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Wormuth C, Papazoglou A, Henseler C, Ehninger D, Broich K, Haenisch B, Hescheler J, Köhling R, Weiergräber M. A Novel Rat Infant Model of Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Reveals New Insight into the Molecular Biology and Epileptogenesis in the Developing Brain. Neural Plast 2024; 2024:9946769. [PMID: 39104708 PMCID: PMC11300100 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9946769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Although several adult rat models of medial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) have been described in detail, our knowledge of mTLE epileptogenesis in infant rats is limited. Here, we present a novel infant rat model of mTLE (InfRPil-mTLE) based on a repetitive, triphasic injection regimen consisting of low-dose pilocarpine administrations (180 mg/kg. i.p.) on days 9, 11, and 15 post partum (pp). The model had a survival rate of >80% and exhibited characteristic spontaneous recurrent electrographic seizures (SRES) in both the hippocampus and cortex that persisted into adulthood. Using implantable video-EEG radiotelemetry, we quantified a complex set of seizure parameters that demonstrated the induction of chronic electroencephalographic seizure activity in our InfRPil-mTLE model, which predominated during the dark cycle. We further analyzed selected candidate genes potentially relevant to epileptogenesis using a RT-qPCR approach. Several candidates, such as the low-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel Cav3.2 and the auxiliary subunits β 1 and β 2, which were previously reported to be upregulated in the hippocampus of the adult pilocarpine mTLE model, were found to be downregulated (together with Cav2.1, Cav2.3, M1, and M3) in the hippocampus and cortex of our InfRPil-mTLE model. From a translational point of view, our model could serve as a blueprint for childhood epileptic disorders and further contribute to antiepileptic drug research and development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Wormuth
- Experimental NeuropsychopharmacologyFederal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Papazoglou
- Experimental NeuropsychopharmacologyFederal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Henseler
- Experimental NeuropsychopharmacologyFederal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dan Ehninger
- Translational BiogerontologyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Broich
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Britta Haenisch
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Translational MedicineMedical FacultyUniversity of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of NeurophysiologyUniversity of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center of Physiology and PathophysiologyUniversity of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of PhysiologyUniversity of Rostock, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marco Weiergräber
- Experimental NeuropsychopharmacologyFederal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of NeurophysiologyUniversity of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center of Physiology and PathophysiologyUniversity of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Jeffries L, Mis EK, McWalter K, Donkervoort S, Brodsky NN, Carpier JM, Ji W, Ionita C, Roy B, Morrow JS, Darbinyan A, Iyer K, Aul RB, Banka S, Chao KR, Cobbold L, Cohen S, Custodio HM, Drummond-Borg M, Elmslie F, Finanger E, Hainline BE, Helbig I, Hewson S, Hu Y, Jackson A, Josifova D, Konstantino M, Leach ME, Mak B, McCormick D, McGee E, Nelson S, Nguyen J, Nugent K, Ortega L, Goodkin HP, Roeder E, Roy S, Sapp K, Saade D, Sisodiya SM, Stals K, Towner S, Wilson W, Khokha MK, Bönnemann CG, Lucas CL, Lakhani SA. Biallelic CRELD1 variants cause a multisystem syndrome, including neurodevelopmental phenotypes, cardiac dysrhythmias, and frequent infections. Genet Med 2024; 26:101023. [PMID: 37947183 PMCID: PMC10932913 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to delineate a multisystem disorder caused by recessive cysteine-rich with epidermal growth factor-like domains 1 (CRELD1) gene variants. METHODS The impact of CRELD1 variants was characterized through an international collaboration utilizing next-generation DNA sequencing, gene knockdown, and protein overexpression in Xenopus tropicalis, and in vitro analysis of patient immune cells. RESULTS Biallelic variants in CRELD1 were found in 18 participants from 14 families. Affected individuals displayed an array of phenotypes involving developmental delay, early-onset epilepsy, and hypotonia, with about half demonstrating cardiac arrhythmias and some experiencing recurrent infections. Most harbored a frameshift in trans with a missense allele, with 1 recurrent variant, p.(Cys192Tyr), identified in 10 families. X tropicalis tadpoles with creld1 knockdown displayed developmental defects along with increased susceptibility to induced seizures compared with controls. Additionally, human CRELD1 harboring missense variants from affected individuals had reduced protein function, indicated by a diminished ability to induce craniofacial defects when overexpressed in X tropicalis. Finally, baseline analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed similar proportions of immune cell subtypes in patients compared with healthy donors. CONCLUSION This patient cohort, combined with experimental data, provide evidence of a multisystem clinical syndrome mediated by recessive variants in CRELD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jeffries
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT; Yale Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, CT
| | - Emily K Mis
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT; Yale Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Sandra Donkervoort
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nina N Brodsky
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT; Yale Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, CT; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT
| | - Jean-Marie Carpier
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT
| | - Weizhen Ji
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT; Yale Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, CT
| | - Cristian Ionita
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT
| | - Bhaskar Roy
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, New Haven, CT
| | - Jon S Morrow
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT
| | - Armine Darbinyan
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT
| | - Krishna Iyer
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT
| | - Ritu B Aul
- Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine R Chao
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Laura Cobbold
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Cohen
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Helena M Custodio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frances Elmslie
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bryan E Hainline
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health Physicians, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stacy Hewson
- Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Hu
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Adam Jackson
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dragana Josifova
- Guys and St Thomas NHS Trust, Clinical Genetics, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Bryan Mak
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA; Current affiliation: Genome Medical, South San Francisco, CA
| | - David McCormick
- King's College Hospital, Paediatric Neurosciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth McGee
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA; University of California Los Angeles, Clinical Genomics Center, Los Angeles, CA; University of California Los Angeles, Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stanley Nelson
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA; University of California Los Angeles, Clinical Genomics Center, Los Angeles, CA; University of California Los Angeles, Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joanne Nguyen
- Cook Children's Medical Center, Division of Genetics, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Kimberly Nugent
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX; Current affiliation: Cooper Surgical, Trumbull, CT
| | - Lucy Ortega
- Cook Children's Medical Center, Division of Genetics, Fort Worth, TX
| | | | - Elizabeth Roeder
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX
| | - Sani Roy
- Cook Children's Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Katie Sapp
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health Physicians, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Dimah Saade
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Current affiliation: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Stals
- Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley Towner
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - William Wilson
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT; Yale Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, CT; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, New Haven, CT
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carrie L Lucas
- Yale Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, CT; Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Saquib A Lakhani
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT; Yale Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, CT.
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Utsumi Y, Taketoshi M, Miwa M, Tominaga Y, Tominaga T. Assessing seizure liability in vitro with voltage-sensitive dye imaging in mouse hippocampal slices. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1217368. [PMID: 37680865 PMCID: PMC10481167 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1217368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clinical toxicology is a major cause of drug candidate attrition during development. In particular, drug-induced seizures are the most common finding in central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. Current safety pharmacology tests for assessing CNS functions are often inadequate in detecting seizure-inducing compounds early in drug development, leading to significant delays. This paper presents an in vitro seizure liability assay using voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging techniques in hippocampal brain slices, offering a powerful alternative to traditional electrophysiological methods. Hippocampal slices were isolated from mice, and VSD optical responses evoked by stimulating the Schaffer collateral pathway were recorded and analyzed in the stratum radiatum (SR) and stratum pyramidale (SP). VSDs allow for the comprehensive visualization of neuronal action potentials and postsynaptic potentials on a millisecond timescale. By employing this approach, we investigated the in vitro drug-induced seizure liability of representative pro-convulsant compounds. Picrotoxin (PiTX; 1-100 μM), gabazine (GZ; 0.1-10 μM), and 4-aminopyridine (4AP; 10-100 μM) exhibited seizure-like responses in the hippocampus, but pilocarpine hydrochloride (Pilo; 10-100 μM) did not. Our findings demonstrate the potential of VSD-based assays in identifying seizurogenic compounds during early drug discovery, thereby reducing delays in drug development and providing insights into the mechanisms underlying seizure induction and the associated risks of pro-convulsant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Utsumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Makiko Taketoshi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Michiko Miwa
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Yoko Tominaga
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
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Aquiles A, Fiordelisio T, Luna-Munguia H, Concha L. Altered functional connectivity and network excitability in a model of cortical dysplasia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12335. [PMID: 37518675 PMCID: PMC10387479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are malformations of cortical development that often result in medically refractory epilepsy, with a greater incidence in the pediatric population. The relationship between the disturbed cortical morphology and epileptogenic activity of FCDs remains unclear. We used the BCNU (carmustine 1-3-bis-chloroethyl-nitrosourea) animal model of cortical dysplasia to evaluate neuronal and laminar alterations and how these result in altered activity of intracortical networks in early life. We corroborated the previously reported morphological anomalies characteristic of the BCNU model, comprising slightly larger and rounder neurons and abnormal cortical lamination. Next, the neuronal activity of live cortical slices was evaluated through large field-of-view calcium imaging as well as the neuronal response to a stimulus that leads to cortical hyperexcitability (pilocarpine). Examination of the joint activity of neuronal calcium time series allowed us to identify intracortical communication patterns and their response to pilocarpine. The baseline power density distribution of neurons in the cortex of BCNU-treated animals was different from that of control animals, with the former showing no modulation after stimulus. Moreover, the intracortical communication pattern differed between the two groups, with cortexes from BCNU-treated animals displaying decreased inter-layer connectivity as compared to control animals. Our results indicate that the altered anatomical organization of the cortex of BCNU-treated rats translates into altered functional networks that respond abnormally to a hyperexcitable stimulus and highlight the role of network dysfunction in the pathophysiology of cortical dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aquiles
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - T Fiordelisio
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia LaNSBioDyT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Luna-Munguia
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - L Concha
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Neuberger B, Mello FK, Mallmann MP, da Costa Sobral KG, Fighera MR, Royes LFF, Furian AF, Sampaio TB, Oliveira MS. Beneficial Effects of Rosmarinic Acid In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Epileptiform Activity Induced by Pilocarpine. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020289. [PMID: 36831832 PMCID: PMC9954593 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by a predisposition to generate recurrent and spontaneous seizures; it affects millions of people worldwide. Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe type of seizure. In this context, screening potential treatments is very important. In the present study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) in pilocarpine-induced in vitro and in vivo models of epileptiform activity. Using an in vitro model in combined entorhinal cortex-hippocampal from Wistar rats we evaluated the effects of RA (10 µg/mL) on the lactate release and a glucose fluorescent analogue, 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NDBG), after incubation in high potassium aCSF supplemented or not with pilocarpine. In the in vivo model, SE was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by pilocarpine. At 1, 24, and 48 h after the end of SE mice were treated with RA (30 mg/kg/v.o.). We evaluated the neuromotor impairment by neuroscore tests and protein carbonyl levels in the cerebral cortex. In both in vitro models, RA was able to decrease the stimulated lactate release, while no effect on 2-NBDG uptake was found. RA has beneficial effects in models of epileptiform activity in vivo and in vitro. We found that RA treatment attenuated SE-induced neuromotor impairment at the 48 h timepoint. Moreover, post-SE treatment with RA decreased levels of protein carbonyls in the cerebral cortex of mice when compared to their vehicle-treated counterparts. Importantly, RA was effective in a model of SE which is relevant for the human condition. The present data add to the literature on the biological effects of RA, which could be a good candidate for add-on therapy in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Neuberger
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Kulinski Mello
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Pereira Mallmann
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Tuane Bazanella Sampaio
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-55-3220-9378
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Bojja SL, Singh N, Kolathur KK, Rao CM. What is the Role of Lithium in Epilepsy? Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1850-1864. [PMID: 35410603 PMCID: PMC9886805 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220411081728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is a well-known FDA-approved treatment for bipolar and mood disorders. Lithium has been an enigmatic drug with multifaceted actions involving various neurotransmitters and intricate cell signalling cascades. Recent studies highlight the neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions of lithium in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, intracerebral hemorrhage, and epilepsy. Of note, lithium holds a significant interest in epilepsy, where the past reports expose its non-specific proconvulsant action, followed lately by numerous studies for anti-convulsant action. However, the exact mechanism of action of lithium for any of its effects is still largely unknown. The present review integrates findings from several reports and provides detailed possible mechanisms of how a single molecule exhibits marked pro-epileptogenic as well as anti-convulsant action. This review also provides clarity regarding the safety of lithium therapy in epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna Rao
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India; E-mails: ,
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Archie SR, Al Shoyaib A, Cucullo L. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in CNS Disorders and Putative Therapeutic Targets: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111779. [PMID: 34834200 PMCID: PMC8622070 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental component of the central nervous system (CNS). Its functional and structural integrity is vital to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment by controlling the passage of substances and regulating the trafficking of immune cells between the blood and the brain. The BBB is primarily composed of highly specialized microvascular endothelial cells. These cells’ special features and physiological properties are acquired and maintained through the concerted effort of hemodynamic and cellular cues from the surrounding environment. This complex multicellular system, comprising endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and neurons, is known as the neurovascular unit (NVU). The BBB strictly controls the transport of nutrients and metabolites into brain parenchyma through a tightly regulated transport system while limiting the access of potentially harmful substances via efflux transcytosis and metabolic mechanisms. Not surprisingly, a disruption of the BBB has been associated with the onset and/or progression of major neurological disorders. Although the association between disease and BBB disruption is clear, its nature is not always evident, specifically with regard to whether an impaired BBB function results from the pathological condition or whether the BBB damage is the primary pathogenic factor prodromal to the onset of the disease. In either case, repairing the barrier could be a viable option for treating and/or reducing the effects of CNS disorders. In this review, we describe the fundamental structure and function of the BBB in both healthy and altered/diseased conditions. Additionally, we provide an overview of the potential therapeutic targets that could be leveraged to restore the integrity of the BBB concomitant to the treatment of these brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.R.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Abdullah Al Shoyaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.R.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-248-370-3884; Fax: +1-248-370-4060
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Ishibashi Y, Odawara A, Kinoshita K, Okamura A, Shirakawa T, Suzuki I. Principal Component Analysis to Distinguish Seizure Liability of Drugs in Human iPS Cell-Derived Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:265-275. [PMID: 34570236 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for drug discovery targeting the central nervous system requires the establishment of efficient and highly accurate toxicity test methods that can reduce costs and time while maintaining high throughput using the function of an in vitro neural network. In particular, an evaluation system using a human-derived neural network is desirable in terms of species difference. Despite the attention the microelectrode array (MEA) is attracting among the evaluation systems that can measure in vitro neural activity, an effective analysis method for evaluation of toxicity and mechanism of action has not yet been established. Here we established analytical parameters and multivariate analysis method capable of detecting seizure liability of drugs using MEA measurement of human iPS cell-derived neurons. Using the spike time series data of all drugs, we established periodicity as a new analytical parameter. Periodicity has facilitated the detection of responses to seizurogenic drugs, previously difficult to detect with conventional analytical parameters. By constructing a multivariate analytical method that identifies a parameter set that achieves an arbitrary condition, we found that the parameter set comprising total spikes, maximum frequency, inter maximum frequency interval, coefficient of variance of inter maximum frequency interval, and periodicity can uniformly detect the seizure liability of seizurogenic drugs with different mechanisms of action. Seizurogenic drugs were suggested to increase the regularity of the network burst in MEA measurements in human iPS cell-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishibashi
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - A Odawara
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - K Kinoshita
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0841, Japan
| | - A Okamura
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0841, Japan
| | - T Shirakawa
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0841, Japan
| | - I Suzuki
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
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9
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Lévesque M, Biagini G, de Curtis M, Gnatkovsky V, Pitsch J, Wang S, Avoli M. The pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Over one decade later, with more rodent species and new investigative approaches. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:274-291. [PMID: 34437936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental work on the mechanisms leading to focal epileptic discharges in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) often rests on the use of rodent models in which an initial status epilepticus (SE) is induced by kainic acid or pilocarpine. In 2008 we reviewed how, following systemic injection of pilocarpine, the main subsequent events are the initial SE, the latent period, and the chronic epileptic state. Up to a decade ago, rats were most often employed and they were frequently analysed only behaviorally. However, the use of transgenic mice has revealed novel information regarding this animal model. Here, we review recent findings showing the existence of specific neuronal events during both latent and chronic states, and how optogenetic activation of specific cell populations modulate spontaneous seizures. We also address neuronal damage induced by pilocarpine treatment, the role of neuroinflammation, and the influence of circadian and estrous cycles. Updating these findings leads us to propose that the rodent pilocarpine model continues to represent a valuable tool for identifying the basic pathophysiology of MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lévesque
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vadym Gnatkovsky
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Siyan Wang
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Massimo Avoli
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Departments of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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10
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Tukker AM, Westerink RHS. Novel test strategies for in vitro seizure liability assessment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:923-936. [PMID: 33595380 PMCID: PMC8367052 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1876026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing incidence of mental illnesses and neurodegenerative diseases results in a high demand for drugs targeting the central nervous system (CNS). These drugs easily reach the CNS, have a high affinity for CNS targets, and are prone to cause seizures as an adverse drug reaction. Current seizure liability assessment heavily depends on in vivo or ex vivo animal models and is therefore ethically debated, labor intensive, expensive, and not always predictive for human risk. AREAS COVERED The demand for CNS drugs urges the development of alternative safety assessment strategies. Yet, the complexity of the CNS hampers reliable detection of compound-induced seizures. This review provides an overview of the requirements of in vitro seizure liability assays and highlights recent advances, including micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings using rodent and human cell models. EXPERT OPINION Successful and cost-effective replacement of in vivo and ex vivo models for seizure liability screening can reduce animal use for drug development, while increasing the predictive value of the assays, particularly if human cell models are used. However, these novel test strategies require further validation and standardization as well as additional refinements to better mimic the human in vivo situation and increase their predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M. Tukker
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, Hall for Discovery and Learning Research (DLR 339), INUSA
| | - Remco H. S. Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Engel T, Smith J, Alves M. Targeting Neuroinflammation via Purinergic P2 Receptors for Disease Modification in Drug-Refractory Epilepsy. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3367-3392. [PMID: 34305404 PMCID: PMC8298823 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s287740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of epilepsy remains a clinical challenge, with >30% of patients not responding to current antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Moreover, currently available ASDs are merely symptomatic without altering significantly the progression of the disease. Inflammation is increasingly recognized as playing an important role during the generation of hyperexcitable networks in the brain. Accordingly, the suppression of chronic inflammation has been suggested as a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent epileptogenesis and to treat drug-refractory epilepsy. As a consequence, a strong focus of ongoing research is identification of the mechanisms that contribute to sustained inflammation in the brain during epilepsy and whether these can be targeted. ATP is released in response to several pathological stimuli, including increased neuronal activity within the central nervous system, where it functions as a neuro- and gliotransmitter. Once released, ATP activates purinergic P2 receptors, which are divided into metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X receptors, driving inflammatory processes. Evidence from experimental models and patients demonstrates widespread expression changes of both P2Y and P2X receptors during epilepsy, and critically, drugs targeting both receptor subtypes, in particular the P2Y1 and P2X7 subtypes, have been shown to possess both anticonvulsive and antiepileptic potential. This review provides a detailed summary of the current evidence suggesting ATP-gated receptors as novel drug targets for epilepsy and discusses how P2 receptor–driven inflammation may contribute to the generation of seizures and the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Jonathon Smith
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
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12
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The interplay of neurovasculature and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136071. [PMID: 34147540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus provides a local microenvironment (niche) for neural stem cells. In the adult brain, it has been established that the vascular compartment of such niches has a significant role in regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis. More recently, evidence showed that neurovascular coupling, the relationship between blood flow and neuronal activity, also regulates hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we review the most recent articles on addressing the intricate relationship between neurovasculature and adult hippocampal neurogenesis and a novel pathway where functional hyperemia enhances hippocampal neurogenesis. In the end, we have further reviewed recent research showing that impaired neurovascular coupling may cause declined neurogenesis and contribute to brain damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
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13
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Halder N, Lal G. Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660342. [PMID: 33936095 PMCID: PMC8082108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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14
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Sanabria V, Bittencourt S, Perosa SR, de la Rosa T, da Graça Naffah-Mazzacoratti M, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Cavalheiro EA, Amado D. Hormonal and biochemical changes in female Proechimys guyannensis, an animal model of resistance to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20982. [PMID: 33268798 PMCID: PMC7710747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amazon rodent Proechimys guyannensis is widely studied for hosting various pathogens, though rarely getting sick. Previous studies on male Proechimys have revealed an endogenous resistance to epilepsy. Here, we assess in female Proechimys, whether sex hormones and biochemical aspects can interfere with the induction of status epilepticus (SE). The lithium-pilocarpine ramp-up protocol was used to induce SE, and blood sera were collected at 30 and 90 min after SE, alongside brains, for biochemical, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Results from non-ovariectomised (NOVX) Proechimys were compared to ovariectomised (OVX) animals. Data from female Wistars were used as a positive control of SE inductions. SE latency was similar in NOVX, OVX, and female Wistars groups. However, the pilocarpine dose required to induce SE in Proechimys was higher (25- to 50-folds more). Despite a higher dose, Proechimys did not show strong SE like Wistars; they only reached stage 2 of the Racine scale. These data suggest that female Proechimys are resistant to SE induction. Glucose and progesterone levels increased at 30 min and returned to normal at 90 min after SE. A relevant fact because in humans and rodents, SE leads to hypoglycaemia after 30 min of SE and does not return to normal levels in a short time, a typical adverse effect of SE. In OVX animals, a decrease in GABAergic receptors within 90 min of SE may suggest that ovariectomy produces changes in the hippocampus, including a certain vulnerability to seizures. We speculate that progesterone and glucose increases form part of the compensatory mechanisms that provide resistance in Proechimys against SE induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviam Sanabria
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Simone Bittencourt
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra R Perosa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomás de la Rosa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Monica L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 826, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 826, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Esper A Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Amado
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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Tukker AM, Wijnolts FMJ, de Groot A, Westerink RHS. Applicability of hiPSC-Derived Neuronal Cocultures and Rodent Primary Cortical Cultures for In Vitro Seizure Liability Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2020; 178:71-87. [PMID: 32866265 PMCID: PMC7657345 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizures are life-threatening adverse drug reactions which are investigated late in drug development using rodent models. Consequently, if seizures are detected, a lot of time, money and animals have been used. Thus, there is a need for in vitro screening models using human cells to circumvent interspecies translation. We assessed the suitability of cocultures of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and astrocytes compared with rodent primary cortical cultures for in vitro seizure liability assessment using microelectrode arrays. hiPSC-derived and rodent primary cortical neuronal cocultures were exposed to 9 known (non)seizurogenic compounds (pentylenetetrazole, amoxapine, enoxacin, amoxicillin, linopirdine, pilocarpine, chlorpromazine, phenytoin, and acetaminophen) to assess effects on neuronal network activity using microelectrode array recordings. All compounds affect activity in hiPSC-derived cocultures. In rodent primary cultures all compounds, except amoxicillin changed activity. Changes in activity patterns for both cell models differ for different classes of compounds. Both models had a comparable sensitivity for exposure to amoxapine (lowest observed effect concentration [LOEC] 0.03 µM), linopirdine (LOEC 1 µM), and pilocarpine (LOEC 0.3 µM). However, hiPSC-derived cultures were about 3 times more sensitive for exposure to pentylenetetrazole (LOEC 30 µM) than rodent primary cortical cultures (LOEC 100 µM). Sensitivity of hiPSC-derived cultures for chlorpromazine, phenytoin, and enoxacin was 10-30 times higher (LOECs 0.1, 0.3, and 0.1 µM, respectively) than in rodent cultures (LOECs 10, 3, and 3 µM, respectively). Our data indicate that hiPSC-derived neuronal cocultures may outperform rodent primary cortical cultures with respect to detecting seizures, thereby paving the way towards animal-free seizure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M Tukker
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona M J Wijnolts
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aart de Groot
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Grosser S, Buck N, Braunewell KH, Gilling KE, Wozny C, Fidzinski P, Behr J. Loss of Long-Term Potentiation at Hippocampal Output Synapses in Experimental Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:143. [PMID: 32982687 PMCID: PMC7484482 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) show severe problems in hippocampus dependent memory consolidation. Memory consolidation strongly depends on an intact dialog between the hippocampus and neocortical structures. Deficits in hippocampal signal transmission are known to provoke disturbances in memory formation. In the present study, we investigate changes of synaptic plasticity at hippocampal output structures in an experimental animal model of TLE. In pilocarpine-treated rats, we found suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal and parahippocampal regions such as the subiculum and the entorhinal cortex (EC). Subsequently we focused on the subiculum, serving as the major relay station between the hippocampus proper and downstream structures. In control animals, subicular pyramidal cells express different forms of LTP depending on their intrinsic firing pattern. In line with our extracellular recordings, we could show that LTP could only be induced in a minority of subicular pyramidal neurons. We demonstrate that a well-characterized cAMP-dependent signaling pathway involved in presynaptic forms of LTP is perturbed in pilocarpine-treated animals. Our findings suggest that in TLE, disturbances of synaptic plasticity may influence the information flow between the hippocampus and the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grosser
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Buck
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Braunewell
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kate E Gilling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Wozny
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Fidzinski
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Behr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Ogaki A, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. Vascular Abnormalities and the Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Epileptic Brain. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 32116699 PMCID: PMC7010950 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder generally defined to be caused by excessive neuronal activity. Thus, excessive neuronal activity is the main target of the currently used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, as many as 30% of epileptic patients show drug resistance to currently available AEDs, which suggests that epilepsy should be attributed not only to neuronal cells but also to other brain cells, such as glial cells and vascular cells. Astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells in particular comprise the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which tightly regulates the exchange of substances between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood. It has been proposed that BBB dysfunction, especially barrier leakage, exacerbates epileptic progression, and conversely, that epileptic seizures induce barrier leakage. Furthermore, several studies have shown that BBB dysfunction is one of the main causes of drug resistance in epilepsy. To better understand the mechanisms that link BBB dysfunction and intractable epilepsy to gain insights for the future development of treatments, we review and discuss the relationships between epilepsy and brain vascular abnormalities, mainly by focusing on vascular malformation, BBB dysfunction, and excessive angiogenesis. Because these abnormalities have been reported to be caused by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the ischemic brain, we discuss the possible role of VEGF in vascular abnormalities in the epileptic brain, in which the upregulation of VEGF levels has been reported. Both glial cells and endothelial cells express VEGF receptors (VEGFRs); thus, these cells are likely affected by increases in VEGF during seizures, which in turn could cause vascular abnormalities. In this review, we review the possible role of VEGF in epilepsy and discuss the mechanisms that link vascular abnormalities and intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Ogaki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications and Technology, Suita City, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
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18
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Tannich F, Tlili A, Pintard C, Chniguir A, Eto B, Dang PMC, Souilem O, El-Benna J. Activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase/NOX2 and myeloperoxidase in the mouse brain during pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy and inhibition by ketamine. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:487-497. [PMID: 31667656 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production can induce tissue injury involved in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders such as neurodegeneration observed in pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy. Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist has beneficial effects in pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy, when administered within minutes of seizure to avoid the harmful neurological lesions induced by pilocarpine. However, the enzymes involved in ROS productions and the effect of ketamine on this process remain less documented. Here we show that during pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in mice, the expression of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 subunits (NOX2/gp91phox, p22phox, and p47phox) and the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) were dramatically increased in mice brain treated with pilocarpine. Interestingly, treatment of mice with ketamine before or after pilocarpine administration decreased this process, mainly when injected before pilocarpine. Finally, our results showed that pilocarpine induced p47phox phosphorylation and H2O2 production in mice brain and ketamine was able to inhibit these processes. Our results show that pilocarpine induced NOX2 activation to produce ROS in mice brain and that administration of ketamine before or after the induction of temporal lobe epilepsy by pilocarpine inhibited this activation in mice brain. These results suggest a key role of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 and MPO in epilepsy and identify a novel effect of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Tannich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia. .,Neurophysiology Laboratory and Functional Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Campus of Al-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia. .,INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Asma Tlili
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Pintard
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Amina Chniguir
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Eto
- Laboratoires TBC, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, 59006, Lille, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Ouajdi Souilem
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.
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19
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Mousavi-Hasanzadeh M, Rezaeian-Varmaziar H, Shafaat O, Jand A, Palizvan MR. The effect of co-administration of pentylenetetrazole with pilocarpine: New modified PTZ models of kindling and seizure. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 182:7-11. [PMID: 31082418 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of epilepsy. There is a critical need for new epilepsy models to evaluate antiepileptic compounds. Pentylenetetrazole- (PTZ) and pilocarpine-induced seizures are well-established models of human epilepsy. Generally, PTZ or pilocarpine has been used to produce seizures in experimental models. In this study, we explored the possibility of creating new epilepsy and seizure models by co-administration of PTZ and pilocarpine. METHODS The protocol was divided into three parts: A) Kindling experiments: the animals received PTZ or co-administration doses of PTZ and pilocarpine every other day for a period of 26 days. B) Seizure experiments, for induction of seizure, the animals received one dose of PTZ, pilocarpine or co-administration doses of PTZ and pilocarpine. C) Evaluation of antiepileptic drugs: the animals received phenytoin or sodium valproate 20 min before injection of PTZ, pilocarpine or co-administration doses of PTZ and pilocarpine. RESULTS The co-administration of pilocarpine and PTZ could induce seizure, which has behavioral similarity between electrical and chemical kindling. Pilocarpine (50 mg/kg) + PTZ (37.5 mg/kg) was the appropriate dose for kindling induction. Animals with this dose reached the stage five seizures significantly faster than those with PTZ alone. Unlike the seizure induced by PTZ, or pilocarpine, induction of seizure by PTZ + pilocarpine was resistant to phenytoin and sodium valproate treatment. As compared to the PTZ model of kindling, this model visualized the seizure behavior better and had resistance to two most popular antiepileptic drugs. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that co-administration of pilocarpine and PTZ could provide a new modified model of seizure and kindling resisting to phenytoin and sodium valproate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omid Shafaat
- Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR, Iran; Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aboulfazl Jand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Palizvan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR, Iran.
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20
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Kundap UP, Paudel YN, Kumari Y, Othman I, Shaikh MF. Embelin Prevents Seizure and Associated Cognitive Impairments in a Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Zebrafish Model. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:315. [PMID: 31057394 PMCID: PMC6478791 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neuronal disorder associated with several neurological and behavioral alterations characterized by recurrent spontaneous epileptic seizures. Despite having more than 20 anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), they only provide a symptomatic treatment. As well as, currently available AEDs also displayed cognitive alterations in addition to retarding seizure. This leads to the need for exploring new molecules that not only retard seizure but also improve cognitive impairment. Embelin (EMB) is a benzoquinone derivative which has already demonstrated its pharmacological potentials against arrays of neurological conditions. The current study developed a chronic kindling model in adult zebrafish by using repeated administration of small doses of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and a single dose of Kainic acid (KA) to investigate the associated memory impairment. This has been done by using the three-axis maze which is a conventional method to test the learning ability and egocentric memory in zebrafish. As well as, the ameliorative potential of EMB has been evaluated against chronic epilepsy-related memory alterations. Moreover the expression level of pro-inflammatory genes such as C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were evaluated. The level of several neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (Ach) and glutamate (Glu) was evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results showed that daily dose of PTZ 80 mg/kg for 10 days successfully induces a kindling effect in zebrafish, whereas the single dose of KA did not. As compared to control, the PTZ and KA group demonstrates impairment in memory as demonstrated by the three-axis maze. The PTZ group treated with a series of EMB doses (ranging from 0.156 to 0.625 mg/kg) was found to have retarded seizure as well as significantly reduces epilepsy-induced memory alteration. In addition, EMB treatment reduces the expression of inflammatory markers implicating its anti-inflammatory potential. Moreover, levels of GABA, Ach, and glutamate are increased in EMB administered group as compared to the PTZ administered group. Overall, findings demonstrate that EMB might be a potential candidate against chronic epilepsy-related cognitive dysfunction as EMB prevents the seizures, so we expect it to prevent the associated neuroinflammation and learning deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Praful Kundap
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,University of Montreal Hospital Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Iekshan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Mendes NF, Pansani AP, Carmanhães ERF, Tange P, Meireles JV, Ochikubo M, Chagas JR, da Silva AV, Monteiro de Castro G, Le Sueur-Maluf L. The Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown During Acute Phase of the Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy Is Dynamic and Time-Dependent. Front Neurol 2019; 10:382. [PMID: 31040818 PMCID: PMC6477033 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is essential for providing a suitable environment for nervous tissue function. BBB disruption is involved in many central nervous system diseases, including epilepsy. Evidence demonstrates that BBB breakdown may induce epileptic seizures, and conversely, seizure-induced BBB disruption may cause further epileptic episodes. This study was conducted based on the premise that the impairment of brain tissue during the triggering event may determine the organization and functioning of the brain during epileptogenesis, and that BBB may have a key role in this process. Our purpose was to investigate in rats the relationship between pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), and BBB integrity by determining the time course of the BBB opening and its subsequent recovery during the acute phase of the pilocarpine model. BBB integrity was assessed by quantitative and morphological methods, using sodium fluorescein and Evans blue (EB) dyes as markers of the increased permeability to micromolecules and macromolecules, respectively. Different time-points of the pilocarpine model were analyzed: 30 min after pilocarpine injection and then 1, 5, and 24 h after the SE onset. Our results show that BBB breakdown is a dynamic phenomenon and time-dependent, i.e., it happens at specific time-points of the acute phase of pilocarpine model of epilepsy, recovering in part its integrity afterwards. Pilocarpine-induced changes on brain tissue initially increases the BBB permeability to micromolecules, and subsequently, around 5 h after SE, the BBB breakdown to macromolecules occurs. After BBB breakdown, EB dye is captured by damaged cells, especially neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Although the BBB permeability to macromolecules is restored 24 h after the start of SE, the leakage of micromolecules persists and the consequences of BBB degradation are widely disseminated in the brain. Our findings reveal the existence of a temporal window of BBB dysfunction in the acute phase of the pilocarpine model that is important for the development of therapeutic strategies that could prevent the epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Priscila Pansani
- Departmento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Poliana Tange
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Mayara Ochikubo
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Jair Ribeiro Chagas
- Departmento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lah MHC, Reza F, Begum T, Abdullah JM. Role of Pre-Synaptic NMDA Receptors in the Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in Sensory-Motor and Visual Cortical Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices of Young Epileptic Mice. Malays J Med Sci 2019; 25:27-39. [PMID: 30899185 PMCID: PMC6422549 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies from animal models have shown that pre-synaptic NMDA receptors (preNMDARs) are present in the cortex, but the role of inhibition mediated by preNMDARs during epileptogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we wanted to observe the changes in GABAergic inhibition through preNMDARs in sensory-motor and visual cortical pyramidal neurons after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Methods Using a pilocarpine-induced epileptic mouse model, sensory-motor and visual cortical slices were prepared, and the whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents (sIPSCs). Results The primary finding was that the mean amplitude of sIPSC from the sensory-motor cortex increased significantly in epileptic mice when the recording pipette contained MK-801 compared to control mice, whereas the mean sIPSC frequency was not significantly different, indicating that post-synaptic mechanisms are involved. However, there was no significant pre-synaptic inhibition through preNMDARs in the acute brain slices from pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice. Conclusion In the acute case of epilepsy, a compensatory mechanism of post-synaptic inhibition, possibly from ambient GABA, was observed through changes in the amplitude without significant changes in the frequency of sIPSC compared to control mice. The role of preNMDAR-mediated inhibition in epileptogenesis during the chronic condition or in the juvenile stage warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanif Che Lah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains, Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Faruque Reza
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains, Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Tahamina Begum
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains, Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains, Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Center for Neuroscience Services and Research (P3Neuro), Universiti Sains, Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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23
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Noé FM, Marchi N. Central nervous system lymphatic unit, immunity, and epilepsy: Is there a link? Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:30-39. [PMID: 30868113 PMCID: PMC6398113 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent definition of a network of lymphatic vessels in the meninges surrounding the brain and the spinal cord has advanced our knowledge on the functional anatomy of fluid movement within the central nervous system (CNS). Meningeal lymphatic vessels along dural sinuses and main nerves contribute to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, integrating the cerebrovascular and periventricular routes, and forming a circuit that we here define as the CNS-lymphatic unit. The latter unit is important for parenchymal waste clearance, brain homeostasis, and the regulation of immune or inflammatory processes within the brain. Disruption of fluid drain mechanisms may promote or sustain CNS disease, conceivably applicable to epilepsy where extracellular accumulation of macromolecules and metabolic by-products occur in the interstitial and perivascular spaces. Herein we address an emerging concept and propose a theoretical framework on: (a) how a defect of brain clearance of macromolecules could favor neuronal hyperexcitability and seizures, and (b) whether meningeal lymphatic vessel dysfunction contributes to the neuroimmune cross-talk in epileptic pathophysiology. We propose possible molecular interventions targeting meningeal lymphatic dysfunctions, a potential target for immune-mediated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco M. Noé
- Neuro‐Lymphatic GroupA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Biology of Neuro‐Immune InteractionHiLife‐Neuroscience CenterHelsinki UniversityHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain DisordersDepartment of NeuroscienceInstitute of Functional Genomics (UMR5203 CNRS – U1191 INSERM)University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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24
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Zou J, Wang X, Huang L, Liu J, Kong Y, Li S, Lu Q. Kininogen Level in the Cerebrospinal Fluid May Be a Potential Biomarker for Predicting Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:37. [PMID: 30804871 PMCID: PMC6371036 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Epilepsy is a highly disabling neurological disorder. Brain insult is the most critical cause of epilepsy in adults. This study aimed to find reliable and efficient biomarkers for predicting secondary epilepsy. Materials and methods: The LiCl-pilocarpine (LiCl-Pilo) chronic epilepsy rat model was used, and rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected 5 days after status epilepticus (SE). The CSF was analyzed using the label-free LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Differential expression of proteins was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. The corresponding protein level in the CSF of patients with encephalitis in the postacute phase was determined using ELISA and compared between patients with and without symptomatic epilepsy after encephalitis during a 2-year follow-up. Results: The proteomics and ELISA results showed that the protein level of kininogen (KNG) was obviously elevated in both CSF and hippocampus, but not in serum, 5 days after the onset of SE in LiCl-Pilo chronic epilepsy model rats. In patients with encephalitis, the protein level of KNG in the CSF in the postacute phase was significantly elevated in patients with a recurrent epileptic seizure during a 2-year follow-up than in patients without a recurrent seizure. Conclusion: KNG in the CSF may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting epileptogenesis in patients with encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ligang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Kong
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengtian Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinchi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Liu L, Liu X. Contributions of Drug Transporters to Blood-Brain Barriers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:407-466. [PMID: 31571171 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain interfaces comprise the cerebral microvessel endothelium forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelium of the choroid plexuses forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Their main functions are to impede free diffusion between brain fluids and blood; to provide transport processes for essential nutrients, ions, and metabolic waste products; and to regulate the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS), all of which are attributed to absent fenestrations, high expression of tight junction proteins at cell-cell contacts, and expression of multiple transporters, receptors, and enzymes. Existence of BBB is an important reason that systemic drug administration is not suitable for the treatment of CNS diseases. Some diseases, such epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and diabetes, alter BBB function via affecting tight junction proteins or altering expression and function of these transporters. This chapter will illustrate function of BBB, expression of transporters, as well as their alterations under disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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26
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Li YJ, Wang L, Zhang B, Gao F, Yang CM. Glycyrrhizin, an HMGB1 inhibitor, exhibits neuroprotective effects in rats after lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:390-399. [PMID: 30417405 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
It has been proven that extracellular HMGB1 is involved in progression of neurologic disorders, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, meningitis and epilepsy. Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a direct inhibitor of HMGB1, and blocks HMGB1 release into the extracellular. We aim in this study to investigate the neuroprotective effects of GL in a rat model after lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE).
Methods
Adult male SD rats were divided into three groups: Sham group, SE-group and (SE + GL)-treated group. The HMGB1 expression in serum and hippocampus, the damage extent of blood brain barrier (BBB) and hippocampal neuronal damage were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, western blot and nissl's staining.
Key findings
Glycyrrhizin markedly reduced HMGB1 expression in serum and hippocampus, prevented HMGB1 translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm in hippocampal CA1, CA3 and hilus areas of SE rats. Meanwhile, GL significantly ameliorated neuronal damage in the CA1, CA3 and hilus areas of hippocampus, and protected BBB disruption after SE. The administration of GL significantly decreased the mortality from 25 to 8.9% in rats.
Conclusions
Glycyrrhizin may exert neuroprotective effects via inhibiting HMGB1 and protect BBB permeability in lithium-pilocarpine-induced rats with SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-jun Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Mei Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
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27
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Dulla CG, Janigro D, Jiruska P, Raimondo JV, Ikeda A, Lin CCK, Goodkin HP, Galanopoulou AS, Bernard C, de Curtis M. How do we use in vitro models to understand epileptiform and ictal activity? A report of the TASK1-WG4 group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:460-473. [PMID: 30525115 PMCID: PMC6276782 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro brain tissue preparations allow the convenient and affordable study of brain networks and have allowed us to garner molecular, cellular, and electrophysiologic insights into brain function with a detail not achievable in vivo. Preparations from both rodent and human postsurgical tissue have been utilized to generate in vitro electrical activity similar to electrographic activity seen in patients with epilepsy. A great deal of knowledge about how brain networks generate various forms of epileptiform activity has been gained, but due to the multiple in vitro models and manipulations used, there is a need for a standardization across studies. Here, we describe epileptiform patterns generated using in vitro brain preparations, focusing on issues and best practices pertaining to recording, reporting, and interpretation of the electrophysiologic patterns observed. We also discuss criteria for defining in vitro seizure‐like patterns (i.e., ictal) and interictal discharges. Unifying terminologies and definitions are proposed. We suggest a set of best practices for reporting in vitro studies to favor both efficient across‐lab comparisons and translation to in vivo models and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience Tufts University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Damir Janigro
- Flocel Inc. and Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio U.S.A
| | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Developmental Epileptology Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czechia
| | - Joseph V Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience Institute Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Chou-Ching K Lin
- Department of Neurology National Cheng Kung University Hospital College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Howard P Goodkin
- The Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia U.S.A
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center Montefiore Medical Center Bronx New York U.S.A
| | | | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milano Italy
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Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage during Early Epileptogenesis Is Associated with Rapid Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0123-18. [PMID: 29854942 PMCID: PMC5975718 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0123-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following cerebral injury results in regional extravasation of plasma proteins and can critically contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Here, we comprehensively explore the spatiotemporal evolution of a main extravasation component, albumin, and illuminate associated responses of the neurovascular unit (NVU) contributing to early epileptogenic neuropathology. We applied translational in vivo MR imaging and complementary immunohistochemical analyses in the widely used rat pilocarpine post-status epilepticus (SE) model. The observed rapid BBB leakage affected major epileptogenesis-associated brain regions, peaked between 1 and 2 d post-SE, and rapidly declined thereafter, accompanied by cerebral edema generally following the same time course. At peak of BBB leakage, serum albumin colocalized with NVU constituents, such as vascular components, neurons, and brain immune cells. Surprisingly, astroglial markers did not colocalize with albumin, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) was clearly reduced in areas of leaky BBB, indicating a severe disturbance of astrocyte-mediated endothelial-neuronal coupling. In addition, a distinct adaptive reorganization process of the NVU vasculature apparently takes place at sites of albumin presence, substantiated by reduced immunoreactivity of endothelial and changes in vascular basement membrane markers. Taken together, degenerative events at the level of the NVU, affecting vessels, astrocytes, and neurons, seem to outweigh reconstructive processes. Considering the rapidly occurring BBB leakage and subsequent impairment of the NVU, our data support the necessity of a prompt BBB-restoring treatment as one component of rational therapeutic intervention to prevent epileptogenesis and the development of other detrimental sequelae of SE.
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Walrave L, Pierre A, Albertini G, Aourz N, De Bundel D, Van Eeckhaut A, Vinken M, Giaume C, Leybaert L, Smolders I. Inhibition of astroglial connexin43 hemichannels with TAT-Gap19 exerts anticonvulsant effects in rodents. Glia 2018; 66:1788-1804. [PMID: 29683209 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows a key function for astrocytic connexin43 (Cx43) signaling in epilepsy. However, the lack of experimental distinction between Cx43 gap junction channels (GJCs) and hemichannels (HCs) has impeded the identification of the exact contribution of either channel configurations to epilepsy. We therefore investigated whether TAT-Gap19, a Cx mimetic peptide that inhibits Cx43 HCs but not the corresponding Cx43 GJCs, influences experimentally induced seizures in rodents. Dye uptake experiments in acute hippocampal slices of mice demonstrated that astroglial Cx43 HCs open in response to the chemoconvulsant pilocarpine and this was inhibited by TAT-Gap19. In vivo, pilocarpine-induced seizures as well as the accompanying increase in D-serine microdialysate levels were suppressed by Cx43 HC inhibition. Moreover, the anticonvulsant action of TAT-Gap19 was reversed by exogenous D-serine administration, suggesting that Cx43 HC inhibition protects against seizures by lowering extracellular D-serine levels. The anticonvulsive properties of Cx43 HC inhibition were further confirmed in electrical seizure mouse models, i.e. an acute 6 Hertz (Hz) model of refractory seizures and a chronic 6 Hz corneal kindling model. Collectively, these results indicate that Cx43 HCs play a role in seizures and underscore their potential as a novel and druggable target in epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Walrave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Anouk Pierre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Giulia Albertini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Najat Aourz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Christian Giaume
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Physiology group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
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Matrix Metalloproteinase-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Epilepsy. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4301-4315. [PMID: 29632167 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2751-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is dysfunctional in epilepsy, thereby contributing to seizure genesis and resistance to antiseizure drugs. Previously, several groups reported that seizures increase brain glutamate levels, which leads to barrier dysfunction. One critical component of barrier dysfunction is brain capillary leakage. Based on our preliminary data, we hypothesized that glutamate released during seizures mediates an increase in matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity levels, thereby contributing to barrier leakage. To test this hypothesis, we exposed isolated brain capillaries from male Sprague Dawley rats to glutamate ex vivo and used an in vivo/ex vivo approach of isolated brain capillaries from female Wistar rats that experienced status epilepticus as an acute seizure model. We found that exposing isolated rat brain capillaries to glutamate increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein and activity levels, and decreased tight junction protein levels, which resulted in barrier leakage. We confirmed these findings in vivo in rats after status epilepticus and in brain capillaries from male mice lacking cytosolic phospholipase A2 Together, our data support the hypothesis that glutamate released during seizures signals an increase in MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression and activity levels, resulting in blood-brain barrier leakage.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanism leading to seizure-mediated blood-brain barrier dysfunction in epilepsy is poorly understood. In the present study, we focused on defining this mechanism in the brain capillary endothelium. We demonstrate that seizures trigger a pathway that involves glutamate signaling through cytosolic phospholipase A2, which increases MMP levels and decreases tight junction protein expression levels, resulting in barrier leakage. These findings may provide potential therapeutic avenues within the blood-brain barrier to limit barrier dysfunction in epilepsy and decrease seizure burden.
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Nirwan N, Vyas P, Vohora D. Animal models of status epilepticus and temporal lobe epilepsy: a narrative review. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:757-770. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the chronic and pharmacoresistant form of epilepsy observed in humans. The current literature is insufficient in explicating the comprehensive mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and advancement. Consequently, the development of a suitable animal model mimicking the clinical characteristics is required. Further, the relevance of status epilepticus (SE) to animal models is dubious. SE occurs rarely in people; most epilepsy patients never experience it. The present review summarizes the established animal models of SE and TLE, along with a brief discussion of the animal models that have the distinctiveness and carries the possibility to be developed as effective models for TLE. The review not only covers the basic requirements, mechanisms, and methods of induction of each model but also focuses upon their major limitations and possible modifications for their future use. A detailed discussion on chemical, electrical, and hypoxic/ischemic models as well as a brief explanation on the genetic models, most of which are characterized by development of SE followed by neurodegeneration, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Nirwan
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory , Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi 110062 , India
| | - Preeti Vyas
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory , Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi 110062 , India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory , Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi 110062 , India
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Löscher W, Ferland RJ, Ferraro TN. The relevance of inter- and intrastrain differences in mice and rats and their implications for models of seizures and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 73. [PMID: 28651171 PMCID: PMC5909069 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that the genetic background of mice and rats, even in inbred strains, can have a profound influence on measures of seizure susceptibility and epilepsy. These differences can be capitalized upon through genetic mapping studies to reveal genes important for seizures and epilepsy. However, strain background and particularly mixed genetic backgrounds of transgenic animals need careful consideration in both the selection of strains and in the interpretation of results and conclusions. For instance, mice with targeted deletions of genes involved in epilepsy can have profoundly disparate phenotypes depending on the background strain. In this review, we discuss findings related to how this genetic heterogeneity has and can be utilized in the epilepsy field to reveal novel insights into seizures and epilepsy. Moreover, we discuss how caution is needed in regards to rodent strain or even animal vendor choice, and how this can significantly influence seizure and epilepsy parameters in unexpected ways. This is particularly critical in decisions regarding the strain of choice used in generating mice with targeted deletions of genes. Finally, we discuss the role of environment (at vendor and/or laboratory) and epigenetic factors for inter- and intrastrain differences and how such differences can affect the expression of seizures and the animals' performance in behavioral tests that often accompany acute and chronic seizure testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Thomas N Ferraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
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Breuer H, Meier M, Schneefeld S, Härtig W, Wittneben A, Märkel M, Ross TL, Bengel FM, Bankstahl M, Bankstahl JP. Multimodality imaging of blood-brain barrier impairment during epileptogenesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2049-2061. [PMID: 27435624 PMCID: PMC5464700 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16659672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Insult-associated blood-brain barrier leakage is strongly suggested to be a key step during epileptogenesis. In this study, we used three non-invasive translational imaging modalities, i.e. positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, to evaluate BBB leakage after an epileptogenic brain insult. Sprague-Dawley rats were scanned during early epileptogenesis initiated by status epilepticus. Positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography scans were performed using the novel tracer [68Ga]DTPA or [99mTc]DTPA, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging included T2 and post-contrast T1 sequence after infusion of Gd-DTPA, gadobutrol, or Gd-albumin. All modalities revealed increased blood-brain barrier permeability 48 h post status epilepticus, mainly in epileptogenesis-associated brain regions like hippocampus, piriform cortex, thalamus, or amygdala. In hippocampus, Gd-DTPA-enhanced T1 magnetic resonance imaging signal was increased by 199%, [68Ga]DTPA positron emission tomography by 37%, and [99mTc]DTPA single photon emission computed tomography by 56%. Imaging results were substantiated by histological detection of albumin extravasation. Comparison with quantitative positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography shows that magnetic resonance imaging sequences successfully amplify the signal from a moderate amount of extravasated DTPA molecules, enabling sensitive detection of blood-brain barrier disturbance in epileptogenesis. Imaging of the disturbed blood-brain barrier will give further pathophysiologic insights, will help to stratify anti-epileptogenic treatment targeting blood-brain barrier integrity, and may serve as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Breuer
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Meier
- 3 Preclinical Imaging Labs, Central Laboratory Animal Facility & Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Schneefeld
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- 4 Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Wittneben
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Märkel
- 4 Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias L Ross
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank M Bengel
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens P Bankstahl
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Han H, Mann A, Ekstein D, Eyal S. Breaking Bad: the Structure and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Epilepsy. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:973-988. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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DV21 decreases excitability of cortical pyramidal neurons and acts in epilepsy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1701. [PMID: 28490750 PMCID: PMC5431874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders and the administration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is the most common treatment. Although there are more than 15 AEDs available, a third of epilepsy patients remain refractory to available drugs, so novel effective drugs are needed. Here, we found that DV21, which is a natural triterpenoid compound extracted from plants of the Asclepiadaceae family, significantly decreased the incidence and stages of seizures in three classical drug-induced acute seizure models in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, we also found that the antiepileptic effect of DV21 might be partly mediated through reducing the excitability of cortical pyramidal neurons by increasing M current, which are low-threshold non-inactivating voltage-gated potassium currents. Moreover, the application of XE991, an inhibitor of M current, could block most the antiepileptic effect of DV21. Taken together, our results indicated that DV21 might be a novel leading compound for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Therapeutic effects of anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1179. [PMID: 28446773 PMCID: PMC5430706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes in brain tissue have been described in human epilepsy of various etiologies and in experimental models of seizures. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is now recognized as representative of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In the present study, we focused on whether anti-HMGB1 antibody treatment could relieve status epilepticus- triggered BBB breakdown and inflammation response in addition to the seizure behavior itself. Pilocarpine and methyl-scopolamine were used to establish the acute seizure model. Anti-HMGB1 mAb showed inhibitory effects on leakage of the BBB, and on the HMGB1 translocation induced by pilocarpine. The expression of inflammation-related factors, such as MCP-1, CXCL-1, TLR-4, and IL-6 in hippocampus and cerebral cortex were down-regulated by anti-HMGB1 mAb associated with the number of activated astrocytes, microglial cells as well as the expression of IL-1β. Both hematoxylin & eosin and TUNEL staining showed that the apoptotic cells could be reduced after anti-HMGB1 mAb treatment. The onset and latency of Racine stage five were significantly prolonged in the anti-HMGB1 mAb group. These results suggested that anti-HMGB1 mAb prevented the BBB permeability, reduced HMGB1 translocation while inhibiting the expression of inflammation-related factors, protected against neural cell apoptosis and prolonged Racine stage 5 seizure onset and latency.
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Phase-Dependent Astroglial Alterations in Li-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus in Young Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2730-2742. [PMID: 28444637 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy prevalence is high in infancy and in the elderly population. Lithium-pilocarpine is widely used to induce experimental animal models of epilepsy, leading to similar neurochemical and morphological alterations to those observed in temporal lobe epilepsy. As astrocytes have been implicated in epileptic disorders, we hypothesized that specific astroglial changes accompany and contribute to epileptogenesis. Herein, we evaluated time-dependent astroglial alterations in the hippocampus of young (27-day-old) rats at 1, 14 and 56 days after Li-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), corresponding to different phases in this model of epilepsy. We determined specific markers of astroglial activation: GFAP, S100B, glutamine synthetase (GS), glutathione (GSH) content, aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) and potassium channel Kir 4.1; as well as epileptic behavioral, inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes. Phase-dependent signs of hippocampal astrogliosis were observed, as demonstrated by increments in GFAP, S100B and GS. Astrocyte dysfunction in the hippocampus was characterized, based on the decrease in GSH content, AQP-4 and Kir 4.1 channels. Degenerating neurons were identified by Fluoro-Jade C staining. We found a clear, early (at SE1) and persistent (at SE56) increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) S100B levels. Additionally, serum S100B was found to decrease soon after SE induction, implicating a rapid-onset increase in the CSF/serum S100B ratio. However, serum S100B increased at SE14, possibly reflecting astroglial activation and/or long-term increase in cerebrovascular permeability. Moreover, we suggest that peripheral S100B levels may represent a useful marker for SE in young rats and for follow up during the chronic phases of this model of epilepsy. Together, results reinforce and extend the idea of astroglial involvement in epileptic disorders.
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Kirschen GW, Liu H, Lang T, Liang X, Ge S, Xiong Q. The radial organization of neuronal primary cilia is acutely disrupted by seizure and ischemic brain injury. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2017; 12:124-138. [PMID: 28473847 PMCID: PMC5412953 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal primary cilia are sensory organelles that are critically involved in the proper growth, development, and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent work also suggests that they signal in the context of CNS injury, and that abnormal ciliary signaling may be implicated in neurological diseases. METHODS We quantified the distribution of neuronal primary cilia alignment throughout the normal adult mouse brain by immunohistochemical staining for the primary cilia marker adenylyl cyclase III (ACIII) and measuring the angles of primary cilia with respect to global and local coordinate planes. We then introduced two different models of acute brain insult-temporal lobe seizure and cerebral ischemia, and re-examined neuronal primary cilia distribution, as well as ciliary lengths and the proportion of neurons harboring cilia. RESULTS Under basal conditions, cortical cilia align themselves radially with respect to the cortical surface, while cilia in the dentate gyrus align themselves radially with respect to the granule cell layer. Cilia of neurons in the striatum and thalamus, by contrast, exhibit a wide distribution of ciliary arrangements. In both cases of acute brain insult, primary cilia alignment was significantly disrupted in a region-specific manner, with areas affected by the insult preferentially disrupted. Further, the two models promoted differential effects on ciliary lengths, while only the ischemia model decreased the proportion of ciliated cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence for the regional anatomical organization of neuronal primary cilia in the adult brain and suggest that various brain insults may disrupt this organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hanxiao Liu
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Tracy Lang
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Simons Summer Research Program (SSRP)
| | - Xuelin Liang
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Qiaojie Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Benson MJ, Manzanero S, Borges K. The effects of C5aR1 on leukocyte infiltration following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2017; 58:e54-e58. [PMID: 28225153 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the role C5aR1 plays in mediating immune responses acutely after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), specifically those of brain-infiltrating leukocytes. Three days following pilocarpine SE, we determined by flow cytometry the brain immune cell phenotypes and measured key proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokine expression by infiltrating leukocytes and microglia in C5aR1-deficient and wild-type mice. Absence of C5aR1 reduced by 47% the numbers of Ly6G+ neutrophils in the brains of No-SE mice and decreased neutrophil entry after SE to levels found in wild-type brains that did not undergo SE (No-SE). Moreover, C5aR1-deficient mice showed increased interleukin (IL)-4 expression in infiltrating leukocytes, but not in microglia. Increases in IL-4 expression in infiltrating leukocytes coupled with decreased neutrophil invasion in C5aR1-deficient mice after SE is likely to contribute to the reduced neuronal loss previously found in these mice compared to their wild-type littermates. Although other SE models need to be investigated to substantiate our findings, this study provides further evidence that C5aR1 is an inflammatory mediator and may play a role in epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Benson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Silvia Manzanero
- Department of Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ichikawa N, Alves M, Pfeiffer S, Langa E, Hernández-Santana YE, Suzuki H, Prehn JH, Engel T, Henshall DC. Deletion of the BH3-only protein Noxa alters electrographic seizures but does not protect against hippocampal damage after status epilepticus in mice. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2556. [PMID: 28079889 PMCID: PMC5457684 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several members of the Bcl-2 gene family are dysregulated in human temporal lobe epilepsy and animal studies show that genetic deletion of some of these proteins influence electrographic seizure responses to chemoconvulsants and associated brain damage. The BH3-only proteins form a subgroup comprising direct activators of Bax–Bak that are potently proapoptotic and a number of weaker proapoptotic BH3-only proteins that act as sensitizers by neutralization of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Noxa was originally characterized as a weaker proapoptotic, ‘sensitizer' BH3-only protein, although recent evidence suggests it too may be potently proapoptotic. Expression of Noxa is under p53 control, a known seizure-activated pathway, although Noxa has been linked to energetic stress and autophagy. Here we characterized the response of Noxa to prolonged seizures and the phenotype of mice lacking Noxa. Status epilepticus induced by intra-amygdala kainic acid caused a rapid increase in expression of noxa in the damaged CA3 subfield of the hippocampus but not undamaged CA1 region. In vivo upregulation of noxa was reduced by pifithrin-α, suggesting transcription may be partly p53-dependent. Mice lacking noxa developed less severe electrographic seizures during status epilepticus in the model but, surprisingly, displayed equivalent hippocampal damage to wild-type animals. The present findings indicate Noxa does not serve as a proapoptotic BH3-only protein during seizure-induced neuronal death in vivo. This study extends the comprehensive phenotyping of seizure and damage responses in mice lacking specific Bcl-2 gene family members and provides further evidence that these proteins may serve roles beyond control of cell death in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ichikawa
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shona Pfeiffer
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Elena Langa
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Yasmina E Hernández-Santana
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Jochen Hm Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Eslami SM, Moradi MM, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Anticonvulsive Effects of Licofelone on Status Epilepticus Induced by Lithium-pilocarpine in Wistar Rats: a Role for Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. J Epilepsy Res 2016; 6:51-58. [PMID: 28101475 PMCID: PMC5206100 DOI: 10.14581/jer.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological disorder with high prevalence and mortality rates, requiring immediate intervention. Licofelone is a cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor, which its effectiveness to treat osteoarthritis has been approved. Increasing evidence suggests an involvement of COX and LOX enzymes in epileptic disorders. Thus, in the present study we investigate possible effects of licofelone on prevention and termination of SE. We also evaluated whether the nitrergic system could participate in this effect of licofelone. Methods We have utilized lithium-pilocarpine model of SE in adult Wistar rats to assess the potential effect of licofelone on seizure susceptibility. Licofelone was administered 1 h before pilocarpine. To evaluate probable role of nitric oxide (NO) system, L-arginine (60 mg/kg, i.p.), as a NO precursor; L-NAME (15 mg/kg, i.p.), as a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor; aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), as an inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor and 7-nitroindazole (60 mg/kg, i.p.), as a neuronal NOS inhibitor were injected 15 min before licofelone. Also, licofelone and diazepam 10 mg/kg were administered 30 minutes after onset of SE. Results Pre-treatment with licofelone at the dosage of 10 mg/kg, significantly prevented the onset of SE in all subjects (p < 0.001). L-arginine significantly inverted this anticonvulsant effect (p < 0.05). However, L-NAME and aminoguanidine, potentiated the anticonvulsant effect of licofelone (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Licofelone could not terminate seizures after onset which was terminated by diazepam. Conclusions Our findings showed that anticonvulsive effects of licofelone on SE could be mediated by iNOS. Also, we suggest that COX/5-LOX activation is possibly required in the initial stage of onset but SE recruits extra excitatory pathways with prolongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Majid Eslami
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mobin Moradi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rempe RG, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. Matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and blood-brain barrier: Versatile breakers and makers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1481-507. [PMID: 27323783 PMCID: PMC5012524 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16655551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are versatile endopeptidases with many different functions in the body in health and disease. In the brain, matrix metalloproteinases are critical for tissue formation, neuronal network remodeling, and blood-brain barrier integrity. Many reviews have been published on matrix metalloproteinases before, most of which focus on the two best studied matrix metalloproteinases, the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, and their role in one or two diseases. In this review, we provide a broad overview of the role various matrix metalloproteinases play in brain disorders. We summarize and review current knowledge and understanding of matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and at the blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammation, multiple sclerosis, cerebral aneurysms, stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain cancer. We discuss the detrimental effects matrix metalloproteinases can have in these conditions, contributing to blood-brain barrier leakage, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, demyelination, tumor angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. We also discuss the beneficial role matrix metalloproteinases can play in neuroprotection and anti-inflammation. Finally, we address matrix metalloproteinases as potential therapeutic targets. Together, in this comprehensive review, we summarize current understanding and knowledge of matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and at the blood-brain barrier in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Rempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Farhang A, Javanmard SH, Mehvari J, Zare M, Saadatnia M. Inflammation and endothelium response in epileptic patients: A case-control study. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:131. [PMID: 27656600 PMCID: PMC5025927 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.187370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability plays an important role in the brain impairments. The barrier is composed of endothelium cells, due to the presence of tight junctions that connect endothelium cells. The failure of BBB function has triggering chronic or acute seizures through brain inflammation and BBB permeability. Seizure induces vasodilation, BBB leakage and up-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecules which able to bind integrins blood leukocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study we included 40 epileptic patients who were sampled during a seizure as a case group and 20 healthy subjects as a healthy control group. Plasma levels of the inflammation and endothelium markers including intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). RESULTS The ICAM and VCAM concentration in the epileptic patients (135.8 ± 5.35) (52.04 ± 4.24) were significantly higher than healthy control group (110.32 ± 5.04) (23.38 ± 3.01) (P < 0.005). IL-1 beta concentration was not significantly different between groups (P = 0.594). However, CRP level was significantly up-regulated in epileptic patients (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION Epileptic patients have BBB leakage and dysfunction as the up-regulation of the endothelium cytokines showed. The BBB leakage may be the result of the inflammatory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Farhang
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jafar Mehvari
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan Medical Education Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zare
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan Medical Education Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saadatnia
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan Medical Education Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Clark PA, Al-Ahmad AJ, Qian T, Zhang RR, Wilson HK, Weichert JP, Palecek SP, Kuo JS, Shusta EV. Analysis of Cancer-Targeting Alkylphosphocholine Analogue Permeability Characteristics Using a Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3341-9. [PMID: 27421304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-targeting alkylphosphocholine (APC) analogues are being clinically developed for diagnostic imaging, intraoperative visualization, and therapeutic applications. These APC analogues derived from chemically synthesized phospholipid ethers were identified and optimized for cancer-targeting specificity using extensive structure-activity studies. While they strongly label human brain cancers associated with disrupted blood-brain barriers (BBB), APC permeability across intact BBB remains unknown. Three of our APC analogues, CLR1404 (PET radiotracer), CLR1501 (green fluorescence), and CLR1502 (near-infrared fluorescence), were tested for permeability across a BBB model composed of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (iPSC-derived BMECs). This in vitro BBB system has reproducibly consistent high barrier integrity marked by high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER > 1500 Ω-cm(2)) and functional expression of drug efflux transporters. The radioiodinated and fluorescent APC analogues demonstrated fairly low permeability across the iPSC-BMEC (35 ± 5.7 (CLR1404), 54 ± 3.2 (CLR1501), and 26 ± 4.9 (CLR1502) × 10(-5) cm/min) compared with BBB-impermeable sucrose (13 ± 2.5) and BBB-permeable diazepam (170 ± 29). Only the fluorescent APC analogues (CLR1501, CLR1502) underwent BCRP and MRP polarized drug efflux transport in the brain-to-blood direction of the BBB model, and this efflux can be specifically blocked with pharmacological inhibition. None of the tested APC analogues appeared to undergo substantial P-gp transport. Limited permeability of the APC analogues across an intact BBB into normal brain likely contributes to the high tumor to background ratios observed in initial human trials. Moreover, addition of fluorescent moieties to APCs resulted in greater BMEC efflux via MRP and BCRP, and may affect fluorescence-guided applications. Overall, the characterization of APC analogue permeability across human BBB is significant for advancing future brain tumor-targeted applications of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham J Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center-School of Pharmacy , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
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Noé FM, Bellistri E, Colciaghi F, Cipelletti B, Battaglia G, de Curtis M, Librizzi L. Kainic acid-induced albumin leak across the blood-brain barrier facilitates epileptiform hyperexcitability in limbic regions. Epilepsia 2016; 57:967-76. [PMID: 27173148 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic administration of kainic acid (KA) is a widely used procedure utilized to develop a model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Despite its ability to induce status epilepticus (SE) in vivo, KA applied to in vitro preparations induces only interictal-like activity and/or isolated ictal discharges. The possibility that extravasation of the serum protein albumin from the vascular compartment enhances KA-induced brain excitability is investigated here. METHODS Epileptiform activity was induced by arterial perfusion of 6 μm KA in the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain preparation. Simultaneous field potential recordings were carried out bilaterally from limbic (CA1, dentate gyrus [DG], and entorhinal cortex) and extralimbic regions (piriform cortex and neocortex). Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown associated with KA-induced epileptiform activity was assessed by parenchymal leakage of intravascular fluorescein-isothiocyanate albumin. Seizure-induced brain inflammation was evaluated by western blot analysis of interleukin (IL)-1β expression in brain tissue. RESULTS KA infusion caused synchronized activity at 15-30 Hz in limbic (but not extralimbic) cortical areas, associated with a brief, single seizure-like event. A second bolus of KA, 60 min after the induction of the first ictal event, did not further enhance excitability. Perfusion of serum albumin between the two administrations of KA enhanced epileptiform discharges and allowed a recurrent ictal event during the second KA infusion. SIGNIFICANCE Our data show that arterial KA administration selectively alters the synchronization of limbic networks. However, KA is not sufficient to generate recurrent seizures unless serum albumin is co-perfused during KA administration. These findings suggest a role of serum albumin in facilitating acute seizure generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco M Noé
- Unit of Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Bellistri
- Unit of Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Colciaghi
- Unit of Molecular Neuroanatomy and Pathogenesis, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cipelletti
- Unit of Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Battaglia
- Unit of Molecular Neuroanatomy and Pathogenesis, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Unit of Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Librizzi
- Unit of Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
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High serum levels of proinflammatory markers during epileptogenesis. Can omega-3 fatty acid administration reduce this process? Epilepsy Behav 2015; 51:300-5. [PMID: 26318793 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During the epileptogenic process, several events may occur, such as an important activation of the immune system in the central nervous system. The response to seizure activity results in an inflammation in the brain as well as in the periphery. Moreover, CRP and cytokines may be able to interact with numerous ligands in response to cardiac injury caused by sympathetic stimulation in ictal and postictal states. Based on this, we measured the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines during acute, silent, and chronic phases of rats submitted to the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. We have also analyzed the effect of a chronic treatment of these rats with omega-3 fatty acid in CRP and cytokine levels, during an epileptic focus generation. C-reactive protein and cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α presented high concentration in the blood of rats, even well after the occurrence of SE. We found reduced levels of CRP and all proinflammatory cytokines in the blood of animals with chronic seizures, treated with omega-3, when compared with those treated with vehicle solution. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the omega-3 is an effective treatment to prevent SUDEP occurrence due to its capability to act as an anti-inflammatory compound, reducing the systemic inflammatory parameters altered by seizures.
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Suchomelova L, Lopez-Meraz ML, Niquet J, Kubova H, Wasterlain CG. Hyperthermia aggravates status epilepticus-induced epileptogenesis and neuronal loss in immature rats. Neuroscience 2015; 305:209-24. [PMID: 26259902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study tightly controlled seizure duration and severity during status epilepticus (SE) in postnatal day 10 (P10) rats, in order to isolate hyperthermia as the main variable and to study its consequences. Body temperature was maintained at 39 ± 1 °C in hyperthermic SE rats (HT+SE) or at 35 ± 1 °C in normothermic SE animals (NT+SE) during 30 min of SE, which was induced by lithium-pilocarpine (3 mEq/kg, 60 mg/kg) and terminated by diazepam and cooling to NT. All video/EEG measures of SE severity were similar between HT+SE and NT+SE pups. At 24h, neuronal injury was present in the amygdala in the HT+SE group only, and was far more severe in the hippocampus in HT+SE than NT+SE pups. Separate groups of animals were monitored four months later for spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Only HT+SE animals developed convulsive SRS. Both HT+SE and NT+SE animals developed electrographic SRS (83% vs. 55%), but SRS frequency and severity were higher in hyperthermic animals (12.5 ± 3.5 vs. 4.2 ± 2.0 SRS/day). The density of hilar neurons was lower, thickness of the amygdala and perirhinal cortex was reduced, and lateral ventricles were enlarged in HT+SE over NT+SE littermates and HT/NT controls. In this model, hyperthermia greatly increased the epileptogenicity of SE and its neuropathological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Suchomelova
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Epilepsy Research (151), 11 301 Wilshire Boulevard, Building 114, Room 139, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
| | - M L Lopez-Meraz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91190, Mexico
| | - J Niquet
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Epilepsy Research (151), 11 301 Wilshire Boulevard, Building 114, Room 139, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - H Kubova
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - C G Wasterlain
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Medical Center (127), 11 301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Blood-brain barrier, bulk flow, and interstitial clearance in epilepsy. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 260:118-24. [PMID: 26093166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of epilepsy implies elucidating the neurovascular modifications occurring before or at time of seizures. Cerebrovascular dysfunction provokes or sustains seizures and loss of selective blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is a modulator of seizure threshold. However, cerebrovascular pathology in epilepsy extends beyond BBB "leakage" to encompass vascular and parenchymal events. Whenever abnormal accumulation of protein is observed surrounding brain blood vessels, BBB disruption (BBBD) was invoked. Recent clinical and laboratory findings challenged an exclusive role of BBBD in perivascular accumulation of serum-derived products. The circulation of interstitial fluid (ISF) and its bulk flow have emerged as candidate mechanisms which play a role in clearance of CNS waste. Although controversy exists, changes of ISF flow may contribute to CNS disorders through a mechanism encompassing incomplete parenchymal clearance and accompanying accumulation of toxic byproducts. We summarize the evidence in favor and against ISF bulk flow and propose a scenario where abnormal ISF in the epileptic brain allows accumulation of brain protein, sustaining pathophysiology and altering the pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs. We also describe the methods routinely used to dissect out the contribution of BBB-dependent, vascular or paracellular mechanisms to altered neuronal excitability.
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Römermann K, Bankstahl JP, Löscher W, Bankstahl M. Pilocarpine-induced convulsive activity is limited by multidrug transporters at the rodent blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:351-9. [PMID: 25755207 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the growing availability of genetically engineered mouse lines, the pilocarpine post-status epilepticus (SE) model of temporal lobe epilepsy is increasingly used in mice. A discrepancy in pilocarpine sensitivity in FVB/N wild-type versus P-glycoprotein (PGP)-deficient mice precipitated the investigation of the interaction between pilocarpine and two major multidrug transporters at the blood-brain barrier. Doses of pilocarpine necessary for SE induction were determined in male and female wild-type and PGP-deficient mice. Brain and plasma concentrations were measured following low (30-50 mg⋅kg(-1) i.p.) and/or high (200 mg⋅kg(-1) i.p.) doses of pilocarpine in wild-type mice, and mice lacking PGP, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), or both transporters, as well as in rats with or without pretreatment with lithium chloride or tariquidar. Concentration equilibrium transport assays (CETA) were performed using cells overexpressing murine PGP or BCRP. Lower pilocarpine doses were necessary for SE induction in PGP-deficient mice. Brain-plasma ratios were higher in mice lacking PGP or PGP and BCRP, which was also observed after pretreatment with tariquidar in mice and in rats. Lithium chloride did not change brain penetration of pilocarpine. CETA confirmed transport of pilocarpine by PGP and BCRP. Pilocarpine is a substrate of PGP and BCRP at the rodent blood-brain barrier, which restricts its convulsive action. Future studies to reveal whether strain differences in pilocarpine sensitivity derive from differences in multidrug transporter expression levels are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - J P Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Sada N, Lee S, Katsu T, Otsuki T, Inoue T. Epilepsy treatment. Targeting LDH enzymes with a stiripentol analog to treat epilepsy. Science 2015; 347:1362-7. [PMID: 25792327 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal excitation is regulated by energy metabolism, and drug-resistant epilepsy can be suppressed by special diets. Here, we report that seizures and epileptiform activity are reduced by inhibition of the metabolic pathway via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a component of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle. Inhibition of the enzyme LDH hyperpolarized neurons, which was reversed by the downstream metabolite pyruvate. LDH inhibition also suppressed seizures in vivo in a mouse model of epilepsy. We further found that stiripentol, a clinically used antiepileptic drug, is an LDH inhibitor. By modifying its chemical structure, we identified a previously unknown LDH inhibitor, which potently suppressed seizures in vivo. We conclude that LDH inhibitors are a promising new group of antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Sada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Suni Lee
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan
| | - Takashi Katsu
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takemi Otsuki
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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