1
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Johanssen VA, Ruan JL, Vince O, Thomas A, Peeters S, Soto MS, Buck J, Gray M, Stride E, Sibson NR. Targeted opening of the blood-brain barrier using VCAM-1 functionalised microbubbles and "whole brain" ultrasound. Theranostics 2024; 14:4076-4089. [PMID: 38994029 PMCID: PMC11234285 DOI: 10.7150/thno.93172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic tumours in the brain now represent one of the leading causes of death from cancer. Current treatments are largely ineffective owing to the combination of late diagnosis and poor delivery of therapies across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Conjugating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents with a monoclonal antibody for VCAM-1 (anti-VCAM1) has been shown to enable detection of micrometastases, two to three orders of magnitude smaller in volume than those currently detectable clinically. The aim of this study was to exploit this targeting approach to enable localised and temporary BBB opening at the site of early-stage metastases using functionalised microbubbles and ultrasound. Methods: Microbubbles functionalised with anti-VCAM1 were synthesised and shown to bind to VCAM-1-expressing cells in vitro. Experiments were then conducted in vivo in a unilateral breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model using Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) enhanced MRI to detect BBB opening. Following injection of Gd-DTPA and targeted microbubbles, the whole brain volume was simultaneously exposed to ultrasound (0.5 MHz, 10% duty cycle, 0.7 MPa peak negative pressure, 2 min treatment time). T1-weighted MRI was then performed to identify BBB opening, followed by histological confirmation via immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunohistochemistry. Results: In mice treated with targeted microbubbles and ultrasound, statistically significantly greater extravasation of Gd-DTPA and IgG was observed in the left tumour-bearing hemisphere compared to the right hemisphere 5 min after treatment. No acute adverse effects were observed. There was no investigation of longer term bioeffects owing to the nature of the study. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the feasibility of using targeted microbubbles in combination with low intensity ultrasound to localise opening of the BBB to metastatic sites in the brain. This approach has potential application in the treatment of metastatic tumours whose location cannot be established a priori with conventional imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia-Ling Ruan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Vince
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alec Thomas
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Peeters
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jessica Buck
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Gray
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Research, University of Oxford, UK
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2
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Liu S, He Y, Yin J, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Neurotoxicities induced by micro/nanoplastics: A review focusing on the risks of neurological diseases. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134054. [PMID: 38503214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Pollution of micro/nano-plastics (MPs/NPs) is ubiquitously prevalent in the environment, leading to an unavoidable exposure of the human body. Despite the protection of the blood-brain barrier, MPs/NPs can be transferred and accumulated in the brain, which subsequently exert negative effects on the brain. Nevertheless, the potential neurodevelopmental and/or neurodegenerative risks of MPs/NPs remain largely unexplored. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of recent studies related to the neurotoxicity of MPs/NPs. It covers the environmental hazards and human exposure pathways, translocation and distribution into the brain, the neurotoxic effects, and the possible mechanisms of environmental MPs/NPs. MPs/NPs are widely found in different environment matrices, including air, water, soil, and human food. Ambient MPs/NPs can enter the human body by ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact, then be transferred into the brain via the blood circulation and nerve pathways. When MPs/NPs are present in the brain, they can initiate a series of molecular or cellular reactions that may harm the blood-brain barrier, cause oxidative stress, trigger inflammatory responses, affect acetylcholinesterase activity, lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, and impair autophagy. This can result in abnormal protein folding, loss of neurons, disruptions in neurotransmitters, and unusual behaviours, ultimately contributing to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative changes and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Key challenges and further research directions are also proposed in this review as more studies are needed to focus on the potential neurotoxicity of MPs/NPs under realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinling He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Buryskova Salajova K, Malik J, Valerianova A. Cardiorenal Syndromes and Their Role in Water and Sodium Homeostasis. Physiol Res 2024; 73:173-187. [PMID: 38710052 PMCID: PMC11081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Sodium is the main osmotically active ion in the extracellular fluid and its concentration goes hand in hand with fluid volume. Under physiological conditions, homeostasis of sodium and thus amount of fluid is regulated by neural and humoral interconnection of body tissues and organs. Both heart and kidneys are crucial in maintaining volume status. Proper kidney function is necessary to excrete regulated amount of water and solutes and adequate heart function is inevitable to sustain renal perfusion pressure, oxygen supply etc. As these organs are bidirectionally interconnected, injury of one leads to dysfunction of another. This condition is known as cardiorenal syndrome. It is divided into five subtypes regarding timeframe and pathophysiology of the onset. Hemodynamic effects include congestion, decreased cardiac output, but also production of natriuretic peptides. Renal congestion and hypoperfusion leads to kidney injury and maladaptive activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system. In cardiorenal syndromes sodium and water excretion is impaired leading to volume overload and far-reaching negative consequences, including higher morbidity and mortality of these patients. Keywords: Cardiorenal syndrome, Renocardiac syndrome, Volume overload, Sodium retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Buryskova Salajova
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Jones CMA, Kamintsky L, Parker E, Kureshi N, Audas L, Wilson L, Champagne AA, Boulanger MM, DiStefano V, Fenerty L, Bowen C, Beyea S, Atkinson C, Clarke DB, Friedman A. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Exposure to Head Impacts in University Football Players. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:61-68. [PMID: 37285595 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the link between dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exposure to head impacts in concussed football athletes. DESIGN This was a prospective, observational pilot study. SETTING Canadian university football. PARTICIPANTS The study population consisted of 60 university football players, aged 18 to 25. Athletes who sustained a clinically diagnosed concussion over the course of a single football season were invited to undergo an assessment of BBB leakage. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Head impacts detected using impact-sensing helmets were the measured variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical diagnosis of concussion and BBB leakage assessed using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) within 1 week of concussion were the outcome measures. RESULTS Eight athletes were diagnosed with a concussion throughout the season. These athletes sustained a significantly higher number of head impacts than nonconcussed athletes. Athletes playing in the defensive back position were significantly more likely to sustain a concussion than remain concussion free. Five of the concussed athletes underwent an assessment of BBB leakage. Logistic regression analysis indicated that region-specific BBB leakage in these 5 athletes was best predicted by impacts sustained in all games and practices leading up to the concussion-as opposed to the last preconcussion impact or the impacts sustained during the game when concussion occurred. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings raise the potential for the hypothesis that repeated exposure to head impacts may contribute to the development of BBB pathology. Further research is needed to validate this hypothesis and to test whether BBB pathology plays a role in the sequela of repeated head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M A Jones
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lyna Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ellen Parker
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nelofar Kureshi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lorelei Audas
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Vincent DiStefano
- School of Applied Child Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lynne Fenerty
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chris Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Steven Beyea
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christina Atkinson
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; and
| | - David B Clarke
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Departments of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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5
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Mi J, Sun A, Härtel L, Dilling C, Meybohm P, Burek M. Isolation of Capillaries from Small Amounts of Mouse Brain Tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:27-38. [PMID: 38427226 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Isolated brain capillaries are essential for analyzing changes in protein and gene expression at the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions. The standard methods for isolating brain capillaries require the use of at least one or more mouse brains in order to obtain sufficient quantity and purity of brain capillaries. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for isolating and purifying capillaries from tiny amounts of mouse cerebral cortex using manual homogenization, density gradient centrifugation, and filtration while preserving the structural integrity and functional activity of microvessel fragments. Western blotting showed that proteins expressed at the BBB were enriched in mouse brain capillaries isolated by the optimized method compared to cerebral cortex protein homogenates. This approach can be used for the analysis of a variety of rare mouse genetic models and can also help the investigators to understand regional differences in susceptibility to pathological phenomena such as ischemia and traumatic brain injury. This will allow the investigators to better understand the physiology and pathology of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiao Mi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aili Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Härtel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Dilling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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6
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Ozgür B, Puris E, Brachner A, Appelt-Menzel A, Oerter S, Balzer V, Holst MR, Christiansen RF, Hyldig K, Buckley ST, Kristensen M, Auriola S, Jensen A, Fricker G, Nielsen MS, Neuhaus W, Brodin B. Characterization of an iPSC-based barrier model for blood-brain barrier investigations using the SBAD0201 stem cell line. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:96. [PMID: 38115090 PMCID: PMC10731806 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on primary murine, bovine, and porcine brain capillary endothelial cell cultures have long been regarded as robust models with appropriate properties to examine the functional transport of small molecules. However, species differences sometimes complicate translating results from these models to human settings. During the last decade, brain capillary endothelial-like cells (BCECs) have been generated from stem cell sources to model the human BBB in vitro. The aim of the present study was to establish and characterize a human BBB model using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived BCECs from the hIPSC line SBAD0201. METHODS The model was evaluated using transcriptomics, proteomics, immunocytochemistry, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements, and, finally, transport assays to assess the functionality of selected transporters and receptor (GLUT-1, LAT-1, P-gp and LRP-1). RESULTS The resulting BBB model displayed an average TEER of 5474 ± 167 Ω·cm2 and cell monolayer formation with claudin-5, ZO-1, and occludin expression in the tight junction zones. The cell monolayers expressed the typical BBB markers VE-cadherin, VWF, and PECAM-1. Transcriptomics and quantitative targeted absolute proteomics analyses revealed that solute carrier (SLC) transporters were found in high abundance, while the expression of efflux transporters was relatively low. Transport assays using GLUT-1, LAT-1, and LRP-1 substrates and inhibitors confirmed the functional activities of these transporters and receptors in the model. A transport assay suggested that P-gp was not functionally expressed in the model, albeit antibody staining revealed that P-gp was localized at the luminal membrane. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the novel SBAD0201-derived BBB model formed tight monolayers and was proven useful for studies investigating GLUT-1, LAT-1, and LRP-1 mediated transport across the BBB. However, the model did not express functional P-gp and thus is not suitable for the performance of drug efflux P-gp reletated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Ozgür
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, DK-2500, Denmark
| | - Elena Puris
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachner
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT) Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT) Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Balzer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Kathrine Hyldig
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, DK-2500, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Stephen T Buckley
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, DK-2760, Denmark
| | - Mie Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Allan Jensen
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, DK-2500, Denmark
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, 1210, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, 3500, Austria
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
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7
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Kumar N, Khurana B, Arora D. Nose-to-brain drug delivery for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: nanotechnological interventions. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:1032-1047. [PMID: 37975846 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2285506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor with a short survival rate. Extensive research is underway for the last two decades to find an effective treatment for GBM but the tortuous pathophysiology, development of chemoresistance, and presence of BBB are the major challenges, prompting scientists to look for alternative targets and delivery strategies. Therefore, the nose to brain delivery emerged as an unorthodox and non-invasive route, which delivers the drug directly to the brain via the olfactory and trigeminal pathways and also bypasses the BBB and hepatic metabolism of the drug. However, mucociliary clearance, low administration volume, and less permeability of nasal mucosa are the obstacles retrenching the brain drug concentration. Thus, nanocarrier delivery through this route may conquer these limitations because of their unique surface characteristics and smaller size. In this review, we have emphasized the advantages and limitations of nanocarrier technologies such as polymeric, lipidic, inorganic, and miscellaneous nanoparticles used for nose-to-brain drug delivery against GBM in the past 10 years. Furthermore, recent advances, patents, and clinical trials are highlighted. However, most of these studies are in the early stages, so translating their outcomes into a marketed formulation would be a milestone in the better progression and survival of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Bharat Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Daisy Arora
- Department of Pharmacy, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panipat, Haryana, India
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8
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Niazi SK. Non-Invasive Drug Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Prospective Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2599. [PMID: 38004577 PMCID: PMC10674293 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a significant advancement in treating neurological diseases. The BBB is a tightly packed layer of endothelial cells that shields the brain from harmful substances in the blood, allowing necessary nutrients to pass through. It is a highly selective barrier, which poses a challenge to delivering therapeutic agents into the brain. Several non-invasive procedures and devices have been developed or are currently being investigated to enhance drug delivery across the BBB. This paper presents a review and a prospective analysis of the art and science that address pharmacology, technology, delivery systems, regulatory approval, ethical concerns, and future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz K Niazi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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9
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Gao HM, Chen H, Cui GY, Hu JX. Damage mechanism and therapy progress of the blood-brain barrier after ischemic stroke. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:196. [PMID: 37915036 PMCID: PMC10619327 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a defensive line protecting the central nervous system, while also maintaining micro-environment homeostasis and inhibiting harmful materials from the peripheral blood. However, the BBB's unique physiological functions and properties make drug delivery challenging for patients with central nervous system diseases. In this article, we briefly describe the cell structure basis and mechanism of action of the BBB, as well as related functional proteins involved. Additionally, we discuss the various mechanisms of BBB damage following the onset of an ischemic stroke, and lastly, we mention several therapeutic strategies accounting for impairment mechanisms. We hope to provide innovative ideas for drug delivery research via the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Gao
- Institute of Stroke Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gui-Yun Cui
- Institute of Stroke Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Xia Hu
- Institute of Stroke Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
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10
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András IE, Serrano N, Djuraskovic I, Fattakhov N, Sun E, Toborek M. Extracellular Vesicle-Serpine-1 Affects Neural Progenitor Cell Mitochondrial Networks and Synaptic Density: Modulation by Amyloid Beta and HIV-1. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6441-6465. [PMID: 37458985 PMCID: PMC10533645 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain endothelial extracellular vesicles carrying amyloid beta (EV-Aβ) can be transferred to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) leading to NPC dysfunction. However, the events involved in this EV-mediated Aβ pathology are unclear. EV-proteomics studies identified Serpine-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, PAI-1) as a major connecting "hub" on several protein-protein interaction maps. Serpine-1 was described as a key player in Aβ pathology and was linked to HIV-1 infection as well. Therefore, the aim of this work was to address the hypothesis that Serpine-1 can be transferred via EVs from brain endothelial cells (HBMEC) to NPCs and contribute to NPC dysfunction. HBMEC concentrated and released Serpine-1 via EVs, the effect that was potentiated by HIV-1 and Aβ. EVs loaded with Serpine-1 were readily taken up by NPCs, and HIV-1 enhanced this event. Interestingly, a highly specific Serpine-1 inhibitor PAI039 increased EV-Aβ transfer to NPCs in the presence of HIV-1. PAI039 also partially blocked mitochondrial network morphology alterations in the recipient NPCs, which developed mainly after HIV + Aβ-EV transfer. PAI039 partly attenuated HIV-EV-mediated decreased synaptic protein levels in NPCs, while increased synaptic protein levels in NPC projections. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying EV-Serpine-1 related Aβ pathology in the context of HIV infection. They are relevant to HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms of neuropathology in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E. András
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Nelson Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Irina Djuraskovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Enze Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
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11
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Axelrod S, Li X, Sun Y, Lincoln S, Terceros A, O’Neil J, Wang Z, Nguyen A, Vora A, Spicer C, Shapiro B, Young MW. The Drosophila blood-brain barrier regulates sleep via Moody G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309331120. [PMID: 37831742 PMCID: PMC10589661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309331120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is vital for most animals, yet its mechanism and function remain unclear. We found that permeability of the BBB (blood-brain barrier)-the organ required for the maintenance of homeostatic levels of nutrients, ions, and other molecules in the brain-is modulated by sleep deprivation (SD) and can cell-autonomously effect sleep changes. We observed increased BBB permeability in known sleep mutants as well as in acutely sleep-deprived animals. In addition to molecular tracers, SD-induced BBB changes also increased the penetration of drugs used in the treatment of brain pathologies. After chronic/genetic or acute SD, rebound sleep or administration of the sleeping aid gaboxadol normalized BBB permeability, showing that SD effects on the BBB are reversible. Along with BBB permeability, RNA levels of the BBB master regulator moody are modulated by sleep. Conversely, altering BBB permeability alone through glia-specific modulation of moody, gαo, loco, lachesin, or neuroglian-each a well-studied regulator of BBB function-was sufficient to induce robust sleep phenotypes. These studies demonstrate a tight link between BBB permeability and sleep and indicate a unique role for the BBB in the regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Axelrod
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Xiaoling Li
- International Personalized Cancer Center, Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin300308, China
| | - Yingwo Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Samantha Lincoln
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Andrea Terceros
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Jenna O’Neil
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Zikun Wang
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Aabha Vora
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Carmen Spicer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Benjamin Shapiro
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Michael W. Young
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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12
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Guo S, Li X, Duan R, Tian S, Hai X. Analysis of tigecycline in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infection. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:1147-1156. [PMID: 37650495 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to establish a method to determine tigecycline (TGC) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 12 patients with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) central nervous system infection (CNSI) and evaluate the correlation of TGC in CSF and serum samples. Materials & methods: TGC in CSF and serum was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Results: In all 12 patients, the CSF-to-serum ratio of TGC at a steady-state trough concentration ranged from 21.46 to 44.46%, and the mean value was 31.61 ± 8.13%. The correlation of TGC in CSF and serum was 0.5065. Conclusion: CNSI might have no potential to increase the penetration ability of TGC into the CSF. The correlation between the concentrations of TGC in CSF and serum at steady state was demonstrated to be positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixun Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You-Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xina Li
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You-Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You-Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You-Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xin Hai
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You-Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, China
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13
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Zabrodskaya Y, Paramonova N, Litovchenko A, Bazhanova E, Gerasimov A, Sitovskaya D, Nezdorovina V, Kravtsova S, Malyshev S, Skiteva E, Samochernykh K. Neuroinflammatory Dysfunction of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Basement Membrane Dysplasia Play a Role in the Development of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12689. [PMID: 37628870 PMCID: PMC10454729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistance epilepsy (DRE) is a key problem in neurology. It is possible that damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may affect resistance in DRE. The aim of this work was to assess the damage and dysfunction in the BBB in the area of epileptic foci in patients with DRE under conditions of neuroinflammation. The changes to the BBB in temporal lobe epilepsy (by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy), levels of neuroinflammatory proteins, and cytokine levels in the blood (by multiplex analysis) were studied. Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and growth-regulated protein (GRO), and decreased levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in plasma, combined with overexpression of the VEGF-A receptor by endotheliocytes were detected. Malformation-like growths of the basement membrane of the capillaries of the brain complicate the delivery of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Dysplasia of the basement membrane is the result of inadequate reparative processes in chronic inflammation. In conclusion, it should be noted that damage to the microcirculatory network of the brain should be considered one of the leading factors contributing to DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Zabrodskaya
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Natalia Paramonova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.P.); (A.L.); (E.B.)
- State Research Testing Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Litovchenko
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.P.); (A.L.); (E.B.)
| | - Elena Bazhanova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.P.); (A.L.); (E.B.)
- Golikov Research Center of Toxicology, 192019 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Gerasimov
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Darya Sitovskaya
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Victoria Nezdorovina
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Svetlana Kravtsova
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Stanislav Malyshev
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Skiteva
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
- State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Samochernykh
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
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Grabska-Kobyłecka I, Szpakowski P, Król A, Książek-Winiarek D, Kobyłecki A, Głąbiński A, Nowak D. Polyphenols and Their Impact on the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Development. Nutrients 2023; 15:3454. [PMID: 37571391 PMCID: PMC10420887 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that neurodegenerative diseases' development and progression are accelerated due to oxidative stress and inflammation, which result in impairment of mitochondrial function, cellular damage, and dysfunction of DNA repair systems. The increased consumption of antioxidants can postpone the development of these disorders and improve the quality of patients' lives who have already been diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases. Prolonging life span in developed countries contributes to an increase in the incidence ratio of chronic age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD (Parkinson's disease), AD (Alzheimer's disease), or numerous forms of age-related dementias. Dietary supplementation with neuroprotective plant-derived polyphenols might be considered an important element of healthy aging. Some polyphenols improve cognition, mood, visual functions, language, and verbal memory functions. Polyphenols bioavailability differs greatly from one compound to another and is determined by solubility, degree of polymerization, conjugation, or glycosylation resulting from chemical structure. It is still unclear which polyphenols are beneficial because their potential depends on efficient transport across the BBB (blood-brain barrier), bioavailability, and stability in the CNS (central nervous system). Polyphenols improve brain functions by having a direct impact on cells and processes in the CNS. For a direct effect, polyphenolic compounds must be able to overcome the BBB and accumulate in brain tissue. In this review, the latest achievements in studies (animal models and clinical trials) on the effect of polyphenols on brain activity and function are described. The beneficial impact of plant polyphenols on the brain may be summarized by their role in increasing brain plasticity and related cognition improvement. As reversible MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, polyphenols are mood modulators and improve neuronal self-being through an increase in dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline amounts in the brain tissue. After analyzing the prohealth effects of various eating patterns, it was postulated that their beneficial effects result from synergistic interactions between individual dietary components. Polyphenols act on the brain endothelial cells and improve the BBB's integrity and reduce inflammation, thus protecting the brain from additional injury during stroke or autoimmune diseases. Polyphenolic compounds are capable of lowering blood pressure and improving cerebral blood flow. Many studies have revealed that a nutritional model based on increased consumption of antioxidants has the potential to ameliorate the cognitive impairment associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Randomized clinical trials have also shown that the improvement of cognitive functions resulting from the consumption of foods rich in flavonoids is independent of age and health conditions. For therapeutic use, sufficient quantities of polyphenols must cross the BBB and reach the brain tissue in active form. An important issue in the direct action of polyphenols on the CNS is not only their penetration through the BBB, but also their brain metabolism and localization. The bioavailability of polyphenols is low. The most usual oral administration also conflicts with bioavailability. The main factors that limit this process and have an effect on therapeutic efficacy are: selective permeability across BBB, gastrointestinal transformations, poor absorption, rapid hepatic and colonic metabolism, and systemic elimination. Thus, phenolic compounds have inadequate bioavailability for human applications to have any beneficial effects. In recent years, new strategies have been attempted in order to exert cognitive benefits and neuroprotective effects. Converting polyphenols into nanostructures is one of the theories proposed to enhance their bioavailability. The following nanoscale delivery systems can be used to encapsulate polyphenols: nanocapsules, nanospheres, micelles, cyclodextrins, solid lipid nanoparticles, and liposomes. It results in great expectations for the wide-scale and effective use of polyphenols in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus far, only natural polyphenols have been studied as neuroprotectors. Perhaps some modification of the chemical structure of a given polyphenol may increase its neuroprotective activity and transportation through the BBB. However, numerous questions should be answered before developing neuroprotective medications based on plant polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Grabska-Kobyłecka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8 Street, 92-215 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Szpakowski
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113 Street, 90-549 Łódź, Poland; (P.S.); (D.K.-W.); (A.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Król
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8 Street, 92-215 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Dominika Książek-Winiarek
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113 Street, 90-549 Łódź, Poland; (P.S.); (D.K.-W.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrzej Kobyłecki
- Interventional Cardiology Lab, Copernicus Hospital, Pabianicka Str. 62, 93-513 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Głąbiński
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113 Street, 90-549 Łódź, Poland; (P.S.); (D.K.-W.); (A.G.)
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8 Street, 92-215 Łódź, Poland
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15
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Wu J, Li S, Zhang Y. Research progress in role of exosomes exosomes in mental disorders. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:771-781. [PMID: 37539580 PMCID: PMC10930398 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles with a structure of lipid bilayer-membrane. In the central nervous system (CNS), exosomes can be secreted from both neurons and glial cells. Exosomes released into the extracellular matrix can freely cross the blood-brain barrier and function as crucial carriers of cellular communication and substance exchange in the CNS. Exosomes play a key role in the pathological process of mental disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, and they have the potential to be used as a targeted carrier of antipsychotic medications. Exosomes are likely to become a new tool in the future to aid in the early prevention, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment for people with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Wu
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011.
| | - Shansi Li
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011
| | - Yi Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011.
- Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410011.
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha 410011, China.
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16
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Pinjari OF, Jones GH, Vecera CM, Smith K, Barrera A, Machado-Vieira R. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Bipolar Disorder and its Common Comorbidities. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023:101078. [PMID: 37220806 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a decidedly heterogeneous and multifactorial disease, with significant psychosocial and medical disease burden. Much difficulty has been encountered in developing novel therapeutics and objective biomarkers for clinical use in this population. In that regard, gut-microbial homeostasis appears to modulate several key pathways relevant to a variety of psychiatric, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders. Microbial impact on immune, endocrine, endocannabinoid, kynurenine, and other pathways are discussed throughout this review. Emphasis is placed on this system's relevance to current pharmacology, diet, and comorbid illness in bipolar disorder. Despite the high level of optimism promoted in many reviews on this topic, substantial obstacles exist before any microbiome-related findings can provide meaningful clinical utility. Beyond a comprehensive overview of pathophysiology, this review hopes to highlight several key areas where progress is needed. As well, novel microbiome-associated suggestions are presented for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar F Pinjari
- Wayne Scott (J-IV) Unit of Correctional Managed Care, University of Texas Medical Branch.
| | - Gregory H Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth).
| | - Courtney M Vecera
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth).
| | - Kacy Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth).
| | - Anita Barrera
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth).
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Wayne Scott (J-IV) Unit of Correctional Managed Care, University of Texas Medical Branch.
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17
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Abdelsalam M, Ahmed M, Osaid Z, Hamoudi R, Harati R. Insights into Exosome Transport through the Blood-Brain Barrier and the Potential Therapeutical Applications in Brain Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:571. [PMID: 37111328 PMCID: PMC10144189 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is limited due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a selective physiological barrier located at the brain microvessels that regulates the flow of cells, molecules and ions between the blood and the brain. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles expressed by all cell types and that function as cargos, allowing for communication between the cells. The exosomes were shown to cross or regulate the BBB in healthy and disease conditions. However, the mechanistic pathways by which exosomes cross the BBB have not been fully elucidated yet. In this review, we explore the transport mechanisms of exosomes through the BBB. A large body of evidence suggests that exosome transport through the BBB occurs primarily through transcytosis. The transcytosis mechanisms are influenced by several regulators. Inflammation and metastasis also enhance exosome trafficking across the BBB. We also shed light on the therapeutical applications of exosomes for treating brain diseases. Further investigations are essential to provide clearer insights related to trafficking of exosomes across the BBB and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (Z.O.)
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Munazza Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (Z.O.)
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zaynab Osaid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (Z.O.)
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7EJ, UK
| | - Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (Z.O.)
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Straehla JP, Reardon DA, Wen PY, Agar NYR. The Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Experimental Cancer Therapeutics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2023; 7:265-289. [PMID: 38323268 PMCID: PMC10846865 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-061421-040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is critically important for the treatment of both primary and metastatic cancers of the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical outcomes for patients with primary CNS tumors are poor and have not significantly improved in decades. As treatments for patients with extracranial solid tumors improve, the incidence of CNS metastases is on the rise due to suboptimal CNS exposure of otherwise systemically active agents. Despite state-of-the art surgical care and increasingly precise radiation therapy, clinical progress is limited by the ability to deliver an effective dose of a therapeutic agent to all cancerous cells. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of CNS cancers, both across cancer subtypes and within a single tumor, and the range of diverse therapies under investigation, a nuanced examination of CNS drug exposure is needed. With a shared goal, common vocabulary, and interdisciplinary collaboration, the field is poised for renewed progress in the treatment of CNS cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle P Straehla
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Loss of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in an In Vitro Model Subjected to Intermittent Hypoxia: Is Reversion Possible with a HIF-1α Pathway Inhibitor? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055062. [PMID: 36902491 PMCID: PMC10003655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several sleep-related breathing disorders provoke repeated hypoxia stresses, which potentially lead to neurological diseases, such as cognitive impairment. Nevertheless, consequences of repeated intermittent hypoxia on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are less recognized. This study compared two methods of intermittent hypoxia induction on the cerebral endothelium of the BBB: one using hydralazine and the other using a hypoxia chamber. These cycles were performed on an endothelial cell and astrocyte coculture model. Na-Fl permeability, tight junction protein, and ABC transporters (P-gp and MRP-1) content were evaluated with or without HIF-1 inhibitors YC-1. Our results demonstrated that hydralazine as well as intermittent physical hypoxia progressively altered BBB integrity, as shown by an increase in Na-Fl permeability. This alteration was accompanied by a decrease in concentration of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5. In turn, microvascular endothelial cells up-regulated the expression of P-gp and MRP-1. An alteration was also found under hydralazine after the third cycle. On the other hand, the third intermittent hypoxia exposure showed a preservation of BBB characteristics. Furthermore, inhibition of HIF-1α with YC-1 prevented BBB dysfunction after hydralazine treatment. In the case of physical intermittent hypoxia, we observed an incomplete reversion suggesting that other biological mechanisms may be involved in BBB dysfunction. In conclusion, intermittent hypoxia led to an alteration of the BBB model with an adaptation observed after the third cycle.
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20
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Hanael E, Baruch S, Chai O, Lishitsky L, Blum T, Rapoport K, Ruggeri M, Aizenberg Z, Peery D, Meyerhoff N, Volk HA, De Decker S, Tipold A, Baumgaertner W, Friedman A, Shamir M. Quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance images for characterization of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in dogs with brain tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:606-617. [PMID: 36847997 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability can be assessed quantitatively using advanced imaging analysis. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Quantification and characterization of blood-brain barrier dysfunction (BBBD) patterns in dogs with brain tumors can provide useful information about tumor biology and assist in distinguishing between gliomas and meningiomas. ANIMALS Seventy-eight hospitalized dogs with brain tumors and 12 control dogs without brain tumors. METHODS In a 2-arm study, images from a prospective dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE; n = 15) and a retrospective archived magnetic resonance imaging study (n = 63) were analyzed by DCE and subtraction enhancement analysis (SEA) to quantify BBB permeability in affected dogs relative to control dogs (n = 6 in each arm). For the SEA method, 2 ranges of postcontrast intensity differences, that is, high (HR) and low (LR), were evaluated as possible representations of 2 classes of BBB leakage. BBB score was calculated for each dog and was associated with clinical characteristics and tumor location and class. Permeability maps were generated, using the slope values (DCE) or intensity difference (SEA) of each voxel, and analyzed. RESULTS Distinctive patterns and distributions of BBBD were identified for intra- and extra-axial tumors. At a cutoff of 0.1, LR/HR BBB score ratio yielded a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100% in differentiating gliomas from meningiomas. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Blood-brain barrier dysfunction quantification using advanced imaging analyses has the potential to be used for assessment of brain tumor characteristics and behavior and, particularly, to help differentiating gliomas from meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Hanael
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
| | - Shelly Baruch
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Chai
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
| | - Liron Lishitsky
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Blum
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
| | - Kira Rapoport
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
| | - Zahi Aizenberg
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
| | - Dana Peery
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
| | - Nina Meyerhoff
- School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Andrea Tipold
- School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgaertner
- School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alon Friedman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Neuroscience Halifax, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain, and Cognitive Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Merav Shamir
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Reehovot, Israel
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21
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András IE, Serrano N, Djuraskovic I, Fattakhov N, Sun E, Toborek M. Extracellular vesicle-Serpine-1 affects neural progenitor cell mitochondrial functions and synaptic density: modulation by amyloid beta and HIV-1. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2551245. [PMID: 36824983 PMCID: PMC9949237 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2551245/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain endothelial extracellular vesicles carrying amyloid beta (EV-Aβ) can be transferred to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) leading to NPC dysfunction. However, the events involved in this EV-mediated Aβ pathology are unclear. EV-proteomics studies identified Serpine-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, PAI-1) as a major connecting "hub" on several protein-protein interaction maps. Serpine-1 was described as a key player in Aβ pathology and was linked to HIV-1 infection as well. Therefore, the aim of this work was to address the hypothesis that Serpine-1 can be transferred via EVs from brain endothelial cells to NPCs and contribute to NPC dysfunction. HBMEC concentrated and released Serpine-1 via EVs, the effect that was potentiated by HIV-1 and Aβ. EVs loaded with Serpine-1 were readily taken up by NPCs, and HIV-1 enhanced this event. Interestingly, a highly specific Serpine-1 inhibitor PAI039 increased EV-Aβ transfer to NPCs in the presence of HIV-1. PAI039 also partially blocked mitochondrial network morphology and mitochondrial function alterations in the recipient NPCs, which developed mainly after HIV + Aβ-EV transfer. PAI039 partly attenuated HIV-EV-mediated decreased synaptic protein levels in NPCs, while increased synaptic protein levels in NPC projections. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying EV-Serpine-1 related Aβ pathology in the context of HIV infection. They are relevant to HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms of neuropathology in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E András
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Nelson Serrano
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Irina Djuraskovic
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Enze Sun
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Michal Toborek
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
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22
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Lye P, Bloise E, Matthews SG. Effects of bacterial and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters in brain endothelial cells of the developing human blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:8. [PMID: 36721242 PMCID: PMC9887585 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded by ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) contribute to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), protecting the brain from drug exposure. The impact of infection on MDR in the developing human BBB remains to be determined. We hypothesized that exposure to bacterial and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) modify MDR expression and activity in human fetal brain endothelial cells (hfBECs) isolated from early and mid-gestation brain microvessels. METHODS We modelled infection (4 h and 24 h) using the bacterial PAMP, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; a toll-like receptor [TLR]-4 ligand) or the viral PAMPs, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C; TLR-3 ligand) and single-stranded RNA (ssRNA; TLR-7/8 ligand). mRNA expression was assessed by qPCR, whereas protein expression was assessed by Western blot or immunofluorescence. P-gp and BCRP activity was evaluated by Calcein-AM and Chlorin-6 assays. RESULTS TLRs-3,4 and 8 were expressed by the isolated hfBECs. Infection mimics induced specific pro-inflammatory responses as well as changes in P-gp/ABCB1 or BCRP/ABCG2 expression (P < 0.05). LPS and ssRNA significantly decreased P-gp activity at 4 and 24 h in early and mid-gestation (P < 0.03-P < 0.001), but significantly increased BCRP activity in hfBECs in a dose-dependent pattern (P < 0.05-P < 0.002). In contrast, Poly-IC significantly decreased P-gp activity after 4 h in early (P < 0.01) and mid gestation (P < 0.04), but not 24 h, and had no overall effect on BCRP activity, though BCRP activity was increased with the highest dose at 24 h in mid-gestation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Infectious PAMPs significantly modify the expression and function of MDR transporters in hfBECs, though effects are PAMP-, time- and dose-specific. In conclusion, bacterial and viral infections during pregnancy likely have profound effects on exposure of the fetal brain to physiological and pharmacological substrates of P-gp and BCRP, potentially leading to altered trajectories of fetal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetcharawan Lye
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building Room 3207, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Enrrico Bloise
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, N3-292, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building Room 3207, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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23
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Gong P, Zhang S, Ren L, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Mao X, Gan L, Wang H, Ma C, Lin Y, Ye Q, Qian K, Lin X. Electroacupuncture of the trigeminal nerve causes N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors to mediate blood-brain barrier opening and induces neuronal excitatory changes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1020644. [PMID: 36313622 PMCID: PMC9606778 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1020644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important structure for maintaining environmental stability in the central nervous system (CNS). Our previous study showed that specific parameters of electroacupuncture (EA) at the head points Shuigou (GV26) and Baihui (GV20) can open the BBB; however, the mechanism by which stimulation of body surface acupuncture points on the head results in peripheral stimulation and affects the status of the central BBB and the neuronal excitatory changes has not been elucidated. We used laser spectroscopy, the In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS), immunofluorescence and immunoblotting to verified the role of the trigeminal nerve in BBB opening during EA, and we applied the central N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors blocker MK-801 to verify the mediating role of NMDA receptors in EA-induced BBB opening. Next, electroencephalogram (EEG) and in vivo calcium imaging techniques were applied to verify the possible electrical patterns of BBB opening promoted by different intensities of EA stimulation. The results showed that the trigeminal nerve plays an important role in the alteration of BBB permeability promoted by EA stimulation of the head acupoints. Brain NMDA receptors play a mediating role in promoting BBB permeability during EA of the trigeminal nerve, which may affect the expression of the TJ protein occludin, and thus alter BBB permeability. The analysis of the electrical mechanism showed that there was no significant change in the rhythm of local field potentials (LFP) in different brain regions across frequency bands immediately after EA of the trigeminal nerve at different intensities. However, the local primary somatosensory (S1BF) area corresponding to the trigeminal nerve showed a transient reduction in the delta rhythm of LFP with no change in the high-frequency band, and the action potential (spike) with short inter spike interval (ISI) varied with EA intensity. Meanwhile, EA of the trigeminal nerve resulted in rhythmic changes in calcium waves in the S1BF region, which were influenced by different EA intensities. This study provides a research perspective and a technical approach to further explore the mechanism of EA-induced BBB opening and its potential clinical applications.
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24
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Wei WJ, Wang YC, Guan X, Chen WG, Liu J. A neurovascular unit-on-a-chip: culture and differentiation of human neural stem cells in a three-dimensional microfluidic environment. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2260-2266. [PMID: 35259847 PMCID: PMC9083144 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.337050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological studies typically rely on a simple monolayer cell culture, which does not reflect the complex functional characteristics of human tissues and organs, or their real response to external stimuli. Microfluidic technology has advantages of high-throughput screening, accurate control of the fluid velocity, low cell consumption, long-term culture, and high integration. By combining the multipotential differentiation of neural stem cells with high throughput and the integrated characteristics of microfluidic technology, an in vitro model of a functionalized neurovascular unit was established using human neural stem cell-derived neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and a functional microvascular barrier. The model comprises a multi-layer vertical neural module and vascular module, both of which were connected with a syringe pump. This provides controllable conditions for cell inoculation and nutrient supply, and simultaneously simulates the process of ischemic/hypoxic injury and the process of inflammatory factors in the circulatory system passing through the blood-brain barrier and then acting on the nerve tissue in the brain. The in vitro functionalized neurovascular unit model will be conducive to central nervous system disease research, drug screening, and new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Wei
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ya-Chen Wang
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei-Gong Chen
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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25
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Hemorrhagic Cerebral Insults and Secondary Takotsubo Syndrome: Findings in a Novel In Vitro Model Using Human Blood Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911557. [PMID: 36232860 PMCID: PMC9569517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial hemorrhage results in devastating forms of cerebral damage. Frequently, these results also present with cardiac dysfunction ranging from ECG changes to Takotsubo syndrome (TTS). This suggests that intracranial bleeding due to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) disrupts the neuro-cardiac axis leading to neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy (NSC) of different degrees. Following this notion, SAH and secondary TTS could be directly linked, thus contributing to poor outcomes. We set out to test if blood circulation is the driver of the brain-heart axis by investigating serum samples of TTS patients. We present a novel in vitro model combining SAH and secondary TTS to mimic the effects of blood or serum, respectively, on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity using in vitro monolayers of an established murine model. We consistently demonstrated decreased monolayer integrity and confirmed reduced Claudin-5 and Occludin levels by RT-qPCR and Western blot and morphological reorganization of actin filaments in endothelial cells. Both tight junction proteins show a time-dependent reduction. Our findings highlight a faster and more prominent disintegration of BBB in the presence of TTS and support the importance of the bloodstream as a causal link between intracerebral bleeding and cardiac dysfunction. This may represent potential targets for future therapeutic inventions in SAH and TTS.
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26
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Roy P, Tomassoni D, Nittari G, Traini E, Amenta F. Effects of choline containing phospholipids on the neurovascular unit: A review. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:988759. [PMID: 36212684 PMCID: PMC9541750 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.988759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of choline and of choline-containing phospholipids (CCPLs) on the maintenance and progress of neurovascular unit (NVU) integrity are analyzed. NVU is composed of neurons, glial and vascular cells ensuring the correct homeostasis of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and indirectly the function of the central nervous system. The CCPLs phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), choline alphoscerate or α-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine (α-GPC) contribute to the modulation of the physiology of the NVU cells. A loss of CCPLs contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease. Our study has characterized the cellular components of the NVU and has reviewed the effect of lecithin, of CDP-choline and α-GPC documented in preclinical studies and in limited clinical trials on these compounds. The interesting results obtained with some CCPLs, in particular with α-GPC, probably would justify reconsideration of the most promising molecules in larger attentively controlled studies. This can also contribute to better define the role of the NVU in the pathophysiology of brain disorders characterized by vascular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proshanta Roy
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulio Nittari
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Enea Traini
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Amenta
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Amenta,
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27
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Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins and Albumin Determine a Poor Prognosis for Spinal Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911063. [PMID: 36232365 PMCID: PMC9570498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a heterogeneous disease, both in its onset phenotype and in its rate of progression. The aim of this study was to establish whether the dysfunction of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) measured through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins and the albumin-quotient (QAlb) are related to the speed of disease progression. An amount of 246 patients diagnosed with ALS were included. CSF and serum samples were determined biochemically for different parameters. Survival analysis based on phenotype shows higher probability of death for bulbar phenotype compared to spinal phenotype (p-value: 0.0006). For the effect of CSF proteins, data shows an increased risk of death for spinal ALS patients as the value of CSF proteins increases. The same model replicated for CSF albumin yielded similar results. Statistical models determined that the lowest cut-off value for CSF proteins able to differentiate patients with a good prognosis and worse prognosis corresponds to CSF proteins ≥ 0.5 g/L (p-value: 0.0189). For the CSF albumin, the QAlb ≥0.65 is associated with elevated probability of death (p-value: 0.0073). High levels of QAlb are a bad prognostic indicator for the spinal phenotype, in addition to high CSF proteins levels that also act as a marker of poor prognosis.
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28
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Melanoma Mediated Disruption of Brain Endothelial Barrier Integrity Is Not Prevented by the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Proteases. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080660. [PMID: 36005056 PMCID: PMC9405625 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that human melanoma cells rapidly decrease human brain endothelial barrier strength. Our findings showed a fast mechanism of melanoma mediated barrier disruption, which was localised to the paracellular junctions of the brain endothelial cells. Melanoma cells are known to release molecules which cleave the surrounding matrix and allow traversal within and out of their metastatic niche. Enzymatic families, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteases are heavily implicated in this process and their complex nature in vivo makes them an intriguing family to assess in melanoma metastasis. Herein, we assessed the expression of MMPs and other proteases in melanoma conditioned media. Our results showed evidence of a high expression of MMP-2, but not MMP-1, -3 or -9. Other proteases including Cathepsins D and B were also detected. Recombinant MMP-2 was added to the apical face of brain endothelial cells (hCMVECs), to measure the change in barrier integrity using biosensor technology. Surprisingly, this showed no decrease in barrier strength. The addition of potent MMP inhibitors (batimastat, marimastat, ONO4817) and other protease inhibitors (such as aprotinin, Pefabloc SC and bestatin) to the brain endothelial cells, in the presence of various melanoma lines, showed no reduction in the melanoma mediated barrier disruption. The inhibitors batimastat, Pefabloc SC, antipain and bestatin alone decreased the barrier strength. These results suggest that although some MMPs and proteases are released by melanoma cells, there is no direct evidence that they are substantially involved in the initial melanoma-mediated disruption of the brain endothelium.
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29
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Joy D, Jose J, Bibi S, Bandiwadekar A, Gopan G, Mariana Gonçalves Lima C, Bin Emran T, A. Alhumaydhi F, Ashtekar H, D. S S, Adam Conte-Junior C. Development of Microneedle Patch Loaded with Bacopa monnieri Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for the Effective Management of Parkinson's Disease. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:9150205. [PMID: 35992047 PMCID: PMC9385340 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9150205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for drug delivery systems (DDS) to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) is still high, and microneedle (MN) assisted transdermal DDS offers enormous potential. Herbal products for PD have been shown to have antioxidant effects in reducing dopaminergic neurons from degeneration. Here, we attempted to incorporate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of Bacopa monnieri into dissolvable microneedle arrays and evaluate its neuroprotective activity. The bloodless and painless microneedle arrays through the transdermal route deliver the drug across the blood-brain barrier at the desired concentration. The quality by design (QbD) approach was employed for optimizing the SLNs formulations. The mechanical strength, in vitro release studies, ex-vivo permeation investigation, skin irritation test, histopathological studies, biochemical studies, and behavioural tests SLNs loaded microneedle arrays were performed. The microneedle patches obtained were shown to be mechanically robust and were also found to be nonirritant with a decreased degree of bradykinesia, high motor coordination, and balance ability. Compared to systemic delivery systems, such an MN method can achieve a considerably lower effective dose and allow long-term home-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delna Joy
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Jobin Jose
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
- Department of Biosciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Akshay Bandiwadekar
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Gopika Gopan
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | | | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harsha Ashtekar
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Sandeep D. S
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
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30
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Lye P, Bloise E, Imperio GE, Chitayat D, Matthews SG. Functional Expression of Multidrug-Resistance (MDR) Transporters in Developing Human Fetal Brain Endothelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:2259. [PMID: 35883702 PMCID: PMC9323234 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information about the functional expression of the multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded by ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) in the developing blood−brain barrier (BBB). We isolated and cultured primary human fetal brain endothelial cells (hfBECs) from early and mid-gestation brains and assessed P-gp/ABCB1 and BCRP/ABCG2 expression and function, as well as tube formation capability. Immunolocalization of the von Willebrand factor (marker of endothelial cells), zonula occludens-1 and claudin-5 (tight junctions) was detected in early and mid-gestation-derived hfBECs, which also formed capillary-like tube structures, confirming their BEC phenotype. P-gp and BCRP immunostaining was detected in capillary-like tubes and in the cytoplasm and nucleus of hfBECs. P-gp protein levels in the plasma membrane and nuclear protein fractions, as well as P-gp protein/ABCB1 mRNA and BCRP protein levels decreased (p < 0.05) in hfBECs, from early to mid-gestation. No differences in P-gp or BCRP activity in hfBECs were observed between the two age groups. The hfBECs from early and mid-gestation express functionally competent P-gp and BCRP drug transporters and may thus contribute to the BBB protective phenotype in the conceptus from early stages of pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetcharawan Lye
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (P.L.); (E.B.)
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;
| | - Enrrico Bloise
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (P.L.); (E.B.)
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, MG, Brazil
| | - Guinever E. Imperio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;
| | - David Chitayat
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for SickKids, University Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Matthews
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (P.L.); (E.B.)
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
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31
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Martano S, De Matteis V, Cascione M, Rinaldi R. Inorganic Nanomaterials versus Polymer-Based Nanoparticles for Overcoming Neurodegeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2337. [PMID: 35889562 PMCID: PMC9317100 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) affect a great number of people worldwide and also have a significant socio-economic impact on the aging population. In this context, nanomedicine applied to neurological disorders provides several biotechnological strategies and nanoformulations that improve life expectancy and the quality of life of patients affected by brain disorders. However, available treatments are limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSFB). In this regard, nanotechnological approaches could overcome these obstacles by updating various aspects (e.g., enhanced drug-delivery efficiency and bioavailability, BBB permeation and targeting the brain parenchyma, minimizing side effects). The aim of this review is to carefully explore the key elements of different neurological disorders and summarize the available nanomaterials applied for neurodegeneration therapy looking at several types of nanocarriers. Moreover, nutraceutical-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) and synthesized NPs using green approaches are also discussed underling the need to adopt eco-friendly procedures with a low environmental impact. The proven antioxidant properties related to several natural products provide an interesting starting point for developing efficient and green nanotools useful for neuroprotection.
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Ma X, Zhao J, Li S, Wang Y, Liu J, Shi Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Pan Q. Rab27a-dependent exosomes protect against cerebral ischemic injury by reducing endothelial oxidative stress and apoptosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1596-1612. [PMID: 35770324 PMCID: PMC9437240 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multicellular crosstalk within the brain tissue has been suggested to play a critical role in maintaining cerebral vascular homeostasis. Exosomes (EXs) mediated cell–cell communication, but its role in cerebral ischemic injury is largely unknown. Rab27a is one of the major genes controlling EX release. Here, we explored the role of Rab27a in regulating brain EXs secretion, and the effects of Rab27a‐mediated EXs on ischemia evoked cerebral vascular disruption and brain injury. Methods Cerebral ischemia was induced in Rab27a knockout (Rab27a−/−) and wide type (WT) mice by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Differential gene expression analysis was performed in ischemic brain tissue by using mRNA sequencing. EXs isolated from brain tissue of Rab27a−/− and WT mice (EXWT or EXRab27a−/−) were pre‐administrated into tMCAO operated Rab27a−/− mice or oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) treated primary brain vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Results We demonstrated that Rab27a expression in the peri‐infarct area of brain was significantly elevated, which was associated with local elevation in EXs secretion. Rab27a deficiency dramatically decreased the level of EXs in brain tissue of normal and tMCAO‐treated mice, and Rab27a−/− mice displayed an increase in infarct volume and NDS, and a decrease in cMVD and CBF following tMCAO. Pre‐infusion of EXWT increased the brain EXs levels in the tMCAO operated Rab27a−/− mice, accompanied with an increase in cMVD and CBF, and a decrease in infarct volume, NDS, ROS production, and apoptosis. The effects of EXRab27a−/− infusion were much diminished although in a dose‐dependent manner. In OGD‐treated ECs, EXRab27a−/− showed less effectivity than EXWT in decreasing ROS overproduction and apoptosis, paralleling with down‐regulated expression of NOX2 and cleaved caspase‐3. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that Rab27a controls brain EXs secretion and functions, contributing to cerebral vascular protection from ischemic insult by preventing oxidative stress and apoptosis via down‐regulating NOX2 and cleaved caspase‐3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Suqing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiehong Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Qunwen Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Vallianatou T, Tsopelas F, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. Prediction Models for Brain Distribution of Drugs Based on Biomimetic Chromatographic Data. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123668. [PMID: 35744794 PMCID: PMC9227077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput approaches for the valid estimation of brain disposition is of great importance in the early drug screening of drug candidates. However, the complexity of brain tissue, which is protected by a unique vasculature formation called the blood−brain barrier (BBB), complicates the development of robust in silico models. In addition, most computational approaches focus only on brain permeability data without considering the crucial factors of plasma and tissue binding. In the present study, we combined experimental data obtained by HPLC using three biomimetic columns, i.e., immobilized artificial membranes, human serum albumin, and α1-acid glycoprotein, with molecular descriptors to model brain disposition of drugs. Kp,uu,brain, as the ratio between the unbound drug concentration in the brain interstitial fluid to the corresponding plasma concentration, brain permeability, the unbound fraction in the brain, and the brain unbound volume of distribution, was collected from literature. Given the complexity of the investigated biological processes, the extracted models displayed high statistical quality (R2 > 0.6), while in the case of the brain fraction unbound, the models showed excellent performance (R2 > 0.9). All models were thoroughly validated, and their applicability domain was estimated. Our approach highlighted the importance of phospholipid, as well as tissue and protein, binding in balance with BBB permeability in brain disposition and suggests biomimetic chromatography as a rapid and simple technique to construct models with experimental evidence for the early evaluation of CNS drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia Vallianatou
- Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (A.T.-K.)
| | - Fotios Tsopelas
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, Greece;
| | - Anna Tsantili-Kakoulidou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (A.T.-K.)
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Luo C, Zhou S, Yin S, Jian L, Luo P, Dong J, Liu E. Lipocalin-2 and Cerebral Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:850849. [PMID: 35493318 PMCID: PMC9039332 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.850849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common and devastating disease with an escalating prevalence worldwide. The known secondary injuries after stroke include cell death, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, iron dysregulation, and neurovascular unit dysfunction. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is a neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein that influences diverse cellular processes during a stroke. The role of LCN-2 has been widely recognized in the peripheral system; however, recent findings have revealed that there are links between LCN-2 and secondary injury and diseases in the central nervous system. Novel roles of LCN-2 in neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells have also been demonstrated. Here, we review the evidence on the regulatory roles of LCN-2 in secondary injuries following a stroke from various perspectives and the pathological mechanisms involved in the modulation of stroke. Overall, our review suggests that LCN-2 is a promising target to promote a better understanding of the neuropathology of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Shi Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lipeng Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Pengren Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jigeng Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Erheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Time Course of Changes in the Neurovascular Unit after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084180. [PMID: 35456999 PMCID: PMC9027443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insults in newborns can predispose them to severe neurological sequela. The mechanisms underlying HI-related brain injury have not been completely elucidated. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a composite of structures that protect the brain from the influx of detrimental molecules. Changes in the NVU after HI are important because they could reveal endogenous neuroprotective pathways in the cerebral microvasculature. Furthermore, the time course of changes in the NVU after exposure to HI in the newborn remains to be determined. In this study, we examined the effects of severe HI on the time course of changes in the NVU in neonatal rats. Brains were collected from rats exposed to right carotid artery ligation and 2 h of hypoxia on postnatal day 7 with recovery for 6 or 48 h after exposure to sham treatment (Sham) or HI. The right HI and left hypoxic alone sides of the brains were examined by quantitative immunohistochemistry for vascular density (laminin), pericyte vascular coverage (PDGFRβ), astrocyte vascular coverage (GFAP), and claudin-5 expression in the microvasculature of the cerebral cortex, white matter, and hippocampus. HI-related brain injury in neonatal rats was associated with increases in vascular density in the cortex and hippocampus 48 h after HI as well as neurovascular remodeling, including loss of pericyte coverage in the cortex and increases in claudin-5 in the hippocampus 6 h after HI. Astrocyte coverage was not affected by HI injury. The time course of the responses in the different components of the NVU varied after exposure to HI. There were also differential regional responses in the elements of the NVU in response to HI and hypoxia alone.
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Zingale E, Bonaccorso A, Carbone C, Musumeci T, Pignatello R. Drug Nanocrystals: Focus on Brain Delivery from Therapeutic to Diagnostic Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:691. [PMID: 35456525 PMCID: PMC9024479 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new drugs is often hindered by low solubility in water, a problem common to nearly 90% of natural and/or synthetic molecules in the discovery pipeline. Nanocrystalline drug technology involves the reduction in the bulk particle size down to the nanosize range, thus modifying its physico-chemical properties with beneficial effects on drug bioavailability. Nanocrystals (NCs) are carrier-free drug particles surrounded by a stabilizer and suspended in an aqueous medium. Due to high drug loading, NCs maintain a potent therapeutic concentration to produce desirable pharmacological action, particularly useful in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In addition to the therapeutic purpose, NC technology can be applied for diagnostic scope. This review aims to provide an overview of NC application by different administration routes, especially focusing on brain targeting, and with a particular attention to therapeutic and diagnostic fields. NC therapeutic applications are analyzed for the most common CNS pathologies (i.e., Parkinson's disease, psychosis, Alzheimer's disease, etc.). Recently, a growing interest has emerged from the use of colloidal fluorescent NCs for brain diagnostics. Therefore, the use of NCs in the imaging of brain vessels and tumor cells is also discussed. Finally, the clinical effectiveness of NCs is leading to an increasing number of FDA-approved products, among which the NCs approved for neurological disorders have increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elide Zingale
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Angela Bonaccorso
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (R.P.)
- NANO-i—Research Centre on Ocular Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (R.P.)
- NANO-i—Research Centre on Ocular Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Teresa Musumeci
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (R.P.)
- NANO-i—Research Centre on Ocular Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Pignatello
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (R.P.)
- NANO-i—Research Centre on Ocular Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Hanael E, Baruch S, Chai O, Nir Z, Rapoport K, Ruggeri M, Eizenberg I, Peery D, Friedman A, Shamir MH. Detection of blood‐brain barrier dysfunction using advanced imaging methods to predict seizures in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:702-712. [PMID: 35285550 PMCID: PMC8965229 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blood‐brain barrier (BBB), which separates the intravascular and neuropil compartments, characterizes the vascular bed of the brain and is essential for its proper function. Recent advances in imaging techniques have driven the development of methods for quantitative assessment of BBB permeability. Hypothesis/Objectives Permeability of the BBB can be assessed quantitatively in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) and its status is associated with the occurrence of seizures. Animals Forty dogs with MUO and 12 dogs without MUO. Methods Retrospective, prospective cohort study. Both dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) and subtraction enhancement analysis (SEA) methods were used to evaluate of BBB permeability in affected (DCE, n = 8; SEA, n = 32) and control dogs (DCE, n = 6; SEA, n = 6). Association between BBB dysfunction (BBBD) score and clinical characteristics was examined. In brain regions where BBBD was identified by DCE or SEA magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, immunofluorescent staining for albumin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule, and phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 were performed to detect albumin extravasation, reactive astrocytes, activated microglia, and transforming growth factor beta signaling, respectively. Results Dogs with BBBD had significantly higher seizure prevalence (72% vs 19%; P = .01) when compared to MUO dogs with no BBBD. The addition of SEA to routine MRI evaluation increased the identification rate of brain pathology in dogs with MUO from 50% to 72%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Imaging‐based assessment of BBB integrity has the potential to predict risk of seizures in dogs with MUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Hanael
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital Rehovot Israel
| | - Shelly Baruch
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital Rehovot Israel
| | - Orit Chai
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital Rehovot Israel
| | - Zohar Nir
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital Rehovot Israel
| | - Kira Rapoport
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital Rehovot Israel
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital Rehovot Israel
| | - Itzhak Eizenberg
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital Rehovot Israel
| | - Dana Peery
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital Rehovot Israel
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain, and Cognitive Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada
| | - Merav H. Shamir
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital Rehovot Israel
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Hanael E, Chai O, Konstanitin L, Gibeon L, Rapaport K, Ruggeri M, Friedman A, Shamir MH. Telmisartan as an add-on treatment for dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy: a nonrandomized, uncontrolled, open-label clinical trial. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:735-740. [PMID: 35201995 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.12.0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect on seizure frequency of add-on telmisartan treatment in dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy. ANIMALS 11 client-owned dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and ≥ 2 generalized seizures/mon that were currently being treated with ≥ 2 antiepileptic drugs. PROCEDURES Telmisartan was administered at a dosage of 0.25 to 1 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours for 4 to 16 months. Seizure frequencies before and during telmisartan treatment were recorded. RESULTS 10 dogs completed the 4-month treatment protocol. One dog was excluded owing to a transient increase in serum creatinine concentration; no adverse effects of telmisartan were observed in the remaining 10 dogs. A reduction in seizure frequency greater than an estimated expected placebo effect of 30% was evident in 7 of the 10 dogs. Long-term (12 to 16 months) follow-up information was available for 6 dogs, of which 4 had a further reduction in seizure frequency. Differences in seizure frequency were not statistically significant. No significant difference was found in serum phenobarbital concentration throughout the treatment period in the 7 dogs that were tested. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Telmisartan has the potential to reduce seizure frequency when administered as an add-on antiepileptic drug in dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial is needed to determine the true efficacy of telmisartan. On the basis of our results, a sample size of 54 dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Hanael
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Chai
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lilach Konstanitin
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Kira Rapaport
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Friedman
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Merav H Shamir
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Walter FR, Harazin A, Tóth AE, Veszelka S, Santa-Maria AR, Barna L, Kincses A, Biczó G, Balla Z, Kui B, Maléth J, Cervenak L, Tubak V, Kittel Á, Rakonczay Z, Deli MA. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in L-ornithine induced acute pancreatitis in rats and the direct effect of L-ornithine on cultured brain endothelial cells. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:16. [PMID: 35177109 PMCID: PMC8851707 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In severe acute pancreatitis (AP) the CNS is affected manifesting in neurological symptoms. Earlier research from our laboratory showed blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability elevation in a taurocholate-induced AP model. Here we aimed to further explore BBB changes in AP using a different, non-invasive in vivo model induced by L-ornithine. Our goal was also to identify whether L-ornithine, a cationic amino acid, has a direct effect on brain endothelial cells in vitro contributing to the observed BBB changes. METHODS AP was induced in rats by the intraperitoneal administration of L-ornithine-HCl. Vessel permeability and the gene expression of the primary transporter of L-ornithine, cationic amino acid transporter-1 (Cat-1) in the brain cortex, pancreas, liver and lung were determined. Ultrastructural changes were followed by transmission electron microscopy. The direct effect of L-ornithine was tested on primary rat brain endothelial cells and a triple co-culture model of the BBB. Viability and barrier integrity, including permeability and TEER, nitrogen monoxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NF-κB translocation were measured. Fluorescent staining for claudin-5, occludin, ZO-1, β-catenin, cell adhesion molecules Icam-1 and Vcam-1 and mitochondria was performed. Cell surface charge was measured by laser Doppler velocimetry. RESULTS In the L-ornithine-induced AP model vessel permeability for fluorescein and Cat-1 expression levels were elevated in the brain cortex and pancreas. On the ultrastructural level surface glycocalyx and mitochondrial damage, tight junction and basal membrane alterations, and glial edema were observed. L-ornithine decreased cell impedance and elevated the BBB model permeability in vitro. Discontinuity in the surface glycocalyx labeling and immunostaining of junctional proteins, cytoplasmic redistribution of ZO-1 and β-catenin, and elevation of Vcam-1 expression were measured. ROS production was increased and mitochondrial network was damaged without NF-κB, NO production or mitochondrial membrane potential alterations. Similar ultrastructural changes were seen in L-ornithine treated brain endothelial cells as in vivo. The basal negative zeta potential of brain endothelial cells became more positive after L-ornithine treatment. CONCLUSION We demonstrated BBB damage in the L-ornithine-induced rat AP model suggesting a general, AP model independent effect. L-ornithine induced oxidative stress, decreased barrier integrity and altered BBB morphology in a culture BBB model. These data suggest a direct effect of the cationic L-ornithine on brain endothelium. Endothelial surface glycocalyx injury was revealed both in vivo and in vitro, as an additional novel component of the BBB-related pathological changes in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina R Walter
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - András Harazin
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrea E Tóth
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Ana R Santa-Maria
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lilla Barna
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - András Kincses
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - György Biczó
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kálvária sgt 57, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Balla
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kálvária sgt 57, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
- Institute of Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental Biology and Education, Juhász Gyula Faculty of Education, University of Szeged, Boldogasszony sgt. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kui
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kálvária sgt 57, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - József Maléth
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kálvária sgt 57, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
- HAS-USZ Momentum Epithelial Cell Signaling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- HCEMM-SZTE Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Tubak
- Creative Laboratory Ltd, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rakonczay
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kálvária sgt 57, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 1, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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Murata Y, Neuhoff S, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Takita H, Al-Majdoub ZM, Ogungbenro K. In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation Linked to Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Assessing the Brain Drug Disposition. AAPS J 2022; 24:28. [PMID: 35028763 PMCID: PMC8817058 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development for the central nervous system (CNS) is a complex endeavour with low success rates, as the structural complexity of the brain and specifically the blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses tremendous challenges. Several in vitro brain systems have been evaluated, but the ultimate use of these data in terms of translation to human brain concentration profiles remains to be fully developed. Thus, linking up in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) strategies to physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of brain is a useful effort that allows better prediction of drug concentrations in CNS components. Such models may overcome some known aspects of inter-species differences in CNS drug disposition. Required physiological (i.e. systems) parameters in the model are derived from quantitative values in each organ. However, due to the inability to directly measure brain concentrations in humans, compound-specific (drug) parameters are often obtained from in silico or in vitro studies. Such data are translated through IVIVE which could be also applied to preclinical in vivo observations. In such exercises, the limitations of the assays and inter-species differences should be adequately understood in order to verify these predictions with the observed concentration data. This report summarizes the state of IVIVE-PBPK-linked models and discusses shortcomings and areas of further research for better prediction of CNS drug disposition. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Murata
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Sohyaku.Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Sibylle Neuhoff
- Certara UK Ltd, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Level 2-Acero, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Certara UK Ltd, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Level 2-Acero, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Takita
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Development Planning, Clinical Development Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Hibiya Mitsui Tower, 1-1-2 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0006, Japan
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Kayode Ogungbenro
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Gleichgerrcht E, Drane DL, Keller SS, Davis KA, Gross R, Willie JT, Pedersen N, de Bezenac C, Jensen J, Weber B, Kuzniecky R, Bonilha L. Association Between Anatomical Location of Surgically Induced Lesions and Postoperative Seizure Outcome in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neurology 2022; 98:e141-e151. [PMID: 34716254 PMCID: PMC8762583 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To determine the association between surgical lesions of distinct gray and white structures and connections with favorable postoperative seizure outcomes. METHODS Patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) from 3 epilepsy centers were included. We employed a voxel-based and connectome-based mapping approach to determine the association between favorable outcomes and surgery-induced temporal lesions. Analyses were conducted controlling for multiple confounders, including total surgical resection/ablation volume, hippocampal volumes, side of surgery, and site where the patient was treated. RESULTS The cohort included 113 patients with TLE (54 women; 86 right-handed; mean age at seizure onset 16.5 years [SD 11.9]; 54.9% left) who were 61.1% free of disabling seizures (Engel Class 1) at follow-up. Postoperative seizure freedom in TLE was associated with (1) surgical lesions that targeted the hippocampus as well as the amygdala-piriform cortex complex and entorhinal cortices; (2) disconnection of temporal, frontal, and limbic regions through loss of white matter tracts within the uncinate fasciculus, anterior commissure, and fornix; and (3) functional disconnection of the frontal (superior and middle frontal gyri, orbitofrontal region) and temporal (superior and middle pole) lobes. DISCUSSION Better postoperative seizure freedom is associated with surgical lesions of specific structures and connections throughout the temporal lobes. These findings shed light on the key components of epileptogenic networks in TLE and constitute a promising source of new evidence for future improvements in surgical interventions. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that for patients with TLE, postoperative seizure freedom is associated with surgical lesions of specific temporal lobe structures and connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY.
| | - Daniel L Drane
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Simon S Keller
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Kathryn A Davis
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Robert Gross
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Jon T Willie
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Nigel Pedersen
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Christophe de Bezenac
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Jens Jensen
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Bernd Weber
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Ruben Kuzniecky
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- From the Department of Neurology (E.G., L.B.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neurology (D.L.D., N.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (S.S.K., C.d.B.), University of Liverpool; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (S.S.K.), Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurosurgery (R.G., J.T.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurological Surgery (J.T.W.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hofstra University/Northwell, NY
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Zhu D, He B, Zhang M, Wan Y, Liu R, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Gao F. A Multimodal MR Imaging Study of the Effect of Hippocampal Damage on Affective and Cognitive Functions in a Rat Model of Chronic Exposure to a Plateau Environment. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:979-1000. [PMID: 34981302 PMCID: PMC8891211 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to high altitudes above 2500 m above sea level (a.s.l.) can cause cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. Herein, we sought to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to plateau hypoxia on the hippocampus in a rat model by using voxel-based morphometry, creatine chemical exchange saturation transfer (CrCEST) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging techniques. 58 healthy 4-week-old male rats were randomized into plateau hypoxia rats (H group) as the experimental group and plain rats (P group) as the control group. H group rats were transported from Chengdu (500 m a.s.l.), a city in a plateau located in southwestern China, to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (4250 m a.s.l.), Yushu, China, and then fed for 8 months there, while P group rats were fed in Chengdu (500 m a.s.l.), China. After 8 months of exposure to plateau hypoxia, open-field and elevated plus maze tests revealed that the anxiety-like behavior of the H group rats was more serious than that of the P group rats, and the Morris water maze test revealed impaired spatial memory function in the H group rats. Multimodal MR imaging analysis revealed a decreased volume of the regional gray matter, lower CrCEST contrast and higher transport coefficient Ktrans in the hippocampus compared with the P group rats. Further correlation analysis found associations of quantitative MRI parameters of the hippocampus with the behavioral performance of H group rats. In this study, we validated the viability of using noninvasive multimodal MR imaging techniques to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to a plateau hypoxic environment on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyong Zhu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yixuan Wan
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruibin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Molecular Imaging Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Anatomy and KK Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fabao Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Molecular Imaging Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Nature-inspired dynamic gene-loaded nanoassemblies for the treatment of brain diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114029. [PMID: 34752841 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has great potential to treat brain diseases. However, genetic drugs need to overcome a cascade of barriers for their full potential. The conventional delivery systems often struggle to meet expectations. Natural biological particles that are highly optimized for specific functions in body, can inspire optimization of dynamic gene-loaded nanoassemblies (DGN). The DGN refer to gene loaded nanoassemblies whose functions and structures are changeable in response to the biological microenvironments or can dynamically interact with tissues or cells. The nature-inspired DGN can meet the needs in brain diseases treatment, including i) Non-elimination in blood (N), ii) Across the blood-brain barrier (A), iii) Targeting cells (T), iv) Efficient uptake (U), v) Controllable release (R), vi) Eyeable (E)-abbreviated as the "NATURE". In this Review, from nature to "NATURE", we mainly summarize the specific application of nature-inspired DGN in the "NATURE" cascade process. Furthermore, the Review provides an outlook for this field.
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Poon C, Pellow C, Hynynen K. Neutrophil Recruitment and Leukocyte Response Following Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Treatments. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2022; 20:100-116. [PMID: 35746942 PMCID: PMC9063606 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
(Appeared originally in Theranostics 2021; 11:1655-1671) Reprinted under Creative Commons Attribution License.
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Amiri M, Jafari S, Kurd M, Mohamadpour H, Khayati M, Ghobadinezhad F, Tavallaei O, Derakhshankhah H, Sadegh Malvajerd S, Izadi Z. Engineered Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as New Generations of Blood-Brain Barrier Transmitters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4475-4490. [PMID: 34841846 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is considered as the most challenging barrier in brain drug delivery. Indeed, there is a definite link between the BBB integrity defects and central nervous systems (CNS) disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers, increasing concerns in the contemporary era because of the inability of most therapeutic approaches. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have already been identified as having several advantages in facilitating the transportation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents across the BBB. This review first explains BBB functions and its challenges in brain drug delivery, followed by a brief description of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for brain diseases. A detailed presentation of recent progressions in optimizing SLNs and NLCs for controlled release drug delivery, gene therapy, targeted drug delivery, and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers is approached. Finally, the problems, challenges, and future perspectives in optimizing these carriers for potential clinical application were described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Amiri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Samira Jafari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kurd
- Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Tehran 15469-13111, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohamadpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Maryam Khayati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Farbod Ghobadinezhad
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Student’s Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Omid Tavallaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Hossein Derakhshankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Soroor Sadegh Malvajerd
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Zhila Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
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Marino A, Battaglini M, Desii A, Lavarello C, Genchi G, Petretto A, Ciofani G. Liposomes loaded with polyphenol-rich grape pomace extracts protect from neurodegeneration in a rotenone-based in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:8171-8188. [PMID: 34617936 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no satisfactory therapy options. Similar to other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, oxidative stress plays a key factor in the neurodegeneration process. To counteract the uncontrolled increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress-dependent cell death, several preclinical and clinical tests exploit natural-derived organic antioxidants, such as polyphenols. Despite some promising results, free antioxidants show scarce brain accumulation and may exhaust their scavenging activity before reaching the brain. In this work, we developed an antioxidant therapeutic nanoplatform consisting of nano-sized functionalized liposomes loaded with selected polyphenol-rich vegetal extracts with high blood-brain barrier crossing capabilities. The antioxidant extracts were obtained from the grape seeds and skins as a byproduct of wine production (i.e., pomace), following a sustainable circular approach with reduced environmental impact. The antioxidant nanoplatform was successfully tested in a relevant in vitro model of PD, where it completely rescued the ROS levels, prevented the aggregation of α-synuclein fibrils, and restored cell viability, paving the way for preclinical translation of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Marino
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.
| | - Matteo Battaglini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.
| | - Andrea Desii
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.
| | - Chiara Lavarello
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy.,University of Genoa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Giada Genchi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.
| | - Andrea Petretto
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.
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Peterson DR, Hawkins RA, Viña JR. Editorial: Organization and Functional Properties of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Physiol 2021; 12:796030. [PMID: 34925076 PMCID: PMC8674868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.796030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darryl R. Peterson
- Discipline of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Richard A. Hawkins
- Discipline of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Juan R. Viña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Microarray profiling predicts early neurological and immune phenotypic traits in advance of CNS disease during disease progression in Trypanosoma. b. brucei infected CD1 mouse brains. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009892. [PMID: 34762691 PMCID: PMC8584711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. We hypothesised that recent findings of neurological features and parasite brain infiltration occurring at much earlier stages in HAT than previously thought could be explained by early activation of host genetic programmes controlling CNS disease. Accordingly, a transcriptomal analysis was performed on brain tissue at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28dpi from the HAT CD1/GVR35 mouse model. Up to 21dpi, most parasites are restricted to the blood and lymphatic system. Thereafter the trypanosomes enter the brain initiating the encephalitic stage. Analysis of ten different time point Comparison pairings, revealed a dynamic transcriptome comprising four message populations. All 7dpi Comparisons had by far more differentially expressed genes compared to all others. Prior to invasion of the parenchyma, by 7dpi, ~2,000 genes were up-regulated, denoted [7dpi↑] in contrast to a down regulated population [7dpi↓] also numbering ~2,000. However, by 14dpi both patterns had returned to around the pre-infected levels. The third, [28dpi↑] featured over three hundred transcripts which had increased modestly up to14dpi, thereafter were significantly up-regulated and peaked at 28dpi. The fourth, a minor population, [7dpi↑-28dpi↑], had similar elevated levels at 7dpi and 28dpi. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis predicted a diverse phenotype by 7dpi with changes to innate and adaptive immunity, a Type I interferon response, neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, pleiotropic signalling, circadian activity and vascular permeability without disruption of the blood brain barrier. This key observation is consistent with recent rodent model neuroinvasion studies and clinical reports of Stage 1 HAT patients exhibiting CNS symptoms. Together, these findings challenge the strict Stage1/Stage2 phenotypic demarcation in HAT and show that that significant neurological, and immune changes can be detected prior to the onset of CNS disease.
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Ozturk H, Yorulmaz N, Durgun M, Basoglu H. In silicoinvestigation of Alliin as potential activator for AMPA receptor. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 8. [PMID: 34724652 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural products from plants, such as flavonoids, arouse immense interest in medicine because of the therapeutic and many other bioactive properties. The molecular docking is a very useful method to screen the molecules based on their free binding energies and give important structural suggestions about how molecules might activate or inhibit the target receptor by comparing reference molecules. Alliin and Allicin differ from many other flavonoids because of containing no benzene rings and having nitrogen and sulfur atoms in their structure. In this study Alliin and Allicin affinity on AMPA, NMDA and GABA-A receptors were evaluated in the central nervous system by using the molecular docking method. Both Alliin and Allicin indicated no inhibitory effects. However Alliin showed significant selectivity to human AMPA receptor (3RN8) as an excitatory. The binding energy of glutamate to 3RN8 was -6.61 kcal mol-1, while the binding energy of Allin was -8.08 kcal mol-1. Furthermore Alliin's affinity to the other AMPA and NMDA receptors is quite satisfactory compared to the reference molecule glutamate. In conclusion based on the molecular docking study, Alliin can be useful for synaptic plasticity studies whereas might be enhance seizure activity because of the increased permeability to cations. It also can be beneficial to improve learning and memory and can be used as a supportive product to the hypofunction of NMDA associated problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ozturk
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Trabzon-Turkey.,Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Istanbul-Turkey
| | - Nuri Yorulmaz
- Harran University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Sanliurfa-Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Harran University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Sanliurfa-Turkey
| | - Harun Basoglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Trabzon-Turkey
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Alia C, Cangi D, Massa V, Salluzzo M, Vignozzi L, Caleo M, Spalletti C. Cell-to-Cell Interactions Mediating Functional Recovery after Stroke. Cells 2021; 10:3050. [PMID: 34831273 PMCID: PMC8623942 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic damage in brain tissue triggers a cascade of molecular and structural plastic changes, thus influencing a wide range of cell-to-cell interactions. Understanding and manipulating this scenario of intercellular connections is the Holy Grail for post-stroke neurorehabilitation. Here, we discuss the main findings in the literature related to post-stroke alterations in cell-to-cell interactions, which may be either detrimental or supportive for functional recovery. We consider both neural and non-neural cells, starting from astrocytes and reactive astrogliosis and moving to the roles of the oligodendrocytes in the support of vulnerable neurons and sprouting inhibition. We discuss the controversial role of microglia in neural inflammation after injury and we conclude with the description of post-stroke alterations in pyramidal and GABAergic cells interactions. For all of these sections, we review not only the spontaneous evolution in cellular interactions after ischemic injury, but also the experimental strategies which have targeted these interactions and that are inspiring novel therapeutic strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Daniele Cangi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area, School of Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Verediana Massa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Marco Salluzzo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area, School of Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Livia Vignozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy;
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy;
| | - Cristina Spalletti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
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