1
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De Strooper B, Karran E. New precision medicine avenues to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease from insights into the structure and function of γ-secretases. EMBO J 2024; 43:887-903. [PMID: 38396302 PMCID: PMC10943082 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Two phase-III clinical trials with anti-amyloid peptide antibodies have met their primary goal, i.e. slowing of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. However, antibody therapy may not be the optimal therapeutic modality for AD prevention, as we will discuss in the context of the earlier small molecules described as "γ-secretase modulators" (GSM). We review here the structure, function, and pathobiology of γ-secretases, with a focus on how mutations in presenilin genes result in early-onset AD. Significant progress has been made in generating compounds that act in a manner opposite to pathogenic presenilin mutations: they stabilize the proteinase-substrate complex, thereby increasing the processivity of substrate cleavage and altering the size spectrum of Aβ peptides produced. We propose the term "γ-secretase allosteric stabilizers" (GSAS) to distinguish these compounds from the rather heterogenous class of GSM. The GSAS represent, in theory, a precision medicine approach to the prevention of amyloid deposition, as they specifically target a discrete aspect in a complex cell biological signalling mechanism that initiates the pathological processes leading to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, at the Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 AT, UK.
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Eric Karran
- Cambridge Research Center, AbbVie, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Huang Y, Lemke G. Adaptable toolbox to characterize Alzheimer's disease pathology in mouse models. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101891. [PMID: 36472212 PMCID: PMC9722779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a highly adaptable toolbox for characterizing and analyzing molecular and histopathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. We detail optimized and streamlined approaches from sample preparation to image analysis to facilitate reproducible analyses. We also describe the extraction and measurement of the soluble Aβ level by sandwich ELISA in the cortex and hippocampus of AD mouse models before and after plaque deposition. Finally, we outline the steps for image quantification and analysis using Imaris and ImageJ. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Huang et al. (2021).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youtong Huang
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, the Salk Institute of Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, the Salk Institute of Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Yao W, Yang H, Yang J. Small-molecule drugs development for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1019412. [PMID: 36389082 PMCID: PMC9664938 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1019412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder with no effective therapeutic drugs currently. The complicated pathophysiology of AD is not well understood, although beta-amyloid (Aβ) cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau protein were regarded as the two main causes of AD. Other mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, deficiency of central cholinergic neurotransmitters, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation, were also proposed and studied as targets in AD. This review aims to summarize the small-molecule drugs that were developed based on the pathogenesis and gives a deeper understanding of the AD. We hope that it could help scientists find new and better treatments to gradually conquer the problems related to AD in future.
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4
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Boyd RJ, Avramopoulos D, Jantzie LL, McCallion AS. Neuroinflammation represents a common theme amongst genetic and environmental risk factors for Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:223. [PMID: 36076238 PMCID: PMC9452283 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifactorial diseases are characterized by inter-individual variation in etiology, age of onset, and penetrance. These diseases tend to be relatively common and arise from the combined action of genetic and environmental factors; however, parsing the convoluted mechanisms underlying these gene-by-environment interactions presents a significant challenge to their study and management. For neurodegenerative disorders, resolving this challenge is imperative, given the enormous health and societal burdens they impose. The mechanisms by which genetic and environmental effects may act in concert to destabilize homeostasis and elevate risk has become a major research focus in the study of common disease. Emphasis is further being placed on determining the extent to which a unifying biological principle may account for the progressively diminishing capacity of a system to buffer disease phenotypes, as risk for disease increases. Data emerging from studies of common, neurodegenerative diseases are providing insights to pragmatically connect mechanisms of genetic and environmental risk that previously seemed disparate. In this review, we discuss evidence positing inflammation as a unifying biological principle of homeostatic destabilization affecting the risk, onset, and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we discuss how genetic variation associated with Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease may contribute to pro-inflammatory responses, how such underlying predisposition may be exacerbated by environmental insults, and how this common theme is being leveraged in the ongoing search for effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Boyd
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Dimitri Avramopoulos
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew S McCallion
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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5
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Small molecules targeting γ-secretase and their potential biological applications. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Huang Y, Happonen KE, Burrola PG, O'Connor C, Hah N, Huang L, Nimmerjahn A, Lemke G. Microglia use TAM receptors to detect and engulf amyloid β plaques. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:586-594. [PMID: 33859405 PMCID: PMC8102389 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two microglial TAM receptor tyrosine kinases, Axl and Mer, have been linked to Alzheimer's disease, but their roles in disease have not been tested experimentally. We find that in Alzheimer's disease and its mouse models, induced expression of Axl and Mer in amyloid plaque-associated microglia was coupled to induced plaque decoration by the TAM ligand Gas6 and its co-ligand phosphatidylserine. In the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, genetic ablation of Axl and Mer resulted in microglia that were unable to normally detect, respond to, organize or phagocytose amyloid-β plaques. These major deficits notwithstanding, TAM-deficient APP/PS1 mice developed fewer dense-core plaques than APP/PS1 mice with normal microglia. Our findings reveal that the TAM system is an essential mediator of microglial recognition and engulfment of amyloid plaques and that TAM-driven microglial phagocytosis does not inhibit, but rather promotes, dense-core plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youtong Huang
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaisa E Happonen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick G Burrola
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nasun Hah
- Chapman Foundations Genomic Sequencing Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ling Huang
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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7
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Preventing dementia? Interventional approaches in mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 122:143-164. [PMID: 33440197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as an intermediate state between normal cognitive aging and dementia. It describes a status of the subjective impression of cognitive decline and objectively detectible memory impairment beyond normal age-related changes. Activities of daily living are not affected. As the population ages, there is a growing need for early, proactive programs that can delay the consequences of dementia and improve the well-being of people with MCI and their caregivers. Various forms and approaches of intervention for older people with MCI have been suggested to delay cognitive decline. Pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological approaches (cognitive, physiological, nutritional supplementation, electric stimulation, psychosocial therapeutic) and multicomponent interventions have been proposed. Interventional approaches in MCI from 2009 to April 2019 concerning the cognitive performance are presented in this review.
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8
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Pinheiro L, Faustino C. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:418-452. [PMID: 30907320 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190321163438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder linked to protein misfolding and aggregation. AD is pathologically characterized by senile plaques formed by extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and Intracellular Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Extensive synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration are responsible for memory impairment, cognitive decline and behavioral dysfunctions typical of AD. Amyloidosis has been implicated in the depression of acetylcholine synthesis and release, overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and increased intracellular calcium levels that result in excitotoxic neuronal degeneration. Current drugs used in AD treatment are either cholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists; however, they provide only symptomatic relief and do not alter the progression of the disease. Aβ is the product of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing after successive cleavage by β- and γ-secretases while APP proteolysis by α-secretase results in non-amyloidogenic products. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Aβ dyshomeostasis results in the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ into soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils. The former are synaptotoxic and can induce tau hyperphosphorylation while the latter deposit in senile plaques and elicit proinflammatory responses, contributing to oxidative stress, neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation. Aβ-protein-targeted therapeutic strategies are thus a promising disease-modifying approach for the treatment and prevention of AD. This review summarizes recent findings on Aβ-protein targeted AD drugs, including β-secretase inhibitors, γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators, α-secretase activators, direct inhibitors of Aβ aggregation and immunotherapy targeting Aβ, focusing mainly on those currently under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Pinheiro
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Faustino
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Zhao J, Liu X, Xia W, Zhang Y, Wang C. Targeting Amyloidogenic Processing of APP in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:137. [PMID: 32848600 PMCID: PMC7418514 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of senile dementia, characterized by neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid plaque in brain pathology. Major efforts in AD drug were devoted to the interference with the production and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP), by consecutive cleavage by β-secretase and γ-secretase. Therefore, β-secretase and γ-secretase inhibition have been the focus for AD drug discovery efforts for amyloid reduction. Here, we review β-secretase inhibitors and γ-secretase inhibitors/modulators, and their efficacies in clinical trials. In addition, we discussed the novel concept of specifically targeting the γ-secretase substrate APP. Targeting amyloidogenic processing of APP is still a fundamentally sound strategy to develop disease-modifying AD therapies and recent advance in γ-secretase/APP complex structure provides new opportunities in designing selective inhibitors/modulators for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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10
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γ-Secretase and its modulators: Twenty years and beyond. Neurosci Lett 2019; 701:162-169. [PMID: 30763650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, Wolfe, Xia, and Selkoe identified two aspartate residues in Alzheimer's presenilin protein that constitute the active site of the γ-secretase complex. Mutations in the genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin (PS) cause early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), and sequential cleavages of the APP by β-secretase and γ-secretase/presenilin generate amyloid β protein (Aβ), the major component of pathological hallmark, neuritic plaques, in brains of AD patients. Therapeutic strategies centered on targeting γ-secretase/presenilin to reduce amyloid were implemented and led to several high profile clinical trials. This review article focuses on the studies of γ-secretase and its inhibitors/modulators since the discovery of presenilin as the γ-secretase. While a lack of complete understanding of presenilin biology renders failure of clinical trials, the lessons learned from some γ-secretase modulators, while premature for human testing, provide new directions to develop potential therapeutics. Imbalanced Aβ homeostasis is an upstream event of neurodegenerative processes. Exploration of γ-secretase modulators for their roles in these processes is highly significant, e.g., decreasing neuroinflammation and levels of phosphorylated tau, the component of the other AD pathological hallmark, neurofibrillary tangles. Agents with excellent human pharmacology hold great promise in suppressing neurodegeneration in pre-symptomatic or early stage AD patients.
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11
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Alasmari F, Alshammari MA, Alasmari AF, Alanazi WA, Alhazzani K. Neuroinflammatory Cytokines Induce Amyloid Beta Neurotoxicity through Modulating Amyloid Precursor Protein Levels/Metabolism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3087475. [PMID: 30498753 PMCID: PMC6222241 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3087475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been observed in association with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, a positive correlation has been documented between neuroinflammatory cytokine release and the progression of the AD, which suggests these cytokines are involved in AD pathophysiology. A histological hallmark of the AD is the presence of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Beta-amyloid is generated by the sequential cleavage of beta (β) and gamma (γ) sites in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase enzymes and its accumulation can result from either a decreased Aβ clearance or increased metabolism of APP. Previous studies reported that neuroinflammatory cytokines reduce the efflux transport of Aβ, leading to elevated Aβ concentrations in the brain. However, less is known about the effects of neuroinflammatory mediators on APP expression and metabolism. In this article, we review the modulatory role of neuroinflammatory cytokines on APP expression and metabolism, including their effects on β- and γ-secretase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad A. Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Clayton KA, Van Enoo AA, Ikezu T. Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Microglia in Brain Homeostasis and Proteopathy. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:680. [PMID: 29311768 PMCID: PMC5733046 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is central to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), although the mechanisms by which it occurs at protein or cellular levels are not fully understood. Alzheimer's disease is the most common proteopathy and is characterized by two unique pathologies: senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the former accumulating earlier than the latter. Aging alters the proteostasis of amyloid-β peptides and microtubule-associated protein tau, which are regulated in both autonomous and non-autonomous manners. Microglia, the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system, play a major role in the non-autonomous clearance of protein aggregates. Their function is significantly altered by aging and neurodegeneration. This is genetically supported by the association of microglia-specific genes, TREM2 and CD33, and late onset Alzheimer's disease. Here, we propose that the functional characterization of microglia, and their contribution to proteopathy, will lead to a new therapeutic direction in Alzheimer's disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Clayton
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alicia A Van Enoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Chen ZC, Zhang W, Chua LL, Chai C, Li R, Lin L, Cao Z, Angeles DC, Stanton LW, Peng JH, Zhou ZD, Lim KL, Zeng L, Tan EK. Phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein by mutant LRRK2 promotes AICD activity and neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/488/eaam6790. [PMID: 28720718 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam6790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2, which encodes leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, are the most common genetic cause of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that causes impaired motor function and, in advanced stages, dementia. Dementia is a common symptom of another neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease, and research suggests that there may be pathophysiological and genetic links between the two diseases. Aggregates of β amyloid [a protein produced through cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP)] are seen in both diseases and in PD patients carrying G2019S-mutant LRRK2. Using patient-derived cells, brain tissue, and PD model mice, we found that LRRK2 interacted with and phosphorylated APP at Thr668 within its intracellular domain (AICD). Phosphorylation of APP at Thr668 promoted AICD transcriptional activity and correlated with increased nuclear abundance of AICD and decreased abundance of a dopaminergic neuron marker in cultures and brain tissue. The AICD regulates the transcription of genes involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and apoptosis. Overexpression of AICD, but not a phosphodeficient mutant (AICDT668A), increased the loss of dopaminergic neurons in older mice expressing LRRK2G2019S Moreover, the amount of Thr668-phosphorylated APP was substantially greater in postmortem brain tissue and dopaminergic neurons (generated by reprogramming skin cells) from LRRK2G2019S patients than in those from healthy individuals. LRRK2 inhibitors reduced the phosphorylation of APP at Thr668 in the patient-derived dopaminergic neurons and in the midbrains of LRRK2G2019S mice. Thus, APP is a substrate of LRRK2, and its phosphorylation promotes AICD function and neurotoxicity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Can Chen
- Neural Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Neural Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Ling-Ling Chua
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Chou Chai
- Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Rong Li
- Analytical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Lin Lin
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Zhen Cao
- Neural Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Dario C Angeles
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Lawrence W Stanton
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Jian-He Peng
- Analytical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhou
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore. .,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore. .,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, SGH Campus, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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14
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Qiang L, Guan Y, Li X, Liu L, Mu Y, Sugano A, Takaoka Y, Sakaeda T, Imbimbo BP, Yamamura KI, Jin S, Li Z. CSP-1103 (CHF5074) stabilizes human transthyretin in healthy human subjects. Amyloid 2017; 24:42-51. [PMID: 28393633 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2017.1308348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy is a type of protein misfolding disease. Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric serum protein and TTR tetramer dissociation is the limiting step in amyloid fibril formation. Thus, prevention of TTR dissociation is a promising therapeutic approach and some TTR stabilizers have been approved for the treatment of TTR amyloidosis. CSP-1103 (CHF5074) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory derivative that lacks cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity. In vitro, CSP-1103 stabilizes the TTR tetramer by binding to the thyroxine (T4) binding site. We have previously shown that serum TTR levels were increased by oral CSP-1103 administration through stabilization of TTR tetramers in humanized mice at both the Ttr locus and the Rbp4 locus. To determine whether CSP-1103 stabilizes TTR tetramers in humans, multiple CSP-1103 oral doses were administered for two weeks to 48 healthy human volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. CSP-1103 treatment stabilized TTR tetramers in a dose-dependent manner under normal or denaturing stress conditions, thereby increasing serum TTR levels. Preincubation of serum with CSP-1103 or diflunisal in vitro increased the TTR tetramer stability. Computer simulation analysis revealed that the binding affinities of CSP-1103 with TTR at pH 7.0 were similar to those of tafamidis, thus confirming that CSP-1103 has potent TTR-stabilizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Qiang
- a Division of Respiratory Disease , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China.,b Yamamura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Yanxia Guan
- a Division of Respiratory Disease , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Xiangshun Li
- a Division of Respiratory Disease , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China.,b Yamamura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Li Liu
- b Yamamura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto , Kumamoto , Japan.,c Department of Histology and Embryology , Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yanshuang Mu
- b Yamamura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Aki Sugano
- d Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics , Kobe University Hospital , Kobe , Japan
| | - Yutaka Takaoka
- d Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics , Kobe University Hospital , Kobe , Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaeda
- e Department of Pharmacokinetics , Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Bruno P Imbimbo
- f Research and Development , Chiesi Farmaceutici , Parma , Italy
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamura
- b Yamamura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Shoude Jin
- a Division of Respiratory Disease , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- c Department of Histology and Embryology , Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
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15
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Balducci C, Frasca A, Zotti M, La Vitola P, Mhillaj E, Grigoli E, Iacobellis M, Grandi F, Messa M, Colombo L, Molteni M, Trabace L, Rossetti C, Salmona M, Forloni G. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent glial cell activation mediates the impairment in memory establishment induced by β-amyloid oligomers in an acute mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:188-197. [PMID: 27751869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) are species mainly involved in the synaptic and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Although their action has been described mainly at neuronal level, it is now clear that glial cells govern synaptic activity in their resting state, contributing to new learning and memory establishment. In contrast, when activated, they may lead to synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. Using a reliable acute AβO-mediated mouse model of AD, we explored whether the memory alteration AβOs induce relies on the activation of glial cells, and if Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), pivotal in the initiation of an immune response, is involved. METHODS C57 naïve mice were given a single intracerebroventricular injection of synthetic AβO-containing solution (1μM), which induces substantial impairment in the establishment of recognition memory. Then, first we assessed glial cell activation at different times post-injection by western blot, immunohistochemistry and ELISA in the hippocampus. After that we explored the efficacy of pre-treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin and an IL-1β receptor antagonist) to prevent impairment in the novel object recognition task, and compared AβO's effects in TLR4 knockout mice. RESULTS A single AβO injection rapidly activated glial cells and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Both anti-inflammatory drugs prevented the AβO-mediated impairment in memory establishment. A selective TLR4 receptor antagonist abolished AβO's action on memory, and in TLR4 knockout mice it had no effect on either memory or glial activation. CONCLUSIONS These data provide new information on AβO's mechanism of action, indicating that besides direct action at the synapses, they also act through the immune system, with TLR4 playing a major role. This suggests that in a potential therapeutic setting inflammation must be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Balducci
- Departments of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Angelisa Frasca
- Departments of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Margherita Zotti
- Departments of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Pietro La Vitola
- Departments of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Grigoli
- Departments of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Martina Iacobellis
- Departments of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Federica Grandi
- Departments of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Massimo Messa
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Colombo
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Monica Molteni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Rossetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Mario Salmona
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Departments of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy.
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Neuroprotective and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of CSP-1103 in Primary Cortical Neurons Exposed to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010184. [PMID: 28106772 PMCID: PMC5297816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CSP-1103 (formerly CHF5074) has been shown to reverse memory impairment and reduce amyloid plaque as well as inflammatory microglia activation in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, it was found to improve cognition and reduce brain inflammation in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Recent evidence suggests that CSP-1103 acts through a single molecular target, the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain (AICD), a transcriptional regulator implicated in inflammation and apoptosis. We here tested the possible anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activity of CSP-1103 in a cell-based model of post-ischemic injury, wherein the primary mouse cortical neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). When added after OGD, CSP-1103 prevented the apoptosis cascade by reducing cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation and the secondary necrosis. Additionally, CSP-1103 limited earlier activation of p38 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. These results demonstrate that CSP-1103 is neuroprotective in a model of post-ischemic brain injury and provide further mechanistic insights as regards its ability to reduce apoptosis and potential production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, these findings suggest a potential use of CSP-1103 for the treatment of brain ischemia.
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17
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Liu Z, Zhang A, Sun H, Han Y, Kong L, Wang X. Two decades of new drug discovery and development for Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26737h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease, associated with a decreased cognitive function and severe behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Liu
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Aihua Zhang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Hui Sun
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Ying Han
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Ling Kong
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Xijun Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
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BIIB042, a novel γ-secretase modulator, reduces amyloidogenic Aβ isoforms in primates and rodents and plaque pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chen HW, He XH, Yuan R, Wei BJ, Chen Z, Dong JX, Wang J. Sesquiterpenes and a monoterpenoid with acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activity from Valeriana officinalis var. latiofolia in vitro and in vivo. Fitoterapia 2016; 110:142-9. [PMID: 26976216 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor (AchEI) is the most extensive in all anti-dementia drugs. The extracts and isolated compounds from the Valeriana genus have shown anti-dementia bioactivity. Four new sesquiterpenoids (1-4) and a new monoterpenoid (5) were isolated from the root of Valeriana officinalis var. latiofolia. The acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activity of isolates was evaluated by modified Ellman method in vitro. Learning and memory ability of compound 4 on mice was evaluated by the Morris water maze. The contents of acetylcholine (Ach), acetylcholine transferase (ChAT) and AchE in mice brains were determined by colorimetry. The results showed IC50 of compound 4 was 0.161 μM in vitro. Compared with the normal group, the learning and memory ability of mice and the contents of Ach and ChAT decreased in model group mice (P<0.01), while the AchE increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, Ach and ChAT in the positive control group, the high-dose group and the medium-dose group increased (P<0.01), while the AchE decreased (P<0.01). Compound 4 can improve the learning and memory abilities of APPswe/PSΔE9 double-transgenic mice, and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of the relative enzyme in the cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Wen Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xuan-Hui He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Rong Yuan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ben-Jun Wei
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jun-Xing Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing 100053, China.
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Mahgoub N, Alexopoulos GS. Amyloid Hypothesis: Is There a Role for Antiamyloid Treatment in Late-Life Depression? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 24:239-47. [PMID: 26946981 PMCID: PMC4801691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants have modest efficacy in late-life depression (LLD), perhaps because various neurobiologic processes compromise frontolimbic networks required for antidepressant response. We propose that amyloid accumulation is an etiologic factor for frontolimbic compromise that predisposes to depression and increases treatment resistance in a subgroup of older adults. In patients without history of depression, amyloid accumulation during the preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease (AD) may result in the prodromal depression syndrome that precedes cognitive impairment. In patients with early-onset depression, pathophysiologic changes during recurrent episodes may promote amyloid accumulation, further compromise neurocircuitry required for antidepressant response, and increase treatment resistance during successive depressive episodes. The findings that support the amyloid hypothesis of LLD are (1) Depression is a risk factor, a prodrome, and a common behavioral manifestation of AD; (2) amyloid deposition occurs during a long predementia period when depression is prevalent; (3) patients with lifetime history of depression have significant amyloid accumulation in brain regions related to mood regulation; and (4) amyloid deposition leads to neurobiologic processes, including vascular damage, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and disrupted functional connectivity, that impair networks implicated in depression. The amyloid hypothesis of LLD is timely because availability of ligands allows in vivo assessment of amyloid in the human brain, a number of antiamyloid agents are relatively safe, and there is evidence that some antidepressants may reduce amyloid production. A model of LLD introducing the role of amyloid may guide the design of studies aiming to identify novel antidepressant approaches and prevention strategies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Mahgoub
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Psychiatry
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21
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Advances in recent patent and clinical trial drug development for Alzheimer's disease. Pharm Pat Anal 2016; 3:429-47. [PMID: 25291315 DOI: 10.4155/ppa.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, involving a large number of genes, proteins and their complex interactions. Currently, no effective therapeutic agents are available to either stop or reverse the progression of this disease, likely due to its polygenic nature. The complicated pathophysiology of AD remains unresolved. Although it has been hypothesized that the amyloid β cascade and the hyper-phosphorylated tau protein may be primarily involved, other mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, deficiency of central cholinergic neurotransmitter, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation have also been implicated. The main focus of this review is to document current therapeutic agents in clinical trials and patented candidate compounds under development based on their main mechanisms of action. It also discusses the relationship between the recent understanding of key targets and the development of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.
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22
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CHF5074 (CSP-1103) induces microglia alternative activation in plaque-free Tg2576 mice and primary glial cultures exposed to beta-amyloid. Neuroscience 2015; 302:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The past two decades of research into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) have been driven largely by the amyloid hypothesis; the neuroinflammation that is associated with AD has been assumed to be merely a response to pathophysiological events. However, new data from preclinical and clinical studies have established that immune system-mediated actions in fact contribute to and drive AD pathogenesis. These insights have suggested both novel and well-defined potential therapeutic targets for AD, including microglia and several cytokines. In addition, as inflammation in AD primarily concerns the innate immune system - unlike in 'typical' neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and encephalitides - the concept of neuroinflammation in AD may need refinement.
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Mu Y, Jin S, Shen J, Sugano A, Takaoka Y, Qiang L, Imbimbo BP, Yamamura KI, Li Z. CHF5074 (CSP-1103) stabilizes human transthyretin in mice humanized at the transthyretin and retinol-binding protein loci. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:849-56. [PMID: 25728271 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy is one type of protein misfolding disease. Transthyretin (TTR) tetramer dissociation is the limiting step for amyloid fibril formation. CHF5074 (CSP-1103) stabilizes TTR tetramer in vitro by binding to the T4 binding site. Here, we used three strains of double humanized mice (mTtr(hTTRVal30/hTTRVal30), mTtr(hTTRVal30/hTTRMet30), and mTtr(hTTRMet30/hTTRMet30)) to assess whether CHF5074 stabilizes TTR tetramers in vivo. Treatment of mice with CHF5074 increased serum TTR levels by stabilizing TTR tetramers. Although the binding affinities of CHF5074 and diflunisal with TTRMet30 were similar, CHF5074 bound TTRVal30 more strongly than did diflunisal, suggesting the potent TTR-stabilizing activity of CHF5074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuang Mu
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Shoude Jin
- Division of Respiratory Disease, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingling Shen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Aki Sugano
- Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takaoka
- Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Lixia Qiang
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Ken-ichi Yamamura
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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25
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Löffler T, Flunkert S, Havas D, Schweinzer C, Uger M, Windisch M, Steyrer E, Hutter-Paier B. Neuroinflammation and related neuropathologies in APPSL mice: further value of this in vivo model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:84. [PMID: 24886182 PMCID: PMC4108132 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beyond cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by numerous neuropathological changes in the brain. Although animal models generally do not fully reflect the broad spectrum of disease-specific alterations, the APPSL mouse model is well known to display early plaque formation and to exhibit spatial learning and memory deficits. However, important neuropathological features, such as neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation, and their progression over age, have not yet been described in this AD mouse model. METHODS Hippocampal and neocortical tissues of APPSL mice at different ages were evaluated. One hemisphere from each mouse was examined for micro- and astrogliosis as well as concomitant plaque load. The other hemisphere was evaluated for lipid peroxidation (quantified by a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay), changes in Aβ abundance (Aβ38, Aβ40 and Aβ42 analyses), as well as determination of aggregated Aβ content (Amorfix A4 assay). Finally, correlation analyses were performed to illustrate the time-dependent correlation between neuroinflammation and Aβ load (soluble, insoluble, fibrils), or lipid peroxidation, respectively. RESULTS As is consistent with previous findings, neuroinflammation starts early and shows strong progression over age in the APPSL mouse model. An analyses of concomitant Aβ load and plaque deposition revealed a similar progression, and high correlations between neuroinflammation markers and soluble or insoluble Aβ or fibrillar amyloid plaque loads were observed. Lipid peroxidation, as measured by TBARS levels, correlates well with neuroinflammation in the neocortex but not the hippocampus. The hippocampal lipid peroxidation correlated strongly with the increase of LOC positive fiber load, whereas neocortical TBARS levels were unrelated to amyloidosis. CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate for the first time the progression of major AD related neuropathological features other than plaque load in the APPSL mouse model. Specifically, we demonstrate that microgliosis and astrocytosis are prominent aspects of this AD mouse model. The strong correlation of neuroinflammation with amyloid burden and lipid peroxidation underlines the importance of these pathological factors for the development of AD. The new finding of a different relation of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus and neocortical regions show that the model might contribute to the understanding of complex pathological mechanisms and their interplay in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Löffler
- QPS-Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Daniel Havas
- QPS-Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria
| | | | - Marni Uger
- Amorfix Life Sciences Ltd, 3403 American Drive, Ontario, Canada L4V 1 T4
| | | | - Ernst Steyrer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Branca C, Sarnico I, Ruotolo R, Lanzillotta A, Viscomi AR, Benarese M, Porrini V, Lorenzini L, Calzà L, Imbimbo BP, Ottonello S, Pizzi M. Pharmacological targeting of the β-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4618. [PMID: 24714650 PMCID: PMC3980230 DOI: 10.1038/srep04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD) is a product of APP processing with transcriptional modulation activity, whose overexpression causes various Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related dysfunctions. Here we report that 1-(3',4'-dichloro-2-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid) (CHF5074), a compound that favorably affects neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and memory deficit in transgenic mouse models of AD, interacts with the AICD and impairs its nuclear activity. In neuroglioma-APPswe cells, CHF5074 shifted APP cleavage from Aβ42 to the less toxic Aβ38 peptide without affecting APP-C-terminal fragment, nor APP levels. As revealed by photoaffinity labeling, CHF5074 does not interact with γ-secretase, but binds to the AICD and lowers its nuclear translocation. In vivo treatment with CHF5074 reduced AICD occupancy as well as histone H3 acetylation levels and transcriptional output of the AICD-target gene KAI1. The data provide new mechanistic insights on this compound, which is under clinical investigation for AD treatment/prevention, as well as on the contribution of the AICD to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Branca
- 1] Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine and National Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy [2]
| | - Ilenia Sarnico
- 1] Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine and National Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy [2]
| | - Roberta Ruotolo
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Protein Engineering, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lanzillotta
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine and National Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Arturo Roberto Viscomi
- 1] Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Protein Engineering, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Italy [2]
| | - Marina Benarese
- Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine and National Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- 1] Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine and National Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy [2] IRCCS, San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Luca Lorenzini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Health Science, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Health Science, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Simone Ottonello
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Protein Engineering, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- 1] Department of Molecular & Translational Medicine and National Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy [2] IRCCS, San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
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Beggiato S, Giuliani A, Sivilia S, Lorenzini L, Antonelli T, Imbimbo B, Giardino L, Calzà L, Ferraro L. CHF5074 and LY450139 sub-acute treatments differently affect cortical extracellular glutamate levels in pre-plaque Tg2576 mice. Neuroscience 2014; 266:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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28
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Mango D, Barbato G, Piccirilli S, Panico MB, Feligioni M, Schepisi C, Graziani M, Porrini V, Benarese M, Lanzillotta A, Pizzi M, Pieraccini S, Sironi M, Blandini F, Nicoletti F, Mercuri NB, Imbimbo BP, Nisticò R. Electrophysiological and metabolic effects of CHF5074 in the hippocampus: protection against in vitro ischemia. Pharmacol Res 2014; 81:83-90. [PMID: 24630950 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CHF5074 is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory derivative holding disease-modifying potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present study was to characterize the electrophysiological and metabolic profile of CHF5074 in the hippocampus. Electrophysiological recordings show that CHF5074 inhibits in a dose-dependent manner the current-evoked repetitive firing discharge in CA1 pyramidal neurons. This result is paralleled by a dose-dependent reduction of field excitatory post-synaptic potentials with no effect on the paired-pulse ratio. The effects of CHF5074 were not mediated by AMPA or NMDA receptors, since the inward currents induced by local applications of AMPA and NMDA remained constant in the presence of this compound. We also suggest a possible activity of CHF5074 on ASIC1a receptor since ASIC1a-mediated current, evoked by application of a pH 5.5 solution, is reduced by pretreatment with this compound. Moreover, we demonstrate that CHF5074 treatment is able to counteract in hippocampal slices the OGD-induced increase in alanine, lactate and acetate levels. Finally, CHF5074 significantly reduced the apoptosis in hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD, as revealed by cleaved-caspase-3 immunoreactivity and TUNEL staining. Overall, the present work identifies novel mechanisms for CHF5074 in reducing metabolic acidosis, rendering this compound potentially useful also in conditions of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mango
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - G Barbato
- European Brain Research Institute, Rita-Levi Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - M B Panico
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M Feligioni
- European Brain Research Institute, Rita-Levi Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - C Schepisi
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Graziani
- Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - V Porrini
- University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - M Pizzi
- University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; IRCCS San Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | | | - M Sironi
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Blandini
- IRCCS Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - N B Mercuri
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - B P Imbimbo
- Research and Development Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
| | - R Nisticò
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Toyn JH, Ahlijanian MK. Interpreting Alzheimer's disease clinical trials in light of the effects on amyloid-β. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:14. [PMID: 25031632 PMCID: PMC4014014 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The failure of several potential Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics in mid- to late-stage clinical development has provoked significant discussion regarding the validity of the amyloid hypothesis. In this review, we propose a minimum criterion of 25% for amyloid-β (Aβ) lowering to achieve clinically meaningful slowing of disease progression. This criterion is based on genetic, risk factor, clinical and preclinical studies. We then compare this minimum criterion with the degree of Aβ lowering produced by the potential therapies that have failed in clinical trials. If the proposed minimum Aβ lowering criterion is used, then the amyloid hypothesis has yet to be adequately tested in the clinic. Therefore, we believe that the amyloid hypothesis remains valid and remains to be confirmed or refuted in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H Toyn
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
| | - Michael K Ahlijanian
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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31
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Jurisch-Yaksi N, Sannerud R, Annaert W. A fast growing spectrum of biological functions of γ-secretase in development and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2815-27. [PMID: 24099003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
γ-secretase, which assembles as a tetrameric complex, is an aspartyl protease that proteolytically cleaves substrate proteins within their membrane-spanning domain; a process also known as regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). RIP regulates signaling pathways by abrogating or releasing signaling molecules. Since the discovery, already >15 years ago, of its catalytic component, presenilin, and even much earlier with the identification of amyloid precursor protein as its first substrate, γ-secretase has been commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease. However, starting with Notch and thereafter a continuously increasing number of novel substrates, γ-secretase is becoming linked to an equally broader range of biological processes. This review presents an updated overview of the current knowledge on the diverse molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways controlled by γ-secretase, with a focus on organ development, homeostasis and dysfunction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for the Biology of Disease & Department for Human Genetics (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Windisch M, Flunkert S, Havas D, Hutter-Paier B. Commentary to the recently published review "Drug pipeline in neurodegeneration based on transgenic mice models of Alzheimer's disease" by Li, Evrahimi and Schluesener. Ageing Res. Rev. 2013 Jan;12(1):116-40. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:852-4. [PMID: 23851053 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Li and colleagues summarized the most frequently used Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models available for drug testing and the mediating effects of the different compounds. With almost 300 cited publications, authors present the research community's effort of the last 10 years in finding a new drug for the treatment of AD. Some of the transgenic mouse lines mentioned by Li and colleagues are discussed only very briefly. Since we are convinced that a couple of these models indeed have a great value for AD research and the development of new AD drugs we will subsequently describe a few of them in more detail. A suitable mouse model of AD does not only have to mimic major hallmarks of AD that are modifiable by different test substances as mentioned by the authors; they also have to be translational to clinical trials in humans. For the following discussion, we will therefore also include information on clinical trials of drugs previously tested in the different transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Windisch
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria.
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33
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Sivilia S, Lorenzini L, Giuliani A, Gusciglio M, Fernandez M, Baldassarro VA, Mangano C, Ferraro L, Pietrini V, Baroc MF, Viscomi AR, Ottonello S, Villetti G, Imbimbo BP, Calzà L, Giardino L. Multi-target action of the novel anti-Alzheimer compound CHF5074: in vivo study of long term treatment in Tg2576 mice. BMC Neurosci 2013. [PMID: 23560952 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease is a multifactorial disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of neuronal networks. The pathological hallmarks includes extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, but the primary cause is only partially understood. Thus, there is growing interest in developing agents that might target multiple mechanisms leading to neuronal degeneration. CHF5074 is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory derivative that has been shown to behave as a γ-secretase modulator in vitro and to inhibit plaque deposition and to reverse memory deficit in vivo in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, the effects of a long-term (13-month) treatment with CHF5074 on indicators of brain functionality and neurodegeneration in transgenic AD mice (Tg2576) have been assessed and compared with those induced by a prototypical γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT). RESULTS To this end, plaque-free, 6-month-old Tg2576 mice and wild-type littermates were fed with a diet containing CHF5074 (125 and 375 ppm/day), DAPT (375 ppm/day) or vehicle for 13 months. The measured indicators included object recognition memory, amyloid burden, brain oligomeric and plasma Aβ levels, intraneuronal Aβ, dendritic spine density/morphology, neuronal cyclin A positivity and activated microglia. Tg2576 mice fed with standard diet displayed an impairment of recognition memory. This deficit was completely reverted by the higher dose of CHF5074, while no effects were observed in DAPT-treated mice. Similarly, amyloid plaque burden, microglia activation and aberrant cell cycle events were significantly affected by CHF5074, but not DAPT, treatment. Both CHF5074 and DAPT reduced intraneuronal Aβ content, also increasing Aβ40 and Aβ42 plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS This comparative analysis revealed a profoundly diverse range of clinically relevant effects differentiating the multifunctional anti-inflammatory derivative CHF5074 from the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT and highlighted unique mechanisms and potential targets that may be crucial for neuroprotection in mouse models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sivilia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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34
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Sivilia S, Lorenzini L, Giuliani A, Gusciglio M, Fernandez M, Baldassarro VA, Mangano C, Ferraro L, Pietrini V, Baroc MF, Viscomi AR, Ottonello S, Villetti G, Imbimbo BP, Calzà L, Giardino L. Multi-target action of the novel anti-Alzheimer compound CHF5074: in vivo study of long term treatment in Tg2576 mice. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:44. [PMID: 23560952 PMCID: PMC3626610 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer disease is a multifactorial disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of neuronal networks. The pathological hallmarks includes extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, but the primary cause is only partially understood. Thus, there is growing interest in developing agents that might target multiple mechanisms leading to neuronal degeneration. CHF5074 is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory derivative that has been shown to behave as a γ-secretase modulator in vitro and to inhibit plaque deposition and to reverse memory deficit in vivo in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, the effects of a long-term (13-month) treatment with CHF5074 on indicators of brain functionality and neurodegeneration in transgenic AD mice (Tg2576) have been assessed and compared with those induced by a prototypical γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT). Results To this end, plaque-free, 6-month-old Tg2576 mice and wild-type littermates were fed with a diet containing CHF5074 (125 and 375 ppm/day), DAPT (375 ppm/day) or vehicle for 13 months. The measured indicators included object recognition memory, amyloid burden, brain oligomeric and plasma Aβ levels, intraneuronal Aβ, dendritic spine density/morphology, neuronal cyclin A positivity and activated microglia. Tg2576 mice fed with standard diet displayed an impairment of recognition memory. This deficit was completely reverted by the higher dose of CHF5074, while no effects were observed in DAPT-treated mice. Similarly, amyloid plaque burden, microglia activation and aberrant cell cycle events were significantly affected by CHF5074, but not DAPT, treatment. Both CHF5074 and DAPT reduced intraneuronal Aβ content, also increasing Aβ40 and Aβ42 plasma levels. Conclusions This comparative analysis revealed a profoundly diverse range of clinically relevant effects differentiating the multifunctional anti-inflammatory derivative CHF5074 from the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT and highlighted unique mechanisms and potential targets that may be crucial for neuroprotection in mouse models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sivilia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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35
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Inhibition of serine palmitoyltransferase reduces Aβ and tau hyperphosphorylation in a murine model: a safe therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2037-51. [PMID: 23528227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the autosomal dominant mutations to the etiology of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well characterized. However, the molecular mechanisms contributing to sporadic AD are less well understood. Increased ceramide levels have been evident in AD patients. We previously reported that increased ceramide levels, regulated by increased serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), directly mediate amyloid β (Aβ) levels. Therefore, we inhibited SPT in an AD mouse model (TgCRND8) through subcutaneous administration of L-cylcoserine. The cortical Aβ₄₂ and hyperphosphorylated tau levels were down-regulated with the inhibition of SPT/ceramide. Positive correlations were observed among cortical SPT, ceramide, and Aβ₄₂ levels. With no evident toxic effects observed, inhibition of SPT could be a safe therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the AD pathology. We previously observed that miR-137, -181c, -9, and 29a/b post-transcriptionally regulate SPT levels, and the corresponding miRNA levels in the blood sera are potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD. Here, we observe a negative correlation between cortical Aβ₄₂ and sera Aβ₄₂, and a positive correlation between cortical miRNA levels and sera miRNA levels suggesting their potential as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers.
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36
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Lee DC, Rizer J, Hunt JB, Selenica MLB, Gordon MN, Morgan D. Review: experimental manipulations of microglia in mouse models of Alzheimer's pathology: activation reduces amyloid but hastens tau pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:69-85. [PMID: 23171029 PMCID: PMC4300851 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The inflammation hypothesis of Alzheimer's pathogenesis has directed much scientific effort towards ameliorating this disease. The development of mouse models of amyloid deposition permitted direct tests of the proposal that amyloid-activated microglia could cause neurodegeneration in vivo. Many approaches to manipulating microglial activation have been applied to these mouse models, and are the subject of this review. In general, these results do not support a direct neuricidal action of microglia in mouse amyloid models under any activation state. Some of the manipulations cause both a reduction in pathology and a reduction in microglial activation. However, at least for agents like ibuprofen, this outcome may result from a direct action on amyloid production, and a reduction in the microglial-provoking amyloid deposits, rather than from reduced microglial activation leading to a decline in amyloid deposition. Instead, a surprising number of the experimental manipulations which increase microglial activation lead to enhanced clearance of the amyloid deposits. Both the literature and new data presented here suggest that either classical or alternative activation of microglia can lead to enhanced amyloid clearance. However, a limited number of studies comparing the same treatments in amyloid-depositing vs. tau-depositing mice find the opposite effects. Treatments that benefit amyloid pathology accelerate tau pathology. This observation argues strongly that potential treatments be tested for impact on both amyloid and tau pathology before consideration of testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Lee
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida
| | - Justin Rizer
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - Jerry B. Hunt
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida
| | - Maj-Linda B. Selenica
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida
| | - Marcia N. Gordon
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - Dave Morgan
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida
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37
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Giuliani A, Beggiato S, Baldassarro VA, Mangano C, Giardino L, Imbimbo BP, Antonelli T, Calzà L, Ferraro L. CHF5074 restores visual memory ability and pre-synaptic cortical acetylcholine release in pre-plaque Tg2576 mice. J Neurochem 2013; 124:613-20. [PMID: 23278303 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CHF5074, a new microglial modulator, attenuates memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. In this study, the effect of an acute or subacute CHF5074 treatment on in vivo novel object recognition test and on [³H]Acetylcholine (ACh) and GABA release in pre-plaque (7-month-old) Tg2576 mice have been compared with those induced by the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139 (semagacestat). Vehicle-treated Tg2576 mice displayed an impairment of recognition memory compared with wild-type animals. This impairment was recovered in transgenic animals acutely treated with CHF5074 (30 mg/kg), while LY450139 (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) was ineffective. In frontal cortex synaptosomes from vehicle-treated Tg2576 mice, K⁺-evoked [³H]ACh release was lower than that measured in wild-type mice. This reduction was absent in transgenic animals subacutely treated with CHF5074 (30 mg/kg daily for 8 days), while it was slightly, not significantly, amplified by LY450139 (3 mg/kg daily for 8 days). There were no differences between the groups on spontaneous [³H]ACh release as well as spontaneous and K⁺-evoked GABA release. These results suggest that CHF5074 has beneficial effects on visual memory and cortical cholinergic dysfunctions in pre-plaque Tg2576 mice. Together with previous findings, these data suggest that CHF5074 could be a possible candidate for early Alzheimer's disease therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Giuliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Health Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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38
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Bulic B, Ness J, Hahn S, Rennhack A, Jumpertz T, Weggen S. Chemical Biology, Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Perspective of γ-Secretase Modulators in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:598-622. [PMID: 22798753 PMCID: PMC3391656 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive evidence supports that oligomerization and accumulation of amyloidogenic Aβ42 peptides in brain is crucial in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease. Imaging studies indicate that the buildup of Aβ begins many years before the onset of clinical symptoms, and that subsequent neurodegeneration and cognitive decline may proceed independently of Aβ. This implies the necessity for early intervention in cognitively normal individuals with therapeutic strategies that prioritize safety. The aspartyl protease γ-secretase catalyses the last step in the cellular generation of Aβ42 peptides, and is a principal target for anti-amyloidogenic intervention strategies. Due to the essential role of γ-secretase in the NOTCH signaling pathway, overt mechanism-based toxicity has been observed with the first generation of γ-secretase inhibitors, and safety of this approach has been questioned. However, two new classes of small molecules, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) and NOTCH-sparing γ-secretase inhibitors, have revitalized γ-secretase as a drug target in AD. GSMs are small molecules that cause a product shift from Aβ42 towards shorter and less toxic Ab peptides. Importantly, GSMs spare other physiologically important substrates of the γ-secretase complex like NOTCH. Recently, GSMs with nanomolar potency and favorable in vivo properties have been described. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the unusual proteolytic activity of γ-secretase, and the chemical biology, molecular mechanisms and clinical perspective of compounds that target the γ-secretase complex, with a particular focus on GSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bulic
- Research Group Chemical Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, D-53175 Bonn, Germany
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39
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Poli G, Corda E, Lucchini B, Puricelli M, Martino PA, Dall'ara P, Villetti G, Bareggi SR, Corona C, Vallino Costassa E, Gazzuola P, Iulini B, Mazza M, Acutis P, Mantegazza P, Casalone C, Imbimbo BP. Therapeutic effect of CHF5074, a new γ-secretase modulator, in a mouse model of scrapie. Prion 2012; 6:62-72. [PMID: 22453180 DOI: 10.4161/pri.6.1.18317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) and Alzheimer disease (AD) both misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins represent key features. Recently, it was observed that PrP (c) is a mediator of a synaptic dysfunction induced by Aβ oligomers. We tested a novel γ secretase modulator (CHF5074) in a murine model of prion disease. Groups of female mice were intracerebrally or intraperitoneally infected with the mouse-adapted Rocky Mountain Laboratory prions. Two weeks prior infection, the animals were provided with a CHF5074-medicated diet (375 ppm) or a standard diet (vehicle) until they showed neurological signs and eventually died. In intracerebrally infected mice, oral administration of CHF5074 did not prolong survival of the animals. In intraperitoneally-infected mice, CHF5074-treated animals showed a median survival time of 21 days longer than vehicle-treated mice (p < 0.001). In these animals, immunohistochemistry analyses showed that deposition of PrP (Sc) in the cerebellum, hippocampus and parietal cortex in CHF5074-treated mice was significantly lower than in vehicle-treated animals. Immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in parietal cortex revealed a significantly higher reactive gliosis in CHF5074-treated mice compared to the control group of infected animals. Although the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of CHF5074 in this murine model of human prion disease is unclear, it could be hypothesized that the drug counteracts PrP (Sc ) toxicity through astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection. CHF5074 shows a pharmacological potential in murine models of both AD and TSEs thus suggesting a link between these degenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Poli
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Salomone S, Caraci F, Leggio GM, Fedotova J, Drago F. New pharmacological strategies for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: focus on disease modifying drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:504-17. [PMID: 22035455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approved drug treatments for Alzheimer disease (AD) include cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. These drugs provide symptomatic relief but poorly affect the progression of the disease. Drug discovery has been directed, in the last 10 years, to develop 'disease modifying drugs' hopefully able to counteract the progression of AD. Because in a chronic, slow progressing pathological process, such as AD, an early start of treatment enhances the chance of success, it is crucial to have biomarkers for early detection of AD-related brain dysfunction, usable before clinical onset. Reliable early biomarkers need therefore to be prospectively tested for predictive accuracy, with specific cut off values validated in clinical practice. Disease modifying drugs developed so far include drugs to reduce β amyloid (Aβ) production, drugs to prevent Aβ aggregation, drugs to promote Aβ clearance, drugs targeting tau phosphorylation and assembly and other approaches. Unfortunately none of these drugs has demonstrated efficacy in phase 3 studies. The failure of clinical trials with disease modifying drugs raises a number of questions, spanning from methodological flaws to fundamental understanding of AD pathophysiology and biology. Recently, new diagnostic criteria applicable to presymptomatic stages of AD have been published. These new criteria may impact on drug development, such that future trials on disease modifying drugs will include populations susceptible to AD, before clinical onset. Specific problems with completed trials and hopes with ongoing trials are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department of Formative Processes, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, Catania, Italy
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41
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Consequences of inhibiting amyloid precursor protein processing enzymes on synaptic function and plasticity. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:272374. [PMID: 22792491 PMCID: PMC3390164 DOI: 10.1155/2012/272374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, one of whose major pathological hallmarks is the accumulation of amyloid plaques comprised of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. It is now recognized that soluble Aβ oligomers may lead to synaptic dysfunctions early in AD pathology preceding plaque deposition. Aβ is produced by a sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the activity of β- and γ-secretases, which have been identified as major candidate therapeutic targets of AD. This paper focuses on how Aβ alters synaptic function and the functional consequences of inhibiting the activity of the two secretases responsible for Aβ generation. Abnormalities in synaptic function resulting from the absence or inhibition of the Aβ-producing enzymes suggest that Aβ itself may have normal physiological functions which are disrupted by abnormal accumulation of Aβ during AD pathology. This interpretation suggests that AD therapeutics targeting the β- and γ-secretases should be developed to restore normal levels of Aβ or combined with measures to circumvent the associated synaptic dysfunction(s) in order to have minimal impact on normal synaptic function.
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42
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Differential effects between γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators on cognitive function in amyloid precursor protein-transgenic and nontransgenic mice. J Neurosci 2012; 32:2037-50. [PMID: 22323718 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4264-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides but inevitably increase the β-C-terminal fragment (β-CTF) of amyloid precursor protein (APP), potentially having undesirable effects on synapses. In contrast, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) reduce Aβ42 without increasing β-CTF. Although the Aβ-lowering effects of these compounds have been extensively studied, little effort has been made to investigate their effects on cognition. Here, we compared the effects of two GSIs--(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-methyl-N-[(2S)-1-{[(1S)-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-1-yl]amino}-1-oxopropan-2-yl]butanamide (LY450139, semagacestat) and (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fluoro-4-(1,2,4-oxazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino-5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide (BMS-708163)--and a second-generation GSM [{(2S,4R)-1-[(4R)-1,1,1-trifluoro-7-methyloctan-4-yl]-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-4-yl}acetic acid (GSM-2)] on spatial working memory in APP-transgenic (Tg2576) and nontransgenic mice using the Y-maze task. While acute dosing with either GSI ameliorated memory deficits in 5.5-month-old Tg2576 mice, these effects disappeared after 8 d subchronic dosing. Subchronic dosing with either GSI rather impaired normal cognition in 3-month-old Tg2576 mice, with no inhibition on the processing of other γ-secretase substrates, such as Notch, N-cadherin, or EphA4, in the brain. LY450139 also impaired normal cognition in wild-type mice; however, the potency was 10-fold lower than that in Tg2576 mice, indicating an APP-dependent mechanism likely with β-CTF accumulation. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that the β-CTF accumulation was localized in the presynaptic terminals of the hippocampal stratum lucidum and dentate hilus, implying an effect on presynaptic function in the mossy fibers. In contrast, both acute and subchronic dosing with GSM-2 significantly ameliorated memory deficits in Tg2576 mice and did not affect normal cognition in wild-type mice. We demonstrated a clear difference between GSI and GSM in effects on functional consequences, providing new insights into strategies for developing these drugs against Alzheimer's disease.
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43
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Reitz C. Alzheimer's disease and the amyloid cascade hypothesis: a critical review. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:369808. [PMID: 22506132 PMCID: PMC3313573 DOI: 10.1155/2012/369808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1992, the amyloid cascade hypothesis has played the prominent role in explaining the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It proposes that the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) is the initial pathological event in AD leading to the formation of senile plaques (SPs) and then to neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuronal cell death, and ultimately dementia. While there is substantial evidence supporting the hypothesis, there are also limitations: (1) SP and NFT may develop independently, and (2) SPs and NFTs may be the products rather than the causes of neurodegeneration in AD. In addition, randomized clinical trials that tested drugs or antibodies targeting components of the amyloid pathway have been inconclusive. This paper provides a critical overview of the evidence for and against the amyloid cascade hypothesis in AD and provides suggestions for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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44
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Wolfe MS. γ-Secretase as a target for Alzheimer's disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 64:127-53. [PMID: 22840746 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a protease complex responsible for cutting the transmembrane domain of the amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) to form the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), an aggregation-prone product that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. As evidence suggests that Aβ is critical to Alzheimer pathogenesis, γ-secretase is considered a key target for the development of disease-modifying therapeutics. The protease complex cuts many other substrates, and some of these proteolytic events are part of signaling pathways or other important cellular functions. Among these, proteolysis of the Notch receptor is essential for signaling that is involved in a number of cell-fate determinations. Many inhibitors of γ-secretase have been identified, but it is clear that drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease should have minimal effects on the Notch signaling pathway, as serious safety issues have arisen with nonselective inhibitors. Two types of promising candidates that target this protease complex have emerged: the so-called "Notch-sparing" γ-secretase inhibitors, which block cleavage of APP selectively over that of Notch, and γ-secretase modulators, which shift the proportion of Aβ peptides produced in favor of shorter, less aggregation-prone species. The current status and prospects for these two general types of candidates will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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45
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Abstract
γ-Secretase is a membrane embedded aspartyl protease complex with presenilin as the catalytic component. Along with β-secretase, this enzyme produces the amyloid β-protein of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from the amyloid β-protein precursor. Because of its key role in the pathogenesis of AD, γ-secretase has been a prime target for drug discovery, and many inhibitors of this protease have been developed. The therapeutic potential of these inhibitors is virtually negated by the fact that γ-secretase is an essential part of the Notch signaling pathway, rendering the compounds unacceptably toxic upon chronic exposure. However, these compounds have served as useful chemical tools for biological investigations. In contrast, γ-secretase modulators continue to be of keen interest as possible AD therapeutics. These modulators either shift amyloid β-protein production to shorter, less pathogenic peptides or inhibit the proteolysis of amyloid β-protein precursor selectively compared to that of Notch. The various chemical types of inhibitors and modulators will be discussed, along with their use as probes for basic biology and their potential as AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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46
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Peng H, Talreja T, Xin Z, Cuervo JH, Kumaravel G, Humora MJ, Xu L, Rohde E, Gan L, Jung MY, Shackett MN, Chollate S, Dunah AW, Snodgrass-belt PA, Arnold HM, Taveras AG, Rhodes KJ, Scannevin RH. Discovery of BIIB042, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable γ-Secretase Modulator. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:786-91. [PMID: 24900267 DOI: 10.1021/ml200175q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated a novel series of acid-derived γ-secretase modulators as a potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Optimization based on cellular potency and brain pharmacodynamics after oral dosing led to the discovery of 10a (BIIB042). Compound 10a is a potent γ-secretase modulator, which lowered Aβ42, increased Aβ38, but had little to no effect on Aβ40 levels both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, compound 10a did not affect Notch signaling in our in vitro assessment. Compound 10a demonstrated excellent pharmacokinetic parameters in multiple species. Oral administration of 10a significantly reduced brain Aβ42 levels in CF-1 mice and Fischer rats, as well as plasma Aβ42 levels in cynomolgus monkeys. Compound 10a was selected as a candidate for preclinical safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairuo Peng
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tina Talreja
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Zhili Xin
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - J. Hernan Cuervo
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Gnanasambandam Kumaravel
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael J. Humora
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lin Xu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ellen Rohde
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lawrence Gan
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mi-young Jung
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Melanie N. Shackett
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sowmya Chollate
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anthone W. Dunah
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Pamela A. Snodgrass-belt
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - H. Moore Arnold
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Arthur G. Taveras
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Rhodes
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert H. Scannevin
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Chemical Process, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and ∥Neurology Research, Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Hillmann A, Hahn S, Schilling S, Hoffmann T, Demuth HU, Bulic B, Schneider-Axmann T, Bayer TA, Weggen S, Wirths O. No improvement after chronic ibuprofen treatment in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:833.e39-50. [PMID: 21943956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been reported to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its preventive effects in AD are likely pleiotropic as ibuprofen displays both anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of cyclooxygenases and anti-amyloidogenic activity by modulation of γ-secretase. In order to study the anti-inflammatory properties of ibuprofen independent of its anti-amyloidogenic activity, we performed a long-term treatment study with ibuprofen in 5XFAD mice expressing a presenilin-1 mutation that renders this AD model resistant to γ-secretase modulation. As expected, ibuprofen treatment for 3 months resulted in a reduction of the inflammatory reaction in the 5XFAD mouse model. Importantly, an unchanged amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque load, an increase in soluble Aβ42 levels, and an aggravation of some behavioral parameters were noted, raising the question whether suppression of inflammation by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is beneficial in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Hillmann
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry and Alzheimer Ph.D. Graduate School, Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Hieke M, Ness J, Steri R, Greiner C, Werz O, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Weggen S, Zettl H. SAR studies of acidic dual γ-secretase/PPARγ modulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5372-82. [PMID: 21873070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel set of dual γ-secretase/PPARγ modulators characterized by a 2-benzyl hexanoic acid scaffold is presented. Synthetic efforts were focused on the variation of the substitution pattern of the central benzene. Finally, we obtained a new class of 2,5-disubstituted 2-benzylidene hexanoic acid derivatives, which act as dual γ-secretase/PPARγ modulators in the low micromolar range. We have explored broad SAR and successfully improved the dual pharmacological activity and the selectivity profile against potential off-targets such as NOTCH and COX. Compound 17 showed an IC(50) Aβ42=2.4 μM and an EC(50) PPARγ=7.2 μM and could be a valuable tool to further evaluate the concept of dual γ-secretase/PPARγ modulators in animal models of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hieke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Schiefer IT, Abdul-Hay S, Wang H, Vanni M, Qin Z, Thatcher GRJ. Inhibition of amyloidogenesis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their hybrid nitrates. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2293-306. [PMID: 21405086 DOI: 10.1021/jm101450p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Poor blood-brain barrier penetration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been blamed for the failure of the selective amyloid lowering agent (SALA) R-flurbiprofen in phase 3 clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD). NO-donor NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs) provide an alternative, gastric-sparing approach to NSAID SALAs, which may improve bioavailability. NSAID analogues were studied for anti-inflammatory activity and for SALA activity in N2a neuronal cells transfected with human amyloid precursor protein (APP). Flurbiprofen (1) analogues were obtained with enhanced anti-inflammatory and antiamyloidogenic properties compared to 1, however, esterification led to elevated Aβ(1-42) levels. Hybrid nitrate prodrugs possessed superior anti-inflammatory activity and reduced toxicity relative to the parent NSAIDs, including clinical candidate CHF5074. Although hybrid nitrates elevated Aβ(1-42) at higher concentration, SALA activity was observed at low concentrations (≤1 μM): both Aβ(1-42) and the ratio of Aβ(1-42)/Aβ(1-40) were lowered. This biphasic SALA activity was attributed to the intact nitrate drug. For several compounds, the selective modulation of amyloidogenesis was tested using an immunoprecipitation MALDI-TOF approach. These data support the development of NO-NSAIDs as an alternative approach toward a clinically useful SALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T Schiefer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC 781, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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50
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Yuan SM, Gao K, Wang DM, Quan XZ, Liu JN, Ma CM, Qin C, Zhang LF. Evodiamine improves congnitive abilities in SAMP8 and APP(swe)/PS1(ΔE9) transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:295-302. [PMID: 21278785 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of evodiamine (a quinolone alkaloid from the fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa) on the progression of Alzheimer's disease in SAMP8 and APP(swe)/PS1(ΔE9) transgenic mouse models. METHODS The mice at age of 5 months were randomized into the model group, two evodiamine (50 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1) and 100 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) groups and an Aricept (2 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) group. The littermates of no-transgenic mice and senescence accelerated mouse/resistance 1 mice (SAMR1) were used as controls. After 4 weeks of treatment, learning abilities and memory were assessed using Morris water-maze test, and glucose uptake by the brain was detected using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in brain tissues were detected using ELISA. Expression of COX-2 protein was determined using Western blot. RESULTS In Morris water-maze test, evodiamine (100 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) significantly alleviated the impairments of learning ability and memory. Evodiamine (100 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) also reversed the inhibition of glucose uptake due to development of Alzheimer's disease traits in mice. Furthermore, the dose of evodiamine significantly decreased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 that were involved in the inflammation due to Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION The results indicate that evodiamine (100 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) improves cognitive abilities in the transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease.
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