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Moore MP, Cunningham RP, Meers GM, Johnson SA, Wheeler AA, Ganga RR, Spencer NM, Pitt JB, Diaz-Arias A, Swi AIA, Hammoud GM, Ibdah JA, Parks EJ, Rector RS. Compromised hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and reduced markers of mitochondrial turnover in human NAFLD. Hepatology 2022; 76:1452-1465. [PMID: 35000203 PMCID: PMC9270503 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NAFLD and its more-advanced form, steatohepatitis (NASH), is associated with obesity and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular, liver-related, and all-cause mortality. Available human data examining hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and hepatic mitochondrial turnover in NAFLD and NASH are scant. APPROACH AND RESULTS To investigate this relationship, liver biopsies were obtained from patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery and data clustered into four groups based on hepatic histopathological classification: Control (CTRL; no disease); NAFL (steatosis only); Borderline-NASH (steatosis with lobular inflammation or hepatocellular ballooning); and Definite-NASH (D-NASH; steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocellular ballooning). Hepatic mitochondrial complete FAO to CO2 and the rate-limiting enzyme in β-oxidation (β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity) were reduced by ~40%-50% with D-NASH compared with CTRL. This corresponded with increased hepatic mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, as well as dramatic reductions in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, mitophagy, fission, and fusion in NAFL and NASH. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that compromised hepatic FAO and mitochondrial turnover are intimately linked to increasing NAFLD severity in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P. Moore
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, USA, 65201
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA, 65211
| | - Rory P. Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, USA, 65201
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA, 65211
| | - Grace M. Meers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, USA, 65201
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA, 65211
| | - Sarah A. Johnson
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, USA, 65201
- Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
| | - Andrew A. Wheeler
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
| | - Rama R. Ganga
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
| | - Nicole M. Spencer
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
| | - James B. Pitt
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
| | | | - Ahmed I. A. Swi
- Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
| | - Ghassan M. Hammoud
- Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
| | - Jamal A. Ibdah
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, USA, 65201
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA, 65211
- Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
| | - Elizabeth J. Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA, 65211
- Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, USA, 65201
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA, 65211
- Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA, 65211
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2
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Legaki AI, Moustakas II, Sikorska M, Papadopoulos G, Velliou RI, Chatzigeorgiou A. Hepatocyte Mitochondrial Dynamics and Bioenergetics in Obesity-Related Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Obes Rep 2022; 11:126-143. [PMID: 35501558 PMCID: PMC9399061 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-022-00473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been proposed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a considerable number of disorders, such as neurodegeneration, cancer, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders, including obesity-related insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo functional and structural adaptations to meet the metabolic requirements of the cell. Alterations in nutrient availability or cellular energy needs can modify their formation through biogenesis and the opposite processes of fission and fusion, the fragmentation, and connection of mitochondrial network areas respectively. Herein, we review and discuss the current literature on the significance of mitochondrial adaptations in obesity and metabolic dysregulation, emphasizing on the role of hepatocyte mitochondrial flexibility in obesity and NAFLD. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetics dysregulations to the emergence of NAFLD and its progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Most relevant data suggests that changes in liver mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics hold a key role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. During obesity and NAFLD, oxidative stress occurs due to the excessive production of ROS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. As a result, mitochondria become incompetent and uncoupled from respiratory chain activities, further promoting hepatic fat accumulation, while leading to liver inflammation, insulin resistance, and disease's deterioration. Elucidation of the mechanisms leading to dysfunctional mitochondrial activity of the hepatocytes during NAFLD is of predominant importance for the development of novel therapeutic approaches towards the treatment of this metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigli-Ioanna Legaki
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis I. Moustakas
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Michalina Sikorska
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Grigorios Papadopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Rallia-Iliana Velliou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Li J, Yan H, Xiang R, Yang W, Ye J, Yin R, Yang J, Chi Y. ATP Secretion and Metabolism in Regulating Pancreatic Beta Cell Functions and Hepatic Glycolipid Metabolism. Front Physiol 2022; 13:918042. [PMID: 35800345 PMCID: PMC9253475 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.918042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes (DM), especially type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has become one of the major diseases severely threatening public health worldwide. Islet beta cell dysfunctions and peripheral insulin resistance including liver and muscle metabolic disorder play decisive roles in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Particularly, increased hepatic gluconeogenesis due to insulin deficiency or resistance is the central event in the development of fasting hyperglycemia. To maintain or restore the functions of islet beta cells and suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis is crucial for delaying or even stopping the progression of T2DM and diabetic complications. As the key energy outcome of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays vital roles in the process of almost all the biological activities including metabolic regulation. Cellular adenosine triphosphate participates intracellular energy transfer in all forms of life. Recently, it had also been revealed that ATP can be released by islet beta cells and hepatocytes, and the released ATP and its degraded products including ADP, AMP and adenosine act as important signaling molecules to regulate islet beta cell functions and hepatic glycolipid metabolism via the activation of P2 receptors (ATP receptors). In this review, the latest findings regarding the roles and mechanisms of intracellular and extracellular ATP in regulating islet functions and hepatic glycolipid metabolism would be briefly summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), National Center for Trauma Medicine, Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Center for Endocrine Metabolic and Immune Disease, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jichun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jichun Yang, ; Yujing Chi,
| | - Yujing Chi
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jichun Yang, ; Yujing Chi,
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4
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Georgiev A, Granata C, Roden M. The role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology and treatment of common metabolic diseases in humans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1248-C1259. [PMID: 35508191 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00035.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Common metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality worldwide. They frequently associate with insulin resistance and altered mitochondrial functionality. Insulin-responsive tissues can show changes in mitochondrial features such as oxidative capacity, mitochondrial content and turnover, which do not necessarily reflect abnormalities but rather adaption to a certain metabolic condition. Lifestyle modifications and classic or novel drugs can modify these alterations and help treating these metabolic diseases. This review addresses the role of mitochondria in human metabolic diseases and discusses potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asen Georgiev
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German, Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cesare Granata
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German, Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German, Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Losartan and Eprosartan Induce a Similar Effect on the Acute Rise in Serum Uric Acid Concentration after an Oral Fructose Load in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:2214978. [PMID: 34527078 PMCID: PMC8413080 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2214978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Excessive intake of fructose increases serum uric acid concentration. Hyperuricemia induces a negative effect on atherosclerosis and inflammation. Hyperuricemia is common in patients with arterial hypertension. Several antihypertensive drugs including diuretics increase serum uric acid concentration. In contrast, the angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) losartan was found to lower serum uric acid though it may increase renal excretion while other ARBs showed mostly a neutral effect. In this study, effects of two AT1 receptor antagonists losartan and eprosartan on serum uric acid changes induced by oral fructose load were directly compared. Methods The randomized, crossover, head-to-head comparative study comprised 16 ambulatory patients (mean age 64.5 ± 9.8 years). The patients fulfilled AHA/NHLBI 2005 criteria of metabolic syndrome. A daily single morning dose of each study drug (50 mg of losartan or 600 mg of eprosartan) was given during two 3-month periods in a random order separated by 2-week washout time. The oral fructose tolerance test (OFTT) was performed at baseline and after each two 3-onth treatment periods. Before and during OFTT, urine excretion of uric acid and creatinine was assessed in the first morning portion of urine. Blood samples for the measurement of serum uric acid and lipids were taken at baseline and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after oral intake of 75 g of fructose. Results After 3-month treatment with eprosartan and losartan, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly and to a similar extent. After the treatment, serum uric acid and its baseline and postfructose urine excretion were unchanged. No significant changes of plasma lipids before and after OFTT were observed throughout the study. Conclusions The study showed that in patients with hypertension and metabolic syndrome, both losartan and eprosartan have a neutral effect on fasting and postfructose load serum uric acid concentration and its urinary excretion. This trial is registered with NCT04954560.
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Lu Q, Tian X, Wu H, Huang J, Li M, Mei Z, Zhou L, Xie H, Zheng S. Metabolic Changes of Hepatocytes in NAFLD. Front Physiol 2021; 12:710420. [PMID: 34526911 PMCID: PMC8437340 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.710420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is often accompanied by systemic metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. The relationship between NAFLD and systemic metabolic disorders has been well reviewed before, however, the metabolic changes that occur in hepatocyte itself have not been discussed. In NAFLD, many metabolic pathways have undergone significant changes in hepatocyte, such as enhanced glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, lactate production, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and decreased ketone body production, mitochondrial respiration, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, which play a role in compensating or exacerbating disease progression, and there is close and complex interaction existed between these metabolic pathways. Among them, some metabolic pathways can be the potential therapeutic targets for NAFLD. A detailed summary of the metabolic characteristics of hepatocytes in the context of NAFLD helps us better understand the pathogenesis and outcomes of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianrang Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyao Tian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiacheng Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Mei
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Tsilingiris D, Tzeravini E, Koliaki C, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. The Role of Mitochondrial Adaptation and Metabolic Flexibility in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Insulin Resistance: an Updated Overview. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:191-213. [PMID: 33840072 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The term "metabolic flexibility" denotes the dynamic responses of the cellular oxidative machinery in order to adapt to changes in energy substrate availability. A progressive loss of this adaptive capacity has been implicated in the development of obesity-related comorbidities. Mitochondria are dynamic intracellular organelles which play a fundamental role in energy metabolism, and the mitochondrial adaptation to environmental challenges may be viewed as the functional component of metabolic flexibility. Herein, we attempt to comprehensively review the available evidence regarding the role of mitochondrial adaptation and metabolic flexibility in the pathogenesis of obesity and related morbidities, namely insulin resistance states and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RECENT FINDINGS Overall, there is a concrete body of evidence to support the presence of impaired mitochondrial adaptation as a principal component of systemic metabolic inflexibility in conditions related to obesity. There are still many unresolved questions regarding the relationship between the gradual loss of mitochondrial adaptability and the progression of obesity-related complications, such as causality issues, the timely appearance and reversibility of the described disturbances, and the generalizability of the findings to the mitochondrial content of every affected tissue or organ. The evidence regarding the causality between the observed associations remains inconclusive, although most of the available data points towards a bidirectional, potentially mutually amplifying relationship. The spectrum of NAFLD is of particular interest, since functional and pathological changes in the course of its development closely mirror the progression of dysmetabolism, if not constituting a dynamic component of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Evangelia Tzeravini
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysi Koliaki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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DiStefano JK, Shaibi GQ. The relationship between excessive dietary fructose consumption and paediatric fatty liver disease. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12759. [PMID: 33305889 PMCID: PMC8195317 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children and adolescents is escalating and currently represents the most common chronic liver disease in the paediatric population. NAFLD is associated with high daily caloric intake and sedentary behaviour, with excessive consumption of added sugar emerging as an important contributor to NAFLD risk in children. This is a particularly important factor for adolescents with obesity, who are the heaviest consumers of added sugar. Table sugar, or sucrose, is a disaccharide comprised of fructose and glucose, yet only fructose has been strongly linked to NAFLD pathogenesis largely due to the unique characteristics of its metabolism and detrimental effects on key metabolic pathways. To date, the relationship between excessive fructose intake and risk of NAFLD in children and adolescents remains incompletely understood, and it is not yet known whether fructose actually causes NAFLD or instead exacerbates hepatic fat accumulation and possible hepatocellular injury only within the context of cardiometabolic factors. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies linking fructose consumption with NAFLD in the paediatric population and integrate results from interventional studies of fructose restriction in children and adolescents on NAFLD and related metabolic markers. Given the overall positive impact of lifestyle modifications in the management of paediatric NAFLD, reduction of added sugar consumption may represent an important, early opportunity to mitigate or prevent NAFLD in high-risk children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K. DiStefano
- Diabetes and Fibrotic Disease Research Unit, Translational Genomics Research Institute,corresponding author: 445 N 5 Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004,
| | - Gabriel Q. Shaibi
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing, Arizona State University
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9
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Kattapuram N, Zhang C, Muyyarikkandy MS, Surugihalli C, Muralidaran V, Gregory T, Sunny NE. Dietary Macronutrient Composition Differentially Modulates the Remodeling of Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism during NAFLD. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050272. [PMID: 33926132 PMCID: PMC8147090 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets rich in fats and carbohydrates aggravate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), of which mitochondrial dysfunction is a central feature. It is not clear whether a high-carbohydrate driven ‘lipogenic’ diet differentially affects mitochondrial oxidative remodeling compared to a high-fat driven ‘oxidative’ environment. We hypothesized that the high-fat driven ‘oxidative’ environment will chronically sustain mitochondrial oxidative function, hastening metabolic dysfunction during NAFLD. Mice (C57BL/6NJ) were reared on a low-fat (LF; 10% fat calories), high-fat (HF; 60% fat calories), or high-fructose/high-fat (HFr/HF; 25% fat and 34.9% fructose calories) diet for 10 weeks. De novo lipogenesis was determined by measuring the incorporation of deuterium from D2O into newly synthesized liver lipids using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Hepatic mitochondrial metabolism was profiled under fed and fasted states by the incubation of isolated mitochondria with [13C3]pyruvate, targeted metabolomics of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, estimates of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and hepatic gene and protein expression. De novo lipogenesis was higher in the HFr/HF mice compared to their HF counterparts. Contrary to our expectations, hepatic oxidative function after fasting was induced in the HFr/HF group. This differential induction of mitochondrial oxidative function by the high fructose-driven ‘lipogenic’ environment could influence the progressive severity of hepatic insulin resistance.
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10
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Metabolic Imaging in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040632. [PMID: 33562284 PMCID: PMC7915174 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poised to dominate the landscape of clinical hepatology in the 21st century. Its complex, interdependent aetiologies, non-linear disease progression and uncertain natural history have presented great challenges to the development of effective therapies. Progress will require an integrated approach to uncover molecular mediators, key pathogenic milestones and response to intervention at the metabolic level. The advent of precision imaging has yielded unprecedented insights into these processes. Quantitative imaging biomarkers such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), spectroscopy (MRS) and elastography (MRE) present robust, powerful tools with which to probe NAFLD metabolism and fibrogenesis non-invasively, in real time. Specific advantages of MRS include the ability to quantify static metabolite concentrations as well as dynamic substrate flux in vivo. Thus, a vast range of key metabolic events in the natural history of NAFLD can be explored using MRS. Here, we provide an overview of MRS for the clinician, as well as key pathways exploitable by MRS in vivo. Development, optimisation and validation of multinuclear MRS, in combination with other quantitative imaging techniques, may ultimately provide a robust, non-invasive alternative to liver biopsy for observational and longitudinal studies. Through enabling deeper insight into inflammatory and fibrogenic cascades, MRS may facilitate identification of novel therapeutic targets and clinically meaningful endpoints in NAFLD. Its widespread use in future could conceivably accelerate study design, data acquisition and availability of disease-modifying therapies at a population level.
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11
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Meex RCR, Blaak EE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction is a Key Pathway that Links Saturated Fat Intake to the Development and Progression of NAFLD. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e1900942. [PMID: 32574416 PMCID: PMC7816225 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and is characterized by fat accumulation in the liver. Hypercaloric diets generally increase hepatic fat accumulation, whereas hypocaloric diets decrease liver fat content. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that moderate amounts of unsaturated fatty acids seems to be protective for the development of a fatty liver, while consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) appears to predispose toward hepatic steatosis. Recent studies highlight a key role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the development and progression of NAFLD. It is proposed that changes in mitochondrial structure and function are key mechanisms by which SFA lead to the development and progression of NAFLD. In this review, it is described how SFA intake is associated with liver steatosis and decreases the efficiency of the respiratory transport chain. This results in the production of reactive oxygen species and damage to nearby structures, eventually leading to inflammation, apoptosis, and scarring of the liver. Furthermore, studies demonstrating that SFA intake affects the composition of mitochondrial membranes are presented, and this process accelerates the progression of NAFLD. It is likely that events are intertwined and reinforce each other, leading to a constant deterioration in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C. R. Meex
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 50Maastricht6229 ERThe Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 50Maastricht6229 ERThe Netherlands
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Raigani S, Carroll C, Griffith S, Pendexter C, Rosales I, Deirawan H, Beydoun R, Yarmush M, Uygun K, Yeh H. Improvement of steatotic rat liver function with a defatting cocktail during ex situ normothermic machine perfusion is not directly related to liver fat content. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232886. [PMID: 32396553 PMCID: PMC7217452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant organ shortage in the field of liver transplantation, partly due to a high discard rate of steatotic livers from donors. These organs are known to function poorly if transplanted but make up a significant portion of the available pool of donated livers. This study demonstrates the ability to improve the function of steatotic rat livers using a combination of ex situ machine perfusion and a "defatting" drug cocktail. After 6 hours of perfusion, defatted livers demonstrated lower perfusate lactate levels and improved bile quality as demonstrated by higher bile bicarbonate and lower bile lactate. Furthermore, defatting was associated with decreased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased expression of enzymes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Rehabilitation of marginal or discarded steatotic livers using machine perfusion and tailored drug therapy can significantly increase the supply of donor livers for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Raigani
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cailah Carroll
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Griffith
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Casie Pendexter
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivy Rosales
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hany Deirawan
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rafic Beydoun
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Martin Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Al-Ozairi E, Rivard CJ, Sanchez Lozada LG, Lanaspa MA, Bjornstad P, Al Salem D, Alhubail A, Megahed A, Kuwabara M, Johnson RJ, Asad RA. Fructose tolerance test in obese people with and without type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2020; 12:197-204. [PMID: 31472036 PMCID: PMC7151745 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose is distinct among common sugars in its ability to raise serum uric acid, and some studies suggest fructose-induced uric acid production may have a role in the ability of this sugar to induce metabolic syndrome. A fructose tolerance test has been previously developed to evaluate the relative ability of fructose to raise uric acid in individuals. However, the effect of fructose to raise uric acid in people with diabetes has not been studied. METHODS People with type 2 diabetes (n = 143) and without diabetes controls (n = 132) with similar body mass index (BMI) underwent an oral fructose tolerance test. As a comparison, participants also had their uric acid levels measured after an oral glucose tolerance test on a different day. RESULTS Serum uric acid was lower in people with type 2 diabetes compared to controls with a similar BMI, especially those with poor glucose control (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] ≥ 8%). Fructose administration raised serum uric acid in both groups, with a lower absolute rise in people with diabetes. People with diabetes with a blunted rise in serum uric acid had higher baseline serum uric acid concentrations and a higher BMI. People without diabetes with a higher BMI also showed a blunted serum uric acid response. Oral glucose administration lowered serum uric acid in both participants, with a greater fall in those with diabetes. CONCLUSION Both the presence of diabetes and obesity blunt the serum uric acid response to fructose ingestion. These data demonstrate altered fructose-dependent urate metabolism in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebaa Al-Ozairi
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University
| | - Christopher J Rivard
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Hospital, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Hospital, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Petter Bjornstad
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Hospital, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Barbara Davis Center of Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Hospital, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Reem A Asad
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Nephrology Department, Department of Medicine, Al-Adan Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait
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14
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Raigani S, Karimian N, Huang V, Zhang AM, Beijert I, Geerts S, Nagpal S, Hafiz EOA, Fontan FM, Aburawi MM, Mahboub P, Markmann JF, Porte RJ, Uygun K, Yarmush M, Yeh H. Metabolic and lipidomic profiling of steatotic human livers during ex situ normothermic machine perfusion guides resuscitation strategies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228011. [PMID: 31978172 PMCID: PMC6980574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There continues to be a significant shortage of donor livers for transplantation. One impediment is the discard rate of fatty, or steatotic, livers because of their poor post-transplant function. Steatotic livers are prone to significant ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and data regarding how best to improve the quality of steatotic livers is lacking. Herein, we use normothermic (37°C) machine perfusion in combination with metabolic and lipidomic profiling to elucidate deficiencies in metabolic pathways in steatotic livers, and to inform strategies for improving their function. During perfusion, energy cofactors increased in steatotic livers to a similar extent as non-steatotic livers, but there were significant deficits in anti-oxidant capacity, efficient energy utilization, and lipid metabolism. Steatotic livers appeared to oxidize fatty acids at a higher rate but favored ketone body production rather than energy regeneration via the tricyclic acid cycle. As a result, lactate clearance was slower and transaminase levels were higher in steatotic livers. Lipidomic profiling revealed ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in non-steatotic livers to a greater extent than in steatotic livers. The novel use of metabolic and lipidomic profiling during ex situ normothermic machine perfusion has the potential to guide the resuscitation and rehabilitation of steatotic livers for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Raigani
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Negin Karimian
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Viola Huang
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Zhang
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Irene Beijert
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sharon Geerts
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sonal Nagpal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ehab O. A. Hafiz
- Electron Microscopy Research Division, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fermin M. Fontan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohamed M. Aburawi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paria Mahboub
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James F. Markmann
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin Yarmush
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Léveillé M, Estall JL. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Transition from NASH to HCC. Metabolites 2019; 9:E233. [PMID: 31623280 PMCID: PMC6836234 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver constantly adapts to meet energy requirements of the whole body. Despite its remarkable adaptative capacity, prolonged exposure of liver cells to harmful environmental cues (such as diets rich in fat, sugar, and cholesterol) results in the development of chronic liver diseases (including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of these diseases is extremely complex, multifactorial, and poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. The present review highlights the potential contribution of altered mitochondria function to NASH-related HCC and discusses how agents targeting this organelle could provide interesting treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Léveillé
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Fasting Whole-Body Energy Homeostasis and Hepatic Energy Metabolism in Nondiabetic Humans with Fatty Liver. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9796175. [PMID: 31097978 PMCID: PMC6487077 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9796175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Fatty liver is believed to be sustained by a higher than normal adipose-derived NEFA flux to the liver. Also, hepatic energy metabolism may be a rate-limiting step of intrahepatic fat (IHF) accumulation. Aims To assess whole-body energy metabolism and hepatic high-energy phosphates (HEPs) in individuals with fatty liver. Methods We studied 22 individuals with fatty liver and 22 control individuals matched for anthropometric features by means of (1) hepatic 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure the IHF content, (2) hepatic 31P-MRS to assess the relative content of HEPs (phosphomonoesters, phosphodiesters, inorganic phosphorus, and ATP), and (3) indirect calorimetry to assess whole-body resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Results Patients with newly diagnosed fatty liver and controls were not different for anthropometric parameters. Based on HOMA2%-S, individuals with fatty liver were more insulin resistant than controls. Resting energy expenditure and the pattern of substrate oxidation were not different between groups. Relative content of HEPs was not different between groups; in particular, the Pi/γ-ATP ratio, the most important signals in terms of monitoring energy homeostasis, was not different even if it was associated with indirect calorimetry-derived parameters of oxidative substrate disposal. Conclusions These data demonstrate that fasting whole-body energy metabolism and the relative content of HEPs in nondiabetic patients with fatty liver are not different than those in controls when they are matched for anthropometric features.
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Kappler L, Kollipara L, Lehmann R, Sickmann A. Investigating the Role of Mitochondria in Type 2 Diabetes - Lessons from Lipidomics and Proteomics Studies of Skeletal Muscle and Liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1158:143-182. [PMID: 31452140 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8367-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is discussed as a key player in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm), a highly prevalent disease rapidly developing as one of the greatest global health challenges of this century. Data however about the involvement of mitochondria, central hubs in bioenergetic processes, in the disease development are still controversial. Lipid and protein homeostasis are under intense discussion to be crucial for proper mitochondrial function. Consequently proteomics and lipidomics analyses might help to understand how molecular changes in mitochondria translate to alterations in energy transduction as observed in the healthy and metabolic diseases such as T2Dm and other related disorders. Mitochondrial lipids integrated in a tool covering proteomic and functional analyses were up to now rarely investigated, although mitochondrial lipids might provide a possible lynchpin in the understanding of type 2 diabetes development and thereby prevention. In this chapter state-of-the-art analytical strategies, pre-analytical aspects, potential pitfalls as well as current proteomics and lipidomics-based knowledge about the pathophysiological role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kappler
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Laxmikanth Kollipara
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany. .,Medical Proteome Centre, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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18
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Lee K, Haddad A, Osme A, Kim C, Borzou A, Ilchenko S, Allende D, Dasarathy S, McCullough A, Sadygov RG, Kasumov T. Hepatic Mitochondrial Defects in a Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Mouse Model Are Associated with Increased Degradation of Oxidative Phosphorylation Subunits. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2371-2386. [PMID: 30171159 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by reduced ATP synthesis. We applied the 2H2O-metabolic labeling approach to test the hypothesis that the reduced stability of oxidative phosphorylation proteins contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in a diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD. A high fat diet containing cholesterol (a so-called Western diet (WD)) led to hepatic oxidative stress, steatosis, inflammation and mild fibrosis, all markers of NAFLD, in low density cholesterol (LDL) receptor deficient (LDLR-/-) mice. In addition, compared with controls (LDLR-/- mice on normal diet), livers from NAFLD mice had reduced citrate synthase activity and ATP content, suggesting mitochondrial impairment. Proteome dynamics study revealed that mitochondrial defects are associated with reduced average half-lives of mitochondrial proteins in NAFLD mice (5.41 ± 0.46 versus 5.15 ± 0.49 day, p < 0.05). In particular, the WD reduced stability of oxidative phosphorylation subunits, including cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1 (5.9 ± 0.1 versus 3.4 ± 0.8 day), ATP synthase subunit α (6.3 ± 0.4 versus 5.5 ± 0.4 day) and ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1 of complex V (8.5 ± 0.6 versus 6.5 ± 0.2 day) (p < 0.05). These changes were associated with impaired complex III and F0F1-ATP synthase activities. Markers of mitophagy were increased, but proteasomal degradation activity were reduced in NAFLD mice liver, suggesting that ATP deficiency because of reduced stability of oxidative phosphorylation complex subunits contributed to inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome and activation of mitophagy. In conclusion, the 2H2O-metabolic labeling approach shows that increased degradation of hepatic oxidative phosphorylation subunits contributed to mitochondrial impairment in NAFLD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangwon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Andrew Haddad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Abdullah Osme
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Chunki Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Ahmad Borzou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Sergei Ilchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Daniela Allende
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | | | - Arthur McCullough
- Department of Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Rovshan G Sadygov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272; Department of Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
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Ruegsegger GN, Creo AL, Cortes TM, Dasari S, Nair KS. Altered mitochondrial function in insulin-deficient and insulin-resistant states. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3671-3681. [PMID: 30168804 DOI: 10.1172/jci120843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes profoundly alters fuel metabolism; both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance are characterized by inefficient mitochondrial coupling and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) despite their association with normal to high oxygen consumption. Altered mitochondrial function in diabetes can be traced to insulin's pivotal role in maintaining mitochondrial proteome abundance and quality by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and preventing proteome damage and degradation, respectively. Although insulin enhances gene transcription, it also induces decreases in amino acids. Thus, if amino acid depletion is not corrected, increased transcription will not result in enhanced translation of transcripts to proteins. Mitochondrial biology varies among tissues, and although most studies in humans are performed in skeletal muscle, abnormalities have been reported in multiple organs in preclinical models of diabetes. Nutrient excess, especially fat excess, alters mitochondrial physiology by driving excess ROS emission that impairs insulin action. Excessive ROS irreversibly damages DNA and proteome with adverse effects on cellular functions. In insulin-resistant people, aerobic exercise stimulates both mitochondrial biogenesis and efficiency concurrent with enhancement of insulin action. This Review discusses the association between both insulin-deficient and insulin-resistant diabetes and alterations in mitochondrial proteome homeostasis and function that adversely affect cellular functions, likely contributing to many diabetic complications.
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20
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Burnstock G, Gentile D. The involvement of purinergic signalling in obesity. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:97-108. [PMID: 29619754 PMCID: PMC5940632 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing worldwide health problem, with an alarming increasing prevalence in developed countries, caused by a dysregulation of energy balance. Currently, no wholly successful pharmacological treatments are available for obesity and related adverse consequences. In recent years, hints obtained from several experimental animal models support the notion that purinergic signalling, acting through ATP-gated ion channels (P2X), G protein-coupled receptors (P2Y) and adenosine receptors (P1), is involved in obesity, both at peripheral and central levels. This review has drawn together, for the first time, the evidence for a promising, much needed novel therapeutic purinergic signalling approach for the treatment of obesity with a 'proof of concept' that hopefully could lead to further investigations and clinical trials for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Daniela Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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21
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Sullivan EM, Pennington ER, Green WD, Beck MA, Brown DA, Shaikh SR. Mechanisms by Which Dietary Fatty Acids Regulate Mitochondrial Structure-Function in Health and Disease. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:247-262. [PMID: 29767698 PMCID: PMC5952932 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy-producing organelles within a cell. Furthermore, mitochondria have a role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and proper calcium concentrations, building critical components of hormones and other signaling molecules, and controlling apoptosis. Structurally, mitochondria are unique because they have 2 membranes that allow for compartmentalization. The composition and molecular organization of these membranes are crucial to the maintenance and function of mitochondria. In this review, we first present a general overview of mitochondrial membrane biochemistry and biophysics followed by the role of different dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in modulating mitochondrial membrane structure-function. We focus extensively on long-chain n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and their underlying mechanisms of action. Finally, we discuss implications of understanding molecular mechanisms by which dietary n-3 fatty acids target mitochondrial structure-function in metabolic diseases such as obesity, cardiac-ischemia reperfusion injury, obesity, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and select cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Madison Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Edward Ross Pennington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - William D Green
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Melinda A Beck
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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Thyfault JP, Morris EM. Intrinsic (Genetic) Aerobic Fitness Impacts Susceptibility for Metabolic Disease. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 45:7-15. [PMID: 27433978 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John P Thyfault
- 1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS and 2Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO
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Abstract
Adipose tissue and liver are central tissues in whole body energy metabolism. Their composition, structure, and function can be noninvasively imaged using a variety of measurement techniques that provide a safe alternative to an invasive biopsy. Imaging of adipose tissue is focused on quantitating the distribution of adipose tissue in subcutaneous and intra-abdominal (visceral) adipose tissue depots. Also, detailed subdivisions of adipose tissue can be distinguished with modern imaging techniques. Adipose tissue (or adipocyte) accumulation or infiltration of other organs can also be imaged, with intramuscular adipose tissue a common example. Although liver fat content is now accurately imaged using standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, inflammation and fibrosis are more difficult to determine noninvasively. Liver imaging efforts are therefore concerted on developing accurate imaging markers of liver fibrosis and inflammatory status. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is presently the most reliable imaging technique for measuring liver fibrosis but requires an external device for introduction of shear waves to the liver. Methods using multiparametric diffusion, perfusion, relaxometry, and hepatocyte-specific MRI contrast agents may prove to be more easily implemented by clinicians, provided they reach similar accuracy as MRE. Adipose tissue imaging is experiencing a revolution with renewed interest in characterizing and identifying distinct adipose depots, among them brown adipose tissue. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides an interesting yet underutilized way of imaging adipose tissue metabolism through its fatty acid composition. Further studies may shed light on the role of fatty acid composition in different depots and why saturated fat in subcutaneous adipose tissue is a marker of high insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Lundbom
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Wattacheril J, Rose KL, Hill S, Lanciault C, Murray CR, Washington K, Williams B, English W, Spann M, Clements R, Abumrad N, Flynn CR. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease phosphoproteomics: A functional piece of the precision puzzle. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:1469-1483. [PMID: 28258704 PMCID: PMC5583035 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular signaling events associated with the necroinflammatory changes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are not well understood. AIMS To understand the molecular basis of NASH, we evaluated reversible phosphorylation events in hepatic tissue derived from Class III obese subjects by phosphoproteomic means with the aim of highlighting key regulatory pathways that distinguish NASH from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (also known as simple steatosis; SS). MATERIALS & METHODS Class III obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery underwent liver biopsy (eight normal patients, eight with simple steatosis, and eight NASH patients). Our strategy was unbiased, comparing global differences in liver protein reversible phosphorylation events across the 24 subjects. RESULTS Of the 3078 phosphorylation sites assigned (2465 phosphoserine, 445 phosphothreonine, 165 phosphotyrosine), 53 were altered by a factor of 2 among cohorts, and of those, 12 were significantly increased or decreased by ANOVA (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION Statistical analyses of canonical signaling pathways identified carbohydrate metabolism and RNA post-transcriptional modification among the most over-represented networks. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results raise the possibility of abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism as an important trigger for the development of NASH, in parallel with already established abnormalities in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wattacheril
- Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kristie L. Rose
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Salisha Hill
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christian Lanciault
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Clark R. Murray
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brandon Williams
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wayne English
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthew Spann
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ronald Clements
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Naji Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles Robb Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America,Corresponding author: Charles Flynn, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, MRBIV Room 8465A, 2213 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232,
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25
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Johnson RJ, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Andrews P, Lanaspa MA. Perspective: A Historical and Scientific Perspective of Sugar and Its Relation with Obesity and Diabetes. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:412-422. [PMID: 28507007 PMCID: PMC5421126 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.014654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose-containing added sugars, such as sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup, have been experimentally, epidemiologically, and clinically shown to be involved in the current epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Here we track this history of intake of sugar as it relates to these epidemics. Key experimental studies that have identified mechanisms by which fructose causes obesity and diabetes are reviewed, as well as the evidence that the uricase mutation that occurred in the mid-Miocene in ancestral humans acted as a "thrifty gene" that increases our susceptibility for fructose-associated obesity today. We briefly review recent evidence that obesity can also be induced by nondietary sources of fructose, such as from the metabolism of glucose (from high-glycemic carbohydrates) through the polyol pathway. These studies suggest that fructose-induced obesity is driven by engagement of a "fat switch" and provide novel insights into new approaches for the prevention and treatment of these important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO;
| | | | - Peter Andrews
- Natural History Museum, London, England; and
- Department of Anthropology, University College, London, England
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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26
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Valkovič L, Chmelík M, Krššák M. In-vivo 31P-MRS of skeletal muscle and liver: A way for non-invasive assessment of their metabolism. Anal Biochem 2017; 529:193-215. [PMID: 28119063 PMCID: PMC5478074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to direct assessment of high energy phosphorus containing metabolite content within tissues, phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) provides options to measure phospholipid metabolites and cellular pH, as well as the kinetics of chemical reactions of energy metabolism in vivo. Even though the great potential of 31P-MR was recognized over 30 years ago, modern MR systems, as well as new, dedicated hardware and measurement techniques provide further opportunities for research of human biochemistry. This paper presents a methodological overview of the 31P-MR techniques that can be used for basic, physiological, or clinical research of human skeletal muscle and liver in vivo. Practical issues of 31P-MRS experiments and examples of potential applications are also provided. As signal localization is essential for liver 31P-MRS and is important for dynamic muscle examinations as well, typical localization strategies for 31P-MR are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Valkovič
- High-field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Marek Chmelík
- High-field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria; Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krššák
- High-field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Marco-Rius I, von Morze C, Sriram R, Cao P, Chang GY, Milshteyn E, Bok RA, Ohliger MA, Pearce D, Kurhanewicz J, Larson PEZ, Vigneron DB, Merritt M. Monitoring acute metabolic changes in the liver and kidneys induced by fructose and glucose using hyperpolarized [2- 13 C]dihydroxyacetone. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:65-73. [PMID: 27859575 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate acute changes in glucose metabolism in liver and kidneys in vivo after a bolus injection of either fructose or glucose, using hyperpolarized [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone. METHODS Spatially registered, dynamic, multislice MR spectroscopy was acquired for the metabolic products of [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone in liver and kidneys. Metabolism was probed in 13 fasted rats at three time points: 0, 70, and 140 min. At 60 min, rats were injected intravenously with fructose (n = 5) or glucose (n = 4) at 0.8 g/kg to initiate acute response. Controls (n = 4) did not receive a carbohydrate challenge. RESULTS Ten minutes after fructose infusion, levels of [2-13 C]phosphoenolpyruvate and [2-13 C]glycerol-3-phosphate halved in liver: 51% (P = 0.0010) and 47% (P = 0.0001) of baseline, respectively. Seventy minutes later, levels returned to baseline. The glucose challenge did not alter the signals significantly, nor did repeated administration of the dihydroxyacetone imaging bolus. In kidneys, no statistically significant changes were detected after sugar infusion other than a 20% increase of the glycerol-3-phosphate signal between 10 and 80 min after fructose injection (P = 0.0028). CONCLUSION Hyperpolarized [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone detects a real-time, transient metabolic response of the liver to an acute fructose challenge. Observed effects possibly include ATP depletion and changes in the unlabeled pool sizes of glycolytic intermediates. Magn Reson Med 77:65-73, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gene-Yuan Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eugene Milshteyn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Pearce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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28
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Abstract
Insufficient hepatic O2 in animal and human studies has been shown to elicit a hepatorenal reflex in response to increased hepatic adenosine, resulting in the stimulation of renal as well as muscle sympathetic nerve activity and activating the renin angiotensin system. Low hepatic ATP, hyperuricemia, and hepatic lipid accumulation reported in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients may reflect insufficient hepatic O2 delivery, potentially accounting for the sympathetic overdrive associated with MetS. This theoretical concept is supported by experimental results in animals fed a high fructose diet to induce MetS. Hepatic fructose metabolism rapidly consumes ATP resulting in increased adenosine production and hyperuricemia as well as elevated renin release and sympathetic activity. This review makes the case for the hepatorenal reflex causing sympathetic overdrive and metabolic syndrome in response to exaggerated splanchnic oxygen consumption from excessive eating. This is strongly reinforced by the fact that MetS is cured in a matter of days in a significant percentage of patients by diet, bariatric surgery, or endoluminal sleeve, all of which would decrease splanchnic oxygen demand by limiting nutrient contact with the mucosa and reducing the nutrient load due to loss of appetite or dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wider
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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29
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Abstract
Insufficient hepatic O2 in animal and human studies has been shown to elicit a hepatorenal reflex in response to increased hepatic adenosine, resulting in stimulation of renal as well as muscle sympathetic nerve activity and activating the renin angiotensin system. Low hepatic ATP, hyperuricemia, and hepatic lipid accumulation reported in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients may reflect insufficient hepatic O2 delivery, potentially accounting for the sympathetic overdrive associated with MetS. This theoretical concept is supported by experimental results in animals fed a high fructose diet to induce MetS. Hepatic fructose metabolism rapidly consumes ATP resulting in increased adenosine production and hyperuricemia as well as elevated renin release and sympathetic activity. This review makes the case for the hepatorenal reflex causing sympathetic overdrive and metabolic syndrome in response to exaggerated splanchnic oxygen consumption from excessive eating. This is strongly reinforced by the fact that MetS is cured in a matter of days in a significant percentage of patients by diet, bariatric surgery, or endoluminal sleeve, all of which would decrease splanchnic oxygen demand by limiting nutrient contact with the mucosa and reducing the nutrient load due to the loss of appetite or dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wider
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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30
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DiNicolantonio JJ, Berger A. Added sugars drive nutrient and energy deficit in obesity: a new paradigm. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000469. [PMID: 27547437 PMCID: PMC4975866 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has traditionally been thought of as a state of caloric imbalance, where the intake of calories exceeds the expenditure or ‘burning’ of calories. However, a more nuanced appreciation for the complex biochemistry and physiology of cellular energy generation suggests that obesity is a state of hormonal imbalance causing increased shunting of food energy into adipose tissue for storage, resulting in decreased satiety and ultimately leading to increased caloric intake. Adding to this hypothesis, we propose that obesity is also a state of nutrient and energy deficit, leading to decreased fatty acid mobilisation and oxidation, the result of which may be a natural disinclination towards physical activity. Added sugars (sucrose, a.k.a. table sugar and high-fructose corn syrup) may provide energy (4 kcal/g) but at current intakes they do not facilitate—and may even hinder—the production of energy. Not only do added sugars displace nutritionally superior foods in the diet, but they may also deplete nutrients from other foods that have been consumed, as well as from body stores, in order to enable their proper oxidation and liberate their calories as energy. Additionally, the consumption of added sugars damages the mitochondria and hence impairs energy generation. Moreover, overconsuming added sugars may result in a kind of ‘internal starvation’ (via leptin and insulin resistance) leading to further hunger signals in the body. Added sugars promote nutrient and energy deficit and through this novel pathway promote obesity.
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31
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Effect of phosphorus supplementation on weight gain and waist circumference of overweight/obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e189. [PMID: 26690287 PMCID: PMC4735052 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phosphorus status is inversely correlated with body weight; however, the effect of phosphorus supplementation on body weight in a controlled design has not been studied. Methods: This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 63 adults aged 18–45 years with a body mass index (BMI) of ⩾25 kg m−2 and normal kidney function at the American University of Beirut. Participants were randomly assigned to the placebo or phosphorus group where daily placebo or phosphorus supplements were ingested with three main meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) for a period of 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were changes in anthropometric measures, blood metabolites (including lipid profile, glucose and insulin) and subjective appetite scores. The trial is registered with Clinical Trial.gov, NCT02329990. Results: Body weight was significantly lower in the phosphorus group when compared with the placebo group (−0.65 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) −1.69 to 0.40) vs 1.13 kg (95% CI 0.19 to 2.06), P=0.01). Similarly, BMI and waist circumference were significantly lower in the phosphorus group when compared with the placebo group (−0.24 kg m−2 (95% CI −0.59 to 0.12) vs 0.42 kg m−2 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.78), P=0.01; −3.62 cm (95% CI−4.90 to −2.33) vs 0.38 cm ( 95% CI−0.44 to 1.20), P<0.001; respectively). Several parameters of subjective appetite scores were decreased in the phosphorus-supplemented group. Conclusions: Phosphorus supplementation for 12 weeks significantly decreases body weight, BMI, waist circumference and subjective appetite scores. These findings support a promising role of the mineral phosphorus in the prevention and management of obesity, especially abdominal adiposity. The exact mechanisms of action and longer-term effects still need to be elucidated.
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32
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Huffman JE, Albrecht E, Teumer A, Mangino M, Kapur K, Johnson T, Kutalik Z, Pirastu N, Pistis G, Lopez LM, Haller T, Salo P, Goel A, Li M, Tanaka T, Dehghan A, Ruggiero D, Malerba G, Smith AV, Nolte IM, Portas L, Phipps-Green A, Boteva L, Navarro P, Johansson A, Hicks AA, Polasek O, Esko T, Peden JF, Harris SE, Murgia F, Wild SH, Tenesa A, Tin A, Mihailov E, Grotevendt A, Gislason GK, Coresh J, D'Adamo P, Ulivi S, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Campbell S, Kolcic I, Fisher K, Viigimaa M, Metter JE, Masciullo C, Trabetti E, Bombieri C, Sorice R, Döring A, Reischl E, Strauch K, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Waldenberger M, Wichmann HE, Davies G, Gow AJ, Dalbeth N, Stamp L, Smit JH, Kirin M, Nagaraja R, Nauck M, Schurmann C, Budde K, Farrington SM, Theodoratou E, Jula A, Salomaa V, Sala C, Hengstenberg C, Burnier M, Mägi R, Klopp N, Kloiber S, Schipf S, Ripatti S, Cabras S, Soranzo N, Homuth G, Nutile T, Munroe PB, Hastie N, Campbell H, Rudan I, Cabrera C, Haley C, Franco OH, Merriman TR, Gudnason V, Pirastu M, Penninx BW, Snieder H, Metspalu A, Ciullo M, Pramstaller PP, van Duijn CM, Ferrucci L, Gambaro G, Deary IJ, Dunlop MG, Wilson JF, Gasparini P, Gyllensten U, Spector TD, Wright AF, Hayward C, Watkins H, Perola M, Bochud M, Kao WHL, Caulfield M, Toniolo D, Völzke H, Gieger C, Köttgen A, Vitart V. Modulation of genetic associations with serum urate levels by body-mass-index in humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119752. [PMID: 25811787 PMCID: PMC4374966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested for interactions between body mass index (BMI) and common genetic variants affecting serum urate levels, genome-wide, in up to 42569 participants. Both stratified genome-wide association (GWAS) analyses, in lean, overweight and obese individuals, and regression-type analyses in a non BMI-stratified overall sample were performed. The former did not uncover any novel locus with a major main effect, but supported modulation of effects for some known and potentially new urate loci. The latter highlighted a SNP at RBFOX3 reaching genome-wide significant level (effect size 0.014, 95% CI 0.008-0.02, Pinter= 2.6 x 10-8). Two top loci in interaction term analyses, RBFOX3 and ERO1LB-EDARADD, also displayed suggestive differences in main effect size between the lean and obese strata. All top ranking loci for urate effect differences between BMI categories were novel and most had small magnitude but opposite direction effects between strata. They include the locus RBMS1-TANK (men, Pdifflean-overweight= 4.7 x 10-8), a region that has been associated with several obesity related traits, and TSPYL5 (men, Pdifflean-overweight= 9.1 x 10-8), regulating adipocytes-produced estradiol. The top-ranking known urate loci was ABCG2, the strongest known gout risk locus, with an effect halved in obese compared to lean men (Pdifflean-obese= 2 x 10-4). Finally, pathway analysis suggested a role for N-glycan biosynthesis as a prominent urate-associated pathway in the lean stratum. These results illustrate a potentially powerful way to monitor changes occurring in obesogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Huffman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Massimo Mangino
- King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Kapur
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Toby Johnson
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy; University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Perttu Salo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anuj Goel
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Member of Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) sponsored by Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso"-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Biology and Genetics section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland; University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Lora Boteva
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pau Navarro
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Asa Johansson
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Upsalla, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy; Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Soltanska 2, Split, 21000, Croatia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America; Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John F Peden
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Tenesa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Anne Grotevendt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gauti K Gislason
- Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Pio D'Adamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy; University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susan Campbell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Soltanska 2, Split, 21000, Croatia
| | - Krista Fisher
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Viigimaa
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chair of Medical Physics, Tallinn, Estonia; Centre of Cardiology, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jeffrey E Metter
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Biology and Genetics section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Biology and Genetics section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso"-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Reischl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Member of Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) sponsored by Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Member of Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) sponsored by Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Gow
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Stamp
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirna Kirin
- Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kathrin Budde
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susan M Farrington
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Turku, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Michel Burnier
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Norman Klopp
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Schipf
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Turku, Finland; Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; University of Helsinki, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefano Cabras
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Statistics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso"-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Hastie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Campbell
- Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Rudan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Soltanska 2, Split, 21000, Croatia; Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Haley
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Member of Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) sponsored by Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland; University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Subdivision Genetic Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso"-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy; Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdivision Genetic Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Renal Program, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James F Wilson
- Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy; University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
| | - Tim D Spector
- King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan F Wright
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins
- on behalf of PROCARDIS; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - W H Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Renal Division, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Reiniers MJ, van Golen RF, van Gulik TM, Heger M. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in steatotic hepatocytes: a molecular perspective on the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the fatty liver. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1119-42. [PMID: 24294945 PMCID: PMC4123468 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury results from the temporary deprivation of hepatic blood supply and is a common side effect of major liver surgery (i.e., transplantation or resection). IR injury, which in most severe cases culminates in acute liver failure, is particularly pronounced in livers that are affected by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In NAFLD, fat-laden hepatocytes are damaged by chronic oxidative/nitrosative stress (ONS), a state that is acutely exacerbated during IR, leading to extensive parenchymal damage. RECENT ADVANCES NAFLD triggers ONS via increased (extra)mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and activation of the unfolded protein response. ONS is associated with widespread protein and lipid (per)oxidation, which reduces the hepatic antioxidative capacity and shifts the intracellular redox status toward an oxidized state. Moreover, activation of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α induces expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2, resulting in depletion of cellular energy (ATP) reserves. The reduction in intracellular antioxidants and ATP in fatty livers consequently gives rise to severe ONS and necrotic cell death during IR. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite the fact that ONS mediates both NAFLD and IR injury, the interplay between the two conditions has never been described in detail. An integrative overview of the pathophysiology of NAFLD that renders steatotic hepatocytes more vulnerable to IR injury is therefore presented in the context of ONS. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Effective methods should be devised to alleviate ONS and the consequences thereof in NAFLD before surgery in order to improve resilience of fatty livers to IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Reiniers
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Obeid OA, Hachem DH, Ayoub JJ. Refeeding and metabolic syndromes: two sides of the same coin. Nutr Diabetes 2014; 4:e120. [PMID: 24979149 PMCID: PMC4079929 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Refeeding syndrome describes the metabolic and clinical changes attributed to aggressive rehabilitation of malnourished subjects. The metabolic changes of refeeding are related to hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, sodium retention and hyperglycemia, and these are believed to be mainly the result of increased insulin secretion following high carbohydrate intake. In the past few decades, increased consumption of processed food (refined cereals, oils, sugar and sweeteners, and so on) lowered the intake of several macrominerals (mainly phosphorus, potassium and magnesium). This seems to have compromised the postprandial status of these macrominerals, in a manner that mimics low grade refeeding syndrome status. At the pathophysiological level, this condition favored the development of the different components of the metabolic syndrome. Thus, it is reasonable to postulate that metabolic syndrome is the result of long term exposure to a mild refeeding syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - D H Hachem
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - J J Ayoub
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Tuominen EK, Taskinen MR, Pietiläinen KH, Lundbom N. Measuring short-term liver metabolism non-invasively: postprandial and post-exercise ¹H and ³¹P MR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 28:57-66. [PMID: 24895090 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-014-0450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a standardized fat rich meal and subsequent exercise on liver fat content by ¹H MRS and on liver adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content by ³¹P MRS in healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hepatic ¹H and proton decoupled ³¹P MRS were performed on nine healthy subjects on a clinical 3.0 T MR imager three times during a day: after (1) an overnight fast, (2) a following standardized fat rich meal and (3) a subsequent exercise session. Blood parameters were followed during the day to serve as a reference to MRS. RESULTS Liver fat content increased gradually over the day (p = 0.0001) with an overall increase of 30 %. Also γ-NTP changed significantly over the day (p = 0.005). γ-NTP/tP decreased by 9 % (p = 0.019, post hoc) from the postprandial to the post-exercise state. CONCLUSION Our study shows that in vivo MRS can depict short lived physiological changes; entering of fat into liver cells and consumption of ATP during exercise can be measured non-invasively in healthy subjects. The physiological state may have an impact on fat and energy metabolite levels. Hepatic ¹H and ³¹P MRS studies should be performed under standardized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Hakkarainen
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,
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Kim JE, Clark RM, Park Y, Lee J, Fernandez ML. Lutein decreases oxidative stress and inflammation in liver and eyes of guinea pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 6:113-9. [PMID: 22586499 PMCID: PMC3349032 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (0.25 g/100 g cholesterol) and randomly allocated either to a Control group (n = 9) or to a Lutein (0.1 g/100 g) group (n = 10) for 12 weeks to evaluate oxidative stress and inflammation in both liver and eyes. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and inflammatory cytokines were measured as well as hepatic nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) binding. Lutein concentrations were greater in eyes (P < 0.01) and liver (P < 0.001) in the Lutein group. All guinea pigs had high concentrations of hepatic cholesterol as well as high plasma ALT and AST levels indicative of liver injury. However, the Lutein group had 43% lower hepatic free cholesterol than the Controls (P < 0.05). Hepatic MDA and MDA in the eye were lower in the Lutein compared to the Control group (P < 0.05). Hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α was 32% lower in the Lutein group (P < 0.05). Lastly, the Lutein group presented lower NF-κB DNA binding activity than the Control group (P < 0.001). These results suggest that in the presence of high cholesterol, lutein exerts both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which can be explained by attenuated NF-κB DNA binding activity. Furthermore, results also suggest that lutein accumulates in the eyes of guinea pigs to protect against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Rd ext, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Johnson RJ, Gold MS, Johnson DR, Ishimoto T, Lanaspa MA, Zahniser NR, Avena NM. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is it time to reappraise the role of sugar consumption? Postgrad Med 2011; 123:39-49. [PMID: 21904085 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2011.09.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects nearly 10% of children in the United States, and the prevalence of this disorder has increased steadily over the past decades. The cause of ADHD is unknown, although recent studies suggest that it may be associated with a disruption in dopamine signaling whereby dopamine D2 receptors are reduced in reward-related brain regions. This same pattern of reduced dopamine-mediated signaling is observed in various reward-deficiency syndromes associated with food or drug addiction, as well as in obesity. While genetic mechanisms are likely contributory to cases of ADHD, the marked frequency of the disorder suggests that other factors are involved in the etiology. In this article, we revisit the hypothesis that excessive sugar intake may have an underlying role in ADHD. We review preclinical and clinical data suggesting overlaps among ADHD, sugar and drug addiction, and obesity. Further, we present the hypothesis that the chronic effects of excessive sugar intake may lead to alterations in mesolimbic dopamine signaling, which could contribute to the symptoms associated with ADHD. We recommend further studies to investigate the possible relationship between chronic sugar intake and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
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Szendroedi J, Phielix E, Roden M. The role of mitochondria in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 8:92-103. [PMID: 21912398 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been related to alterations of oxidative metabolism in insulin-responsive tissues. Overt T2DM can present with acquired or inherited reductions of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity, submaximal ADP-stimulated oxidative phosphorylation and plasticity of mitochondria and/or lower mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle cells and potentially also in hepatocytes. Acquired insulin resistance is associated with reduced insulin-stimulated mitochondrial activity as the result of blunted mitochondrial plasticity. Hereditary insulin resistance is frequently associated with reduced mitochondrial activity at rest, probably due to diminished mitochondrial content. Lifestyle and pharmacological interventions can enhance the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial content and improve insulin resistance in some (pre)diabetic cases. Various mitochondrial features can be abnormal but are not necessarily responsible for all forms of insulin resistance. Nevertheless, mitochondrial abnormalities might accelerate progression of insulin resistance and subsequent organ dysfunction via increased production of reactive oxygen species. This Review discusses the association between mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity in various tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver and heart, with a main focus on studies in humans, and addresses the effects of therapeutic strategies that affect mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Szendroedi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E. Befroy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Corresponding author: Douglas E. Befroy, , or Gerald I. Shulman,
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Corresponding author: Douglas E. Befroy, , or Gerald I. Shulman,
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Berglund ED, Lee-Young RS, Lustig DG, Lynes SE, Donahue EP, Camacho RC, Meredith ME, Magnuson MA, Charron MJ, Wasserman DH. Hepatic energy state is regulated by glucagon receptor signaling in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2412-22. [PMID: 19662685 DOI: 10.1172/jci38650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic energy state, defined by adenine nucleotide levels, couples metabolic pathways with energy requirements. This coupling is fundamental in the adaptive response to many conditions and is impaired in metabolic disease. We have found that the hepatic energy state is substantially reduced following exercise, fasting, and exposure to other metabolic stressors in C57BL/6 mice. Glucagon receptor signaling was hypothesized to mediate this reduction because increased plasma levels of glucagon are characteristic of metabolic stress and because this hormone stimulates energy consumption linked to increased gluconeogenic flux through cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) and associated pathways. We developed what we believe to be a novel hyperglucagonemic-euglycemic clamp to isolate an increment in glucagon levels while maintaining fasting glucose and insulin. Metabolic stress and a physiological rise in glucagon lowered the hepatic energy state and amplified AMP-activated protein kinase signaling in control mice, but these changes were abolished in glucagon receptor- null mice and mice with liver-specific PEPCK-C deletion. 129X1/Sv mice, which do not mount a glucagon response to hypoglycemia, displayed an increased hepatic energy state compared with C57BL/6 mice in which glucagon was elevated. Taken together, these data demonstrate in vivo that the hepatic energy state is sensitive to glucagon receptor activation and requires PEPCK-C, thus providing new insights into liver metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Berglund
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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Johnson RJ, Perez-Pozo SE, Sautin YY, Manitius J, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Feig DI, Shafiu M, Segal M, Glassock RJ, Shimada M, Roncal C, Nakagawa T. Hypothesis: could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes? Endocr Rev 2009; 30:96-116. [PMID: 19151107 PMCID: PMC2647706 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose that excessive fructose intake (>50 g/d) may be one of the underlying etiologies of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The primary sources of fructose are sugar (sucrose) and high fructose corn syrup. First, fructose intake correlates closely with the rate of diabetes worldwide. Second, unlike other sugars, the ingestion of excessive fructose induces features of metabolic syndrome in both laboratory animals and humans. Third, fructose appears to mediate the metabolic syndrome in part by raising uric acid, and there are now extensive experimental and clinical data supporting uric acid in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Fourth, environmental and genetic considerations provide a potential explanation of why certain groups might be more susceptible to developing diabetes. Finally, we discuss the counterarguments associated with the hypothesis and a potential explanation for these findings. If diabetes might result from excessive intake of fructose, then simple public health measures could have a major impact on improving the overall health of our populace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100224, Gainesville, Florida 32620-0224, USA.
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Glushakova O, Kosugi T, Roncal C, Mu W, Heinig M, Cirillo P, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T. Fructose induces the inflammatory molecule ICAM-1 in endothelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:1712-20. [PMID: 18508964 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have linked fructose intake with the metabolic syndrome, and it was recently reported that fructose induces an inflammatory response in the rat kidney. Here, we examined whether fructose directly stimulates endothelial inflammatory processes by upregulating the inflammatory molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). When human aortic endothelial cells were stimulated with physiologic concentrations of fructose, ICAM-1 mRNA and protein expression increased in a time- and dosage-dependent manner, which was independent of NF-kappaB activation. Fructose reduced endothelial nitric oxide (NO) levels and caused a transient reduction in endothelial NO synthase expression. The administration of an NO donor inhibited fructose-induced ICAM-1 expression, whereas blocking NO synthase enhanced it, suggesting that NO inhibits endothelial ICAM-1 expression. Furthermore, fructose resulted in decreased intracellular ATP; administration of exogenous ATP blocked fructose-induced ICAM-1 expression and increased NO levels. Consistent with the in vitro studies, dietary intake of fructose at physiologic dosages increased both serum ICAM-1 concentration and endothelial ICAM-1 expression in the rat kidney. These data suggest that fructose induces inflammatory changes in vascular cells at physiologic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Glushakova
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610-0224, USA
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Solga SF, Horska A, Hemker S, Crawford S, Diggs C, Diehl AM, Brancati FL, Clark JM. Hepatic fat and adenosine triphosphate measurement in overweight and obese adults using 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Liver Int 2008; 28:675-81. [PMID: 18331237 PMCID: PMC3096527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures hepatic fat and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but magnetic resonance studies are challenging in obese subjects. We aimed to evaluate the inter- and intrarater reliability and stability of hepatic fat and ATP measurements in a cohort of overweight and obese adults. METHODS We measured hepatic fat and ATP using proton MRS ((1)H MRS) and phosphorus MRS ((31)P MRS) at baseline in adults enrolled in the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) clinical trial at one site. Using logistic regression, we determined factors associated with successful MRS data acquisition. We calculated the intra- and inter-rater reliability for hepatic fat and ATP based on 20 scans analysed twice by two readers. We also calculated the stability of these measures three times on five healthy volunteers. RESULTS Of 244 participants recruited into our ancillary study, 185 agreed to MRS. We obtained usable hepatic fat data from 151 (82%) and ATP data from 105 (58%). Obesity was the strongest predictor of failed data acquisition; every unit increase in the body mass index reduced the likelihood of successful fat data by 11% and ATP data by 14%. The inter- and intrarater reliability were excellent for fat (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.99), but substantially more variable for ATP. Fat measures appeared relatively stable, but this was less true for ATP. CONCLUSIONS Obesity can hinder (1)H and (31)P MRS data acquisition and subsequent analysis. This impact was greater for hepatic ATP than hepatic fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F. Solga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alena Horska
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susanne Hemker
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Crawford
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charalett Diggs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frederick L. Brancati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Segal MS, Gollub E, Johnson RJ. Is the fructose index more relevant with regards to cardiovascular disease than the glycemic index? Eur J Nutr 2007; 46:406-17. [PMID: 17763967 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-007-0680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The glycemic index (G.I.) is a means for categorizing carbohydrates based on their ability to raise blood glucose, subsequently this index has been popularized as a way for selecting foods to reduce the risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We suggest that the G.I. is better aimed at identifying foods that stimulate insulin secretion rather than foods that stimulate insulin resistance. In this regard, fructose has a low G.I. but may be causally linked with the obesity and cardiovascular disease epidemic. The reported association of high G.I. with cardiovascular disease may be due to the association of sugar intake which contains fructose, but which has a high G.I. due to its glucose content. We propose the use of a fructose index to categorize foods and propose studies to determine the effect of low fructose diets as a means to prevent obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Segal
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Valerio A, Cardile A, Cozzi V, Bracale R, Tedesco L, Pisconti A, Palomba L, Cantoni O, Clementi E, Moncada S, Carruba MO, Nisoli E. TNF-alpha downregulates eNOS expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in fat and muscle of obese rodents. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2791-8. [PMID: 16981010 PMCID: PMC1564431 DOI: 10.1172/jci28570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Thus, at metabolically relevant sites, including adipose tissue and muscle, there is abnormal production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha. Here we demonstrate that eNOS expression was reduced, with a concomitant reduction of mitochondrial biogenesis and function, in white and brown adipose tissue and in the soleus muscle of 3 different animal models of obesity. The genetic deletion of TNF receptor 1 in obese mice restored eNOS expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in fat and muscle; this was associated with less body weight gain than in obese wild-type controls. Furthermore, TNF-alpha downregulated eNOS expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in cultured white and brown adipocytes and muscle satellite cells of mice. The NO donors DETA-NO and SNAP prevented the reduction of mitochondrial biogenesis observed with TNF-alpha. Our findings demonstrate that TNF-alpha impairs mitochondrial biogenesis and function in different tissues of obese rodents by downregulating eNOS expression and suggest a novel pathophysiological process that sustains obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Valerio
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Cardile
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Cozzi
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renata Bracale
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Tedesco
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Addolorata Pisconti
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Letizia Palomba
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Orazio Cantoni
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salvador Moncada
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele O. Carruba
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy.
Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy.
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Baillet-Blanco L, Beauvieux MC, Gin H, Rigalleau V, Gallis JL. Insulin induces a positive relationship between the rates of ATP and glycogen changes in isolated rat liver in presence of glucose; a 31P and 13C NMR study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2005; 2:32. [PMID: 16300674 PMCID: PMC1315323 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-2-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is an emerging theory suggesting that insulin, which is known to be the predominant postprandial anabolic hormone, is also a major regulator of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. However, little is known about its effects in the liver. Since there is a theoretical relationship between glycogen metabolism and energy status, a simultaneous and continuous investigation of hepatic ATP and glycogen content was performed in intact and isolated perfused liver by 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) The hepatic rates of ATP and glycogen changes were evaluated with different concentrations of insulin and glucose during continuous and short-term supply. Results Liver from rats fed ad libitum were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit Buffer (KHB)(controls) or KHB containing 6 mM glucose, 30 mM glucose, insulin alone, insulin + 6 mM glucose, insulin + 30 mM glucose. In the control, glycogenolysis occurred at a rate of -0.53 ± 0.021 %·min-1 and ATP content decreased at a rate of -0.28 ± 0.029 %·min-1. In the absence of insulin, there was a close proportional relationship between the glycogen flux and the glucose concentration, whereas ATP rates never varied. With insulin + glucose, both glycogen and ATP rates were strongly related to the glucose concentration; the magnitude of net glycogen flux was linearly correlated to the magnitude of net ATP flux: fluxglycogen = 72.543(fluxATP) + 172.08, R2 = 0.98. Conclusion Only the co-infusion of 30 mM glucose and insulin led to (i) a net glycogen synthesis, (ii) the maintenance of the hepatic ATP content, and a strong positive correlation between their net fluxes. This has never previously been reported. The specific effect of insulin on ATP change is likely related to a rapid stimulation of the hepatic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. We propose that variations in the correlation between rates of ATP and glycogen changes could be a probe for insulin resistance due to the action of substrates, drugs or pathologic situations. Consequently, any work evaluating insulin resistance on isolated organs or in vivo should determine both ATP and glycogen fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Baillet-Blanco
- Service de Diabétologie-Nutrition, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Avenue de Magellan, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Marie-Christine Beauvieux
- Service de Diabétologie-Nutrition, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Avenue de Magellan, F-33604 Pessac, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS-Université Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Henri Gin
- Service de Diabétologie-Nutrition, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Avenue de Magellan, F-33604 Pessac, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS-Université Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Rigalleau
- Service de Diabétologie-Nutrition, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Avenue de Magellan, F-33604 Pessac, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS-Université Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Gallis
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS-Université Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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47
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Bloomgarden ZT. Second World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: insulin resistance syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:1518-23. [PMID: 15920084 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.6.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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