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Andrade GM, Campos EP, Ruiz-Rosado JDD, Canseco EGM, Lee A, Vasquez-Martinez G. Prostaglandins suppress neutrophil function after sexual intercourse and may promote urinary tract infections. Med Hypotheses 2024; 192:111481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2024.111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
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2
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Nathella PK, Padmapriyadarsini C, Nancy A, Karunanithi K, Selvaraj N, Renji RM, Shrinivasa B, Babu S. BCG vaccination is associated with longitudinal changes in systemic eicosanoid levels in elderly individuals: A secondary outcome analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32643. [PMID: 38975122 PMCID: PMC11226842 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated how BCG vaccination affects the levels of certain eicosanoids, namely Leukotriene B4, 15-epimer of LXA4, prostaglandin F2, Lipoxin A4, Prostaglandin E2 and Resolvin D1 in the plasma of healthy elderly individuals (aged 60-80) before vaccination, one month post-vaccination (M1), and six months post-vaccination (M6). This study is part of the clinical trial "BCG Vaccine Study: Reducing COVID-19 Impact on the Elderly in Indian Hotspots," registered in the clinical trial registry (NCT04475302). While some primary outcomes have been previously reported, this analysis delves into the immunological outcomes. Our findings indicate that BCG vaccination leads to reduced plasma levels of 15-epi-LXA4, LXA4, PGE2, and Resolvin D1 at both M1 and M6. In contrast, there is a notable increase in circulating levels of LTB4 at these time points following BCG vaccination. This underscores the immunomodulatory effects of BCG vaccination and hints at its potential to modulate immune responses by dampening inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arul Nancy
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Nandhini Selvaraj
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Rachel Mariam Renji
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - B.M. Shrinivasa
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
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3
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Lavoie JPC, Simard M, Kalkan H, Rakotoarivelo V, Huot S, Di Marzo V, Côté A, Pouliot M, Flamand N. Pharmacological evidence that the inhibitory effects of prostaglandin E2 are mediated by the EP2 and EP4 receptors in human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:1183-1189. [PMID: 38345417 PMCID: PMC11135612 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a recognized inhibitor of granulocyte functions. However, most of the data supporting this was obtained when available pharmacological tools mainly targeted the EP2 receptor. Herein, we revisited the inhibitory effect of PGE2 on reactive oxygen species production, leukotriene biosynthesis, and migration in human neutrophils. Our data confirm the inhibitory effect of PGE2 on these functions and unravel that the effect of PGE2 on human neutrophils is obtained by the combined action of EP2 and EP4 agonism. Accordingly, we also demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of PGE2 is fully prevented only by the combination of EP2 and EP4 receptor antagonists, underscoring the importance of targeting both receptors in the effect of PGE2. Conversely, we also show that the inhibition of ROS production by human eosinophils only involves the EP4 receptor, despite the fact that they also express the EP2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe C Lavoie
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mélissa Simard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Hilal Kalkan
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Volatiana Rakotoarivelo
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sandrine Huot
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 2725 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Centre NUTRISS, École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, Université Laval, 2440 Bd Hochelaga Suite 1710, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Joint International Unit between the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy) and Université Laval (Canada) on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy and Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Andréanne Côté
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marc Pouliot
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 2725 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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The role of PGE2 and EP receptors on lung's immune and structural cells; possibilities for future asthma therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108313. [PMID: 36427569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common airway chronic disease with treatments aimed mainly to control the symptoms. Adrenergic receptor agonists, corticosteroids and anti-leukotrienes have been used for decades, and the development of more targeted asthma treatments, known as biological therapies, were only recently established. However, due to the complexity of asthma and the limited efficacy as well as the side effects of available treatments, there is an urgent need for a new generation of asthma therapies. The anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects of prostaglandin E2 in asthma are promising, yet complicated by undesirable side effects, such as cough and airway irritation. In this review, we summarize the most important literature on the role of all four E prostanoid (EP) receptors on the lung's immune and structural cells to further dissect the relevance of EP2/EP4 receptors as potential targets for future asthma therapy.
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Falk-Mahapatra R, Gollnick SO. Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression in Tumor-Draining Lymph Nodes Regulates B-Cell Expression of Interleukin 17 and Neutrophil Infiltration. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1207-1214. [PMID: 35103990 PMCID: PMC9484206 DOI: 10.1111/php.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective anticancer modality approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Antitumor immunity can be augmented during PDT by inducing sterile inflammation in an acute manner, and this process is characterized by interleukin 17 (IL-17)-mediated neutrophil infiltration to tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). However, the inflammatory factors that influence IL-17 expression in TDLNs are poorly understood. Prior studies have linked the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)-driven prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway to IL-17 expression. Here, we report that an immune-activating PDT regimen (imPDT) induces COX2/PGE2 expression in TDLNs, whereby IL-17 expression is facilitated without corresponding effects on the expression of RORγt, the transcriptional driver of the canonical IL-17 pathway. Pharmacologic inhibition with NS398, a COX2 inhibitor, was utilized to demonstrate that imPDT-induced COX2 regulates RORγt-independent expression of IL-17 by B cells and neutrophil entry into TDLNs. Depletion of B cells prior to imPDT significantly reduced neutrophil entry into TDLNs following treatment, and diminishes the efficacy of imPDT, which is dependent upon antitumor immunity. These findings are suggestive of a novel role for B cells in the augmentation of antitumor immunity by imPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Falk-Mahapatra
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sandra O. Gollnick
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA,Corresponding author: (Sandra O. Gollnick)
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Staali L, Colin DA. Bi-component HlgC/HlgB and HlgA/HlgB γ-hemolysins from S. aureus: Modulation of Ca 2+ channels activity through a differential mechanism. Toxicon 2021; 201:74-85. [PMID: 34411591 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal bi-component leukotoxins known as *pore-forming toxins* induce upon a specific binding to membrane receptors, two independent cellular events in human neutrophils. First, they provoke the opening of pre-existing specific ionic channels including Ca2+ channels. Then, they form membrane pores specific to monovalent cations leading to immune cells death. Among these leukotoxins, HlgC/HlgB and HlgA/HlgB γ-hemolysins do act in synergy to induce the opening of different types of Ca2+ channels in the absence as in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Here, we investigate the mechanism underlying the modulation of Ca2+-independent Ca2+ channels in response to both active leukotoxins in human neutrophils. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the Mn2+ has been used as a Ca2+ surrogate to determine the activity of Ca2+-independent Ca2+ channels. Our findings provide new insights about different mechanisms involved in the staphylococcal γ-hemolysins activity to regulate three different types of Ca2+-independent Ca2+ channels. We conclude that (i) HlgC/HlgB stimulates the opening of La3+-sensitive Ca2+ channels, through a cholera toxin-sensitive G protein, (ii) HlgA/HlgB stimulates the opening of Ca2+ channels not sensitive to La3+, through a G protein-independent process, and (iii) unlike HlgA/HlgB, HlgC/HlgB toxins prevent the opening of a new type of Ca2+ channels by phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Staali
- Bacteriology Institute of Medical Faculty, Louis Pasteur University, 3 rue Koeberlé, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Didier A Colin
- Bacteriology Institute of Medical Faculty, Louis Pasteur University, 3 rue Koeberlé, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Sharma P, Penn RB. Can GPCRs Be Targeted to Control Inflammation in Asthma? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:1-20. [PMID: 34019260 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the drugs used to manage obstructive lung diseases (OLDs), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) either (1) directly regulate airway contraction by blocking or relaxing airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction or (2) indirectly regulate ASM contraction by inhibiting the principal cause of ASM contraction/bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. To date, these tasks have been respectively assigned to two diverse drug types: agonists/antagonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and inhaled or systemic steroids. These two types of drugs "stay in their lane" with respect to their actions and consequently require the addition of the other drug to effectively manage both inflammation and bronchoconstriction in OLDs. Indeed, it has been speculated that safety issues historically associated with beta-agonist use (beta-agonists activate the beta-2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) on airway smooth muscle (ASM) to provide bronchoprotection/bronchorelaxation) are a function of pro-inflammatory actions of β2AR agonism. Recently, however, previously unappreciated roles of various GPCRs on ASM contractility and on airway inflammation have been elucidated, raising the possibility that novel GPCR ligands targeting these GPCRs can be developed as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Moreover, we now know that many GPCRs can be "tuned" and not just turned "off" or "on" to specifically activate the beneficial therapeutic signaling a receptor can transduce while avoiding detrimental signaling. Thus, the fledging field of biased agonism pharmacology has the potential to turn the β2AR into an anti-inflammatory facilitator in asthma, possibly reducing or eliminating the need for steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Spada CS, Carling RW, Martos JL, Pettit S, Kangasmetsa J, Waterbury LD, Lawrence M, Hu W, Poloso NJ. A Second Generation Prostanoid Receptor Antagonist Acting at Multiple Receptor Subtypes. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1199-1210. [PMID: 33344897 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been reported that a prototypical compound (AGN 211377), which blocks pro-inflammatory prostanoid receptors (DP1, DP2, EP1, EP4, FP, TP) and leaves open IP and EP2 receptors so that their anti-inflammatory properties could be exerted, produced superior inhibitory effects on cytokine release from human macrophages compared to cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. This favorable activity profile translated into animal studies, with AGN 211377 exceeding the level of inhibition afforded by COX inhibition. AGN 211377 was not, however, a practical drug candidate, having poor bioavailability and cost of goods concerns. Compound 1 (designated AGN 225660) represents a second-generation compound with an entirely different "druggable" core structure. Such a dramatic change in chemical scaffold created uncertainty with respect to matching the effects of AGN 211377. AGN 225660 inhibited RANTES, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion by at least 50%, from TNFα activated human macrophages. Although AGN 225660 reduced TNFα-evoked MCP-1 release from human monocyte-derived macrophages, it increased LPS-induced MCP-1 secretion (up to 2-fold) from human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. However, AGN 225660 inhibited the release of IL12p 70 and IL-23 from human monocyte-derived dendritic cells stimulated by LPS by more than 70%. This effect of AGN 225660 was reproduced in part by the prototype compound AGN 211377 and a combination of selective DP1, EP1, EP4, FP, and TP antagonists. These findings suggest important effects on T cell skewing and disease modification by this class of therapeutic agents. AGN 225660 exhibited good ocular bioavailability and was active in reducing ocular inflammation associated with phacoemulsification surgery, LPS, and arachidonic acid induced uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Research and External Scientific Innovation, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Jenny W Wang
- Research and External Scientific Innovation, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Clayton S Spada
- Research and External Scientific Innovation, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | | | - Jose L Martos
- Discovery Department, Selcia Ltd., Ongar, Essex, CM5 0GS, U.K
| | - Simon Pettit
- Discovery Department, Selcia Ltd., Ongar, Essex, CM5 0GS, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Wenzheng Hu
- RxGen Inc., Hamden, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Neil J Poloso
- Research and External Scientific Innovation, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92612, United States
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Espinosa G, Plaza A, Schenffeldt A, Alarcón P, Gajardo G, Uberti B, Morán G, Henríquez C. Equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit reactive oxygen species production by neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 221:109975. [PMID: 32087476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the largest leukocyte population in the blood of most mammals including horses, and play an important defensive role in many infectious diseases. However, the mechanisms that increase PMN as one of the main cellular subsets in the defense against pathogens could also be involved in the pathophysiology of dysregulated inflammatory conditions. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population with a modulatory potential on the inflammatory response and are known to interact with nearly all cells of the immune system, including PMN. In this study, the in vitro modulation of equine bone marrow-derived MSCs on equine PMN phagocytosis, ROS production, and NETs generation was assessed. RESULTS In co-culture with MSCs, unstimulated PMN produce less ROS (2.88 % ± 1.43) than PMN in single culture (5.89 % ± 2.63) (p = 0.016). Moreover, PMN co-cultured with MSCs remain conditioned to produce fewer ROS after PMA stimulation in comparison to PMN in single culture (p < 0.05). Additionally, it was found that incubation with MSC supernatant strongly inhibited ROS production (83 % ± 6.35 less than control) without affecting phagocytosis or capacity for NETosis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a modulatory effect of equine BM-derived MSCs on PMN respiratory burst, without impairing other important microbicidal functions. This supports the potential use of equine MSCs in excessive or persistent inflammatory conditions in which neutrophils are the main effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Espinosa
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Anita Plaza
- Instituto de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Andrés Schenffeldt
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Gajardo
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Benjamín Uberti
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Gabriel Morán
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Claudio Henríquez
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Stamer WD, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Krauss AHP, Toris CB. Antiglaucoma EP 2 Agonists: A Long Road That Led Somewhere. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:469-474. [PMID: 31329508 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For >2 decades, EP2 agonists have been the subject of antiglaucoma research and development by scientists in industry and academia around the world. The road has led to the recent approval of the first drug of this class. This article reviews the development of EP2 agonists from conception to clinical approval, discussing pharmacology, structure, biodistribution, therapeutics, and drug delivery. An extensive list of source references is provided for the reader's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,JeniVision, Inc., Irvine, California
| | | | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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11
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Coleman RA, Woodrooffe AJ, Clark KL, Stamer WD, Tao G, Fan S, Toris CB. A Highly Effective and Ultra-Long-Acting Anti-Glaucoma Drug, with a Novel Periorbital Delivery Method. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:265-277. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, England
- JeniVision, Inc., Irvine, California
| | | | | | | | | | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guoxian Tao
- Wincon Theracells Biotechnologies Co. Ltd., Nanning, China
| | - Shan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carol B. Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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12
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Pitts MG, D'Orazio SEF. Prostaglandin E 2 Inhibits the Ability of Neutrophils to Kill Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3474-3482. [PMID: 31061007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PGE2 is a lipid-signaling molecule with complex roles in both homeostasis and inflammation. Depending on the cellular context, PGE2 may also suppress certain immune responses. In this study, we tested whether PGE2 could inhibit bacterial killing by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) using a mouse model of foodborne listeriosis. We found that PGE2 pretreatment decreased the ability of PMN harvested from the bone marrow of either BALB/cByJ or C57BL/6J mice to kill Listeria monocytogenes in vitro. PGE2 treatment slowed the migration of PMN toward the chemoattractant leukotriene B4, decreased uptake of L. monocytogenes by PMN, and inhibited the respiratory burst of PMN compared with vehicle-treated cells. When immune cells were isolated from the livers of infected mice and tested directly ex vivo for the presence of PGE2, BALB/cByJ cells produced significantly more than C57BL/6J cells. Together, these data suggest that robust PGE2 production can suppress PMN effector functions, leading to decreased bacterial killing, which may contribute to the innate susceptibility of BALB/cByJ mice to infection with the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Pitts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Sarah E F D'Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
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13
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Martin EM, Schirmer JM, Jones SL, Davis JL. Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo anti-inflammatory effects of oral misoprostol in horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:415-421. [PMID: 30256450 PMCID: PMC6587934 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misoprostol is an E prostanoid (EP) 2, 3 and 4 receptor agonist that is anecdotally used to treat and prevent NSAID-induced GI injury in horses. Misoprostol elicits anti-inflammatory effects in vivo in men and rodents, and inhibits TNFα production in equine leucocytes in vitro. OBJECTIVE Define the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral misoprostol in horses, and determine the inhibitory effect of oral misoprostol administration on equine leucocyte TNFα production in an ex vivo inflammation model. STUDY DESIGN Pharmacokinetic study, ex vivo experimental study. METHODS Six healthy adult horses of mixed breeds were used. In phase one, horses were given 5 μg/kg misoprostol orally, and blood was collected at predetermined times for determination of misoprostol free acid (MFA) by UHPLC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. In phase two, horses were dosed as in phase one, and blood was collected at T0, 0.5, 1 and 4 h following misoprostol administration for leucocyte isolation. Leucocytes were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS, and TNFα mRNA concentrations were determined via quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS About 5 μg/kg oral misoprostol produced a rapid time to maximum concentration (Tmax ) of 23.4 ± 2.4 min, with a maximum concentration (Cmax ) of 0.29 ± 0.07 ng/mL and area under the curve (AUC0-∞ ) of 0.4 ± 0.12 h ng/mL. LPS stimulation of equine leucocytes ex vivo significantly increased TNFα mRNA concentrations, and there was no significant effect of misoprostol even at the Tmax . MAIN LIMITATIONS Only a single dose was used, and sample size was small. CONCLUSIONS Misoprostol is rapidly absorbed following oral administration in horses, and a single 5 μg/kg dose had no significant inhibitory effect on ex vivo LPS-stimulated TNFα mRNA production in leucocytes. Further studies analysing different dosing strategies, including repeat administration or combination with other anti-inflammatory drugs, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Martin
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. M. Schirmer
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - S. L. Jones
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. L. Davis
- VA‐MD College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
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Yao C, Narumiya S. Prostaglandin-cytokine crosstalk in chronic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:337-354. [PMID: 30381825 PMCID: PMC6329627 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation underlies various debilitating disorders including autoimmune, neurodegenerative, vascular and metabolic diseases as well as cancer, where aberrant activation of the innate and acquired immune systems is frequently seen. Since non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs exert their effects by inhibiting COX and suppressing PG biosynthesis, PGs have been traditionally thought to function mostly as mediators of acute inflammation. However, an inducible COX isoform, COX-2, is often highly expressed in tissues of the chronic disorders, suggesting an as yet unidentified role of PGs in chronic inflammation. Recent studies have shown that in addition to their short-lived actions in acute inflammation, PGs crosstalk with cytokines and amplify the cytokine actions on various types of inflammatory cells and drive pathogenic conversion of these cells by critically regulating their gene expression. One mode of such PG-mediated amplification is to induce the expression of relevant cytokine receptors, which is typically observed in Th1 cell differentiation and Th17 cell expansion, events leading to chronic immune inflammation. Another mode of amplification is cooperation of PGs with cytokines at the transcription level. Typically, PGs and cytokines synergistically activate NF-κB to induce the expression of inflammation-related genes, one being COX-2 itself, which makes PG-mediated positive feedback loops. This signalling consequently enhances the expression of various NF-κB-induced genes including chemokines to macrophages and neutrophils, which enables sustained infiltration of these cells and further amplifies chronic inflammation. In addition, PGs are also involved in tissue remodelling such as fibrosis and angiogenesis. In this article, we review these findings and discuss their relevance to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcan Yao
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Alliance Laboratory for Advanced Medical Research and Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Medical Innovation CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
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15
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Bang BW, Park D, Kwon KS, Lee DH, Jang MJ, Park SK, Kim JY. BST-104, a Water Extract of Lonicera japonica, Has a Gastroprotective Effect via Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. J Med Food 2019; 22:140-151. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Wook Bang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kye Sook Kwon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Don Haeng Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Jang
- Department of Research, GREEN CROSS Wellbeing Co., Ltd., Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sun Kyu Park
- Department of Research, GREEN CROSS Wellbeing Co., Ltd., Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jeom-Yong Kim
- Department of Research, GREEN CROSS Wellbeing Co., Ltd., Seongnam, South Korea
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16
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Coleman RA, Woodrooffe AJ, Clark KL, Toris CB, Fan S, Wang JW, Woodward DF. The affinity, intrinsic activity and selectivity of a structurally novel EP 2 receptor agonist at human prostanoid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:687-698. [PMID: 30341781 PMCID: PMC6365485 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostanoid EP2 receptor agonists exhibit several activities including ocular hypotension, tocolysis and anti-inflammatory activity. This report describes the affinity and selectivity of a structurally novel, non-prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist, PGN-9856, and its therapeutic potential. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pharmacology of a series of non-prostanoid EP2 receptor agonists was determined according to functional and radioligand binding studies, mostly using human recombinant prostanoid receptor transfectants. The selectivity of PGN-9856, as the preferred compound, was subsequently determined by using a diverse variety of non-prostanoid target proteins. The therapeutic potential of PGN-9856 was addressed by determining its activity in relevant primate cell, tissue and disease models. KEY RESULTS PGN-9856 was a selective and high affinity (pKi ≥ 8.3) ligand at human recombinant EP2 receptors. In addition to high affinity binding, it was a potent and full EP2 receptor agonist with a high level of selectivity at EP1 , EP3 , EP4 , DP, FP, IP and TP receptors. In cells overexpressing human recombinant EP2 receptors, PGN-9856 displayed a potency (pEC50 ≥ 8.5) and a maximal response (increase in cAMP) comparable to that of the endogenous agonist PGE2 . PGN-9856 exhibited no appreciable affinity (up 10 μM) for a range of 53 other receptors, ion channels and enzymes. Finally, PGN-9856 exhibited tocolytic, anti-inflammatory and long-acting ocular hypotensive properties consistent with its potent EP2 receptor agonist properties. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PGN-9856 is a potent, selective and efficacious prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist with diverse potential therapeutic applications: tocolytic, anti-inflammatory and notably anti-glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C B Toris
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - S Fan
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - J W Wang
- JeniVision Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
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17
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Martin EM, Till RL, Sheats MK, Jones SL. Misoprostol Inhibits Equine Neutrophil Adhesion, Migration, and Respiratory Burst in an In Vitro Model of Inflammation. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:159. [PMID: 29034248 PMCID: PMC5626936 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many equine inflammatory disease states, neutrophil activities, such as adhesion, migration, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production become dysregulated. Dysregulated neutrophil activation causes tissue damage in horses with asthma, colitis, laminitis, and gastric glandular disease. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not adequately inhibit neutrophil inflammatory functions and can lead to dangerous adverse effects. Therefore, novel therapies that target mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated tissue damage are needed. One potential neutrophil-targeting therapeutic is the PGE1 analog, misoprostol. Misoprostol is a gastroprotectant that induces intracellular formation of the secondary messenger molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP), which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils. Misoprostol is currently used in horses to treat NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury; however, its effects on equine neutrophils have not been determined. We hypothesized that treatment of equine neutrophils with misoprostol would inhibit equine neutrophil adhesion, migration, and ROS production, in vitro. We tested this hypothesis using isolated equine peripheral blood neutrophils collected from 12 healthy adult teaching/research horses of mixed breed and gender. The effect of misoprostol treatment on adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst of equine neutrophils was evaluated via fluorescence-based adhesion and chemotaxis assays, and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence, respectively. Neutrophils were pretreated with varying concentrations of misoprostol, vehicle, or appropriate functional inhibitory controls prior to stimulation with LTB4, CXCL8, PAF, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or immune complex (IC). This study revealed that misoprostol pretreatment significantly inhibited LTB4-induced adhesion, LTB4-, CXCL8-, and PAF-induced chemotaxis, and LPS-, IC-, and PMA-induced ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner. This data indicate that misoprostol-targeting of E-prostanoid (EP) receptors potently inhibits equine neutrophil effector functions in vitro. Additional studies are indicated to further elucidate the role of EP receptors in regulating neutrophil function. Overall, our results suggest misoprostol may hold promise as a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Medlin Martin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca Louise Till
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mary Katherine Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Samuel L Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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18
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Martin EM, Messenger KM, Sheats MK, Jones SL. Misoprostol Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production by Equine Leukocytes. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:160. [PMID: 29034249 PMCID: PMC5624997 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 are potent immune mediators that exacerbate multiple equine diseases such as sepsis and laminitis. Unfortunately, safe and effective cytokine-targeting therapies are lacking in horses; therefore, novel mechanisms of inhibiting cytokine production are critically needed. One potential mechanism for inhibiting cytokine synthesis is elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). In human leukocytes, intracellular cAMP production is induced by activation of E-prostanoid (EP) receptors 2 and 4. These receptors can be targeted by the EP2/4 agonist and prostaglandin E1 analog, misoprostol. Misoprostol is currently used as a gastroprotectant in horses but has not been evaluated as a cytokine-targeting therapeutic. Thus, we hypothesized that misoprostol treatment would inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine leukocytes in an in vitro inflammation model. To test this hypothesis, equine leukocyte-rich plasma (LRP) was collected from 12 healthy adult horses and used to model LPS-mediated inflammatory signaling. LRP was treated with varying concentrations of misoprostol either before (pretreated) or following (posttreated) LPS stimulation. LRP supernatants were assayed for 23 cytokines using an equine-specific multiplex bead immunoassay. Leukocytes were isolated from LRP, and leukocyte mRNA levels of four important cytokines were evaluated via RT-PCR. Statistical differences between treatments were determined using one-way RM ANOVA (Holm-Sidak post hoc testing) or Friedman's RM ANOVA on Ranks (SNK post hoc testing), where appropriate (p < 0.05, n = 3-6 horses). These studies revealed that misoprostol pre- and posttreatment inhibited LPS-induced TNFα and IL-6 protein production in equine leukocytes but had no effect on IL-8 protein. Interestingly, misoprostol pretreatment enhanced IL-1β protein synthesis following 6 h of LPS stimulation, while misoprostol posttreatment inhibited IL-1β protein production after 24 h of LPS stimulation. At the mRNA level, misoprostol pre- and posttreatment inhibited LPS-induced TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA production but did not affect IL-8 mRNA. These results indicate that misoprostol exerts anti-inflammatory effects on equine leukocytes when applied before or after a pro-inflammatory stimulus. However, the effects we observed were cytokine-specific and sometimes differed at the mRNA and protein levels. Further studies are warranted to establish the inhibitory effects of misoprostol on equine cytokine production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Medlin Martin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kristen M. Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mary Katherine Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Samuel L. Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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19
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Turcotte C, Zarini S, Jean S, Martin C, Murphy RC, Marsolais D, Laviolette M, Blanchet MR, Flamand N. The Endocannabinoid Metabolite Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2)-Glycerol Inhibits Human Neutrophil Functions: Involvement of Its Hydrolysis into PGE 2 and EP Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3255-3263. [PMID: 28258202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine mediate an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. These effects are related, in part, to their metabolism by eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes. For example, N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol can be metabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 into PG-ethanolamide (PG-EA) and PG-glycerol (PG-G), respectively. Although PGE2 is a recognized suppressor of neutrophil functions, the impact of cyclooxygenase-derived endocannabinoids such as PGE2-EA or PGE2-G on neutrophils is unknown. This study's aim was to define the effects of these mediators on neutrophil functions and the underlying cellular mechanisms involved. We show that PGE2-G, but not PGE2-EA, inhibits leukotriene B4 biosynthesis, superoxide production, migration, and antimicrobial peptide release. The effects of PGE2-G were prevented by EP1/EP2 receptor antagonist AH-6809 but not the EP4 antagonist ONO-AE2-227. The effects of PGE2-G required its hydrolysis into PGE2, were not observed with the non-hydrolyzable PGE2-serinol amide, and were completely prevented by methyl-arachidonoyl-fluorophosphate and palmostatin B, and partially prevented by JZL184 and WWL113. Although we could detect six of the documented PG-G hydrolases in neutrophils by quantitative PCR, only ABHD12 and ABHD16A were detected by immunoblot. Our pharmacological data, combined with our protein expression data, did not allow us to pinpoint one PGE2-G lipase, and rather support the involvement of an uncharacterized lipase and/or of multiple hydrolases. In conclusion, we show that PGE2-G inhibits human neutrophil functions through its hydrolysis into PGE2, and by activating the EP2 receptor. This also indicates that neutrophils could regulate inflammation by altering the balance between PG-G and PG levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Simona Zarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Stéphanie Jean
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - David Marsolais
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
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20
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Xu X, Zheng S, Xiong Y, Wang X, Qin W, Zhang H, Sun B. Adenosine effectively restores endotoxin-induced inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis via A1 receptor-p38 pathway. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:353-364. [PMID: 28074216 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-1021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil chemotaxis plays an essential role in recruiting neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Neutrophil chemotaxis is suppressed both after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro and during clinical and experimental endotoxemia, leading to serious consequences. Adenosine (ADO) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that acts on a variety of neutrophil functions. However, its effects on human neutrophil chemotaxis during infection have been less well characterized. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ADO and its receptor-specific antagonist and agonist on neutrophil chemotaxis in an in vitro LPS-stimulated model. The results showed that increasing the concentration of ADO effectively restored the LPS-inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis to IL-8. A similar phenomenon occurred after intervention with a selective A1 receptor agonist but not with a selective antagonist. Pre-treatment with cAMP antagonist failed to restore LPS-inhibited chemotaxis. Furthermore, protein array and western blot analysis showed that the activation of A1 receptor significantly decreased LPS-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. However, the surface expression of the A1 receptor in LPS-stimulated neutrophils was not significantly changed. Taken together, these data indicated that ADO restored the LPS-inhibited chemotaxis via the A1 receptor, which downregulated the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK, making this a promising new therapeutic strategy for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyun Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyun Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiting Qin
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingwei Sun
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Venturin GL, Chiku VM, Silva KLO, de Almeida BFM, de Lima VMF. M1 polarization and the effect of PGE 2 on TNF-α production by lymph node cells from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:698-704. [PMID: 27506591 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania infantum. Increased levels of arginase, nitric oxide (NO2 ) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) can play a regulatory role regarding the immune response in CVL cases. This study aimed to evaluate the arginase activity in adherent macrophages cultured from the lymph nodes of healthy and naturally infected dogs and to examine the NO2 and PGE2 levels in the supernatant of these cultures. In addition, the regulatory effect of PGE2 on the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in supernatants from the total lymph node was observed in leucocyte cultures. The arginase activity was lower in the adherent macrophages cultured from the lymph nodes of naturally infected dogs and there were higher concentrations of NO2 and PGE2 in the supernatants of these cultures. Higher TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations were observed in supernatants from total lymph node leucocytes cultures, from infected dogs, and the presence of indomethacin only decreased TNF-α in the supernatant of these cultures. We conclude that the low arginase activity in macrophages suggested that M1 polarization and PGE2 were participating in the immune response and were increasing TNF-α in CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Venturin
- Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V M Chiku
- Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K L O Silva
- Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B F M de Almeida
- Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V M F de Lima
- Department of Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Montero J, Gómez-Abellán V, Arizcun M, Mulero V, Sepulcre MP. Prostaglandin E2 promotes M2 polarization of macrophages via a cAMP/CREB signaling pathway and deactivates granulocytes in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:632-41. [PMID: 27368534 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The profile of prostaglandin (PG) production is determined by the differential expression of the enzymes involved in their production and degradation. Although the production of PGE2 by fish leukocytes has been relatively well studied in several fish species, knowledge of how its production is regulated, its biological activities and the signaling pathways activated by this PG is scant or even contradictory. In this work we show that in the teleost fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) macrophages regulate PGE2 release mainly by inducing the expression of the genes encoding the enzymes responsible for its synthesis, while acidophilic granulocytes (AGs) not only induce these genes quickly after activation but also inhibit the expression of the genes encoding the enzymes responsible for PGE2 degradation at later time points. In addition, treatment of macrophages with PGE2 promoted their M2 polarization, which is characterized by high expression levels of interleukin-10, mannose-receptor c-type 1 and arginase 2 genes. In sharp contrast, PGE2 promoted the deactivation of AGs, since it decreased the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines. These differences are the result of the alternative signaling pathways used by PGE2 in macrophages and AGs, a cAMP/CREB signaling pathway operating in macrophages, but not in AGs, downstream of PGE2. Our data identify for the first time a role for professional phagocyte-derived-PGE2 in the resolution of inflammation in fish and highlight key differences in the PGE2 signaling pathway in macrophages and granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Montero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoria Gómez-Abellán
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Oceanographic Institute (IEO), Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - María P Sepulcre
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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del Molino del Barrio I, Kirby J, Ali S. The Role of Chemokine and Glycosaminoglycan Interaction in Chemokine-Mediated Migration In Vitro and In Vivo. Methods Enzymol 2015; 570:309-33. [PMID: 26921953 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines have a range of functions, including the activation and promotion of the vectorial migration of leukocytes. They mediate their biological effects by binding to their cognate G-protein-coupled receptors. Upon activation of the heterotrimeric G proteins, the Gα subunit exchanges GDP for GTP and dissociates from the receptor and from the Gβγ subunits, and both G-protein complexes go on to activate other downstream signaling events. In addition, chemokines interact with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). This potential for binding GAG components of proteoglycans on the cell surface or within the extracellular matrix allows the formation of the stable chemokine gradients necessary for leukocyte chemotaxis. In this chapter, we describe techniques for studying chemotaxis both in vivo and in vitro, as well as the creation of chemokine receptor-expressing cell lines, in order to examine this process in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Kirby
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Simi Ali
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Sim MK. Des-aspartate-angiotensin I, a novel angiotensin AT(1) receptor drug. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 760:36-41. [PMID: 25891368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The review describes DAA-I (des-aspartate-angiotensin-I) as a prototype of a novel class of drugs that acts as agonists on the angiotensin AT1 receptor or ARAs (angiotensin receptor agonists). DAA-I is a component of the renin angiotensin system. Earlier studies showed that it was rapidly metabolized to angiotensin III. However, when administered at doses below the Km of enzymes, DAA-I produces specific actions that antagonize the deleterious actions of angiotensin II. DAA-I exerts protective actions in animal models of eight human pathologies in which angiotensin II is implicated. The pathologies include cardiac hypertrophy, neointima growth and cardiovascular hypertrophy, myocardial-ischemia reperfusion injury, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, chemical induced inflammation, and exercise-induced skeletal muscle inflammation. Binding of DAA-I to the angiotensin AT1 receptors releases prostaglandins, which could either function as autocrines/paracrines or second messengers and attenuate the deleterious actions of angiotensin II. It is possible that in in vivo DAA-I functions as a physiological antagonist to angiotensin II, and exogenous DAA-I is a novel class of angiotensin receptor drug that could rival the angiotensin receptor blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Kwoon Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore.
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Ito M, Matsuoka I. Inhibition of P2Y6 receptor-mediated phospholipase C activation and Ca(2+) signalling by prostaglandin E2 in J774 murine macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 749:124-32. [PMID: 25614334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides act as inflammatory mediators through activation of multiple purinoceptors. Under inflammatory conditions, the purinergic signalling is affected by various inflammatory mediators. We previously showed that prostaglandin (PG) E2 suppressed the elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) stimulated by P2X4, P2Y2, and P2Y6 receptors in J774 murine macrophages. In this study, we examined the mechanism of PGE2 inhibitory effects on P2Y6 receptor-mediated function in J774 cells. The P2Y6 receptor agonist UDP induced a sustained elevation of [Ca(2+)]i by stimulating the phospholipase C (PLC) signalling pathway. PGE2 inhibited [Ca(2+)]i elevation and phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis in a concentration-dependent manner. J774 cells highly expressed the E-type prostanoid 2 (EP2) receptor subtype, a Gs-coupled receptor. PGE2 and a selective EP2 receptor agonist caused cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in J774 cells. The inhibitory effects of PGE2 on P2Y6 receptor-mediated responses were mimicked by the selective EP2 receptor agonist. Although EP2 receptor is linked to adenylyl cyclase activation, PGE2-induced inhibition of Ca(2+) response and PI hydrolysis could not be mimicked by a lipophilic cAMP derivative, dibutyryl cAMP, or an adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin. The inhibition of UDP-induced PLC activation by PGE2 was not affected by down-regulation of protein kinase C by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate treatment. PGE2 inhibited PLC activation induced by aluminium fluoride, but not by the Ca(2+)-ionophore, ionomycin. Finally, the inhibition of UDP-induced PLC activation by PGE2 was impaired by Gs knockdown using siRNA. These results suggest that EP2 receptor activation in macrophages negatively controls the Gq/11-PLC signalling through a Gs-mediated, but cAMP-independent signalling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Isao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0033, Japan.
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Saha A, Biswas A, Srivastav S, Mukherjee M, Das PK, Ukil A. Prostaglandin E2 negatively regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and IL-17 in visceral leishmaniasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2330-9. [PMID: 25049356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of intracellular infection depends on the exploitation of factors that negatively regulate the host immune response. In this study, we elucidated the role of macrophage PGE2, an immunoregulatory lipid, in successful survival of Leishmania donovani, causative agent of the fatal visceral leishmaniasis. PGE2 production was induced during infection and resulted in increased cAMP level in peritoneal macrophages through G protein-coupled E-series prostanoid (EP) receptors. Among four different EPs (EP1-4), infection upregulated the expression of only EP2, and individual administration of either EP2-specific agonist, butaprost, or 8-Br-cAMP, a cell-permeable cAMP analog, promoted parasite survival. Inhibition of cAMP also induced generation of reactive oxygen species, an antileishmanial effector molecule. Negative modulation of PGE2 signaling reduced infection-induced anti-inflammatory cytokine polarization and enhanced inflammatory chemokines, CCL3 and CCL5. Effect of PGE2 on cytokine and chemokine production was found to be differentially modulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). PGE2-induced decreases in TNF-α and CCL5 were mediated specifically by PKA, whereas administration of brefeldin A, an EPAC inhibitor, could reverse decreased production of CCL3. Apart from modulating inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance, PGE2 inhibited antileishmanial IL-17 cytokine production in splenocyte culture. Augmented PGE2 production was also found in splenocytes of infected mice, and administration of EP2 antagonist in mice resulted in reduced liver and spleen parasite burden along with host-favorable T cell response. These results suggest that Leishmania facilitates an immunosuppressive environment in macrophages by PGE2-driven, EP2-mediated cAMP signaling that is differentially regulated by PKA and EPAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India; and
| | - Arunima Biswas
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Supriya Srivastav
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Mukherjee
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pijush K Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India; and
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Beck I, Jochner S, Gilles S, McIntyre M, Buters JTM, Schmidt-Weber C, Behrendt H, Ring J, Menzel A, Traidl-Hoffmann C. High environmental ozone levels lead to enhanced allergenicity of birch pollen. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80147. [PMID: 24278250 PMCID: PMC3835901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence is compelling for a positive correlation between climate change, urbanisation and prevalence of allergic sensitisation and diseases. The reason for this association is not clear to date. Some data point to a pro-allergenic effect of anthropogenic factors on susceptible individuals. Objectives To evaluate the impact of urbanisation and climate change on pollen allergenicity. Methods Catkins were sampled from birch trees from different sites across the greater area of Munich, pollen were isolated and an urbanisation index, NO2 and ozone exposure were determined. To estimate pollen allergenicity, allergen content and pollen-associated lipid mediators were measured in aqueous pollen extracts. Immune stimulatory and modulatory capacity of pollen was assessed by neutrophil migration assays and the potential of pollen to inhibit dendritic cell interleukin-12 response. In vivo allergenicity was assessed by skin prick tests. Results The study revealed ozone as a prominent environmental factor influencing the allergenicity of birch pollen. Enhanced allergenicity, as assessed in skin prick tests, was mirrored by enhanced allergen content. Beyond that, ozone induced changes in lipid composition and chemotactic and immune modulatory potential of the pollen. Higher ozone-exposed pollen was characterised by less immune modulatory but higher immune stimulatory potential. Conclusion It is likely that future climate change along with increasing urbanisation will lead to rising ozone concentrations in the next decades. Our study indicates that ozone is a crucial factor leading to clinically relevant enhanced allergenicity of birch pollen. Thus, with increasing temperatures and increasing ozone levels, also symptoms of pollen allergic patients may increase further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Beck
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy & Environment, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
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McCarthy MK, Weinberg JB. Eicosanoids and respiratory viral infection: coordinators of inflammation and potential therapeutic targets. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:236345. [PMID: 22665949 PMCID: PMC3362132 DOI: 10.1155/2012/236345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are frequent causes of respiratory infection, and viral respiratory infections are significant causes of hospitalization, morbidity, and sometimes mortality in a variety of patient populations. Lung inflammation induced by infection with common respiratory pathogens such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus is accompanied by increased lung production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, lipid mediators with a wide range of effects on host immune function. Deficiency or pharmacologic inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene production often results in a dampened inflammatory response to acute infection with a respiratory virus. These mediators may, therefore, serve as appealing therapeutic targets for disease caused by respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason B. Weinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Takeuchi K. Pathogenesis of NSAID-induced gastric damage: importance of cyclooxygenase inhibition and gastric hypermotility. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2147-60. [PMID: 22611307 PMCID: PMC3351764 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i18.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the pathogenic mechanism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric damage, focusing on the relation between cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and various functional events. NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, at a dose that inhibits prostaglandin (PG) production, enhance gastric motility, resulting in an increase in mucosal permeability, neutrophil infiltration and oxyradical production, and eventually producing gastric lesions. These lesions are prevented by pretreatment with PGE₂ and antisecretory drugs, and also via an atropine-sensitive mechanism, not related to antisecretory action. Although neither rofecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) nor SC-560 (a selective COX-1 inhibitor) alone damages the stomach, the combined administration of these drugs provokes gastric lesions. SC-560, but not rofecoxib, decreases prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production and causes gastric hypermotility and an increase in mucosal permeability. COX-2 mRNA is expressed in the stomach after administration of indomethacin and SC-560 but not rofecoxib. The up-regulation of indomethacin-induced COX-2 expression is prevented by atropine at a dose that inhibits gastric hypermotility. In addition, selective COX-2 inhibitors have deleterious influences on the stomach when COX-2 is overexpressed under various conditions, including adrenalectomy, arthritis, and Helicobacter pylori-infection. In summary, gastric hypermotility plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced gastric damage, and the response, causally related with PG deficiency due to COX-1 inhibition, occurs prior to other pathogenic events such as increased mucosal permeability; and the ulcerogenic properties of NSAIDs require the inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2, the inhibition of COX-1 upregulates COX-2 expression in association with gastric hypermotility, and PGs produced by COX-2 counteract the deleterious effect of COX-1 inhibition.
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Aronoff DM, Bergin IL, Lewis C, Goel D, O'Brien E, Peters-Golden M, Mancuso P. E-prostanoid 2 receptor signaling suppresses lung innate immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 98:23-30. [PMID: 22575745 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a major global health problem. Prostaglandin (PG) E(2) is an immunomodulatory lipid with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and pro-resolving actions. Data suggest that the E-prostanoid (EP) 2 receptor mediates immunomodulatory effects of PGE(2), but the extent to which this occurs in Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is unknown. Intratracheal lung infection of C57BL/6 mice possessing (EP2(+/+)) or lacking (EP2(-/-)) the EP2 receptor was performed, as were in vitro studies of alveolar macrophage (AM) host defense functions. Bacterial clearance and survival were significantly improved in vivo in EP2(-/-) mice and it correlated with greater neutrophilic inflammation and higher lung IL-12 levels. Upon ex vivo challenge with pneumococcus, EP2(-/-)cells expressed greater amounts of TNF-α and MIP-2 than did EP2(+/+) AMs, and had improved phagocytosis, intracellular killing, and reactive oxygen intermediate generation. These data suggest that PGE(2)-EP2 signaling may provide a novel pharmacological target for treating pneumococcal pneumonia in combination with antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Aronoff
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5680, United States.
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Chang Y, Zhang L, Wang C, Jia XY, Wei W. Paeoniflorin inhibits function of synoviocytes pretreated by rIL-1α and regulates EP4 receptor expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:1275-1282. [PMID: 21840386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To investigate the effect of the Paeoniflorin (Pae), a main active component of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) extracted from the root of Paeonia lactiflora, on regulation of synoviocytes cultured from rats collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS CIA was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats immunized with chicken type II collagen (CCII) in Freund's complete adjuvant. The levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were measured by radioimmunoassay. The proliferation responses was determined by the 3-(4,5-2dimethylthiazal-2yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. Expression of E-prostanoid (EP(4)) receptor was detected by Western blotting technique. RESULTS Treatment of Pae (2.5, 12.5, 62.5 μg/ml) significantly decreased the production of IL-1 and TNF-α. Recombinant interleukin-1 (rIL-1α) (10 ng/ml) apparently stimulated synoviocyte, thymocyte and splenocyte proliferation, and Pae (12.5, 62.5 μg/ml) inhibited abnormal proliferation responses stimulated by rIL-1α. Moreover, rIL-1α time- and concentration-dependently increased production of PGE(2). The production of PGE(2) produced by synoviocytes from CIA rats significantly inhibited by administration of Pae (12.5, 62.5 μg/ml). rIL-1α (10 ng/ml) decreased cAMP of synoviocytes cells treated for 24h. Similarly rIL-1α (0.1, 1, 10 ng/ml) induced a concentration-dependent decrease in the production of cAMP at 24h. Pae (12.5, 62.5 μg/ml) increased the production of cAMP in synoviocytes. The immunoblot, Pae (12.5, 62.5 μg/ml) apparently increased the expression of EP(4) receptor in synoviocytes stimulated by rIL-1α (10 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that Pae might exert its anti-inflammatory effects through suppressing synoviocytes function and regulating immune cells responses in CIA rats, which might be associated with its ability to up-regulate the E-prostanoid (EP(4)) receptor protein expression and modulate intracellular cAMP level.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Benzoates/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Bridged-Ring Compounds/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen Type II
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1alpha/metabolism
- Male
- Monoterpenes
- Radioimmunoassay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/drug effects
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/drug effects
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
- Thymocytes/drug effects
- Thymocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education Ministry, Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.
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Abstract
Infectious complications are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and the lung is a particular target organ post-transplant. Our laboratory has used a murine bone marrow transplant model to study alterations in immunity that occur as a result of transplantation. Our studies focus on immune responses that occur following immune cell reconstitution in the absence of immunosuppressive drug therapy or graft-versus-host disease. We have found that impaired clearance of both bacterial and viral pulmonary infections is related to specific alterations in immune cell function and cytokine production. Our data offer insight into mechanisms that contribute to opportunistic infections in HSCT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Coomes
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Leah L. N. Hubbard
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, 4053 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Hubbard LLN, Wilke CA, White ES, Moore BB. PTEN limits alveolar macrophage function against Pseudomonas aeruginosa after bone marrow transplantation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1050-8. [PMID: 21527775 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0079oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients are susceptible to infection despite cellular reconstitution. In a murine model of syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), we previously reported that BMT mice have impaired host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia due to overproduction of (PG)E(2) in lung. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is an effector in the PGE(2) signaling pathway that negatively regulates alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis and bacterial killing. Therefore, examined whether overproduction of PGE(2) after BMT inhibits AM host defense by up-regulating PTEN phosphatase activity. We found that PTEN activity is elevated in BMT AMs in response to increased PGE(2) signaling and that pharmacological inhibition of PTEN activity in BMT AMs fully restores phagocytosis of serum-opsonized P. aeruginosa but only partially restores phagocytosis of nonopsonized P. aeruginosa. In wild-type mice transplanted with myeloid-specific conditional PTEN knockout (PTEN CKO) bone marrow, bacterial clearance is improved after challenge with P. aeruginosa pneumonia. Furthermore, PTEN CKO BMT AMs display improved TNF-α production and enhanced phagocytosis and killing of serum-opsonized P. aeruginosa despite overproduction of PGE(2). However, AM phagocytosis of nonopsonized P. aeruginosa is only partially restored in the absence of PTEN after BMT. This may be related to elevated AM expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-M, a molecule previously identified in the PGE(2) signaling pathway to inhibit AM phagocytosis of nonopsonized bacteria. These data suggest that PGE(2) signaling up-regulates IRAK-M independently of PTEN and that these molecules differentially inhibit opsonized and nonopsonized phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah L N Hubbard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA.
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Takeuchi K, Kato S, Amagase K. Prostaglandin EP receptors involved in modulating gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114:248-61. [PMID: 21041985 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10r06cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) play an important role in modulating the mucosal integrity and various functions of the gastrointestinal tract, and E type PGs are most effective in these actions. PGE₂ protected against acid-reflux esophagitis and prevented the development of gastric damage induced by ethanol or indomethacin, the effects mimicked by EP1 agonists and attenuated by an EP1 antagonist. Adaptive cytoprotection induced by mild irritants was also attenuated by the EP1 antagonist. On the other hand, the acid-induced duodenal damage was prevented by EP3/EP4 agonists and worsened by EP3/EP4 antagonists. Similarly, the protective effect of PGE₂ on indomethacin-induced small intestinal damage or DSS-induced colitis was mimicked by EP3/EP4 agonists or EP4 agonists, respectively. The mechanisms underlying these actions of PGE₂ are related to inhibition of stomach contraction (EP1), stimulation of duodenal HCO₃⁻ secretion (EP3/EP4), inhibition of small intestinal contraction (EP4), and stimulation of mucus secretion (EP3/EP4) or down-regulation of cytokine secretion in the colon (EP4), respectively. PGE₂ also showed a healing-promoting effect on gastric ulcers and intestinal lesions through the activation of EP4 receptors, the effect associated with stimulation of angiogenesis via an increase in VEGF expression. These findings should aid the development of new strategies for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takeuchi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
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Moore BB, Peters-Golden M. Opposing roles of leukotrienes and prostaglandins in fibrotic lung disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:87-100. [PMID: 20477090 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is a devastating disease that involves a variable degree of inflammation, alveolar epithelial injury, fibroblast hyperplasia and the deposition of extracellular matrix. Standard therapies that consist of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents offer little benefit and most patients experience a progressive deterioration in lung function which is ultimately fatal within 2-5 years of diagnosis. New pathogenetic insights and therapeutic approaches are badly needed. Eicosanoids are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid metabolism, the best studied of which are prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Although these mediators are primarily known for their roles in asthma, pain, fever and vascular responses, they also exert relevant effects on immune and inflammatory cells as well as structural cells such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts - cell types which participate in fibrogenesis. In general, leukotrienes promote while prostaglandin E(2) opposes fibrogenic responses. Lung fibrosis is associated with increased production of leukotrienes and decreased production of prostaglandin E(2). Furthermore, responses to prostaglandin E(2) are altered in fibrotic conditions. This review highlights the role of this leukotriene/prostaglandin imbalance in the evolution of fibrotic lung disease, offers insights into the mechanisms that underlie the dysregulated responses and discusses approaches for therapeutic targeting of eicosanoids in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6220 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA.
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Bauman KA, Wettlaufer SH, Okunishi K, Vannella KM, Stoolman JS, Huang SK, Courey AJ, White ES, Hogaboam CM, Simon RH, Toews GB, Sisson TH, Moore BB, Peters-Golden M. The antifibrotic effects of plasminogen activation occur via prostaglandin E2 synthesis in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1950-60. [PMID: 20501949 DOI: 10.1172/jci38369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activation to plasmin protects from lung fibrosis, but the mechanism underlying this antifibrotic effect remains unclear. We found that mice lacking plasminogen activation inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which are protected from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, exhibit lung overproduction of the antifibrotic lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Plasminogen activation upregulated PGE2 synthesis in alveolar epithelial cells, lung fibroblasts, and lung fibrocytes from saline- and bleomycin-treated mice, as well as in normal fetal and adult primary human lung fibroblasts. This response was exaggerated in cells from Pai1-/- mice. Although enhanced PGE2 formation required the generation of plasmin, it was independent of proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and instead reflected proteolytic activation and release of HGF with subsequent induction of COX-2. That the HGF/COX-2/PGE2 axis mediates in vivo protection from fibrosis in Pai1-/- mice was demonstrated by experiments showing that a selective inhibitor of the HGF receptor c-Met increased lung collagen to WT levels while reducing COX-2 protein and PGE2 levels. Of clinical interest, fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were found to be defective in their ability to induce COX-2 and, therefore, unable to upregulate PGE2 synthesis in response to plasmin or HGF. These studies demonstrate crosstalk between plasminogen activation and PGE2 generation in the lung and provide a mechanism for the well-known antifibrotic actions of the fibrinolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Bauman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Hubbard LLN, Ballinger MN, Thomas PE, Wilke CA, Standiford TJ, Kobayashi KS, Flavell RA, Moore BB. A role for IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-M in prostaglandin E2-induced immunosuppression post-bone marrow transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6299-308. [PMID: 20439918 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Following immune reconstitution, hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients often display reduced immune function and are especially susceptible to lung infections. In a mouse model of syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), we previously reported that PGE(2) is overproduced in lungs of BMT mice, significantly impairing host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This impairment in host defense post-BMT is also marked by diminished alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and production of TNF-alpha and cysteinyl leukotrienes. However, a mechanism by which overproduction of PGE(2) suppresses pulmonary host defense post-BMT is unknown. As IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-M is a known inhibitor of MyD88-dependent IL-1R/TLR signaling and macrophage function, we sought to determine whether IRAK-M is involved in PGE(2)-induced immunosuppression post-BMT. We found that IRAK-M expression is elevated 3.5-fold in BMT AMs relative to control AMs, and this is related to AM overproduction of PGE(2). Furthermore, genetic ablation of IRAK-M in the bone marrow of BMT mice restores host defense against P. aeruginosa. Despite AM overproduction of PGE(2) and elevated E prostanoid 2 receptor expression, AM phagocytosis, killing, and production of cysteinyl leukotrienes and TNF-alpha are restored in the absence of IRAK-M post-BMT. Also, treatment with PGE(2) does not inhibit AM phagocytosis in the absence of IRAK-M. These data suggest that the absence of IRAK-M in the hematopoietic compartment post-BMT enhances pulmonary host defense and mitigates AM sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of PGE(2). Therefore, strategies to limit IRAK-M elevation post-BMT may be efficacious in reducing patient susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah L N Hubbard
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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38
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Li YJ, Wang XQ, Sato T, Kanaji N, Nakanishi M, Kim M, Michalski J, Nelson AJ, Sun JH, Farid M, Basma H, Patil A, Toews ML, Liu X, Rennard SI. Prostaglandin E₂ inhibits human lung fibroblast chemotaxis through disparate actions on different E-prostanoid receptors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:99-107. [PMID: 20203295 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0163oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration of fibroblasts is believed to play a key role in both normal wound repair and abnormal tissue remodeling. Prostaglandin E (PGE)(2), a mediator that can inhibit many fibroblast functions including chemotaxis, was reported to be mediated by the E-prostanoid (EP) receptor EP2. PGE(2), however, can act on four receptors. This study was designed to determine if EP receptors, in addition to EP2, can modulate fibroblast chemotaxis. Using human fetal lung fibroblasts, the expression of all four EP receptors was demonstrated by Western blotting. EP2-selective and EP4-selective agonists inhibited both chemotaxis toward fibronectin in the blindwell assay and migration in a wound-closure assay. In contrast, EP1-selective and EP3-selective agonists stimulated cell migration in both assay systems. These results were confirmed using EP-selective antagonists. The role of both EP2 and EP4 receptors in mediating the PGE(2) inhibition of chemotaxis was also confirmed by small interfering RNA suppression. Furthermore, the role of EP receptors was confirmed by blocking the expected signaling pathways. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PGE(2) can act on multiple EP receptors in human lung fibroblasts, to exert disparate effects. Alterations in EP receptor expression may have the potential to alter PGE(2) action. Targeting specific EP receptors may offer therapeutic opportunities in conditions characterized by abnormal tissue repair and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ji Li
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Prostaglandin EP Receptors and Their Roles in Mucosal Protection and Ulcer Healing in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Adv Clin Chem 2010; 51:121-44. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(10)51005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pulmonary fibrosis has a poor prognosis. The pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders is unclear, but the extent of lung damage due to persistent inflammation is regarded as a critical factor. Rolipram inhibits inflammation induced by various stimuli, as well as the chemotaxis of fibroblasts. In this study rolipram was used to treat pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin A5 in rats, and the possible mechanisms were investigated. METHODS Rolipram (0.25 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally daily, following intratracheal instillation of bleomycin A5 (5 mg/kg). Animals were killed at 7 or 28 days after bleomycin A5 instillation, and indices of lung damage and fibrosis were evaluated. RESULTS Bleomycin A5 induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, increased the levels of malondialdehyde and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and enhanced accumulation of collagen in the lungs. Rolipram administration significantly attenuated these effects. CONCLUSIONS Rolipram ameliorated pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis induced by bleomycin A5 in rats. The effects of rolipram may be associated with its antioxidant activity and inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-alpha production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bing Pan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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41
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Profita M, Sala A, Bonanno A, Riccobono L, Ferraro M, La Grutta S, Albano GD, Montalbano AM, Gjomarkaj M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and neutrophil infiltration: role of cigarette smoke and cyclooxygenase products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 298:L261-9. [PMID: 19897740 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90593.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), where it can contribute to the observed airway inflammation. PGE(2) is produced within human airways, and both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities have been reported. We quantitated PGE(2) concentrations in induced sputum supernatants from different groups of subjects and correlated the obtained values to neutrophil infiltration as well as to the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was used to evaluate the effect of smoking on COX-2 and PGE(2) receptor expression as well as on PGE(2) release in neutrophils and alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from normal donors. The effects of PGE(2) and of PGE receptor agonists and antagonists were evaluated on the adhesion of neutrophil to a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE). PGE(2) levels, COX-2 expression, and neutrophil infiltration were significantly higher in normal smokers and COPD smokers (P < 0.0001) compared with controls and COPD former smokers. Induced sputum supernatant caused neutrophil adhesion to 16HBE that was significantly reduced, in COPD smokers only, by PGE(2) immunoprecipitation. In vitro experiments confirmed that CSE increased PGE(2) release and COX-2 and PGE(2) receptor expression in neutrophils and AM; PGE(2) enhanced the adhesion of neutrophils to 16HBE, and a specific E-prostanoid 4 (EP(4)) receptor antagonist blunted its effect. These results suggest that CSE promote the induction of COX-2 and contributes to the proinflammatory effects of PGE(2) in the airways of COPD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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42
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Peters T, Henry PJ. Protease-activated receptors and prostaglandins in inflammatory lung disease. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:1017-33. [PMID: 19845685 PMCID: PMC2785524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a novel family of G protein-coupled receptors. Signalling through PARs typically involves the cleavage of an extracellular region of the receptor by endogenous or exogenous proteases, which reveals a tethered ligand sequence capable of auto-activating the receptor. A considerable body of evidence has emerged over the past 20 years supporting a prominent role for PARs in a variety of human physiological and pathophysiological processes, and thus substantial attention has been directed towards developing drug-like molecules that activate or block PARs via non-proteolytic pathways. PARs are widely expressed within the respiratory tract, and their activation appears to exert significant modulatory influences on the level of bronchomotor tone, as well as on the inflammatory processes associated with a range of respiratory tract disorders. Nevertheless, there is debate as to whether the principal response to PAR activation is an augmentation or attenuation of airways inflammation. In this context, an important action of PAR activators may be to promote the generation and release of prostanoids, such as prostglandin E(2), which have well-established anti-inflammatory effects in the lung. In this review, we primarily focus on the relationship between PARs, prostaglandins and inflammatory processes in the lung, and highlight their potential role in selected respiratory tract disorders, including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Peters
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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43
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Differential effects of rolipram on chronic subcutaneous inflammatory angiogenesis and on peritoneal adhesion in mice. Microvasc Res 2009; 78:265-71. [PMID: 19732781 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The specific PDE4 inhibitor (rolipram) has been shown to attenuate excessive accumulation/activation of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts and cytokine production in several pathological conditions through cyclic nucleotide modulation. Here, using the murine sponge model to induce chronic subcutaneous inflammatory response and to elicit the formation of intraperitoneal adhesions we explored the hypothesis that rolipram would exert beneficial effects on decreasing key components of both processes (inflammatory cell recruitment, angiogenesis, and deposition of extracellular matrix component). Two doses of rolipram (0.2 or 2 mg/kg/day) were administered orally for 7 days in groups of mice bearing either subcutaneous or intraperitoneal polyether-polyurethane implants. Rolipram was effective in inhibiting angiogenesis as assessed by hemoglobin content and VEGF levels in subcutaneous implants (about 40% with both doses) but failed to exert this activity in intraperitoneal implants. Conversely, accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages determined by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activities intraimplant, respectively, was attenuated only in intraperitoneal implants by the treatment. Levels of TNF-alpha and MCP-1 were also determined and rolipram at both doses decreased the production of both cytokines in intraperitoneal implants. The levels of MCP-1 in the subcutaneous implants were not affected by the treatment. Fibrosis was evaluated by determining the amount of collagen and production of TGF-beta1 intraimplant. Both parameters were attenuated by rolipram. These results have shown differential sensitivity of proliferating tissues to PDE4 inhibitor indicating that this agent may be used to target inflammatory angiogenesis selectively.
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Son KA, Kang JH, Yang MP. Ketamine inhibits the phagocytic responses of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells through the upregulation of prostaglandin E2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Anstead GM, Zhang Q, Melby PC. Malnutrition promotes prostaglandin over leukotriene production and dysregulates eicosanoid-cytokine crosstalk in activated resident macrophages. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:41-51. [PMID: 19541468 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously described a murine model of malnutrition that mimicked features of moderate human malnutrition, and led to increased dissemination of Leishmania donovani. In this study, we investigated the effect of malnutrition on macrophage production of cytokines, prostaglandins (PGs), and leukotrienes (LTs). Using either LPS or calcium ionophore A23187 as a stimulus, macrophages from the malnourished mice produced a 3-fold higher PG/LT ((PGE(2)+6-keto-PGF(1alpha))/(LTB(4)+cysteinyl leukotrienes)) ratio than macrophages from well-nourished mice. LPS-stimulated macrophages from the malnourished mice produced decreased levels of TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and IL-10, but similar levels of IL-6 and NO compared to well-nourished mice. A complex crosstalk between the eicosanoids and cytokines in the LPS-stimulated macrophages from the malnourished mice was evident by the following: (1) high levels of PG secretion despite low levels of TNF-alpha; (2) supplemental IL-10 modulated the excessive PG production; (3) GM-CSF rectified the PG/LT ratio, but did not correct the abnormal cytokine profile; and (4) inhibitors of cyclooxygenase decreased the PG/LT ratio, but did not affect TNF-alpha. Thus, in this model of malnutrition, there is a relative increase in anti-inflammatory PGs compared to pro-inflammatory LTs, which may contribute to immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Anstead
- Research Service, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, USA.
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Herfs M, Herman L, Hubert P, Minner F, Arafa M, Roncarati P, Henrotin Y, Boniver J, Delvenne P. High expression of PGE2 enzymatic pathways in cervical (pre)neoplastic lesions and functional consequences for antigen-presenting cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:603-14. [PMID: 18802697 PMCID: PMC11030941 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in the majority of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix, the persistence or progression of cervical lesions suggest that viral antigens are not adequately presented to the immune system. This hypothesis is reinforced by the observation that most SIL show quantitative and functional alterations of Langerhans cells (LC). The aim of this study was to determine whether prostaglandins (PG) may affect LC density in the cervical (pre)neoplastic epithelium. We first demonstrated that the epithelial expression of PGE(2) enzymatic pathways, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1), is higher in SIL and SCC compared to the normal exocervical epithelium and inversely correlated to the density of CD1a-positive LC. By using cell migration assays, we next showed that the motility of immature dendritic cells (DC) and DC partially differentiated in vitro in the presence of PGE(2) are differentially affected by PGE(2). Immature DC had a lower ability to migrate in the presence of PGE(2) compared to DC generated in vitro in the presence of PGE(2). Finally, we showed that PGE(2) induced a cytokine production profile and phenotypical features of tolerogenic DC, suggesting that the altered expression of PGE(2) enzymatic pathways may promote the cervical carcinogenesis by favouring (pre)cancer immunotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Herfs
- Department of Pathology B23, GIGA Cancer, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Chapter 13 Endogenous Cannabinoids and Neutrophil Chemotaxis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:337-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sturm EM, Schratl P, Schuligoi R, Konya V, Sturm GJ, Lippe IT, Peskar BA, Heinemann A. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits eosinophil trafficking through E-prostanoid 2 receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7273-83. [PMID: 18981149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of eosinophils in lung tissue is a hallmark of asthma, and it is believed that eosinophils play a crucial pathogenic role in allergic inflammation. Prostaglandin (PG) E(2) exerts anti-inflammatory and bronchoprotective mechanisms in asthma, but the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. In this study we show that PGE(2) potently inhibits the chemotaxis of purified human eosinophils toward eotaxin, PGD(2), and C5a. Activated monocytes similarly attenuated eosinophil migration, and this was reversed after pretreatment of the monocytes with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. The selective E-prostanoid (EP) 2 receptor agonist butaprost mimicked the inhibitory effect of PGE(2) on eosinophil migration, whereas an EP2 antagonist completely prevented this effect. Butaprost, and also PGE(2), inhibited the C5a-induced degranulation of eosinophils. Moreover, selective kinase inhibitors revealed that the inhibitory effect of PGE(2) on eosinophil migration depended upon activation of PI3K and protein kinase C, but not cAMP. In animal models, the EP2 agonist butaprost inhibited the rapid mobilization of eosinophils from bone marrow of the in situ perfused guinea pig hind limb and prevented the allergen-induced bronchial accumulation of eosinophils in OVA-sensitized mice. Immunostaining showed that human eosinophils express EP2 receptors and that EP2 receptor expression in the murine lungs is prominent in airway epithelium and, after allergen challenge, in peribronchial infiltrating leukocytes. In summary, these data show that EP2 receptor agonists potently inhibit eosinophil trafficking and activation and might hence be a useful therapeutic option in eosinophilic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Huang SK, Peters-Golden M. Eicosanoid lipid mediators in fibrotic lung diseases: ready for prime time? Chest 2008; 133:1442-1450. [PMID: 18574287 DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of a pivotal role for eicosanoids in both normal and pathologic fibroproliferation is long overdue. These lipid mediators have the ability to regulate all cell types and nearly all pathways relevant to fibrotic lung disorders. Abnormal fibroproliferation is characterized by an excess of profibrotic leukotrienes and a deficiency of antifibrotic prostaglandins. The relevance of an eicosanoid imbalance is pertinent to diseases involving the parenchymal, airway, and vascular compartments of the lung, and is supported by studies conducted both in humans and animal models. Given the lack of effective alternatives, and the existing and emerging options for therapeutic targeting of eicosanoids, such treatments are ready for prime time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Canetti C, Serezani CH, Atrasz RG, White ES, Aronoff DM, Peters-Golden M. Activation of phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 mediates the inhibition of FcgammaR phagocytosis by prostaglandin E2 in alveolar macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:8350-6. [PMID: 18056380 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGE2 has important inhibitory effects on the macrophage host defense functions of phagocytosis and killing, yet the molecular mechanisms involved remain to be fully elucidated. PGE2 causes an elevation of cAMP in alveolar macrophages (AMs), which in turn activates the cAMP effector targets, protein kinase A and the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac)-1. We now report that FcgammaR-induced PI3K/Akt and ERK-1/2 activation are inhibited by PGE2 in AMs. By specifically inhibiting the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in AMs, we attenuated the inhibitory effects of both PGE2 and a specific Epac-1 agonist (8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP) on FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis and Akt/ERK-1/2 activation; PTEN inhibition also decreased PGE2-induced suppression of bacterial killing by AMs. Moreover, PGE2 and the Epac-1 agonist induced an increase in PTEN lipid phosphatase activity, and this was associated with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation on PTEN-a mechanism known to regulate PTEN activity. Using a pharmacological approach, we demonstrated a role for Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 in the PGE2-induced tyrosine dephosphorylation of PTEN. Collectively, these data reveal that PGE2, via Epac-1 activation, enhances SHP-1 activity, resulting in increased PTEN activity. We suggest that this mechanism contributes to the ability of PGE2 to inhibit PI3K-dependent innate immune signaling in primary macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Canetti
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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