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Xing XC, Liu ZY, Yang Q, Jia BW, Qiu L, Zhang LL, Gao W. Ac2-26 reduced the liver injury after cardiopulmonary bypass in rats via AKT1/GSK3β/eNOS pathway. J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 19:312. [PMID: 38824570 PMCID: PMC11143710 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-024-02801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE About 10% of patients after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) would undergo acute liver injury, which aggravated the mortality of patients. Ac2-26 has been demonstrated to ameliorate organic injury by inhibiting inflammation. The present study aims to evaluate the effect and mechanism of Ac2-26 on acute liver injury after CPB. METHODS A total of 32 SD rats were randomized into sham, CPB, Ac, and Ac/AKT1 groups. The rats only received anesthesia, and rats in other groups received CPB. The rats in Ac/AKT1 were pre-injected with the shRNA to interfere with the expression of AKT1. The rats in CPB were injected with saline, and rats in Ac and Ac/AKT1 groups were injected with Ac2-26. After 12 h of CPB, all the rats were sacrificed and the peripheral blood and liver samples were collected to analyze. The inflammatory factors in serum and liver were detected. The liver function was tested, and the pathological injury of liver tissue was evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, the inflammatory factors, liver function, and pathological injury were worsened after CPB. Compared with the CPB group, the Ac2-26 significantly decreased the pro-inflammatory factors and increased the anti-inflammatory factor, improved liver function, and ameliorated the pathological injury. All the therapeutic effects of Ac2-26 were notably attenuated by the shRNA of AKT1. The Ac2-26 increased the GSK3β and eNOS, and this promotion was inhibited by the shRNA. CONCLUSION The Ac2-26 significantly treated the liver injury, inhibited inflammation, and improved liver function. The effect of Ac2-26 on liver injury induced by CPB was partly associated with the promotion of AKT1/GSK3β/eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Chun Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zi-Ying Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Bao-Wei Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
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Bellanti F, Mangieri D, Vendemiale G. Redox Biology and Liver Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:410. [PMID: 38203581 PMCID: PMC10778611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a complex process that develops in chronic liver diseases. Even though the initiation and progression of fibrosis rely on the underlying etiology, mutual mechanisms can be recognized and targeted for therapeutic purposes. Irrespective of the primary cause of liver disease, persistent damage to parenchymal cells triggers the overproduction of reactive species, with the consequent disruption of redox balance. Reactive species are important mediators for the homeostasis of both hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells. Indeed, other than acting as cytotoxic agents, reactive species are able to modulate specific signaling pathways that may be relevant to hepatic fibrogenesis. After a brief introduction to redox biology and the mechanisms of fibrogenesis, this review aims to summarize the current evidence of the involvement of redox-dependent pathways in liver fibrosis and focuses on possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Domenica Mangieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
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Sato K, Naganuma A, Nagashima T, Arai Y, Mikami Y, Nakajima Y, Kanayama Y, Murakami T, Uehara S, Uehara D, Yamazaki Y, Murase T, Nakamura T, Uraoka T. A Newly Developed Method-Based Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activities in Various Human Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051445. [PMID: 37239117 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activities in comprehensive liver diseases are scarce, and different etiologies have previously been combined in groups for comparison. To accurately evaluate XOR activities in liver diseases, the plasma XOR activities in etiology-based comprehensive liver diseases were measured using a novel, sensitive, and accurate assay that is a combination of liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to detect [13C2, 15N2]uric acid using [13C2, 15N2]xanthine as a substrate. We also mainly evaluated the association between the plasma XOR activities and parameters of liver tests, purine metabolism-associated markers, oxidative stress markers, and an inflammation marker. In total, 329 patients and 32 controls were enrolled in our study. Plasma XOR activities were generally increased in liver diseases, especially in the active phase, such as in patients with hepatitis C virus RNA positivity, those with abnormal alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in autoimmune liver diseases, and uncured hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Plasma XOR activities were numerically highest in patients with acute hepatitis B. Plasma XOR activities were closely correlated with parameters of liver tests, especially serum ALT levels, regardless of etiology and plasma xanthine levels. Our results indicated that plasma XOR activity might reflect the active phase in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Hepatology, Heisei Hidaka Clinic, Takasaki 371-0001, Japan
- Department of Healthcare Informatics, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Naganuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki 370-0829, Japan
| | - Tamon Nagashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Shibukawa Medical Center, Shibukawa 377-0204, Japan
| | - Yosuke Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Shibukawa Medical Center, Shibukawa 377-0204, Japan
| | - Yuka Mikami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki 370-0829, Japan
| | - Sanae Uehara
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki 370-0829, Japan
| | - Daisuke Uehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayo Murase
- Mie Research Park, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Inabe 511-0406, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Mie Research Park, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Inabe 511-0406, Japan
| | - Toshio Uraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Yang L, Dai Y, He H, Liu Z, Liao S, Zhang Y, Liao G, An Z. Integrative analysis of gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in metabolic associated fatty liver disease patients. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:969757. [PMID: 36071958 PMCID: PMC9441872 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.969757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveMetabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) affects nearly a quarter of the world’s population. Our study aimed to characterize the gut microbiome and overall changes in the fecal and serum metabolomes in MAFLD patients.MethodsThirty-two patients diagnosed with MAFLD and 30 healthy individuals (control group, CG) were included in this study, the basic clinical characteristics and laboratory test results including routine biochemistry, etc. were recorded for all, and their serum and fecal samples were collected. A portion of the fecal samples was subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing, and the other portion of the fecal samples and serum samples were subjected to non-targeted metabolomic detection based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Statistical analysis of clinical data was performed using SPSS software package version 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). The analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing results was mainly performed by R software (V. 2.15.3), and the metabolomics data analysis was mainly performed by CD 3.1 software. Two-tailed p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe 16S sequencing data suggested that the species richness and diversity of MAFLD patients were reduced compared with controls. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Pseudomonadota, and Fusobacteriota increased and Bacillota decreased in MAFLD patients. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Prevotella, Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella, etc. increased. 2,770 metabolites were detected in stool samples and 1,245 metabolites were detected in serum samples. The proportion of differential lipid metabolites in serum (49%) was higher than that in feces (21%). There were 22 differential metabolites shared in feces and serum. And the association analysis indicated that LPC 18:0 was positively correlated with Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Oscillospiraceae_UCG-002; neohesperidin was also positively correlated with Peptoniphilus, Phycicoccus, and Stomatobaculum.ConclusionMicrobial sequencing data suggested decreased species richness and diversity and altered β-diversity in feces. Metabolomic analysis identified overall changes in fecal and serum metabolites dominated by lipid molecules. And the association analysis with gut microbes provided potentially pivotal gut microbiota-metabolite combinations in MAFLD patients, which might provide new clues for further research on the disease mechanism and the development of new diagnostic markers and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhao Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - He He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shenling Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ga Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Information Management, Department of Stomatology Informatics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Ga Liao,
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenmei An,
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Chen MM, Meng LH. The double faced role of xanthine oxidoreductase in cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1623-1632. [PMID: 34811515 PMCID: PMC9253144 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a critical, rate-limiting enzyme that controls the last two steps of purine catabolism by converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. It also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the catalytic process. The enzyme is generally recognized as a drug target for the therapy of gout and hyperuricemia. The catalytic products uric acid and ROS act as antioxidants or oxidants, respectively, and are involved in pro/anti-inflammatory actions, which are associated with various disease manifestations, including metabolic syndrome, ischemia reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Recently, extensive efforts have been devoted to understanding the paradoxical roles of XOR in tumor promotion. Here, we summarize the expression of XOR in different types of cancer and decipher the dual roles of XOR in cancer by its enzymatic or nonenzymatic activity to provide an updated understanding of the mechanistic function of XOR in cancer. We also discuss the potential to modulate XOR in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-man Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ling-hua Meng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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Bowdridge EC, DeVallance E, Garner KL, Griffith JA, Schafner K, Seaman M, Engels KJ, Wix K, Batchelor TP, Goldsmith WT, Hussain S, Nurkiewicz TR. Nano-titanium dioxide inhalation exposure during gestation drives redox dysregulation and vascular dysfunction across generations. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:18. [PMID: 35260159 PMCID: PMC8905816 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is associated with many rapid biological adaptations that support healthy development of the growing fetus. One of which is critical to fetal health and development is the coordination between maternal liver derived substrates and vascular delivery. This crucial adaptation can be potentially derailed by inhalation of toxicants. Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are commonly used in household and industrial products as well as in medicinal applications. As such, the potential risk of exposure remains a concern, especially during pregnancy. We have previously reported that ENM inhalation leads to upregulation in the production of oxidative species. Therefore, we aimed to determine if F0 dam maternal nano-TiO2 inhalation exposure (exclusively) resulted in altered H2O2 production capacity and changes in downstream redox pathways in the F0 dams and subsequent F1 pups. Additionally, we investigated whether this persisted into adulthood within the F1 generation and how this impacted F1 gestational outcomes and F2 fetal health and development. We hypothesized that maternal nano-TiO2 inhalation exposure during gestation in the F0 dams would result in upregulated H2O2 production in the F0 dams as well as her F1 offspring. Additionally, this toxicological insult would result in gestational vascular dysfunction in the F1 dams yielding smaller F2 generation pups. RESULTS Our results indicate upregulation of hepatic H2O2 production capacity in F0 dams, F1 offspring at 8 weeks and F1 females at gestational day 20. H2O2 production capacity was accompanied by a twofold increase in phosphorylation of the redox sensitive transcription factor NF-κB. In cell culture, naïve hepatocytes exposed to F1-nano-TiO2 plasma increased H2O2 production. Overnight exposure of these hepatocytes to F1 plasma increased H2O2 production capacity in a partially NF-κB dependent manner. Pregnant F1- nano-TiO2 females exhibited estrogen disruption (12.12 ± 3.1 pg/ml vs. 29.81 ± 8.8 pg/ml sham-control) and vascular dysfunction similar to their directly exposed mothers. F1-nano-TiO2 uterine artery H2O2 production capacity was also elevated twofold. Dysfunctional gestational outcomes in the F1-nano-TiO2 dams resulted in smaller F1 (10.22 ± 0.6 pups vs. sham-controls 12.71 ± 0.96 pups) and F2 pups (4.93 ± 0.47 g vs. 5.78 ± 0.09 g sham-control pups), and fewer F1 male pups (4.38 ± 0.3 pups vs. 6.83 ± 0.84 sham-control pups). CONCLUSION In conclusion, this manuscript provides critical evidence of redox dysregulation across generations following maternal ENM inhalation. Furthermore, dysfunctional gestational outcomes are observed in the F1-nano-TiO2 generation and impact the development of F2 offspring. In total, this data provides strong initial evidence that maternal ENM exposure has robust biological impacts that persists in at least two generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Bowdridge
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA ,grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Evan DeVallance
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA ,grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Krista L. Garner
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA ,grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Julie A. Griffith
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA ,grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Kallie Schafner
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA ,grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Madison Seaman
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA
| | - Kevin J. Engels
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA
| | - Kimberley Wix
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA
| | - Thomas P. Batchelor
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA ,grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - William T. Goldsmith
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA ,grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Salik Hussain
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA ,grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Timothy R. Nurkiewicz
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64 Medical Center Drive, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-9229 USA ,grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
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Wang H, Xie L, Song X, Wang J, Li X, Lin Z, Su T, Liang B, Huang D. Purine-Induced IFN-γ Promotes Uric Acid Production by Upregulating Xanthine Oxidoreductase Expression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:773001. [PMID: 35154100 PMCID: PMC8829549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.773001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limiting purine intake, inhibiting xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and inhibiting urate reabsorption in proximal tubule by uricosuric drugs, to reduce serum uric acid (UA) levels, are recognized treatments for gout. However, the mechanism of increased how XOR expression and activity in hyperuricemia and gout remains unclear. This study aims to explore whether exogenous purines are responsible for increased XOR expression and activity. METHODS HepG2 and Bel-7402 human hepatoma cells were stimulated with exogenous purine, or were exposed to conditioned growth medium of purine-stimulated Jurkat cells, followed by measurement of XOR expression and UA production to determine the effect of lymphocyte-secreted cytokines on XOR expression in hepatocytes. The expression of STAT1, IRF1 and CBP and their binding on the XDH promoter were detected by western blotting and ChIP-qPCR. The level of DNA methylation was determined by bisulfite sequencing PCR. Blood samples from 117 hyperuricemia patients and 119 healthy individuals were collected to analyze the correlation between purine, UA and IFN-γ concentrations. RESULTS Excess of purine was metabolized to UA in hepatocyte metabolism by XOR that was induced by IFN-γ secreted in the conditioned growth medium of Jurkat cells in response to exogenous purine, but it did not directly induce XOR expression. IFN-γ upregulated XOR expression due to the enhanced binding of STAT1 to IRF1 to further recruit CBP to the XDH promoter. Clinical data showed positive correlation of serum IFN-γ with both purine and UA, and associated risk of hyperuricemia. CONCLUSION Purine not only acts as a metabolic substrate of XOR for UA production, but it induces inflammation through IFN-γ secretion that stimulates UA production through elevation of XOR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lingzhu Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuhong Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhike Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dongyang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Maiti BK, Maia LB, Moura JJG. Sulfide and transition metals - A partnership for life. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111687. [PMID: 34953313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfide and transition metals often came together in Biology. The variety of possible structural combinations enabled living organisms to evolve an array of highly versatile metal-sulfide centers to fulfill different physiological roles. The ubiquitous iron‑sulfur centers, with their structural, redox, and functional diversity, are certainly the best-known partners, but other metal-sulfide centers, involving copper, nickel, molybdenum or tungsten, are equally crucial for Life. This review provides a concise overview of the exclusive sulfide properties as a metal ligand, with emphasis on the structural aspects and biosynthesis. Sulfide as catalyst and as a substrate is discussed. Different enzymes are considered, including xanthine oxidase, formate dehydrogenases, nitrogenases and carbon monoxide dehydrogenases. The sulfide effect on the activity and function of iron‑sulfur, heme and zinc proteins is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Maiti
- National Institute of Technology Sikkim, Department of Chemistry, Ravangla Campus, Barfung Block, Ravangla Sub Division, South Sikkim 737139, India.
| | - Luisa B Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Portugal.
| | - José J G Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Portugal.
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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Abstract
Significance: During aging, excessive production of reactive species in the liver leads to redox imbalance with consequent oxidative damage and impaired organ homeostasis. Nevertheless, slight amounts of reactive species may modulate several transcription factors, acting as second messengers and regulating specific signaling pathways. These redox-dependent alterations may impact the age-associated decline in liver regeneration. Recent Advances: In the last few decades, relevant findings related to redox alterations in the aging liver were investigated. Consistently, recent research broadened understanding of redox modifications and signaling related to liver regeneration. Other than reporting the effect of oxidative stress, epigenetic and post-translational modifications, as well as modulation of specific redox-sensitive cellular signaling, were described. Among them, the present review focuses on Wnt/β-catenin, the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), members of the Forkhead box O (FoxO) family, and the p53 tumor suppressor. Critical Issues: Even though alteration in redox homeostasis occurs both in aging and in impaired liver regeneration, the associative mechanisms are not clearly defined. Of note, antioxidants are not effective in slowing hepatic senescence, and do not clearly improve liver repopulation after hepatectomy or transplant in humans. Future Directions: Further investigations are needed to define mutual redox-dependent molecular pathways involved both in aging and in the decline of liver regeneration. Preclinical studies aimed at the characterization of these pathways would define possible therapeutic targets for human trials. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 832-847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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11
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Lin Z, Xie YZ, Zhao MC, Hou PP, Tang J, Chen GL. Xanthine dehydrogenase as a prognostic biomarker related to tumor immunology in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:475. [PMID: 34496841 PMCID: PMC8425161 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is a critical enzyme involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines, pterin and aldehydes and a central component of the innate immune system. However, the prognostic value of XDH in predicting tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte abundance, the immune response, and survival in different cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is still unclear. Methods XDH expression was analyzed in multiple databases, including Oncomine, the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), the Kaplan–Meier plotter database, the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). XDH-associated transcriptional profiles were detected with an mRNA array, and the levels of infiltrating immune cells were validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of HCC tissues. A predictive signature containing multiple XDH-associated immune genes was established using the Cox regression model. Results Decreased XDH mRNA expression was detected in human cancers originating from the liver, bladder, breast, colon, bile duct, kidney, and hematolymphoid system. The prognostic potential of XDH mRNA expression was also significant in certain other cancers, including HCC, breast cancer, kidney or bladder carcinoma, gastric cancer, mesothelioma, lung cancer, and ovarian cancer. In HCC, a low XDH mRNA level predicted poorer overall survival, disease-specific survival, disease-free survival, and progression-free survival. The prognostic value of XDH was independent of the clinical features of HCC patients. Indeed, XDH expression in HCC activated several immune-related pathways, including the T cell receptor, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways, which induced a cytotoxic immune response. Importantly, the microenvironment of XDHhigh HCC tumors contained abundant infiltrating CD8 + T cells but not exhausted T cells. A risk prediction signature based on multiple XDH-associated immune genes was revealed as an independent predictor in the TCGA liver cancer cohort. Conclusion These findings suggest that XDH is a valuable prognostic biomarker in HCC and other cancers and indicate that it may function in tumor immunology. Loss of XDH expression may be an immune evasion mechanism for HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02173-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lin
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yi-Zhao Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming-Chun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Guilin Hospital of Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Pin-Pin Hou
- Central Laboratory, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201114, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China.
| | - Guang-Liang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Toledo-Ibelles P, Gutiérrez-Vidal R, Calixto-Tlacomulco S, Delgado-Coello B, Mas-Oliva J. Hepatic Accumulation of Hypoxanthine: A Link Between Hyperuricemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:692-702. [PMID: 33966916 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated level of plasma uric acid has been widely recognized as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), where oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Although the complete molecular mechanisms involved remain unknown, while under physiological conditions uric acid presents antioxidant properties, hyperuricemia has been linked to oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance, basic signs of NAFLD. AIM OF STUDY Employing in vivo experimentation, we aim to investigate whether a high-fat diet rich in cholesterol (HFD), modifies the metabolism of purines in close relationship to molecular events associated with the development of NAFLD. In vitro experiments employing HepG2 cells are also carried out to study the phenomenon of oxidative stress. METHODS Adult male rabbits were fed for 8 weeks an HFD to induce NAFLD. At the beginning of the experiment and every 15 d until the completion of the study, plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins, and uric acid were measured. Liver tissue was isolated, and histology performed followed by the biochemical determination of hypoxanthine, protein expression of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) by western blot analysis, and xanthine oxidase (XO) activity using an enzymatic kinetic assay. Furthermore, we employed in vitro experimentation studying HepG2 cells to measure the effect of hypoxanthine and H2O2 upon the production of radical oxygen species (ROS), XO activity, and cell viability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Hepatic tissue from rabbits fed the HFD diet showed signs of NAFLD associated with an increased ROS concentration and an altered purine metabolism characterized by the increase in hypoxanthine, together with an apparent equilibrium displacement of XOR towards the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) isoform of the enzyme. This protein shift visualized by a western blot analysis, associated with an increase in plasma uric acid and hepatocyte hypoxanthine could be understood as a compensatory series of events secondary to the establishment of oxidative stress associated with the chronic establishment of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Toledo-Ibelles
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roxana Gutiérrez-Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sandra Calixto-Tlacomulco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Blanca Delgado-Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaime Mas-Oliva
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, México.
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Dimitrijević M, Arsenović-Ranin N, Bufan B, Nacka-Aleksić M, Kosec D, Pilipović I, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Simić L, Sopta J, Leposavić G. Sex-Based Differences in Monocytic Lineage Cells Contribute to More Severe Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Female Rats Compared with Male Rats. Inflammation 2020; 43:2312-2331. [PMID: 32857321 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes' plasticity has an important role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease exhibiting greater prevalence in women. Contribution of this phenomenon to sex bias in RA severity was investigated in rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of RA. The greater severity of CIA in females (exhibiting signs of bone resorption) was accompanied by the higher blood level of advanced oxidation protein products and a more pro-oxidant profile. Consistently, in females, the greater density of giant multinuclear cells (monocytes/macrophages and osteoclasts) in inflamed joint tissue was found. This correlated with the higher frequencies of CCR2- and CX3CR1- expressing cells (precursors of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages and osteoclasts) among CD11b+ splenocytes. This in conjunction with the enhanced migratory capacity of CD11b+ monocytic cells in females compared with males could be linked with the higher frequencies of CCR2+CX3CR1-CD43lowCD11b+ and CCR2-CX3CR1+CD43hiCD11b+ cells (corresponding to "classical" and "non-classical" monocytes, respectively) and the greater density of CD68+ cells (monocytes/macrophages and osteoclast precursors/osteoclasts) in blood and inflamed paws from female rats, respectively. Consistently, the higher levels of GM-CSF, TNF-α and IL-6, IL-1β (driving Th17 cell differentiation), and IL-17 followed by the lower level of IL-10 were measured in inflamed paw cultures from female compared with male rats. To the greater IL-17 production (associated with enhanced monocyte immigration and differentiation into osteoclasts) most likely contributed augmented Th17 cell generation in the lymph nodes draining arthritic joints from female compared with male rats. Overall, the study suggests the sex-specific contribution of monocytic lineage cells to CIA, and possibly RA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Simić
- Department for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4/2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Sopta
- Department for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4/2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Sun Q, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Liu Q, Xu X, Xu J, Liu Y, Yu H, Yu D, Sun B. Loss of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Potentiates Propagation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. Hepatology 2020; 71:2033-2049. [PMID: 31578733 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in the tumor environment and are critically involved in the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of self-renewal and maintenance of liver CSCs remain poorly understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS We identified that xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), which was expressed at low levels in human HCC samples and liver CSCs, restrained HCC formation and chemoresistance by attenuating liver CSC propagation. Mechanistically, XOR physically interacts with ubiquitin-specific peptidase 15 (USP15), thereby promoting deubiquitination of Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1) to stabilize its expression, which leads to degradation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) through ubiquitination and subsequently reactive oxygen species accumulation in liver CSCs. Finally, our data reveal that XOR promotes USP15-mediated Nrf2-KEAP1 signaling to block liver CSCs and tumor propagation. CONCLUSION We identified that XOR may represent a potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention in HCC driven by liver CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikai Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zechuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianbo Xu
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Decai Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Xiong G, Deng Y, Cao Z, Liao X, Zhang J, Lu H. The hepatoprotective effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract in zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:399-410. [PMID: 31654769 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salvia plebeia R. Br. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been widely used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases such as hepatitis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism about the hepatoprotective effects of S. plebeia remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of S. plebeia (SPEE) in the zebrafish model. Firstly, we determined the chemical compositions of SPEE and identified three major constituents by using GC-MS analysis. After that, SPEE exhibited significantly antioxidant properties in the LPS-induced zebrafish embryos, and the enzyme activities of ROS, CAT and SOD were obviously inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Secondly, SPEE greatly reduced fat vacuoles (HE staining), lipid accumulation (Oil O staining) and hepatocyte fibrosis (Gemori staining) in the thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatocyte injury of adult zebrafish. Meanwhile, the NO contents and lipid metabolism-related genes were substantially down-regulated after SPEE exposure. Thirdly, we used RNA-Seq analysis to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after SPEE exposure in adult zebrafish liver. The results showed that 1289 DEGs including 558 up-regulated and 731 down-regulated were identified between the TAA + SPEE and TAA groups. KEGG pathway and GO functional analysis revealed that steroid biosynthesis, oxidation-reduction and innate immunity were significantly enriched. Mechanistically, SPEE can considerably reduce the cell apoptosis of hepatocytes and promote the translocation of Nrf2 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in TAA-induced zebrafish. Moreover, SPEE can modulate various inflammatory cytokines and immune genes both in the control and H2O2-stimulated conditions. The pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α was markedly up-regulated but the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β was greatly down-regulated after SPEE treatment. In addition, some key genes in the TLR signaling were also activated in the H2O2-stimulated conditions. In summary, our results suggested that SPEE had an important role in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in zebrafish in the near future. Some of the components identified in this study may be served as potential sources of new hepatoprotective compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunyun Deng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zigang Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun'e Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China.
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Nacka-Aleksić M, Pilipović I, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Petrović R, Sopta J, Leposavić G. Sexual dimorphism in rat thymic involution: a correlation with thymic oxidative status and inflammation. Biogerontology 2019; 20:545-569. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Johnson TA, Jinnah HA, Kamatani N. Shortage of Cellular ATP as a Cause of Diseases and Strategies to Enhance ATP. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:98. [PMID: 30837873 PMCID: PMC6390775 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in cellular-energy associated genes have been shown to lead to various monogenic disorders. Notably, mitochondrial disorders often impact skeletal muscle, brain, liver, heart, and kidneys, which are the body’s top energy-consuming organs. However, energy-related dysfunctions have not been widely seen as causes of common diseases, although evidence points to such a link for certain disorders. During acute energy consumption, like extreme exercise, cells increase the favorability of the adenylate kinase reaction 2-ADP -> ATP+AMP by AMP deaminase degrading AMP to IMP, which further degrades to inosine and then to purines hypoxanthine -> xanthine -> urate. Thus, increased blood urate levels may act as a barometer of extreme energy consumption. AMP deaminase deficient subjects experience some negative effects like decreased muscle power output, but also positive effects such as decreased diabetes and improved prognosis for chronic heart failure patients. That may reflect decreased energy consumption from maintaining the pool of IMP for salvage to AMP and then ATP, since de novo IMP synthesis requires burning seven ATPs. Similarly, beneficial effects have been seen in heart, skeletal muscle, or brain after treatment with allopurinol or febuxostat to inhibit xanthine oxidoreductase, which catalyzes hypoxanthine -> xanthine and xanthine -> urate reactions. Some disorders of those organs may reflect dysfunction in energy-consumption/production, and the observed beneficial effects related to reinforcement of ATP re-synthesis due to increased hypoxanthine levels in the blood and tissues. Recent clinical studies indicated that treatment with xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors plus inosine had the strongest impact for increasing the pool of salvageable purines and leading to increased ATP levels in humans, thereby suggesting that this combination is more beneficial than a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor alone to treat disorders with ATP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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The impact of xanthine oxidase (XO) on hemolytic diseases. Redox Biol 2018; 21:101072. [PMID: 30580157 PMCID: PMC6305892 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic diseases are associated with elevated levels of circulating free heme that can mediate endothelial dysfunction directly via redox reactions with biomolecules or indirectly by upregulating enzymatic sources of reactive species. A key enzymatic source of these reactive species is the purine catabolizing enzyme, xanthine oxidase (XO) as the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and subsequent oxidation of xanthine to uric acid generates superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While XO has been studied for over 120 years, much remains unknown regarding specific mechanistic roles for this enzyme in pathologic processes. This gap in knowledge stems from several interrelated issues including: 1) lethality of global XO deletion and the absence of tissue-specific XO knockout models have coalesced to relegate proof-of-principle experimentation to pharmacology; 2) XO is mobile and thus when upregulated locally can be secreted into the circulation and impact distal vascular beds by high-affinity association to the glycocalyx on the endothelium; and 3) endothelial-bound XO is significantly resistant (> 50%) to inhibition by allopurinol, the principle compound used for XO inhibition in the clinic as well as the laboratory. While it is known that circulating XO is elevated in hemolytic diseases including sickle cell, malaria and sepsis, little is understood regarding its role in these pathologies. As such, the aim of this review is to define our current understanding regarding the effect of hemolysis (free heme) on circulating XO levels as well as the subsequent impact of XO-derived oxidants in hemolytic disease processes.
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Maia LB, Moura JJG. Putting xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase on the NO metabolism map: Nitrite reduction by molybdoenzymes. Redox Biol 2018; 19:274-289. [PMID: 30196191 PMCID: PMC6129670 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide radical (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in several physiological and pathological processes and a new nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway has emerged as a physiological alternative to the "classic" pathway of NO formation from L-arginine. Since the late 1990s, it has become clear that nitrite can be reduced back to NO under hypoxic/anoxic conditions and exert a significant cytoprotective action in vivo under challenging conditions. To reduce nitrite to NO, mammalian cells can use different metalloproteins that are present in cells to perform other functions, including several heme proteins and molybdoenzymes, comprising what we denominated as the "non-dedicated nitrite reductases". Herein, we will review the current knowledge on two of those "non-dedicated nitrite reductases", the molybdoenzymes xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase, discussing the in vitro and in vivo studies to provide the current picture of the role of these enzymes on the NO metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - José J G Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus 64 during the early postnatal period improves the health of adult rats with TNBS-induced colitis. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Li WW, Yang Y, Dai QG, Lin LL, Xie T, He LL, Tao JL, Shan JJ, Wang SC. Non-invasive urinary metabolomic profiles discriminate biliary atresia from infantile hepatitis syndrome. Metabolomics 2018; 14:90. [PMID: 30830373 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal cholestatic disorders are a group of hepatobiliary diseases occurring in the first 3 months of life. The most common causes of neonatal cholestasis are infantile hepatitis syndrome (IHS) and biliary atresia (BA). The clinical manifestations of the two diseases are too similar to distinguish them. However, early detection is very important in improving the clinical outcome of BA. Currently, a liver biopsy is the only proven and effective method used to differentially diagnose these two similar diseases in the clinic. However, this method is invasive. Therefore, sensitive and non-invasive biomarkers are needed to effectively differentiate between BA and IHS. We hypothesized that urinary metabolomics can produce unique metabolite profiles for BA and IHS. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize urinary metabolomic profiles in infants with BA and IHS, and to identify differences among infants with BA, IHS, and normal controls (NC). METHODS Urine samples along with patient characteristics were obtained from 25 BA, 38 IHS, and 38 NC infants. A non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics method was used in conjunction with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to explore the metabolomic profiles of BA, IHS, and NC infants. RESULTS In total, 41 differentially expressed metabolites between BA vs. NC, IHS vs. NC, and BA vs. IHS were identified. N-acetyl-D-mannosamine and alpha-aminoadipic acid were found to be highly accurate at distinguishing between BA and IHS. CONCLUSIONS BA and IHS infants have specific urinary metabolomic profiles. The results of our study underscore the clinical potential of metabolomic profiling to uncover metabolic changes that could be used to discriminate BA from IHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- TCM Department, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Gang Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li He
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Lei Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Shan
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shou-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Xanthine dehydrogenase downregulation promotes TGFβ signaling and cancer stem cell-related gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e382. [PMID: 28945217 PMCID: PMC5623907 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), a rate-limiting enzyme involved in purine metabolism, has an essential role in inflammatory cascades. Researchers have known for decades that XDH activity is decreased in some cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of XDH in cancer pathogenesis has not been fully explored. In this study, we showed that low XDH mRNA levels were correlated with higher tumor stages and poorer prognoses in patients with HCC. Knocking down or inhibiting XDH promoted migration and invasion but not proliferation of HCC cells. The abovementioned phenotypic changes are dependent on increases in epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker gene expression and transforming growth factor-β-Smad2/3 signaling activity in HCC. XDH overexpression suppressed HCC cell invasion in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the expression and activity of XDH were associated with the expression of CSC-related genes, such as CD44 or CD133, in HCC cells. These data suggest that downregulated XDH expression may be a useful clinical indicator and contribute to the development and progression of HCC.
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Associations of plasma uric acid and purine metabolites with blood pressure in children: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. J Hypertens 2017; 35:982-993. [PMID: 28355168 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated serum uric acid concentration has been associated with high blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. A putative underlying mechanism is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species when uric acid is generated by an increased enzyme activity of xanthine oxidase (XO). The aims of the present study were to investigate the associations between plasma uric acid concentration, purine metabolite ratios, as proxies for increased XO activity, and SBP and DBP in school-age children. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses were performed in 246 children (46% boys; mean age 7.1 years) from the Dutch KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Purine metabolites were determined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. During a home visit, a nurse collected a blood sample and measured BP three times; in addition, parents measured their child's BP on three consecutive days, in the morning and evening. Generalized estimating equations were used for analyses while controlling for variables such as sex, age, BMI, physical activity, and dietary intake. RESULTS In multivariable analysis, uric acid (per SD of 38 μmol/l) was associated with DBP z-scores [sβ 0.07; confidence interval (CI), 0.01-1.14], but not with SBP z-scores. Higher ratios of uric acid/xanthine (per SD of 138) (sβ 0.09; CI, 0.01-0.17) and xanthine/hypoxanthine (per SD of 321) (sβ 0.08; CI, 0.02-0.17) were associated with higher DBP z-scores, but not with SBP z-scores. CONCLUSION In school-age children, uric acid and the ratios of uric acid/xanthine and xanthine/hypoxanthine were significantly associated with DBP z-scores. Suggesting that, both uric acid concentration and increased XO activity are associated with BP.
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Nacka-Aleksić M, Stojanović M, Simić L, Bufan B, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Dimitrijević M, Ražić S, Leposavić G. Sex as a determinant of age-related changes in rat spinal cord inflammation-oxidation state. Biogerontology 2017; 18:821-839. [PMID: 28825141 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To close the gap in our knowledge of sex influence on age-related changes in inflammation-oxidation state in spinal cord (SC) relevant to inflammation/oxidative-stress associated neuropathologies, 2-3 month-old (young) and 18-20 month-old (old) rats, exhibiting increased level of IL-6, a commonly used marker of inflamm-aging, were examined for inflammatory/redox status, and the underlying regulatory networks' molecules expression. With age, rat SC microglia became sensitized ("primed"), while SC tissue shifted towards mild inflammatory state, with increased levels of proinflammatory IL-1β (key marker of microglial systemic inflammation-induced neurotoxicity), which was more prominent in males. This, most likely, reflected age- and sex-related impairment in the expression of CX3CR1, the receptor for fractalkine (CX3CL1), the soluble factor which regulates microglial activation and diminishes production of IL-1β (central for fractalkine neuroprotection). Considering that (i) age-related changes in SC IL-1β expression were not followed by complementary changes in SC IL-6 expression, and (ii) the reversal in the direction of the sex bias in circulating IL-6 level and SC IL-1β expression, it seems obvious that there are tissue-specific differences in the proinflammatory cytokine profile. Additionally, old male rat SC exhibited greater oxidative damage than female, reflecting, most likely, their lower capacity to maintain the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance. In conclusion, these findings, apart from highlighting the significance of sex for age-associated changes in SC inflammation-oxidation, may be relevant for understating sex differences in human inflammation/oxidative-stress related SC diseases, and consequently, for optimizing their prevention/therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Stojanović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Simić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Ražić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, Battelli MG, Polito L. Hyperuricaemia, Xanthine Oxidoreductase and Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Plants: The Contributions of Fiorenzo Stirpe to Frontline Research. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020206. [PMID: 28134797 PMCID: PMC6155646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes called ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) that are able to depurinate nucleic acids and arrest vital cellular functions, including protein synthesis, are still a frontline research field, mostly because of their promising medical applications. The contributions of Stirpe to the development of these studies has been one of the most relevant. After a short biographical introduction, an overview is offered of the main results obtained by his investigations during last 55 years on his main research lines: hyperuricaemia, xanthine oxidoreductase and RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Battelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Sex Difference in Oxidative Stress Parameters in Spinal Cord of Rats with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Relation to Neurological Deficit. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:481-492. [PMID: 27812760 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The study examined (a) whether there is sex difference in spinal cord and plasma oxidative stress profiles in Dark Agouti rats immunised for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal experimental model of multiple sclerosis, and (b) whether there is correlation between the oxidative stress in spinal cord and neurological deficit. Regardless of rat sex, with the disease development xanthine oxidase (XO) activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression increased in spinal cord, whereas glutathione levels decreased. This was accompanied by the rise in spinal cord malondialdehyde level. On the other hand, with EAE development superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased, while O2- concentration increased only in spinal cord of male rats. Consequently, SOD activity was lower, whereas O2- concentration was higher in spinal cord of male rats with clinically manifested EAE. XO activity and iNOS mRNA expression were also elevated in their spinal cord. Consistently, in the effector phase of EAE the concentration of advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) was higher in spinal cord of male rats, which exhibit more severe neurological deficit than their female counterparts. In as much as data obtained in the experimental models could be translated to humans, the findings may be relevant for designing sex-specific antioxidant therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the study indicated that the increased pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in plasma may be an early indicator of EAE development. Moreover, it showed that plasma AOPP level may indicate not only actual activity of the disease, but also serve to predict severity of its course.
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27
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Maiuolo J, Oppedisano F, Gratteri S, Muscoli C, Mollace V. Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion. Int J Cardiol 2016; 213:8-14. [PMID: 26316329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purines perform many important functions in the cell, being the formation of the monomeric precursors of nucleic acids DNA and RNA the most relevant one. Purines which also contribute to modulate energy metabolism and signal transduction, are structural components of some coenzymes and have been shown to play important roles in the physiology of platelets, muscles and neurotransmission. All cells require a balanced quantity of purines for growth, proliferation and survival. Under physiological conditions the enzymes involved in the purine metabolism maintain in the cell a balanced ratio between their synthesis and degradation. In humans the final compound of purines catabolism is uric acid. All other mammals possess the enzyme uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin that is easily eliminated through urine. Overproduction of uric acid, generated from the metabolism of purines, has been proven to play emerging roles in human disease. In fact the increase of serum uric acid is inversely associated with disease severity and especially with cardiovascular disease states. This review describes the enzymatic pathways involved in the degradation of purines, getting into their structure and biochemistry until the uric acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Santo Gratteri
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy.
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Battelli MG, Polito L, Bortolotti M, Bolognesi A. Xanthine oxidoreductase in cancer: more than a differentiation marker. Cancer Med 2016; 5:546-57. [PMID: 26687331 PMCID: PMC4799950 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the last two steps of purine catabolism and is present in two interconvertible forms, which may utilize O2 or NAD(+) as electron acceptors. In addition to uric acid, XOR products may comprise reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that have many biologic effects, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and cytotoxicity, as well as mutagenesis and induction of proliferation. XOR is strictly modulated at the transcriptional and post-translational levels, and its expression and activity are highly variable in cancer. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) expression has been negatively associated with a high malignity grade and a worse prognosis in neoplasms of the breast, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney, which normally express a high level of XOR protein. However, the level of XOR expression may be associated with a worse outcome in cancer of low XOR-expressing cells, in relation to the inflammatory response elicited through the tissue damage induced by tumor growth. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has been implicated in the process of oncogenesis either directly because it is able to catalyze the metabolic activation of carcinogenic substances or indirectly through the action of XOR-derived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The role of uric acid is characterized by both oxidant and antioxidant action; thus, it is still debatable whether control of uricemia may be helpful to improve the outcomes of tumor illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Battelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine – DIMESAlma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, General Pathology UnitVia S. Giacomo 1440126BolognaItaly
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine – DIMESAlma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, General Pathology UnitVia S. Giacomo 1440126BolognaItaly
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine – DIMESAlma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, General Pathology UnitVia S. Giacomo 1440126BolognaItaly
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine – DIMESAlma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, General Pathology UnitVia S. Giacomo 1440126BolognaItaly
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Lima WG, Martins-Santos MES, Chaves VE. Uric acid as a modulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. Biochimie 2015; 116:17-23. [PMID: 26133655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In humans, uric acid is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism. The serum uric acid level is based on the balance between the absorption, production and excretion of purine. Uric acid is similarly produced in the liver, adipose tissue and muscle and is primarily excreted through the urinary tract. Several factors, including a high-fructose diet and the use of xenobiotics and alcohol, contribute to hyperuricaemia. Hyperuricaemia belongs to a cluster of metabolic and haemodynamic abnormalities, called metabolic syndrome, characterised by abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Hyperuricaemia reduction in the Pound mouse or fructose-fed rats, as well as hyperuricaemia induction by uricase inhibition in rodents and studies using cell culture have suggested that uric acid plays an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome. These studies have shown that high uric acid levels regulate the oxidative stress, inflammation and enzymes associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, suggesting a mechanism for the impairment of metabolic homeostasis. Humans lacking uricase, the enzyme responsible for uric acid degradation, are susceptible to these effects. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge of the effects of uric acid on the regulation of metabolism, primarily focusing on liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Nitrite reduction by molybdoenzymes: a new class of nitric oxide-forming nitrite reductases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:403-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Maia LB, Pereira V, Mira L, Moura JJG. Nitrite reductase activity of rat and human xanthine oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase: evaluation of their contribution to NO formation in vivo. Biochemistry 2015; 54:685-710. [PMID: 25537183 DOI: 10.1021/bi500987w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite is presently considered a NO "storage form" that can be made available, through its one-electron reduction, to maintain NO formation under hypoxia/anoxia. The molybdoenzymes xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase (XO/XD) and aldehyde oxidase (AO) are two of the most promising mammalian nitrite reductases, and in this work, we characterized NO formation by rat and human XO/XD and AO. This is the first characterization of human enzymes, and our results support the employment of rat liver enzymes as suitable models of the human counterparts. A comprehensive kinetic characterization of the effect of pH on XO and AO-catalyzed nitrite reduction showed that the enzyme's specificity constant for nitrite increase 8-fold, while the Km(NO2(-)) decrease 6-fold, when the pH decreases from 7.4 to 6.3. These results demonstrate that the ability of XO/AO to trigger NO formation would be greatly enhanced under the acidic conditions characteristic of ischemia. The dioxygen inhibition was quantified, and the Ki(O2) values found (24.3-48.8 μM) suggest that in vivo NO formation would be fine-tuned by dioxygen availability. The potential in vivo relative physiological relevance of XO/XD/AO-dependent pathways of NO formation was evaluated using HepG2 and HMEC cell lines subjected to hypoxia. NO formation by the cells was found to be pH-, nitrite-, and dioxygen-dependent, and the relative contribution of XO/XD plus AO was found to be as high as 50%. Collectively, our results supported the possibility that XO/XD and AO can contribute to NO generation under hypoxia inside a living human cell. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of XO/AO-catalyzed nitrite reduction was revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B Maia
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Fitian AI, Nelson DR, Liu C, Xu Y, Ararat M, Cabrera R. Integrated metabolomic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C cirrhosis through GC/MS and UPLC/MS-MS. Liver Int 2014; 34:1428-44. [PMID: 24661807 PMCID: PMC4169337 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The metabolic pathway disturbances associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unsatisfactorily characterized. Determination of the metabolic alterations associated with the presence of HCC can improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of this cancer and may provide opportunities for improved disease monitoring of patients at risk for HCC development. To characterize the global metabolic alterations associated with HCC arising from hepatitis C (HCV)-associated cirrhosis using an integrated non-targeted metabolomics methodology employing both gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS-MS). METHODS The global serum metabolomes of 30 HCC patients, 27 hepatitis C cirrhosis disease controls and 30 healthy volunteers were characterized using a metabolomics approach that combined two metabolomics platforms, GC/MS and UPLC/MS-MS. Random forest, multivariate statistics and receiver operator characteristic analysis were performed to identify the most significantly altered metabolites in HCC patients vs. HCV-cirrhosis controls and which therefore exhibited a close association with the presence of HCC. RESULTS Elevated 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), 15-HETE, sphingosine, γ-glutamyl oxidative stress-associated metabolites, xanthine, amino acids serine, glycine and aspartate, and acylcarnitines were strongly associated with the presence of HCC. Elevations in bile acids and dicarboxylic acids were highly correlated with cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS Integrated metabolomic profiling through GC/MS and UPLC/MS-MS identified global metabolic disturbances in HCC and HCV-cirrhosis. Aberrant amino acid biosynthesis, cell turnover regulation, reactive oxygen species neutralization and eicosanoid pathways may be hallmarks of HCC. Aberrant dicarboxylic acid metabolism, enhanced bile acid metabolism and elevations in fibrinogen cleavage peptides may be signatures of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asem I. Fitian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
,Department of Medicine, Section of Hepatobiliary Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yiling Xu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hepatobiliary Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Miguel Ararat
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hepatobiliary Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roniel Cabrera
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hepatobiliary Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Pathophysiology of circulating xanthine oxidoreductase: New emerging roles for a multi-tasking enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1502-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Sen S, Kawahara B, Fry NL, Farias-Eisner R, Zhang D, Mascharak PK, Chaudhuri G. A light-activated NO donor attenuates anchorage independent growth of cancer cells: Important role of a cross talk between NO and other reactive oxygen species. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 540:33-40. [PMID: 24157690 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is established that high concentrations of nitric oxide(1) (NO), as released from activated macrophages, induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In this study, we assessed the potential of a light-activated NO donor [(Me2bpb)Ru(NO)(Resf)], a recently reported apoptototic agent, in suppressing the anchorage independent growth potentials of an aggressive human breast cancer cell line. Our results demonstrated the down regulation of anchorage independent growth by light activated NO treatment in the aggressive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and afforded insight into the associated mechanism(s). The investigation revealed an up-regulation of the bioactivity of catalase with an accompanied reduction in the endogenous levels of H2O2, a direct substrate of catalase and a recently identified endogenous growth modulator in breast cancer cells. An earlier publication reported that endogenous superoxide (O2(-)) in human breast cancer cells constitutively inhibits catalase bioactivity (at the level of its protein), resulting in increased H2O2 levels. Interestingly in this study, O2(-) was also found to be down- regulated following NO treatment providing a basis for the observed increase in catalase bioactivity. Cells silenced for the catalase gene exhibited compromised reduction in anchorage independent growth upon light activated NO treatment. Collectively this study detailed a mechanistic cross talk between exogenous NO and endogenous ROS in attenuating anchorage independent growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvajit Sen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Aldaba-Muruato LR, Moreno MG, Shibayama M, Tsutsumi V, Muriel P. Protective effects of allopurinol against acute liver damage and cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride: modulation of NF-κB, cytokine production and oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:65-75. [PMID: 22056511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective ability of allopurinol to prevent the liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). METHODS Acute liver damage was induced with CCl(4) (4g/kg, by gavage); allopurinol (50mg/kg, by gavage) was given 1h before and 1h after CCl(4) intoxication and two daily doses for the previous three days. Cirrhosis was established by CCl(4) administration (0.4g/kg, i. p. three times a week, eight weeks); allopurinol was administered (100mg/kg, by gavage, daily) during the long-term of CCl(4) treatment. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), xanthine oxidase (XO), lipid peroxidation, reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSG, respectively), hydroxyproline and histopathologycal analysis were performed. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS Acute injury increased ALT and γ-GTP activities, additionally enhanced NF-κB nuclear translocation and cytokines production such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukine-1β, and interleukine-6. Allopurinol partially prevented these effects, while increased interleukine-10. Acute and chronic CCl(4) treatments altered the levels of XO activity, lipid peroxidation, and GSH/GSSG ratio, while these remained within normal range with allopurinol administration. Necrosis, fibrosis and TGF-β production induced in chronic injury were partially prevented by allopurinol, interestingly, this drug induced MMP-13 activity. CONCLUSIONS Allopurinol possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties, probably by its capacity to reduce NF-κB nuclear translocation and TGF-β expression, as well as to induce MMP-13. General significance Allopurinol might be effective treatment of liver diseases.
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Agarwal A, Banerjee A, Banerjee UC. Xanthine oxidoreductase: a journey from purine metabolism to cardiovascular excitation-contraction coupling. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2011; 31:264-80. [PMID: 21774633 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.527823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a ubiquitous complex cytosolic molybdoflavoprotein which controls the rate limiting step of purine catabolism by converting xanthine to uric acid. It is known that optimum concentrations of uric acid (UA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for normal functioning of the body. The ability of XOR to perform detoxification reactions, and to synthesize UA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) makes it a versatile intra- and extra-cellular protective "housekeeping enzyme". It is also an important component of the innate immune system. The enzyme is a target of drugs against gout and hyperuricemia and the protein is of major interest as it is associated with ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, vascular disorders in diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, adipogenesis, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and many other disease conditions. Xanthine oxidoreductase in conjugation with antibodies has been shown to have an anti-tumor effect due to its ability to produce ROS, which in turn reduces the growth of cancer tissues. Apart from this, XOR in association with nitric oxide synthase also participates in myocardial excitation-contraction coupling. Although XOR was discovered over 100 years ago, its physiological and pathophysiological roles are still not clearly elucidated. In this review, various physiological and pathophysiological functional aspects of XOR and its association with various forms of cancer are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
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Celik VK, Sari I, Engin A, Gürsel Y, Aydin H, Bakir S. Determination of serum adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase levels in patients with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010; 65:697-702. [PMID: 20668627 PMCID: PMC2910858 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322010000700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate. Despite increasing knowledge about hemorrhagic fever viruses, little is known about the pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In this study, we measured serum adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase levels in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients. METHODS Serum adenosine deaminase levels were measured with a sensitive colorimetric method described by Giusti and xanthine oxidase levels by the method of Worthington in 30 consecutive hospitalized patients (mean age 42.6 +/- 21.0). Laboratory tests confirmed their diagnoses of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Thirty-five subjects (mean age 42.9 +/- 19.1) served as the control group. RESULTS There was a significant difference in adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase levels between cases and controls (p<0.05). However, neither adenosine deaminase nor xanthine oxidase levels varied with the severity of disease in the cases assessed (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase levels were increased in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Elevated serum xanthine oxidase activity in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever may be associated with reactive oxygen species generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system during inflammatory responses. In addition, elevated lipid peroxidation may contribute to cell damage and hemorrhage. The association of cell damage and hemorrhage with xanthine oxidase activity should be further investigated in large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kenan Celik
- Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
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Kim AW, Batus M, Myint R, Fidler MJ, Basu S, Bonomi P, Faber LP, Wightman SC, Warren WH, McIntire M, Arvanitis LD, Gattuso P, Xu X, Liptay MJ. Prognostic value of xanthine oxidoreductase expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2010; 71:186-90. [PMID: 20570389 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the purine metabolism pathway. Lack of XOR expression is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to correlate XOR expression with prognosis in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was performed on deparaffinized specimens from 82 patients with stage I-IV NSCLC using a polyclonal anti-XOR rabbit antibody. Cytoplasmic XOR staining was scored on frequency and intensity scales from 0 to 4 with low expression defined as 0-1 and high expression defined as ≥2-4. XOR immunostaining was correlated with clinical characteristics and outcomes and analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard methods. RESULTS Positive XOR expression was observed in 53/82 cases (65%). Patients with high XOR frequency had a longer median survival of 3053 days (95% CI: 2190-3916) vs. 592 days (95% CI: 492-692 days) for patients with low XOR frequency, p=0.0089, HR 0.47. Neither XOR intensity nor the overall score of XOR frequency multiplied by XOR intensity demonstrated any significant association with survival. Surgical resection was performed on 61 patients of which 34 (56%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy with low XOR expression, 15/34 (44%) had a shortened median survival compared with patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy with high XOR expression (543 days vs. 2023 days, respectively, p=0.007 and HR=0.33). CONCLUSION Low XOR expression was associated with shortened survival and also conferred a worse prognosis for patients with NSCLC who received adjuvant chemotherapy. Further studies of the XOR pathway are warranted to validate and mechanistically explain these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Kim
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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Saruwatari J, Nakagawa K, Shindo J, Nachi S, Echizen H, Ishizaki T. The in-vivo effects of sho-saiko-to, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on two cytochrome P450 enzymes (1A2 and 3A) and xanthine oxidase in man. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1553-9. [PMID: 14713367 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Chinese herbal medicine sho-saiko-to is a mixture of seven herbal components (Bupleurum root, Pinellia tuber, Scutellaria root, Jujube fruit, Ginseng root, Glycyrrhiza root and Ginger rhizome) that is widely administered to patients with chronic hepatitis in Japan. We assessed the effects of sho-saiko-to on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP3A and xanthine oxidase (XO) in man. Twenty-six healthy subjects were studied to evaluate their baseline activity of CYP1A2 and XO by the respective urinary metabolic ratios of an 8-h urine sample after an oral 150-mg dose of caffeine and of CYP3A by a urinary excretion ratio of 6β-hydroxycortisol (6β-HC) to free cortisol (FC). Thereafter, the subjects received a twice-daily 2.5-g dose of sho-saiko-to for five days, and underwent the caffeine test on day 1 and day 5. The mean activity of CYP1A2 decreased by 16% on both day 1 and day 5 compared with the baseline (P = 0.001). The mean activity of XO also significantly decreased by 25% on day 1 and 20% on day 5 (P < 0.0001) compared with the baseline value. The activity of CYP3A tended to be lower on day 5 than the baseline (P = 0.146). It is concluded that sho-saiko-to reduces CYP1A2 and XO activity in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Oe-honmachi 5-1, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Zarepour M, Kaspari K, Stagge S, Rethmeier R, Mendel RR, Bittner F. Xanthine dehydrogenase AtXDH1 from Arabidopsis thaliana is a potent producer of superoxide anions via its NADH oxidase activity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 72:301-10. [PMID: 19915948 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine dehydrogenase AtXDH1 from Arabidopsis thaliana is a key enzyme in purine degradation where it oxidizes hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Electrons released from these substrates are either transferred to NAD(+) or to molecular oxygen, thereby yielding NADH or superoxide, respectively. By an alternative activity, AtXDH1 is capable of oxidizing NADH with concomitant formation of NAD(+) and superoxide. Here we demonstrate that in comparison to the specific activity with xanthine as substrate, the specific activity of recombinant AtXDH1 with NADH as substrate is about 15-times higher accompanied by a doubling in superoxide production. The observation that NAD(+) inhibits NADH oxidase activity of AtXDH1 while NADH suppresses NAD(+)-dependent xanthine oxidation indicates that both NAD(+) and NADH compete for the same binding-site and that both sub-activities are not expressed at the same time. Rather, each sub-activity is determined by specific conditions such as the availability of substrates and co-substrates, which allows regulation of superoxide production by AtXDH1. Since AtXDH1 exhibits the most pronounced NADH oxidase activity among all xanthine dehydrogenase proteins studied thus far, our results imply that in particular by its NADH oxidase activity AtXDH1 is an efficient producer of superoxide also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarepour
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 474 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
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Ohta Y, Matsura T, Kitagawa A, Tokunaga K, Yamada K. Xanthine oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species contribute to the development ofd-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:135-44. [PMID: 17364939 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600953842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether xanthine oxidase (XO)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of D-galactosamine (D-GaIN)-induced liver injury in rats. In rats treated with D-GaIN (500 mg/kg), liver injury appeared 6 h after treatment and developed until 24 h. Hepatic XO and myeloperoxidase activities increased 12 and 6 h, respectively, after D-GalN treatment and continued to increase until 24 h. D-GalN-treated rats had increased hepatic lipid peroxide (LPO) content and decreased hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and Se-glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSHpx) activities at 24 h, but not 6 h, after treatment. Allopurinol (10, 25 or 50 mg/kg) administered at 6 h after D-GalN treatment attenuated not only the advanced liver injury and increased hepatic XO activity but also all other changes observed at 24 h after the treatment dose-dependently. These results suggest that XO-derived ROS contribute to the development of D-GaIN-induced liver injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
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Linder N, Haglund C, Lundin M, Nordling S, Ristimäki A, Kokkola A, Mrena J, Wiksten JP, Lundin J. Decreased xanthine oxidoreductase is a predictor of poor prognosis in early-stage gastric cancer. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:965-71. [PMID: 16935971 PMCID: PMC1860491 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.032524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a key enzyme in the degradation of DNA, RNA and high-energy phosphates. About half of the patients with breast cancer have a decrease in XOR expression. Patients with breast cancer with unfavourable prognosis are independently identified by the loss of XOR. AIM To assess the clinical relevance of XOR expression in gastric cancer. METHODS XOR levels were studied by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray specimens of 337 patients with gastric cancer and the relation between XOR expression and a series of clinicopathological variables, as well as disease-specific survival, was assessed. RESULTS XOR was moderately decreased in 41% and was undetectable in another 14% of the tumours compared with the corresponding normal tissue. Decreased XOR was associated with advanced stage, deep tumour penetration, diffusely spread tumour location, positive lymph node status, large tumour size, non-curative disease, cellular aneuploidy, high S-phase fraction and high cyclooxygenase-2 expression, but not with p53 expression or Borrmann classification. Down regulation of XOR was associated with unfavourable outcome, and the cumulative 5-year gastric cancer-specific survival in patients with strong XOR expression was 47%, compared with 22% in those with moderate to negative expression (p<0.001). This was also true in patients with stage I-II (p = 0.01) and lymph node-negative (p = 0.02) disease, as well as in patients with smaller (< or =5 cm) tumours (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION XOR expression in gastric cancer may be a new marker for a more aggressive gastric cancer biology, similar to that previously reported for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Linder
- Developmental and Reproductive Biology and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Griguer CE, Oliva CR, Kelley EE, Giles GI, Lancaster JR, Gillespie GY. Xanthine oxidase-dependent regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:2257-63. [PMID: 16489029 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During chemical hypoxia induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1-alpha) mediates the induction of a variety of genes including erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor. We used glioma cells with oxidative phosphorylation-dependent (D54-MG) and glycolytic-dependent (U251-MG) phenotypes to monitor HIF1-alpha regulation in association with redox responsiveness to CoCl2 treatment. We showed that CoCl2 increased xanthine oxidase (XO)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes accumulation of HIF1-alpha protein in U251-MG cells. Under these conditions, blockade of XO activity by pharmacologic (N-acetyl-L-cysteine or allopurinol) or molecular (by small interfering RNA) approaches significantly attenuated HIF1-alpha expression. Exogenous H2O2 stabilizes HIF1-alpha protein. XO was present in these cells and was the primary source of free radicals. We also showed higher XO activity in cells exposed to CoCl2 compared with cells grown in normoxia. From the experiments shown here, we concluded that ROS were indeed generated in D54-MG cells exposed to CoCl2 but it was unlikely that ROS participated in the hypoxic signal transduction pathways in this cell type. Possibly, cell type-dependent and stimulus-dependent factors may control ROS dependency or redox sensitivity of HIF1-alpha and thus HIF1-alpha activation either directly or by induction of specific signaling cascades. Our findings reveal that XO-derived ROS is a novel and critical component of HIF1-alpha regulation in U251-MG cells, pointing toward a more general role of this transcription factor in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Griguer
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005, USA.
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Bianciardi P, Scorza R, Ghilardi G, Samaja M. Xanthine oxido-reductase activity in ischemic human and rat intestine. Free Radic Res 2005; 38:919-25. [PMID: 15621709 DOI: 10.1080/10715760412331273430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We measured time course and extent of xanthine dehydrogenase (XD) to xanthine oxidase (XO) conversion in ischemic human and rat intestine. To model normothermic no-flow ischemia, we incubated fresh biopsies for 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16h. At t = 0h, XO was less in humans than in rats (P < 0.0004), while XD was essentially the same (P = NS). After 16h incubation at 37 degrees C, there was no appreciable XD-to-XO conversion and no change in neither XO nor XD activity in human intestine. In contrast, the rat intestine had XO/(XO + XD) ratio doubled in the first 2h and then maintained that value until t = 16 h. In conclusion, no XO-to-XD conversion was appreciable after 16 h no-flow normothermic ischemia in human intestine; in contrast, XO activity in rats increased sharply after the onset of ischemia. An immunohistochemical labelling study shows that, whereas XO + XD expression in liver tissue is localised in both hepatocytes and endothelial cells, in the intestine that expression is mostly localised in epithelial cells. We conclude that XO may be considered as a major source of reactive oxygen species in rats but not in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bianciardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, via di Rudini' 8-20142 Milano, Italy
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Linder N, Lundin J, Isola J, Lundin M, Raivio KO, Joensuu H. Down-regulated xanthine oxidoreductase is a feature of aggressive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4372-81. [PMID: 15958620 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a key enzyme in the degradation of DNA, RNA, and high-energy phosphates and also plays a role in milk lipid globule secretion. Given the strong and regulated expression of XOR in normal breast epithelium, and the previously shown alterations of its expression in experimental tumorigenesis, we hypothesized that XOR may be differentially expressed in breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN XOR expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray specimens of 1,262 breast cancer patients with a median follow-up of 9.5 years. RESULTS Expression of XOR was moderately decreased in 50% and undetectable in another 7% of the tumors. Decreased XOR expression was associated with poor histologic grade of differentiation, ductal and lobular histologic types, large tumor size, high number of positive axillary lymph nodes, and high cyclooxygenase-2 expression, but not with estrogen or progesterone receptor status, Ki-67, p53, or ERBB2 amplification. Absence of XOR expression was associated with unfavorable outcome, and patients with no XOR expression had more than twice the risk of distant recurrence as compared with those with a moderately decreased or normal expression (hazard ratio, 2.21; P < 0.0001). This was also true in patients with node-negative disease (hazard ratio, 2.75; P < 0.0001) as well as in patients with small (< or = 1 cm) tumors (hazard ratio, 3.09; P = 0.027). In a multivariate survival analysis, negative XOR emerged as an independent prognostic factor both in the entire series (P = 0.01) and among patients with node-negative disease (P = 0.0009). CONCLUSION Loss of XOR identifies breast cancer patients with unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Linder
- Research Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Martin HM, Moore KP, Bosmans E, Davies S, Burroughs AK, Dhillon AP, Tosh D, Harrison R. Xanthine oxidoreductase is present in bile ducts of normal and cirrhotic liver. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1214-23. [PMID: 15451061 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a widely distributed enzyme, involved in the metabolism of purines, which generates superoxide and is thought to be involved in free radical-generated tissue injury. It is present at high concentrations in the liver, from where it may be released during liver injury into the circulation, binding to vascular endothelium and causing vascular dysfunction. The cellular localization of the enzyme, essential to understanding its function, is, however, still debated. The present study has used a highly specific mouse monoclonal antibody to define the cellular distribution of XOR in normal and cirrhotic human liver. As shown previously, XOR is present in hepatocytes. However, the novel finding of this study is that XOR is present in bile duct epithelial cells, where it is concentrated toward the luminal surface. Moreover, in liver disease, proliferating bile ducts are also strongly positive for XOR. These findings suggest that the enzyme is secreted into bile, and this was confirmed by analysis of human and rat bile. Xanthine oxidase activity was 10 to 20-fold higher in liver tissue obtained from patients with liver disease, than in healthy liver. We conclude that XOR is expressed primarily in hepatocytes, but is also present in bile duct epithelial cells and is secreted into bile. Its role in bile is unknown but it may be involved in innate immunity of the bowel muscosa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Bile/enzymology
- Bile Ducts/enzymology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Polarity
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/enzymology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Epithelial Cells/enzymology
- Hepatitis C/enzymology
- Hepatocytes/enzymology
- Humans
- Hyperoxaluria, Primary/enzymology
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Liver Cirrhosis/enzymology
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/enzymology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/enzymology
- Liver Diseases/enzymology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/enzymology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Xanthine Oxidase/analysis
- Xanthine Oxidase/immunology
- Xanthine Oxidase/metabolism
- Xanthine Oxidase/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Martin
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Martin HM, Hancock JT, Salisbury V, Harrison R. Role of xanthine oxidoreductase as an antimicrobial agent. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4933-9. [PMID: 15321984 PMCID: PMC517476 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.4933-4939.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Martin
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Tapner MJ, Jones BE, Wu WM, Farrell GC. Toxicity of low dose azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in rat hepatocytes. Roles of xanthine oxidase and mitochondrial injury. J Hepatol 2004; 40:454-63. [PMID: 15123360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To study effects of pharmacologic concentrations of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on rat hepatocytes. METHODS Hepatocytes cultured on matrigel were incubated with azathioprine or 6-MP; effects of putative protective agents were studied. Viability (LDH leakage), reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), mitochondrial (mt) GSH, ATP and ultrastructural changes were determined. RESULTS Azathioprine and 6-MP (0.5-5 micromol/l) reduced viability 5-34% at day 1 and 42-92% by day 4. Allopurinol (20 microM) (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) and 2 mM Trolox (vitamin E analog) together provided near complete protection. During culture with azathioprine, GSSG increased before cell death and there was a disproportionate reduction of mtGSH and ATP, together with ultrastructural abnormalities in mitochondria. All changes were prevented by allopurinol and trolox. Discontinuation of 1 micromol/l azathioprine restored ATP levels and arrested cell injury, while culture in glucose-enriched media augmented ATP levels and ameliorated cell death. CONCLUSIONS Clinically relevant concentrations of azathioprine and 6-MP are toxic to rat hepatocyte cultures by a mechanism that involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury and ATP depletion. This can lead to irreversible de-energization and cell death by oncosis (necrosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Tapner
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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