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Oleksak P, Nepovimova E, Valko M, Alwasel S, Alomar S, Kuca K. Comprehensive analysis of prohibited substances and methods in sports: Unveiling trends, pharmacokinetics, and WADA evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104447. [PMID: 38636744 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This review systematically compiles sports-related drugs, substances, and methodologies based on the most frequently detected findings from prohibited lists published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) between 2003 and 2021. Aligned with structure of the 2023 prohibited list, it covers all proscribed items and details the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of five representatives from each section. Notably, it explores significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with these substances. Adverse analytical findings are summarized in tables for clarity, and the prevalence is visually represented through charts. The review includes a concise historical overview of doping and WADA's role, examining modifications in the prohibited list for an understanding of evolving anti-doping measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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2
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Sandré F, Moilleron R, Morin C, Garrigue-Antar L. Comprehensive analysis of a widely pharmaceutical, furosemide, and its degradation products in aquatic systems: Occurrence, fate, and ecotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123799. [PMID: 38527585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical compounds end up in the environment due to incomplete removal by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Some compounds are sometimes present in significant concentrations and therefore represent a risk to the aquatic environment. Furosemide is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Considered as an essential drug by the World Health Organization, this powerful loop diuretic is used extensively to treat hypertension, heart and kidney failure and many other purposes. However, this important consumption also results in a significant release of furosemide in wastewater and in the receiving environment where concentrations of a few hundred ng/L to several thousand have been found in the literature, making furosemide a compound of great concern. Also, during its transport in wastewater systems and WWTPs, furosemide can be degraded by various processes resulting in the production of more than 74 by-products. Furosemide may therefore present a significant risk to ecosystem health due not only to its direct cytotoxic, genotoxic and hepatotoxic effects in animals, but also indirectly through its transformation products, which are poorly characterized. Many articles classify furosemide as a priority pollutant according to its occurrence in the environment, its persistence, its elimination by WWTPs, its toxicity and ecotoxicity. Here, we present a state-of-the-art review of this emerging pollutant of interest, tracking it, from its consumption to its fate in the aquatic environment. Discussion points include the occurrence of furosemide in various matrices, the efficiency of many processes for the degradation of furosemide, the subsequent production of degradation products following these treatments, as well as their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidji Sandré
- Leesu, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, Creteil, F-94010, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, Creteil, F-94010, France
| | - Christophe Morin
- Leesu, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, Creteil, F-94010, France; IUT - Sénart Fontainebleau, 36 Rue Georges Charpak, 77567, Lieusaint, France
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3
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Kim C, Park JH, Lee JY. AI-based betting anomaly detection system to ensure fairness in sports and prevent illegal gambling. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6470. [PMID: 38499635 PMCID: PMC10948790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study develops a solution to sports match-fixing using various machine-learning models to detect match-fixing anomalies, based on betting odds. We use five models to distinguish between normal and abnormal matches: logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classification, and the ensemble model-a model optimized from the previous four. The models classify normal and abnormal matches by learning their patterns using sports betting odds data. The database was developed based on the world football league match betting data of 12 betting companies, which offered a vast collection of data on players, teams, game schedules, and league rankings for football matches. We develop an abnormal match detection model based on the data analysis results of each model, using the match result dividend data. We then use data from real-time matches and apply the five models to construct a system capable of detecting match-fixing in real time. The RF, KNN, and ensemble models recorded a high accuracy, over 92%, whereas the LR and SVM models were approximately 80% accurate. In comparison, previous studies have used a single model to examine football match betting odds data, with an accuracy of 70-80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgyun Kim
- Department of Artificial Intelligence & Software, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeon Park
- Center for Sports and Performance Analysis, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, 05541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Lee
- Center for Sports and Performance Analysis, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, 05541, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Hung SH, Kan HL, Tung CW, Lin YC, Chen TT, Tian C, Chang WCW. Probing the hair detectability of prohibited substances in sports: an in vivo-in silico-clinical approach and analytical implications compared with plasma, urine, and faeces. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:779-790. [PMID: 38224356 PMCID: PMC10861659 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Hair analysis is a crucial method in forensic toxicology with potential applications in revealing doping histories in sports. Despite its widespread use, knowledge about detectable substances in hair is limited. This study systematically assessed the detectability of prohibited substances in sports using a multifaceted approach. Initially, an animal model received a subset of 17 model drugs to compare dose dependencies and detection windows across different matrices. Subsequently, hair incorporation data from the animal experiment were extrapolated to all substances on the World Anti-Doping Agency's List through in-silico prediction. The detectability of substances in hair was further validated in a proof-of-concept human study involving the consumption of diuretics and masking agents. Semi-quantitative analysis of substances in specimens was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed plasma had optimal dose dependencies with limited detection windows, while urine, faeces, and hair exhibited a reasonable relationship with the administered dose. Notably, hair displayed the highest detection probability (14 out of 17) for compounds, including anabolic agents, hormones, and diuretics, with beta-2 agonists undetected. Diuretics such as furosemide, canrenone, and hydrochlorothiazide showed the highest hair incorporation. Authentic human hair confirmed diuretic detectability, and their use duration was determined via segmental analysis. Noteworthy is the first-time reporting of canrenone in human hair. Anabolic agents were expected in hair, whereas undetectable compounds, such as peptide hormones and beta-2 agonists, were likely due to large molecular mass or high polarity. This study enhances understanding of hair analysis in doping investigations, providing insights into substance detectability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hsin Hung
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Kan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, College of Humanities and Management, National Ilan University, Yilan County, 260, Taiwan
| | - Ciao Tian
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - William Chih-Wei Chang
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Evernden C, Charrois TL. A survey and knowledge assessment of Albertan pharmacists providing pharmacy services to athlete-patients. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2023; 156:243-246. [PMID: 38222893 PMCID: PMC10786014 DOI: 10.1177/17151635231188347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Evernden
- Alberta Health Services, Pharmacy Department, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Theresa L. Charrois
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
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Mantri S, Agarwal S, Jaiswal A, Yelne S, Prasad R, Wanjari MB. Bodybuilding: A Comprehensive Review of Performance-Enhancing Substance Use and Public Health Implications. Cureus 2023; 15:e41600. [PMID: 37559855 PMCID: PMC10409494 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of performance-enhancing substances in bodybuilding is a well-known and long-standing issue. This comprehensive review article provides a detailed overview of the history of performance-enhancing substance use in bodybuilding, the types of substances commonly used, and the short-term and long-term health effects associated with their use. Additionally, the article discusses the regulation of performance-enhancing substances in various countries and the role of healthcare professionals in preventing substance use. The article also highlights the impact of substance use on society and the importance of prevention and intervention strategies. Finally, the article emphasizes the role of policymakers in addressing performance-enhancing substance use, including the development of regulations, penalties for violating rules, and the provision of resources for prevention and intervention programs. Overall, this review article sheds light on the dark side of bodybuilding and provides insight into the public health implications of performance-enhancing substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Mantri
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sristy Agarwal
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Rersearch, Wardha, IND
| | - Arpita Jaiswal
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Rersearch, Wardha, IND
| | - Seema Yelne
- Nursing, Shalinitai Meghe College of Nursing, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Roshan Prasad
- Medicine and Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Mayur B Wanjari
- Research and Development, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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7
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Processes in Doping System: Quantification Reports in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed martial arts (MMA) has always been surrounded by controversy due to the unusual muscle development of its participants, so it is crucial to know the strategies that have been implemented to reduce doping cases. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the various cases of doping detected by USADA in UFC MMA participants. In addition, strategies that are being developed to reduce cases of positive doping are proposed. From the UFC USADA database, doping cases were extracted, obtaining the substance or substances involved; the formula, physiological effect and the athletes involved; the dates of the sampling; if it was out of competition or in-competition and the sanction time. The substances that were most involved were found to be Ostarine (22), Clomiphene (9), Diuretics (10) and Stanozolol (9). Some sanctions were diminished because they were treated with contamination of supplements (cases of Ostarine) and cases of contamination of meat (Clomiphene). When contaminated supplements were reported, they were added to the list of high-risk supplements maintained as part of USADA’s online dietary supplement safety education and awareness resource—Supplement 411. There were also cases in which positive doping could be avoided through the early report of therapeutic use exemptions. The methodology that the USADA has implemented allows us to register the athletes with positive doping, check the risk of the supplements before being bought and provide a teaching portal. These efforts are necessary to implement in all countries in which MMA is practiced, avoiding the participation of doped martial artists.
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8
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Reza Zaimbashi, Hadi Beitollahi. Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Hydrochlorothiazide Based on Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with ZnO/Al2O3 Nanocomposite. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375522060163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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9
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Wall K, Rokohl AC, Scheiff AB, Katlun T, Heindl LM. [Ophthalmic drug therapy in professional athletes-what is allowed, what is doping?]. DIE OPHTHALMOLOGIE 2022; 119:1250-1256. [PMID: 35947154 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-022-01698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At first sight, ophthalmic drugs are not necessarily suspected of being used as performance-enhancing agents in competitive sports. However, there are some restrictions that must be noted, especially when certain drugs are taken orally. A structured analysis of the doping relevance of ophthalmic drugs was performed on the basis of a literature review, taking into account the current guidelines of the National Anti-Doping Agency of Germany and the World Anti-Doping Agency. Use of the most common ophthalmological drug groups is possible without restrictions, especially in the case of topical application. An exception is the oral use of diuretics, which is prohibited at all times. For glucocorticoids, topical application to the eye is allowed, but oral application is prohibited in competition. A similar restriction applies to the use of epinephrin, for which all forms of systemic application are prohibited in competition. When taking beta-blockers, the sport being played is the determining factor: use is prohibited in billiards, archery, darts, golf, motor sports, shooting sports, skiing/snowboarding, ski jumping, freestyle aerials/half pipe, snowboard half pipe/big air, and underwater sports. For shooting and archery, beta-blockers are also prohibited outside of competitions. Athletes with pre-existing ophthalmological conditions should seek comprehensive advice from an ophthalmologist before using any medication, and together they should choose a permissible active ingredient, consider the appropriate route of application, and, if necessary, apply for a Therapeutic Use Exemption. It is currently not known how many of the national and international athletes have to be treated with eye drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wall
- Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland
| | | | - Thomas Katlun
- Augenärztliche Privatpraxis Dr. Thomas Katlun, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland.
- Olympiastützpunkt, Nordrhein-Westfalen/Rheinland, Köln, Deutschland.
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10
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Huebner M, Ma W, Harding S. Sport-related risk factors for moderate or severe urinary incontinence in master female weightlifters: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278376. [PMID: 36449558 PMCID: PMC9710785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary incontinence (UI), defined as the involuntary loss of urine, is a common, multifactorial condition. It is unclear whether physical activities, their intensity or frequency, may affect the potential for UI in addition to known risk factors in the general population. Higher prevalence of UI has been observed when engaging in high-impact sports, but research is sparse regarding UI in strength sports. Since the Olympic-style weightlifting has seen an unprecedented increase in women's participation in recent years, this study provides much-needed data to investigate whether weightlifting predisposes women to UI. OBJECTIVES The aim was to conduct a survey of female Master athletes in countries that are members of the International Weightlifting Federation using a validated incontinence severity index and to study (1) whether known risk factors in the general population increase the odds of UI in female competitive weightlifters and (2) whether sport-related factors are associated with UI after adjusting for known risk factors. The outcomes of interest were moderate or more severe UI and incontinence during lifts specific to weightlifting competitions. RESULTS Respondents consisted of 824 female competitive weightlifters from 29 countries, ages 30 to 79, median 41 years. Prevalence of moderate or more severe incontinence was 32%. Higher BMI, prior pregnancies, and depressive mood increased the odds, but age was not associated. Athletes who had engaged in high-impact sports prior to starting weightlifting training were at a higher risk of UI, but participation in prior strength sports was not associated with UI. The predictive probability of moderate or more severe UI increased with more hours per week of weightlifting training. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that while female weightlifters had a higher prevalence of moderate or severe UI than in a general population according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and that athletes who had engaged in high-impact sports prior to starting weightlifting were at a higher risk of UI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Huebner
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shirley Harding
- Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Gómez-Guerrero N, González-López N, Zapata-Velásquez JD, Martínez-Ramírez JA, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE. Synthetic Peptides in Doping Control: A Powerful Tool for an Analytical Challenge. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38193-38206. [PMID: 36340120 PMCID: PMC9631397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are very diverse molecules that can participate in a wide variety of biological processes. In this way, peptides are attractive for doping, since these molecules can activate or trigger biological processes that can improve the sports performance of athletes. Peptide molecules are found in the official World Anti-Doping Agency lists, mainly in sections S2, S4, and S5. In most cases, these molecules have a very short half-life in the body and/or are identical to natural molecules in the body, making it difficult to analyze them as performance-enhancing drugs. This article reviews the role of peptides in doping, with special emphasis on the peptides used as reference materials, the pretreatment of samples in biological matrices, the instrumentation, and the validation of analytical methodologies for the analysis of peptides used in doping. The growing need to characterize and quantify these molecules, especially in complex biological matrices, has generated the need to search for robust strategies that allow for obtaining sensitive and conclusive results. In this sense, strategies such as solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), seeking to obtain specific peptides, metabolites, or isotopically labeled analogs, is a key tool for adequate quantification of different peptide molecules in biological matrices. This, together with the use of optimal methodologies for sample pretreatment (e.g., SPE or protein precipitation), and for subsequent analysis by high-resolution techniques (mainly hyphenated LC-HRMS techniques), have become the preferred instrumentation to meet the analytical challenge involved in the analysis of peptides in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor
Alejandro Gómez-Guerrero
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Doping
Control Laboratory, Ministerio del Deporte,
Bogotá, Carrera
68 No 55-65, 111071 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás
Mateo González-López
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Diego Zapata-Velásquez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Ariel Martínez-Ramírez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zuly Jenny Rivera-Monroy
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Quantification of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Metabolites in Urine and Hair of Patients and Their Relatives. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101379. [PMID: 36290285 PMCID: PMC9598937 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as dorzolamide, brinzolamide, and acetazolamide are prescription drugs prohibited in sports. Detecting these substances and their biomarkers of consumption in urine and hair is crucial to documenting misuse in doping. We quantified dorzolamide, brinzolamide, acetazolamide, and their metabolites in the urine and hair of 88 patients under treatment, and samples of the patients’ relatives were analyzed to assess potential for accidental exposure. We found that cutoff concentrations of urinary dorzolamide and brinzolamide are necessary to preclude false positives due to contamination or passive exposure. Additionally, we reported the first concentrations of brinzolamide in hair. Abstract Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are prescription drugs also used in doping to dilute urine samples and tamper with urinalyses. Dorzolamide, brinzolamide, and acetazolamide are prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Detecting CAIs and their metabolites in biological samples is crucial to documenting misuse in doping. We quantified dorzolamide, brinzolamide, acetazolamide, and their metabolites in the urine and hair of 88 patients under treatment for ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Samples of the patients’ relatives were analyzed to assess potential for accidental exposure. After washing, 25 mg hair was incubated with an acidic buffer at 100 °C for 1 h. After cooling and centrifugation, the supernatant was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Urine (100 μL) was diluted and centrifuged before UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Run time was 8 min through a reverse-phase column with a mobile phase gradient. MS/MS analysis was performed in a multiple-reaction monitoring mode after positive electrospray ionization. Median urinary concentration was 245 ng/mL (IQR: 116.2–501 ng/mL) for dorzolamide, 81.1 ng/mL (IQR: 35.9–125.3 ng/mL) for N-deethyl-dorzolamide, 0.77 ng/mL (IQR: 0.64 ng/mL–0.84 ng/mL) for N-acetyl-dorzolamide, 38.9 ng/mL (IQR: 20.4–79.2 ng/mL) for brinzolamide, and 72.8 ng/mL (IQR: 20.7–437.3 ng/mL) for acetazolamide. Median hair concentration was 0.48 ng/mg (IQR: 0.1–0.98 ng/mg) for dorzolamide, 0.07 ng/mg (IQR: 0.06–0.08 ng/mg) for N-deethyl-dorzolamide, 0.40 ng/mL (IQR: 0.13–1.95 ng/mL) for brinzolamide. Acetazolamide was detected in only one hair sample. Dorzolamide and brinzolamide were detected in the urine of three and one relatives, respectively. Cutoff concentrations of urinary dorzolamide and brinzolamide are necessary to preclude false positives due to contamination or passive exposure. We reported the first concentrations of brinzolamide in hair.
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13
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Ishii K, Ogata G, Einaga Y. Electrochemical detection of triamterene in human urine using boron-doped diamond electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114666. [PMID: 36113298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Urine is one of the most used biological fluids for screening drug delivery and the resultant metabolites. In sports, the use of diuretics such as triamterene is considered a violation of anti-doping rules and is stipulated to be present at less than 79 nM in urine by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). It is therefore important to develop effective rapid and low-cost tests for this diuretic. Here we apply electrochemical analysis using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, which have superior properties such as low background current, a wide potential window, and high resistance to deactivation. Since real urine samples show clear oxidation current peaks in the potential range more positive than 0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) due to the presence of bio-components such as protein, uric acid, and ascorbic acid, to detect triamterene effectively, the electrochemical protocol was optimized towards a potential range where the other components have limited effect. Our results show that reduced triamterene exhibits an oxidation peak at 0.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) and at 0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pooled human urine. The peak current value increased according to the triamterene concentration. The limit of detection (LOD) was 3.15 nM in the PB and 7.80 nM in pooled human urine. Finally, triamterene detection was attempted in individual urine samples. Triamterene was electrochemically detectable in individual urine samples, excluding urine samples containing an excess amount of ascorbic acid. The limit of detection (LOD) in individual urine samples was determined to be 20.8 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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In silico, in vitro, and in vivo human metabolism of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and common "diuretic and masking agent" in doping. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1989-2001. [PMID: 35410394 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetazolamide (ACZ) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor prescribed for the treatment of various pathologies. It is also used in doping and is prohibited in and out of sportive competitions. ACZ was reported not to undergo metabolization. However, the detection of ACZ metabolites may be critical for documenting ACZ use. We aimed to further investigate ACZ metabolic fate in humans. ACZ putative metabolites were generated in silico to assist in metabolite identification. ACZ was incubated with primary human hepatocytes to identify in vitro metabolites (10 µmol/l ACZ and 106 cells/ml), and urine and plasma samples from patients receiving a single 5.0 mg/kg BW PO ACZ dose were analyzed to confirm the results in vivo. Analyses were performed with reversed-phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-HRMS/MS and HILIC-HRMS/MS, respectively). Data were screened with a software-assisted targeted/untargeted workflow. ACZ was quantified in urine samples with creatinine normalization. We identified two metabolites in hepatocyte incubations and three additional metabolites in urine and plasma. Major transformations included cysteine conjugation, glucuronidation, and N-acetylation. All metabolites were detected in plasma, 1.5 h after intake. Major metabolites were detected in urine from 0.25 to 24 h (last collection) after intake. As opposed to the literature, ACZ does undergo metabolization in humans. We propose ACZ, ACZ-Cys, and N-acetyl-ACZ in urine, and ACZ and N-acetyl-ACZ in plasma as specific biomarkers of ACZ intake in doping.
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Ranisavljev M, Kuzmanovic J, Todorovic N, Roklicer R, Dokmanac M, Baic M, Stajer V, Ostojic SM, Drid P. Rapid Weight Loss Practices in Grapplers Competing in Combat Sports. Front Physiol 2022; 13:842992. [PMID: 35222096 PMCID: PMC8864148 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.842992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grappling is a wrestling style that combines different techniques such as freestyle wrestling, jiu-jitsu, judo, sambo, and others. As with other combat sports, it requires categorizing the athletes in weight classes, which leads to the use of certain methods to lose body weight in a short amount of time which poses a serious threat to athletes’ health and wellbeing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the most widespread rapid weight loss (RWL) methods and sources of influence used by grappling athletes. Methods A total of 145 athletes took part in the study by voluntarily filling out a questionnaire regarding their weight loss techniques and methods. They were divided into two groups, male (27.7 ± 5.2 years, 1.76 ± 0.13 m, and 82.1 ± 20 kg) and female (27.33 ± 6.3 years, 1.65 ± 0.08 m, and 64.3 ± 10.4 kg), for further statistical analysis. After calculating descriptive statistics for all the variables, a t-test was conducted for gender differences in weight loss and weight regain, and a chi-square test measured the diversity in techniques and source of influence. Results Out of 145 participants, 120 athletes (85.2%) reported engaging in rapid weight loss prior to weigh-in. Coaches (52.4 and 59%) and teammates (42.6 and 22.1%) seemed to be the most influential on their rapid weight-loss strategies, whereas physicians (17.1 and 17.9%) and parents (23.2 and 23.1%) were the least influential. A statistical difference between men and women (p = 0.05) was found when teammates were a source of influence (42.6 and 21.1%, respectively). Regarding the methods used, both groups practiced gradual dieting (85.4 and 79.5%) as the most prevalent, followed by increased exercise (79 and 66.6%) and sauna (78.7 and 66.6%). Moreover, men trained in plastic suits significantly more often than women (67.1 vs. 41%, p = 0.01). Conclusion Rapid weight loss is detrimental to athletes’ health and wellbeing. Hence, it is crucial to find and implement methods that will control and ultimately limit its use in combat sports. Physicians and nutritionists need to be closely linked with the staff, collaborate and supervise the weight cutting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Ranisavljev
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovan Kuzmanovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Todorovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Mario Baic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Patrik Drid,
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Lellis JBM, Borges TDF, de Oliveira RH, Palinkas M, Hallak JEC, Siéssere S, Regalo SCH. Does Systemic Arterial Hypertension Change the Function of the Stomatognathic System? Prague Med Rep 2021; 122:201-211. [PMID: 34606432 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2021.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the stomatognathic system of individuals with controlled systemic hypertension through comparison with a disease-free control group. Seventy individuals (44 female and 26 male) were divided into two groups: a controlled systemic hypertension (n=35) and a disease-free control (n=35). The individuals were evaluated on the basis of masticatory cycle efficiency of the value of the ensemble-averaged integrated linear envelope to the electromyographic signal of the masseter and temporalis muscles in the habitual (peanuts and raisins) and non-habitual chewing (Parafilm M); molar bite force (right and left) and ultrasound images from the bilateral masseter and temporal muscles at rest and maximum voluntary contraction. The data obtained were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between groups in the habitual (peanuts and raisins) and non-habitual (Parafilm M) chewing with reduced muscle activity to controlled systemic hypertension group. Muscle thickness occurred significant difference between groups at rest and maximum voluntary contraction of the temporalis muscles. There was no significant difference between groups in maximum molar bite force. The present study findings indicate that the controlled systemic hypertension promotes functional changes of the masticatory system, especially with respect to its masticatory efficiency and muscle thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Batista Mattos Lellis
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia de Freitas Borges
- Department of Dental Prosthesis, Technical School of Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Richard Honorato de Oliveira
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Palinkas
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,National Institute and Technology - Translational Medicine (INCT.TM), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jaime Eduardo Cecilio Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute and Technology - Translational Medicine (INCT.TM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Selma Siéssere
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute and Technology - Translational Medicine (INCT.TM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Cecilio Hallak Regalo
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute and Technology - Translational Medicine (INCT.TM), São Paulo, Brazil
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The QuEChERS method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of diuretics in animal-derived foods. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Gottardi M, Pirani F, Sirignano A, Giorgetti R, Busardò FP. Development and validation of a fast ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determining carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their metabolites in urine and hair. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1552-1560. [PMID: 33908166 PMCID: PMC8456811 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A new, rapid, sensitive, and comprehensive ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method for quantifying diuretics (acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and their metabolites) in human urine and hair was developed and fully validated. Twenty‐five milligrams of hair were incubated with 500‐μl M3® buffer reagent at 100°C for 1 h for complete digestion. After cooling, 1‐μl supernatant was injected onto chromatography system. Urine samples were simply diluted before injection. The chromatographic run time was short (8 min) through a column with a mobile phase gradient. The method was linear (determination coefficients always higher than 0.99) from limit of quantification (LOQ) to 500 ng/ml in urine and from LOQ to 10 ng/mg in hair. LOQs ranged from 0.07 to 1.16 ng/ml in urine and from 0.02 to 0.15 ng/mg in hair. No significant ion suppression due to matrix effect was observed, and process efficiency was always higher than 80%. Intra‐ and inter‐assay precision was lower than 15%. The suitability of the methods was tested with six urine and hair specimens from patients treated with acetazolamide, dorzolamide, or brinzolamide for ocular diseases or systemic hypertension. Average urine concentrations were 266.32 ng/ml for dorzolamide and 47.61 ng/ml for N‐deethyl‐dorzolamide (n = 3), 109.27 ng/ml for brinzolamide and 1.02 ng/ml for O‐desmethyl‐brinzolamide (n = 2), and finally, 12.63 ng/ml for acetazolamide. Average hair concentrations were 5.94 ng/mg for dorzolamide and 0.048 ng/mg for N‐deethyl‐dorzolamide (n = 3), 3.26 ng/mg for brinzolamide (n = 2), and 2.3 ng/mg for acetazolamide (n = 1). The developed method was simple and fast both in the extraction procedures making it eligible in high‐throughput analysis for clinical forensic and doping purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anastasio Tini
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Pirani
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Giorgetti
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
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Al Za'abi M, Ali BH, Al Suleimani Y, Al-Zakwani I, Al-Fulaiti B, Manoj P, Nemmar A. The Effects of Furosemide on Behavioral and Hormonal Parameters in Male and Female Mice Subjected to Immobilization and Cold-Water Stress. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:637-643. [PMID: 34262362 PMCID: PMC8274823 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s305770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The diuretic agent furosemide (FUR, 25 and 50 mg/kg) has been shown in a single report to act as an anti-stressor agent in two models of acute stress in mice, viz. electric foot-shock stress and immobilization (IMS). The present work aimed to investigate the possible anti-stressor action of FUR on two models of acute stress in mice, cold-water stress (CWS) and IMS, and tried to determine whether gender has any impact on the effect of FUR. Methods FUR (40 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally, and after 30 minutes, mice were subjected to CWS (4°C for three minutes) or IMS (fixing movement for two and a half hrs using adhesive tape). Motor and exploratory activities, neuromuscular coordination, and thermal nociception were then tested. Blood was collected from the mice and used to measure the concentrations of three stress hormones (corticosterone, epinephrine and prolactin). Results Mice subjected to CWS and IMS had significantly reduced motor and exploratory activities, neuromuscular coordination, and increased nociception. CWS and IMS also significantly increased the plasma concentrations of the three hormones. FUR pretreatment significantly mitigated these stress-induced hormonal changes. There was no significant sex difference when CWS or IMS was applied. Discussion IMS and CWS stimuli in male and female mice caused significant elevations in the plasma concentrations of corticosterone, epinephrine, and prolactin, accompanied by a significant reduction of motor and exploratory activities, neuromuscular coordination, and thermal nociception. There were no sex differences when IMS was applied. In stressed mice, prior administration of FUR (40 mg/kg) significantly decreased the concentrations of stress hormones, and this effect significantly mitigated the stress-induced behavioural and motor changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Za'abi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Badreldin H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yousuf Al Suleimani
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ibrahim Al-Zakwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Balqees Al-Fulaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Priyadarsini Manoj
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Escalante G, Stevenson SW, Barakat C, Aragon AA, Schoenfeld BJ. Peak week recommendations for bodybuilders: an evidence based approach. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:68. [PMID: 34120635 PMCID: PMC8201693 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bodybuilding is a competitive endeavor where a combination of muscle size, symmetry, "conditioning" (low body fat levels), and stage presentation are judged. Success in bodybuilding requires that competitors achieve their peak physique during the day of competition. To this end, competitors have been reported to employ various peaking interventions during the final days leading to competition. Commonly reported peaking strategies include altering exercise and nutritional regimens, including manipulation of macronutrient, water, and electrolyte intake, as well as consumption of various dietary supplements. The primary goals for these interventions are to maximize muscle glycogen content, minimize subcutaneous water, and reduce the risk abdominal bloating to bring about a more aesthetically pleasing physique. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of evidence to support the commonly reported practices employed by bodybuilders during peak week. Hence, the purpose of this article is to critically review the current literature as to the scientific support for pre-contest peaking protocols most commonly employed by bodybuilders and provide evidence-based recommendations as safe and effective strategies on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University- San Bernardino, CA San Bernardino, USA
| | | | - Christopher Barakat
- Competitive Breed LLC, FL Tampa, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Tampa, FL Tampa, USA
| | - Alan A. Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University- Northridge, Los Angeles, CA USA
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21
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Gupta P, Rahm CE, Griesmer B, Alvarez NT. Carbon Nanotube Microelectrode Set: Detection of Biomolecules to Heavy Metals. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7439-7448. [PMID: 33988989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive electrochemical microelectrode set (μ-ES), where all three electrodes are made of highly densified carbon nanotube fiber (HD-CNTf) cross sections (length ∼40 μm), embedded in an inert polymer matrix, and exposed open-ended CNTs at the interface, is presented here. Bare open ends of HD-CNTf rods were used as the working (∼40 μm diameter) and counter (∼94 μm diameter) electrodes, while the cross section of a ∼94 μm diameter was electroplated with Ag/AgCl and coated with Nafion to employ as a quasi-reference electrode. The Ag/AgCl/Nafion-coated HD-CNTf rod quasi-reference electrode provided a very stable potential comparable to the commercial porous-junction Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The HD-CNTf rod μ-ES has been evaluated by electrochemical determination of biologically important analytes, i.e., dopamine (DA), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a diuretic drug, i.e., furosemide, and a heavy metal, i.e., lead ions (Pb2+). Different voltammetric techniques were employed during the study, i.e., cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), amperometry, and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The direct metallic connection to CNTs gives access to the exceptional properties of highly ordered open-ended CNTs as electrochemical sensors. The distinct structural and electronic properties of aligned HD-CNTf rods in the μ-ES demonstrate fast electron transfer kinetics and offer excellent detection performance during testing for different analytes with wide linear ranges, excellent sensitivity, and very low limits of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Connor E Rahm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Benjamin Griesmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Noe T Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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Aguilar-Navarro M, Salinero JJ, Muñoz-Guerra J, Plata MDM, Del Coso J. Frequency and type of adverse analytical findings in athletics: Differences among disciplines. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1561-1568. [PMID: 33982423 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Athletics is a highly diverse sport that contains a set of disciplines grouped into jumps, throws, races of varying distances, and combined events. From a physiological standpoint, the physical capabilities linked to success are quite different among disciplines, with varying involvements of muscle strength, muscle power, and endurance. Thus, the use of banned substances in athletics might be dictated by physical dimensions of each discipline. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to analyse the number and distribution of adverse analytical findings per drug class in athletic disciplines. The data included in this investigation were gathered from the Anti-Doping Testing Figure Report made available by the World Anti-Doping Agency (from 2016 to 2018). Interestingly, there were no differences in the frequency of adverse findings (overall,~0.95%, range from 0.77 to 1.70%) among disciplines despite long distance runners having the highest number of samples analysed per year (~9812 samples/year). Sprinters and throwers presented abnormally high proportions of adverse analytical findings within the group of anabolic agents (p < 0.01); middle- and long-distance runners presented atypically high proportions of findings related to peptide hormones and growth factors (p < 0.01); racewalkers presented atypically high proportions of banned diuretics and masking agents (p = 0.05). These results suggest that the proportion of athletes that are using banned substances is similar among the different disciplines of athletics. However, there are substantial differences in the class of drugs more commonly used in each discipline. This information can be used to effectively enhance anti-doping testing protocols in athletics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Salinero
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Guerra
- Department for Doping Control, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Plata
- Department of Education, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Hoenig MP, Lecker SH. Trust the Patient: An Unusual Case of Metabolic Alkalosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 16:800-802. [PMID: 33727222 PMCID: PMC8259474 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.18031120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Paige Hoenig
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Patterns of rapid weight loss in elite sambo athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:39. [PMID: 33853685 PMCID: PMC8045259 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Rapid weight loss (RWL) is commonly practiced in combat sports. Both magnitude and methods used to induce RWL are largely similar among combat sports, but currently, there is no data on RWL methodology used by sambo athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine RWL procedures sambo athletes apply to lose weight rapidly. Methods The sample consisted of 199 participants, of which 132 males and 67 females who participated in the World Sambo Championship 2020 held in Novi Sad, Serbia. Each participant received RWL questionnaire that was available in multiple languages, and every participant was instructed how to fill it out. Results Almost 87% of sambo participants declared to have intentionally cut their weight prior to the competition, whereby 5.27 kg (SD: ±7.57) was lost. Gradual dieting, sauna use and skipping meals were the most dominant methods used to reduce weight prior to competition while more extreme methods of RWL such as the use of laxatives, diuretics, diet pills and vomiting were also implemented but by much smaller fragment of the participants involved. Conclusions Findings from our study largely match with previously conducted RWL studies in terms of prevalence, magnitude and methods used by combat sport athletes, especially in judo and wrestling. Knowing the hazardous consequences of RWL, alternative methods of sustainable weight loss should be considered.
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Al-Hashimi NN, El-Sheikh AH, Alruwad MI, Odeh MM. Solvent bar microextraction combined with HPLC-DAD for simultaneous determination of diuretics in human urine and plasma samples. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1204-1213. [PMID: 33618643 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210222111943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A simple and powerful microextraction procedure, the solvent bar microextraction (SBME), was used for the simultaneous determination of two diuretics, furosemide and spironolactone in human urine and plasma samples, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). METHODS The appropriate amount (2 µL) of 1-octanol as an organic solvent confined within (2.5 cm) of a porous hollow fiber micro-tube, sealed at both ends was used for this procedure. The conditions for the SBME were optimized in water and the analytical performance were examined in spiked human urine and plasma samples. RESULTS The optimized method exhibited good linearity (R2 > 0.997) over the studied range of higher than 33 to 104 µg L-1 for furosemide and spironolactone in urine and plasma samples, illustrating a satisfactory precision level with RSD values between 2.1% and 9.1%. DISCUSSION The values of the limits of detection were found to be in the range of 6.39 to 9.67 µg L-1, and extraction recovery˃ 58.8% for both diuretics in urine and plasma samples. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method for the determination of furosemide and spironolactone in patient urine samples were tested. CONCLUSION In comparison with reference methods, the attained results demonstrated that SBME combined with HPLC-DAD was proved to be simple, inexpensive, and promising analytical technology for the simultaneous determination of furosemide and spironolactone in urine and plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil N Al-Hashimi
- The Hashemite University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.O. Box 330127, Al-Zarqa 13133. Jordan
| | - Amjad H El-Sheikh
- The Hashemite University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 150459, Al-Zarqa 13115. Jordan
| | - Manal I Alruwad
- The Hashemite University, University Health Center, P.O. Box 330127, Al-Zarqa 13133. Jordan
| | - Mohanad M Odeh
- The Hashemite University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, P.O. Box 330127, Al-Zarqa 13133. Jordan
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper examines the scope of anorectics in counterfeit weight-reducing formulations and provides insight into the present state of research in determining such adulterants. Analytical techniques utilised in profiling adulterants found in slimming products, including limitations and mitigation steps of these conventional methods are also discussed. The current legal status of the anorectics and analogues routinely encountered in non-prescription slimming formulations is also explored.
Methods
All reviewed literature was extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using relevant search terms, such as, ‘counterfeit drugs’, ‘weight loss drugs’, ‘weight-reducing drugs’, ‘slimming drugs’, ‘anorectic agents’, and ‘counterfeit anorexics’. Legislation related to anorectics was obtained from the portals of various government and international agencies.
Results
Anorectics frequently profiled in counterfeit slimming formulations are mostly amphetamine derivatives or its analogues. Five routinely reported pharmacological classes of adulterants, namely anxiolytics, diuretics, antidepressants, laxatives, and stimulants, are mainly utilised as coadjuvants in fake weigh-reducing formulations to increase bioavailability or to minimise anticipated side effects. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detectors are predominantly used techniques for anorectic analysis due to the possibility of obtaining detailed information of adulterants. However, interference from the complex sample matrices of these fake products limits the accuracy of these methods and requires robust sample preparation methods for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The most common anorectics found in counterfeit slimming medicines are either completely banned or available by prescription only, in many countries.
Conclusions
Slimming formulations doped with anorectic cocktails to boost their weight-reducing efficacy are not uncommon. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for counterfeit drug analysis, and requires improved preconcentration methods for rapid and quantitative identification of specific chemical constituents. Extensive method development and validation, targeted at refining existing techniques while developing new ones, is expected to improve the analytical profiling of counterfeit anorectics significantly.
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Meharie BG, Tunta TA. Evaluation of Diuretic Activity and Phytochemical Contents of Aqueous Extract of the Shoot Apex of Podocarpus falcactus. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:629-641. [PMID: 33364857 PMCID: PMC7751317 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s287277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopian folk medicine Podocarpus falcactus is used to treat stomachache, cancer, diabetes, and difficulty of urination. However, its diuretic activity has not been proven scientifically. Objective To determine the diuretic activity and phytochemical contents of the aqueous extract of the shoot apexes of Podocarpus falcactus. Methods The coarse powder of Podocarpus falcactus shoot apex was extracted by cold maceration using distilled water. Male rats were treated with distilled water, the standard drug (furosemide 10 mg/kg), and three different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of the aqueous extract. The diuretic activity was determined by measuring parameters such as time to the first urination, volume, electrolyte concentration, and pH of urine. Electrolyte indices were calculated to elucidate the possible mechanism of diuresis. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemicals in the plant extract was carried out. Results The aqueous extract induced diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis in a dose- and time-dependent manner as compared to the negative control. The extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses produced significant diuresis (p<0.001) by the end of the fifth hour compared to the negative control. Excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride also significantly (p<0.001) increased following extract administration. In addition, there was a significant change in the pH of urine samples of the extract-treated group compared with the negative control. Qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemicals revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins with the value of 128.4 mg atropine equivalents (AE)/g, 142.23 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g, 196.84 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, and 25.5 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/g, respectively. The aqueous extract exhibited significant diuretic activity due to its phytochemical content, which could be used as a starting point for further studies. Conclusion The aqueous extract showed significant diuretic activity and confirmed the folkloric use of Podocarpus falcactus.
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Fares MY, Baydoun H, Salhab HA, Khachfe HH, Fares Y, Fares J, Abboud JA. Doping in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC): A 4-year epidemiological analysis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:785-793. [PMID: 33270353 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doping is a practice that is present in many sports and organizations, including mixed martial arts and the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). The aim of this study is to explore the epidemiological patterns of doping among UFC athletes. METHODS We screened the official United-States-Anti-Doping-Agency® (USADA) website, the annual USADA reports and the official UFC website for information on fighters and anti-doping rule violations (ADRVs). Our dataset included gender, age, weight class, testing numbers, date of ADRV, type of ADRV, and duration of suspension. Appropriate statistical tests were conducted to assess for statistical significance. RESULTS USADA tested 1070 UFC athletes 2624 times as of late 2015 up till the end of 2019 (N = 1070). A total of 209 adverse findings were recorded; out of which, 102 ADRVs were committed by 93 athletes (8.7%) from all weight divisions. This constituted an adverse finding rate of 16.55 per 1000 test and an ADRV rate of 8.08 per1000 test. Mean age of sanctioned athletes was 32 years. Use of anabolic steroids was significantly the most common ADRV recorded (p = 0.018). The men's heavyweight division had an ADRV rate of 19.3 per 1000 tests, significantly higher than that of women's bantamweight division at 2 per 1000 tests (p = 0.03), women's featherweight division at 0 per 1000 tests (p = 0.009), and men's flyweight division at 3 per 1000 tests (p = 0.035). ADRV rate showed a significantly increasing trend among men's weight divisions (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Doping is present in mixed martial arts. Increasing testing numbers, raising awareness and education on the risks of doping, and conducting further research on the issue is key to help resolve this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Y Fares
- College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hasan Baydoun
- Division Of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hamza A Salhab
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein H Khachfe
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youssef Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Joseph A Abboud
- The Rothman Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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30
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Lutter C, Tischer T, Schöffl VR. Olympic competition climbing: the beginning of a new era-a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:857-864. [PMID: 33036996 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Climbing as a competition sport has become increasingly popular in recent years, particularly the sub-discipline of bouldering. The sport will debut in the Tokyo Summer Olympic Games. National and international competitions have three disciplines: lead (climbing with rope protection), bouldering (climbing at lower heights with mattress floor protection) and speed (maximum speed climbing on a standardised route in 1-on-1 mode). There is also a 'combined mode' of all three disciplines (combined) which forms the Olympic competition format; all competition formats are held on artificial walls. Existing literature describes a predominantly low injury frequency and severity in elite climbing. In comparison to climbing on real rock, artificial climbing walls have recently been associated with higher injury rates. Finger injuries such as tenosynovitis, pulley lesions and growth plate injuries are the most common injuries. As finger injuries are sport-specific, medical supervision of climbing athletes requires specific medical knowledge for diagnosis and treatment. There is so far little evidence on effective injury prevention measures in top athletes, and antidoping measures, in general, requiring further work in this field. An improved data situation regarding high-performance climbing athletes is crucial to ensure that the sport continues to be largely safe and injury-free and to prevent doping cases as extensively as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lutter
- Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Volker Rainer Schöffl
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.,Section of Wilderness Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA.,School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Becket University, Leeds, UK
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31
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(Doping, dietary supplements, and cardiovascular system). COR ET VASA 2020. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2020.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Galhardo KS, Dadamos TR, Bettencourt da Silva RJ, Machado SA. Development and validation of an advanced electrochemical sensor for the fast and cheap determination of hydrochlorothiazide in urine samples using the Monte-Carlo method for uncertainty evaluation. Talanta 2020; 215:120883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Roklicer R, Lakicevic N, Stajer V, Trivic T, Bianco A, Mani D, Milosevic Z, Maksimovic N, Paoli A, Drid P. The effects of rapid weight loss on skeletal muscle in judo athletes. J Transl Med 2020; 18:142. [PMID: 32228627 PMCID: PMC7106841 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of rapid weight loss (RWL) methods over 3 days on muscle damage in judokas. METHODS Eighteen judokas participated in this crossover study, meaning that judo athletes were subjected to exercise-only phase (4 days) and RWL phase (3 days). Subjects were tested for myoglobin, creatine kinase, aldolase, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values on seven consecutive days. These biomarkers served as indicators of acute muscle damage. RESULTS During the exercise-only phase, no significant changes were observed. Myoglobin (Mb) (p < 0.001), creatine kinase (CK) (p < 0.001) and aldolase (ALD) (p < 0.001) significantly increased only during the RWL phase, as well as hemoglobin (Hb) (p < 0.001) and hematocrit (Hct) (p < 0.005) values. It was detected that peak values for muscle damage biomarkers were reached on the sixth day, while Hct and Hb values were the highest on the seventh day of the study. CONCLUSION Our study showed significant muscle damage induced by RWL. The prevalence of RWL use by judokas is high but firm scientific evidence is lacking in the evaluation of the current practice of it. Therefore, further knowledge must be gained to evaluate the effectiveness of RWL on performance and its impact on judokas' wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Lakicevic
- PhD Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diba Mani
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zoran Milosevic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Maksimovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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34
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Begou O, Drabert K, Theodoridis G, Tsikas D. GC-NICI-MS analysis of acetazolamide and other sulfonamide (R-SO 2-NH 2) drugs as pentafluorobenzyl derivatives [R-SO 2-N(PFB) 2] and quantification of pharmacological acetazolamide in human urine. J Pharm Anal 2019; 10:49-59. [PMID: 32123599 PMCID: PMC7037487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetazolamide (molecular mass (MM), 222) belongs to the class of sulfonamides (R-SO2-NH2) and is one of the strongest pharmacological inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase activity. Acetazolamide is excreted unchanged in the urine. Here, we report on the development, validation and biomedical application of a stable-isotope dilution GC-MS method for the reliable quantitative determination of acetazolamide in human urine. The method is based on evaporation to dryness of 50 μL urine aliquots, base-catalyzed derivatization of acetazolamide (d0-AZM) and its internal standard [acetylo-2H3]acetazolamide (d3-AZM) in 30 vol% pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) bromide in acetonitrile (60 min, 30 °C), reconstitution in toluene (200 μL) and injection of 1-μL aliquots. The negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectra (methane) of the PFB derivatives contained several intense ions including [M]‒ at m/z 581 for d0-AZM and m/z 584 for d3-AZM, suggesting derivatization of their sulfonamide groups to form N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivatives (R-SO2-N(PFB)2), i.e., d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and d3-AZM-(PFB)2, respectively. Quantification was performed by selected-ion monitoring of m/z 581 and 83 for d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and m/z 584 and 86 for d3-AZM-(PFB)2. The limits of detection and quantitation of the method were determined to be 300 fmol (67 pg) and 1 μM of acetazolamide, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy for acetazolamide in human urine samples in pharmacologically relevant concentration ranges were determined to be 0.3%–4.2% and 95.3%–109%, respectively. The method was applied to measure urinary acetazolamide excretion after ingestion of a 250 mg acetazolamide-containing tablet (Acemit®) by a healthy volunteer. Among other tested sulfonamide drugs, methazolamide (MM, 236) was also found to form a N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivative, whereas dorzolamide (MM, 324) was hardly detectable. No GC-MS peaks were obtained from the PFB bromide derivatization of hydrochlorothiazide (MM, 298), xipamide (MM, 355), indapamide and metholazone (MM, 366 each) or brinzolamide (MM, 384). We demonstrate for the first time that sulfonamide drugs can be derivatized with PFB bromide and quantitated by GC-MS. Sulfonamides with MM larger than 236 are likely to be derivatized by PFB bromide but to lack thermal stability. The sulfonamide group of acetazolamide was derivatized for the first time with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. Other sulfonamides were also derivatized for the first time with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. Pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of acetazolamide and other sulfonamides are useful for GC-MS. The validated method was used to quantify pharmacological acetazolamide in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Begou
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kathrin Drabert
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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35
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Heuberger JAAC, Cohen AF. Review of WADA Prohibited Substances: Limited Evidence for Performance-Enhancing Effects. Sports Med 2019; 49:525-539. [PMID: 30411235 PMCID: PMC6422964 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The World Anti-Doping Agency is responsible for maintaining a Prohibited List that describes the use of substances and methods that are prohibited for athletes. The list currently contains 23 substance classes, and an important reason for the existence of this list is to prevent unfair competition due to pharmacologically enhanced performance. The aim of this review was to give an overview of the available evidence for performance enhancement of these substance classes. We searched the scientific literature through PubMed for studies and reviews evaluating the effects of substance classes on performance. Findings from double-blind, randomized controlled trials were considered as evidence for (the absence of) effects if they were performed in trained subjects measuring relevant performance outcomes. Only 5 of 23 substance classes show evidence of having the ability to enhance actual sports performance, i.e. anabolic agents, β2-agonists, stimulants, glucocorticoids and β-blockers. One additional class, growth hormone, has similar evidence but only in untrained subjects. The observed effects all relate to strength or sprint performance (and accuracy for β-blockers); there are no studies showing positive effects on reliable markers of endurance performance. For 11 classes, no well-designed studies are available, and, for the remaining six classes, there is evidence of an absence of a positive effect. In conclusion, for the majority of substance classes, no convincing evidence for performance enhancement is available, while, for the remaining classes, the evidence is based on a total of only 266 subjects from 11 studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam F Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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36
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Rahman N, Sameen S, Kashif M. Application of Box-Behnken design and desirability function in the optimization of spectrophotometric method for the quantification of WADA banned drug: Acetazolamide. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Guidry A, Crutchfield K. Athletes with neurologic disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 158:445-462. [PMID: 30482372 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63954-7.00041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic disease does not discriminate, even among athletes. Common neurologic diseases among athletes include multiple sclerosis, seizures, headaches, and sleep disorders. Although concrete guidelines for sport participation among athletes with neurologic diseases do not exist, evidence-based and consensus statements can aid healthcare providers in determining whether and to what extent such athletes should participate in sports. Moreover, sport participation is important, since multiple studies indicate that exercise improves disease-specific symptoms, manifestations, and overall quality of life. Although some risk is involved for athletes with neurologic disease, risk is mitigated with proper supervision and neurologic oversight, disease-specific accommodations, and counseling of the athletic staff and the athletes. Neurologic oversight entails an initial comprehensive neurologic assessment by a neurologist followed by regular follow-up. Preparation for environmental conditions encountered by athletes with neurologic disease will further improve safety during their participation in sport. With sound recommendations, neurologic oversight, and proper supervision, most athletes with neurologic disease can participate in athletics. The health benefits that they will gain from participation in athletics outweigh the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Guidry
- Sports Medicine Institute, Sandra and Malcolm Berman Brain and Spine Institute at LifeBridge Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin Crutchfield
- Sports Medicine Institute, Sandra and Malcolm Berman Brain and Spine Institute at LifeBridge Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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38
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Sessa F, Salerno M, Di Mizio G, Bertozzi G, Messina G, Tomaiuolo B, Pisanelli D, Maglietta F, Ricci P, Pomara C. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: Searching New Molecular Biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1321. [PMID: 30524281 PMCID: PMC6256094 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Even if anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is clearly associated with a wide spectrum of collateral effects, adolescents and athletes frequently use a large group of synthetic derivatives of testosterone, both for aesthetic uses and for improving performance. Over the last few years, the development of MicroRNA (miRNA) technologies has become an essential part of research projects and their role as potential molecular biomarkers is being investigated by the scientific community. The circulating miRNAs detection as a diagnostic or prognostic tool for the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases is very useful, because with a minimal quantity of sample (peripheral blood), miRNAs are very sensitive. Even more, miRNAs remain stable both at room temperature and during freeze-thaw cycles. These characteristics highlight the important role of miRNAs in the near future as new tools for anti-doping. The article provides a systematic review and meta-analysis on the role of miRNAs as new potential molecular biomarkers of AAS use/abuse. Particularly, this paper analyzed the “miRNA signature” use as biomarkers for health disorders, focusing on the organ damages which are related to ASS use/abuse. Moreover, this review aims to provide a future prospect for less invasive or non-invasive procedures for the detection of circulating miRNA biomarkers as doping assumption signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giulio Di Mizio
- Department of Legal, Historical, Economic and Social Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bertozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Tomaiuolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pisanelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Maglietta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pietrantonio Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.,Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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39
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Sansone A, Sansone M, Vaamonde D, Sgrò P, Salzano C, Romanelli F, Lenzi A, Di Luigi L. Sport, doping and male fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:114. [PMID: 30415644 PMCID: PMC6231265 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is universally accepted that lifestyle interventions are the first step towards a good overall, reproductive and sexual health. Cessation of unhealthy habits, such as tobacco, alcohol and drug use, poor nutrition and sedentary behavior, is suggested in order to preserve/improve fertility in humans. However, the possible risks of physical exercise per se or sports on male fertility are less known. Being "fit" does not only improve the sense of well-being, but also has beneficial effects on general health: in fact physical exercise is by all means a low-cost, high-efficacy method for preventing or treating several conditions, ranging from purely physical (diabetes and obesity) to psychological (depression and anxiety), highly influencing male reproduction. If male sexual and reproductive health could be positively affected by a proper physical activity, inadequate bouts of strength - both excessive intensity and duration of exercise training - are more likely to have detrimental effects. In addition, the illicit use of prohibited drugs (i.e. doping) has reached pandemic proportions, and their actions, unfortunately very often underestimated by both amateur and professional athletes, are known to disrupt at different levels and throughout various mechanisms the male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, resulting in hypogonadism and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Vaamonde
- Morphological Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Largo Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Salzano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Largo Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy.
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Favretto D, Visentin S, Scrivano S, Roselli E, Mattiazzi F, Pertile R, Vogliardi S, Tucci M, Montisci M. Multiple incidence of the prescription diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in compounded nutritional supplements. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:512-522. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donata Favretto
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Sindi Visentin
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Salvatore Scrivano
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Emanuele Roselli
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Fabio Mattiazzi
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Roberto Pertile
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Susanna Vogliardi
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Marianna Tucci
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Massimo Montisci
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
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41
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Gupta A, Iqbal J, Ahmad W, Zaheer MR. Photoinduced electron transfer photodegradation of photosensitive diuretic drug-xipamide. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Jawaid Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Waseem Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Mohd. Rehan Zaheer
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
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42
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Alquraini H, Auchus RJ. Strategies that athletes use to avoid detection of androgenic-anabolic steroid doping and sanctions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 464:28-33. [PMID: 28130115 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) are potent and widely used performance-enhancing substances (PES). Since the International Olympic Committee (IOC) began testing athletes for AAS in the 1970s, athletes and their teams have endeavored to beat the system to avoid doping violations and/or sanctions derived from positive test results. This review will discuss the strategies used to avoid detection based on the pharmacology, biochemistry, and genetics of AAS metabolism and testing principles. Another strategy used is to dope with testosterone under the guise that the athlete has a true medical condition that requires testosterone treatment, using the therapeutic use exemption (TUE) mechanism. Misrepresentation in TUE applications is extending to amateur athletes, as testosterone prescription outside of FDA guidance increases and sport organizations broaden their efforts to police doping at all levels of competition. Strict criteria are enforced under which a TUE for testosterone use may be granted, to maintain the integrity of sport. The challenge of upholding a zero-tolerance policy for AAS abuse, despite popular misconceptions of androgen physiology and pervasive attempts to dope among athletes and physicians, remains a daunting and evolving task for the anti-doping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Alquraini
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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43
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Mazzarino M, Buccilli V, de la Torre X, Fiacco I, Palermo A, Ughi D, Botrè F. Characterization of the phase I and phase II metabolic profile of tolvaptan by in vitro studies and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry profiling: Relevance to doping control analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:555-568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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44
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Kadavilpparampu AM, Al Lawati HA, Suliman FEO. Chemiluminescence selectivity enhancement in the on-chip Ru(bpy)3
2+
system: The potential role of buffer type and pH in the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in combined formulations and human plasma. LUMINESCENCE 2017; 32:1494-1503. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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Gentil P, de Lira CAB, Paoli A, Dos Santos JAB, da Silva RDT, Junior JRP, da Silva EP, Magosso RF. Nutrition, Pharmacological and Training Strategies Adopted by Six Bodybuilders: Case Report and Critical Review. Eur J Transl Myol 2017; 27:6247. [PMID: 28458804 PMCID: PMC5391526 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2017.6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to report and analyze the practices adopted by bodybuilders in light of scientific evidence and to propose evidence-based alternatives. Six (four male and two female) bodybuilders and their coaches were directly interviewed. According to the reports, the quantity of anabolic steroids used by the men was 500–750 mg/week during the bulking phase and 720–1160 mg during the cutting phase. The values for women were 400 and 740 mg, respectively. The participants also used ephedrine and hydrochlorothiazide during the cutting phase. Resistance training was designed to train each muscle once per week and all participants performed aerobic exercise in the fasted state in order to reduce body fat. During the bulking phase, bodybuilders ingested ~2.5 g of protein/kg of body weight. During the cutting phase, protein ingestion increased to ~3 g/kg and carbohydrate ingestion decreased by 10–20%. During all phases, fat ingestion corresponded to ~15% of the calories ingested. The supplements used were whey protein, chromium picolinate, omega 3 fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, poly-vitamins, glutamine and caffeine. The men also used creatine in the bulking phase. In general, the participants gained large amounts of fat-free mass during the bulking phase; however, much of that fat-free mass was lost during the cutting phase along with fat mass. Based on our analysis, we recommend an evidence-based approach by people involved in bodybuilding, with the adoption of a more balanced and less artificial diet. One important alert should be given for the combined use of anabolic steroids and stimulants, since both are independently associated with serious cardiovascular events. A special focus should be given to revisiting resistance training and avoiding fasted cardio in order to decrease the reliance on drugs and thus preserve bodybuilders’ health and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Ferro Magosso
- Post Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Wasfi IA, Wajid SA, Agha BA, Kamel AM, Al Biriki NA, Al Neaimi KM, Al Ali WA. Quantification of furosemide in camel plasma by high resolution mass spectrometry, application on pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27859445 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantification of furosemide in camel plasma which was used for a pharmacokinetic study in camels. Plasma samples were extracted by supported liquid extraction and furosemide and internal standard (furosemide-D5) were separated on a an Agilent Zorbax XDB C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm). Data was acquired in full-scan mode over a mass range of 200-400 Da in negative electrospray mode at a resolution of 70,000. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration ranges of 1.0-10,000 ng/mL. The validated method was then successfully applied in evaluating the pharmacokinetics and metabolites of furosemide in six camels (Camelus dromedarus) and we were able to advice on a withdrawal time of furosemide treatment before racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Wasfi
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sayed A Wajid
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - B A Agha
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asmaa M Kamel
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasreen A Al Biriki
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled M Al Neaimi
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed A Al Ali
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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47
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Thevis M, Geyer H, Tretzel L, Schänzer W. Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: Advantages and limitations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:220-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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48
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Machini WB, Teixeira MF. Analytical development of a binuclear oxo-manganese complex bio-inspired on oxidase enzyme for doping control analysis of acetazolamide. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:442-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Machini WB, David-Parra DN, Teixeira MF. Electrochemical investigation of the voltammetric determination of hydrochlorothiazide using a nickel hydroxide modified nickel electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:344-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Bird SR, Goebel C, Burke LM, Greaves RF. Doping in sport and exercise: anabolic, ergogenic, health and clinical issues. Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 53:196-221. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563215609952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of doping agents is evident within competitive sport in senior and junior age groups, where they are taken by non-elite as well as elite participants. They are also taken in non-sporting contexts by individuals seeking to ‘improve’ their physique through an increase in muscle and/or decrease in fat mass. While attaining accurate data on the prevalence of their use has limitations, studies suggest the illicit use of doping agents by athletes and non-athletes may be 1–5% in the population and greater than 50% in some groups; with the prevalence being higher in males. There is conclusive evidence that some doping agents are anabolic and ergogenic. There is also evidence that the use of doping agents such as anabolic androgenic steroids, growth hormone and other anabolic agents, erythropoietin and stimulants conveys considerable health risks that include, but are not limited to: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, mental health issues, virilisation in females and the suppression of naturally produced androgens in males. This review will outline the anabolic, ergogenic and health impacts of selected doping agents and methods that may be used in both the sporting and physique development contexts. It also provides a brief tabulated overview of the history of doping and how doping agents may impact upon the analyses of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Bird
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catrin Goebel
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Ronda F Greaves
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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