascular resistance and vascular responses to increased muscle activity (active hyperemia), brief occlusions of the phrenic artery (reactive hyperemia), and changes in arterial pressure. The vasculature of the left hemidiaphragm was either pump-perfused at a fixed flow rate or autoperfused with arterial blood from the femoral artery. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was inhibited by intraphrenic infusion of L-arginine analogues such as N(G)-nitro-L-arginine, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and argininosuccinic acid. Active hyperemia was produced by low (2 Hz) frequency stimulation of the left phrenic nerve. Reactive hyperemia was measured in response to 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 sec duration occlusions of the left phrenic artery and was quantified in terms of postocclusive blood flow, vascular resistance, hyperemic duration, and hyperemic volume. Infusion of NOS inhibitors into the vasculature of the resting diaphragm increased phrenic vascular resistance significantly and to a similar extent. Reactive hyperemic volume and reactive hyperemic duration were also significantly attenuated after NOS inhibition, however, peak reactive hyperemic dilation was not influenced by NOS inhibition. It was also found that enhanced NO release contribute by about 41% to active dilation elicited by continuous 2 Hz stimulation. In addition, NOS inhibition had no effect on O2 consumption of the resting diaphragm, but significantly attenuated the rise in diaphragmatic O2 consumption during during 2 Hz stimulation. The decline in diaphragmatic O2 consumption was due to reduction in blood flow. These results indicate that NO release plays a significant role in the regulation of diaphragmatic vascular tone and O2 consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Hussain
- Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Regulation of the cerebral circulation: role of endothelium and potassium channels. Physiol Rev 1998; 78:53-97. [PMID: 9457169 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several new concepts have emerged in relation to mechanisms that contribute to regulation of the cerebral circulation. This review focuses on some physiological mechanisms of cerebral vasodilatation and alteration of these mechanisms by disease states. One mechanism involves release of vasoactive factors by the endothelium that affect underlying vascular muscle. These factors include endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide), prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor(s). The normal vasodilator influence of endothelium is impaired by some disease states. Under pathophysiological conditions, endothelium may produce potent contracting factors such as endothelin. Another major mechanism of regulation of cerebral vascular tone relates to potassium channels. Activation of potassium channels appears to mediate relaxation of cerebral vessels to diverse stimuli including receptor-mediated agonists, intracellular second messenger, and hypoxia. Endothelial- and potassium channel-based mechanisms are related because several endothelium-derived factors produce relaxation by activation of potassium channels. The influence of potassium channels may be altered by disease states including chronic hypertension, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Faraci
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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Nilsson GE, Söderström V. Comparative aspects on nitric oxide in brain and its role as a cerebral vasodilator. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART A, PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 118:949-58. [PMID: 9505413 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(97)00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histological studies have detected nitric oxide (NO) synthase in the central nervous system of all vertebrates examined, from lampreys to mammals. However, there are still very few comparative physiological studies on the function of NO synthase in the brain of non-mammalian vertebrates. So far, we know that acetylcholine can cause an NO-dependent increase in brain blood flow in turtles and some fish species (crucian carp and rainbow trout), whereas some other fishes appear to lack such a mechanism. Hypercapnia can induce NO-dependent cerebral vasodilation in mammals, but such a mechanism appears to be lacking in the ectothermic vertebrates examined. The number of species studied needs to be expanded before we can draw any firm conclusions about the origin of NO-dependent brain blood flow regulation: if it has evolved more than once or if it has been occasionally lost during evolution. We conclude that NO synthase may be present in all vertebrate brains but that its functions can vary, as judged from its role in cerebral blood flow regulation. The diversity of functions that NO has proven to have within the mammalian brain is likely to be paralleled by the same degree of diversity of function between vertebrate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Nilsson
- Division of General Physiology, University of Oslo, Norway.
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