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Doddabematti Prakash S, Rivera J, Sabillón L, Siliveru K. From wheat grain to flour: a review of potential sources of enteric pathogen contamination in wheat milled products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38766719 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2353892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The number of food safety issues linked to wheat milled products have increased in the past decade. These incidents were mainly caused by the contamination of wheat-based products by enteric pathogens. This manuscript is the first of a two-part review on the status of the food safety of wheat-based products. This manuscript focused on reviewing the available information on the potential pre-harvest and post-harvest sources of microbial contamination, and potential foodborne pathogens present in wheat-based products. Potential pre-harvest sources of microbial contamination in wheat included animal activity, water, soil, and manure. Improper grain storage practices, pest activity, and improperly cleaned and sanitized equipment are potential sources of post-harvest microbial contamination for wheat-based foods. Raw wheat flour products and flour-based products are potentially contaminated with enteric pathogens such as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STECs), and Salmonella at low concentrations. Wheat grains and their derived products (i.e., flours) are potential vehicles for foodborne illness in humans due to the presence of enteric pathogens. A more holistic approach is needed for assuring the food safety of wheat-based products in the farm-to-table continuum. Future developments in the wheat supply chain should also be aimed at addressing this emerging food safety threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared Rivera
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Luis Sabillón
- Department of Family Consumer Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
- Center of Excellence in Sustainable Food and Agricultural Systems, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Kaliramesh Siliveru
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Hartmann A, Binder T, Rothballer M. Quorum sensing-related activities of beneficial and pathogenic bacteria have important implications for plant and human health. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae076. [PMID: 38744663 PMCID: PMC11149725 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms coevolved with microbes from the environment forming holobiotic meta-genomic units. Members of host-associated microbiomes have commensalic, beneficial/symbiotic, or pathogenic phenotypes. More than 100 years ago, Lorenz Hiltner, pioneer of soil microbiology, introduced the term 'Rhizosphere' to characterize the observation that a high density of saprophytic, beneficial, and pathogenic microbes are attracted by root exudates. The balance between these types of microbes decide about the health of the host. Nowadays we know, that for the interaction of microbes with all eukaryotic hosts similar principles and processes of cooperative and competitive functions are in action. Small diffusible molecules like (phyto)hormones, volatiles and quorum sensing signals are examples for mediators of interspecies and cross-kingdom interactions. Quorum sensing of bacteria is mediated by different autoinducible metabolites in a density-dependent manner. In this perspective publication, the role of QS-related activities for the health of hosts will be discussed focussing mostly on N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL). It is also considered that in some cases very close phylogenetic relations exist between plant beneficial and opportunistic human pathogenic bacteria. Based on a genome and system-targeted new understanding, sociomicrobiological solutions are possible for the biocontrol of diseases and the health improvement of eukaryotic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Hartmann
- Faculty of Biology, Microbe-Host Interactions, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Health and Environment, Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85762 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Binder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Health and Environment, Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85762 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Health and Environment, Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85762 Neuherberg, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Health and Environment, Institute of Network Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1 D-85762 Neuherberg, Germany
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Sousa M, Rocha R, Araújo D, Castro J, Barbosa A, Azevedo NF, Cerqueira L, Almeida C. A New Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Probe for the Specific Detection of Salmonella Species in Food Matrices. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:298-305. [PMID: 38484326 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is among the most central etiological agents in foodborne bacterial disorders. To identify Salmonella spp., numerous new molecular techniques have been developed conversely to the traditional culture-based methods. In this work, a new peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) method was developed for the specific detection of Salmonella species, allowing a faster analysis compared with the traditional methods (ISO 6579-1: 2017). The method was optimized based on a novel PNA probe (SalPNA1692) combined with a blocker probe to detect Salmonella in food samples through an assessment of diverse-rich and selective enrichment broths. Our findings indicated that the best outcome was obtained using a 24-h pre-enrichment step in buffered peptone water, followed by RambaQuick broth selective enrichment for 16 h. For the enrichment step performance validation, fresh ground beef was artificially contaminated with two ranges of concentration of inoculum: a low level (0.2-2 colony-forming units [CFUs]/25 g) and a high level (2-10 CFUs/25 g). The new PNA-FISH method presented a specificity of 100% and a detection limit of 0.5 CFU/25 g of food sample, which confirms the great potential of applying PNA probes in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Sousa
- Biomode SA, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Rocha
- Biomode SA, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
- Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- CISAS-Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Daniela Araújo
- Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- INIAV, IP-National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Joana Castro
- Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- INIAV, IP-National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Ana Barbosa
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Cerqueira
- Biomode SA, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- Biomode SA, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
- Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- INIAV, IP-National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
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Duan Y, Han M, Grimm M, Schierstaedt J, Imani J, Cardinale M, Le Jean M, Nesme J, Sørensen SJ, Schikora A. Hordeum vulgare differentiates its response to beneficial bacteria. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:460. [PMID: 37789272 PMCID: PMC10548682 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nature, beneficial bacteria triggering induced systemic resistance (ISR) may protect plants from potential diseases, reducing yield losses caused by diverse pathogens. However, little is known about how the host plant initially responds to different beneficial bacteria. To reveal the impact of different bacteria on barley (Hordeum vulgare), bacterial colonization patterns, gene expression, and composition of seed endophytes were explored. RESULTS This study used the soil-borne Ensifer meliloti, as well as Pantoea sp. and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from barley seeds, individually. The results demonstrated that those bacteria persisted in the rhizosphere but with different colonization patterns. Although root-leaf translocation was not observed, all three bacteria induced systemic resistance (ISR) against foliar fungal pathogens. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ion- and stress-related genes were regulated in plants that first encountered bacteria. Iron homeostasis and heat stress responses were involved in the response to E. meliloti and Pantoea sp., even if the iron content was not altered. Heat shock protein-encoding genes responded to inoculation with Pantoea sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Furthermore, bacterial inoculation affected the composition of seed endophytes. Investigation of the following generation indicated that the enhanced resistance was not heritable. CONCLUSIONS Here, using barley as a model, we highlighted different responses to three different beneficial bacteria as well as the influence of soil-borne Ensifer meliloti on the seed microbiome. In total, these results can help to understand the interaction between ISR-triggering bacteria and a crop plant, which is essential for the application of biological agents in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Duan
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Min Han
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maja Grimm
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jasper Schierstaedt
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) - Department Plant-Microbe Systems, Theodor-Echtermeyer Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Jafargholi Imani
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, SP6 Lecce- Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marie Le Jean
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360 CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 8 rue du Général Delestraint, Metz, 57070, France
| | - Joseph Nesme
- Department of Biology, Section of Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Detert K, Schmidt H. Sporadic Detection of Escherichia coli O104:H4 Strain C227/11Φcu in the Edible Parts of Lamb's Lettuce Cultured in Contaminated Agricultural Soil Samples. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2072. [PMID: 37630632 PMCID: PMC10457958 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we demonstrate that E. coli O104:H4 strain C227/11Φcu, a derivative of the 2011 enterohemorrhagic/enteroaggregative (EHEC/EAEC) E. coli outbreak strain, migrated into the edible portion of lamb's lettuce plants upon contamination of the surrounding soil. Seeds were surface-sterilized and cultivated on Murashige-Skoog agar or in autoclaved agricultural soil. Migration into the edible portions was investigated by inoculating the agar or soil close to the plants with 108 colony-forming units (CFU). The edible parts, which did not come into contact with the contaminated medium or soil, were quantitatively analyzed for the presence of bacteria after 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Strain C227/11Φcu could colonize lamb's lettuce when contamination of medium or soil occurs. The highest recovery rate (27%) was found for lettuce cultivated in agar, and up to 1.6 × 103 CFU/g lettuce was detected. The recovery rate was lower for the soil samples (9% and 13.5%). Although the used contamination levels were high, migration of C227/11Φcu from the soil into the edible parts was demonstrated. This study further highlights the risk of crop plant contamination with pathogenic E. coli upon soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert Schmidt
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
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Ashrafi S, Wennrich JP, Becker Y, Maciá-Vicente JG, Brißke-Rode A, Daub M, Thünen T, Dababat AA, Finckh MR, Stadler M, Maier W. Polydomus karssenii gen. nov. sp. nov. is a dark septate endophyte with a bifunctional lifestyle parasitising eggs of plant parasitic cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.). IMA Fungus 2023; 14:6. [PMID: 36998098 PMCID: PMC10064538 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study fungal strains were investigated, which had been isolated from eggs of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, and roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum (Brassicaceae). The morphology, the interaction with nematodes and plants and the phylogenetic relationships of these strains originating from a broad geographic range covering Western Europe to Asia Minor were studied. Phylogenetic analyses using five genomic loci including ITSrDNA, LSUrDNA, SSUrDNA, rpb2 and tef1-α were carried out. The strains were found to represent a distinct phylogenetic lineage most closely related to Equiseticola and Ophiosphaerella, and Polydomus karssenii (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) is introduced here as a new species representing a monotypic genus. The pathogenicity tests against nematode eggs fulfilled Koch's postulates using in vitro nematode bioassays and showed that the fungus could parasitise its original nematode host H. filipjevi as well as the sugar beet cyst nematode H. schachtii, and colonise cysts and eggs of its hosts by forming highly melanised moniliform hyphae. Light microscopic observations on fungus-root interactions in an axenic system revealed the capacity of the same fungal strain to colonise the roots of wheat and produce melanised hyphae and microsclerotia-like structure typical for dark septate endophytes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy further demonstrated that the fungus colonised the root cells by predominant intercellular growth of hyphae, and frequent formation of appressorium-like as well as penetration peg-like structures through internal cell walls surrounded by callosic papilla-like structures. Different strains of the new fungus produced a nearly identical set of secondary metabolites with various biological activities including nematicidal effects irrespective of their origin from plants or nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ashrafi
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany.
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Bundesallee 58, 38116, Brunswick, Germany.
| | - Jan-Peer Wennrich
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Yvonne Becker
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Brißke-Rode
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Matthias Daub
- Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dürener Str. 71, 50189, Elsdorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Thünen
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Bundesallee 58, 38116, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Abdelfattah A Dababat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Emek, P.O. Box 39, 06511, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria R Finckh
- Department of Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany
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Bhatt K, Suyal DC, Kumar S, Singh K, Goswami P. New insights into engineered plant-microbe interactions for pesticide removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136635. [PMID: 36183882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, rapid industrialization along with the overutilization of organic pollutants/pesticides has altered the environmental circumstances. Moreover, various anthropogenic, xenobiotics and natural activities also affected plants, soil, and human health, in both direct and indirect ways. To counter this, several conventional methods are currently practiced, but are uneconomical, noxious, and is yet inefficient for large-scale application. Plant-microbe interactions are mediated naturally in an ecosystem and are practiced in several areas. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) possess certain attributes affecting plant and soil consequently performing decontamination activity via a direct and indirect mechanism. PGPR also harbors indispensable genes stimulating the mineralization of several organic and inorganic compounds. This makes microbes potential candidates for contributing to sustainably remediating the harmful pesticide contaminants. There is a limited piece of information about the plant-microbe interaction pertaining predict and understand the overall interaction concerning a sustainable environment. Therefore, this review focuses on the plant-microbe interaction in the rhizosphere and inside the plant's tissues, along with the utilization augmenting the crop productivity, reduction in plant stress along with decontamination of pesticides/organic pollutants in soil for sustainable environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Bhatt
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Deep Chandra Suyal
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, 800014, Bihar, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Priya Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Mangalayatan University, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Varsaki A, Ortiz S, Santorum P, López P, López-Alonso V, Hernández M, Abad D, Rodríguez-Grande J, Ocampo-Sosa AA, Martínez-Suárez JV. Prevalence and Population Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Dairy Cattle Farms in the Cantabria Region of Spain. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182477. [PMID: 36139336 PMCID: PMC9495194 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The origin and prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes was studied in dairy cattle farms in order to examine its diversity and determine its possible persistence in manure. The utilization of manure for agricultural purposes is common in many countries. While properly treated and managed manure is an effective and safe fertilizer, foodborne illness outbreaks can occur, as many of the most prominent foodborne pathogens are carried by healthy livestock. It is, therefore, necessary to study the origin and persistence of zoonotic agents in general and of L. monocytogenes in particular, in order to avoid recirculation in farms and reduce risk for human populations. Abstract Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that is widely distributed in the environment. Here we show the prevalence and transmission of L. monocytogenes in dairy farms in the Cantabria region, on the northern coast of Spain. A total of 424 samples was collected from 14 dairy farms (5 organic and 9 conventional) and 211 L. monocytogenes isolates were recovered following conventional microbiological methods. There were no statistically significant differences in antimicrobial resistance ratios between organic and conventional farms. A clonal relationship among the isolates was assessed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis and 64 different pulsotypes were obtained. Most isolates (89%, n = 187) were classified as PCR serogroup IVb by using a multiplex PCR assay. In this case, 45 isolates of PCR serogroup IVb were whole genome-sequenced to perform a further analysis at genomic level. In silico MLST analysis showed the presence of 12 sequence types (ST), of which ST1, ST54 and ST666 were the most common. Our data indicate that the environment of cattle farms retains a high incidence of L. monocytogenes, including subtypes involved in human listeriosis reports and outbreaks. This pathogen is shed in the feces and could easily colonize dairy products, as a result of fecal contamination. Effective herd and manure management are needed in order to prevent possible outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Varsaki
- Centro de Investigación y Formación Agrarias (CIFA), 39600 Muriedas, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (J.V.M.-S.)
| | - Sagrario Ortiz
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Santorum
- Centro de Investigación y Formación Agrarias (CIFA), 39600 Muriedas, Spain
| | - Pilar López
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Hernández
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Abad
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Grande
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Alain A. Ocampo-Sosa
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Joaquín V. Martínez-Suárez
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (J.V.M.-S.)
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Adeleke BS, Babalola OO. Meta-omics of endophytic microbes in agricultural biotechnology. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Truong H, Garmyn D, Gal L, Fournier C, Sevellec Y, Jeandroz S, Piveteau P. Plants as a realized niche for Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1255. [PMID: 34964288 PMCID: PMC8710918 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a human pathogen. It is the causative agent of listeriosis, the leading cause of bacterial-linked foodborne mortality in Europe and elsewhere. Outbreaks of listeriosis have been associated with the consumption of fresh produce including vegetables and fruits. In this review we summarize current data providing direct or indirect evidence that plants can serve as habitat for L. monocytogenes, enabling this human pathogen to survive and grow. The current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the interaction of this bacterium with plants is addressed, and whether this foodborne pathogen elicits an immune response in plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai‐Nam Truong
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Dominique Garmyn
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Laurent Gal
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Carine Fournier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Yann Sevellec
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria UnitParis‐Est UniversityMaisons‐AlfortCedexFrance
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAEUniversity Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
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11
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Bziuk N, Maccario L, Straube B, Wehner G, Sørensen SJ, Schikora A, Smalla K. The treasure inside barley seeds: microbial diversity and plant beneficial bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2021; 16:20. [PMID: 34711269 PMCID: PMC8554914 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-021-00389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria associated with plants can enhance the plants' growth and resistance against phytopathogens. Today, growers aim to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. Since phytopathogens cause severe yield losses in crop production systems, biological alternatives gain more attention. Plant and also seed endophytes have the potential to influence the plant, especially seed-borne bacteria may express their beneficiary impact at initial plant developmental stages. In the current study, we assessed the endophytic seed microbiome of seven genetically diverse barley accessions by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and verified the in vitro plant beneficial potential of isolated seed endophytes. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of the barley genotype and its seed microbiome on the rhizosphere microbiome at an early growth stage by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. RESULTS The plant genotype displayed a significant impact on the microbiota in both barley seed and rhizosphere. Consequently, the microbial alpha- and beta-diversity of the endophytic seed microbiome was highly influenced by the genotype. Interestingly, no correlation was observed between the endophytic seed microbiome and the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the seven genotypes. Unclassified members of Enterobacteriaceae were by far most dominant. Other abundant genera in the seed microbiome belonged to Curtobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Sanguibacter and Saccharibacillus. Endophytes isolated from barley seeds were affiliated to dominant genera of the core seed microbiome, based on their 16S rRNA gene sequence. Most of these endophytic isolates produced in vitro plant beneficial secondary metabolites known to induce plant resistance. CONCLUSION Although barley accessions representing high genetic diversity displayed a genotype-dependent endophytic seed microbiome, a core seed microbiome with high relative abundances was identified. Endophytic isolates were affiliated to members of the core seed microbiome and many of them showed plant beneficial properties. We propose therefore that new breeding strategies should consider genotypes with high abundance of beneficial microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bziuk
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lorrie Maccario
- Section of Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gwendolin Wehner
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Søren J. Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam Schikora
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Priya P, Aneesh B, Harikrishnan K. Genomics as a potential tool to unravel the rhizosphere microbiome interactions on plant health. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 185:106215. [PMID: 33839214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intense agricultural practices to meet rising food demands have caused ecosystem perturbations. For sustainable crop production, biological agents are gaining attention, but exploring their functional potential on a multi-layered complex ecosystem like the rhizosphere is challenging. This review explains the significance of genomics as a culture-independent molecular tool to understand the diversity and functional significance of the rhizosphere microbiome for sustainable agriculture. It discusses the recent significant studies in the rhizosphere environment carried out using evolving techniques like metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics, their challenges, constraints infield application, and prospective solutions. The recent advances in techniques such as nanotechnology for the development of bioformulations and visualization techniques contemplating environmental safety were also discussed. The need for development of metagenomic data sets of regionally important crops, their plant microbial interactions and agricultural practices for narrowing down significant data from huge databases have been suggested. The role of taxonomical and functional diversity of soil microbiota in understanding soil suppression and part played by the microbial metabolites in the process have been analyzed and discussed in the context of 'omics' approach. 'Omics' studies have revealed important information about microbial diversity, their responses to various biotic and abiotic stimuli, and the physiology of disease suppression. This can be translated to crop sustainability and combinational approaches with advancing visualization and analysis methodologies fix the existing knowledge gap to a huge extend. With improved data processing and standardization of the methods, details of plant-microbe interactions can be successfully decoded to develop sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Priya
- Environmental Biology Lab, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| | - B Aneesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India.
| | - K Harikrishnan
- Environmental Biology Lab, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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13
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Marinho CM, Garmyn D, Ga L, Brunhede MZ, O'Byrne C, Piveteau P. Investigation of the roles of AgrA and σB regulators in Listeria monocytogenes adaptation to roots and soil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5775477. [PMID: 32124918 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that ensure the survival of the food-borne bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in the telluric environment and on roots. Earlier studies have suggested a regulatory overlap between the Agr cell-cell communication system and the general stress response regulator σB. Here, we investigated the contribution of these two systems to root colonisation and survival in sterilised and biotic soil. The ability to colonise the roots of the grass Festuca arundinacea was significantly compromised in the double mutant (∆agrA∆sigB). In sterile soil at 25°C, a significant defect was observed in the double mutant, suggesting some synergy between these systems. However, growth was observed and similar population dynamics were shown in the parental strain, ΔagrA and ΔsigB mutants. In biotic soil at 25°C, viability of the parental strain declined steadily over a two-week period highlighting the challenging nature of live soil environments. Inactivation of the two systems further decreased survival. The synergistic effect of Agr and σB was stronger in biotic soil. Transcriptional analysis confirmed the expected effects of the mutations on known Agr- and σB-dependent genes. Data highlight the important role that these global regulatory systems play in the natural ecology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Marinho
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Esplanade Erasme BP27877, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon Cedex, France.,National University of Ireland, Galway, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Bacterial Stress Response Group, University Road H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dominique Garmyn
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Esplanade Erasme BP27877, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Ga
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon Cedex, France.,AgroSup Dijon, 26 Boulevard Dr Petitjean BP8799, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Maja Z Brunhede
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Esplanade Erasme BP27877, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Conor O'Byrne
- National University of Ireland, Galway, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Bacterial Stress Response Group, University Road H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pascal Piveteau
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Esplanade Erasme BP27877, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 Rue Sully, 21000 Dijon Cedex, France.,AgroSup Dijon, 26 Boulevard Dr Petitjean BP8799, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
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14
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Adebowale O, Good L. Development of a fixation-free fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of Salmonella species. Biol Methods Protoc 2020; 5:bpaa024. [PMID: 33381652 PMCID: PMC7756007 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most important infectious bacteria causing severe gastroenteritis and deaths in humans and animals, and the prompt diagnosis is crucial for effective control and treatment. The detection of Salmonella still depends principally on culture-based methods, which is time-consuming and laborious. Recently, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) was discovered to have cellular delivery properties and its combination with the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was exploited for oligomer delivery and the rapid detection of Salmonella spps in this study. Cell-associated fluorescence was quantified using Volocity® 3-D image analysis software (Volocity 6.3, PerkinElmer, Inc.). PHMB complexed with fluorophore-labelled species-specific oligomers permeabilized freshly grown viable strains of Salmonella cells and mediated strong cell-associated fluorescence signals. This strategy further enabled a fixation-free protocol and hybridization in a single reaction. Using the modified FISH method, monoculture Salmonella strains were validated as well as detected in artificially contaminated water and milk within a turnaround period of 5 h. The method was observed to be comparable with the standard FISH technique (sFISH; P > 0.05). The findings suggest that fixation-free delivery and hybridization of oligomers using PHMB can provide a simplified and prompt strategy for Salmonella detection at the species level, and promote early management responses to the disease and appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwawemimo Adebowale
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Liam Good
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
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15
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Baquero F, F Lanza V, Duval M, Coque TM. Ecogenetics of antibiotic resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:570-579. [PMID: 32185838 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition process of antibiotic resistance in an otherwise susceptible organism is shaped by the ecology of the species. Unlike other relevant human pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes has maintained a high rate of susceptibility to the antibiotics used for decades to treat human and animal infections. However, L. monocytogenes can acquire antibiotic resistance genes from other organisms' plasmids and conjugative transposons. Ecological factors could account for its susceptibility. L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in nature, most frequently including reservoirs unexposed to antibiotics, including intracellular sanctuaries. L. monocytogenes has a remarkably closed genome, reflecting limited community interactions, small population sizes and high niche specialization. The L. monocytogenes species is divided into variants that are specialized in small specific niches, which reduces the possibility of coexistence with potential donors of antibiotic resistance. Interactions with potential donors are also hampered by interspecies antagonism. However, occasional increases in population sizes (and thus the possibility of acquiring antibiotic resistance) can derive from selection of the species based on intrinsic or acquired resistance to antibiotics, biocides, heavy metals or by a natural tolerance to extreme conditions. High-quality surveillance of the emergence of resistance to the key drugs used in primary therapy is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Val F Lanza
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Bioinformatics Unit, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mélodie Duval
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Unité des interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, and Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Teresa M Coque
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Risk of Human Pathogen Internalization in Leafy Vegetables During Lab-Scale Hydroponic Cultivation. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is a growing industry for the production of leafy vegetables and fresh produce in general. Moreover, CEA is a potentially desirable alternative production system, as well as a risk management solution for the food safety challenges within the fresh produce industry. Here, we will focus on hydroponic leafy vegetable production (including lettuce, spinach, microgreens, and herbs), which can be categorized into six types: (1) nutrient film technique (NFT), (2) deep water raft culture (DWC), (3) flood and drain, (4) continuous drip systems, (5) the wick method, and (6) aeroponics. The first five are the most commonly used in the production of leafy vegetables. Each of these systems may confer different risks and advantages in the production of leafy vegetables. This review aims to (i) address the differences in current hydroponic system designs with respect to human pathogen internalization risk, and (ii) identify the preventive control points for reducing risks related to pathogen contamination in leafy greens and related fresh produce products.
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17
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Matilla MA, Krell T. The effect of bacterial chemotaxis on host infection and pathogenicity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:4563582. [PMID: 29069367 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis enables microorganisms to move according to chemical gradients. Although this process requires substantial cellular energy, it also affords key physiological benefits, including enhanced access to growth substrates. Another important implication of chemotaxis is that it also plays an important role in infection and disease, as chemotaxis signalling pathways are broadly distributed across a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, current research indicates that chemotaxis is essential for the initial stages of infection in different human, animal and plant pathogens. This review focuses on recent findings that have identified specific bacterial chemoreceptors and corresponding chemoeffectors associated with pathogenicity. Pathogenicity-related chemoeffectors are either host and niche-specific signals or intermediates of the host general metabolism. Plant pathogens were found to contain an elevated number of chemotaxis signalling genes and functional studies demonstrate that these genes are critical for their ability to enter the host. The expanding body of knowledge of the mechanisms underlying chemotaxis in pathogens provides a foundation for the development of new therapeutic strategies capable of blocking infection and preventing disease by interfering with chemotactic signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Matilla
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Tino Krell
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain
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18
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Zhang Y, Jewett C, Gilley J, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, Hodges L, Li X. Microbial communities in the rhizosphere and the root of lettuce as affected by Salmonella-contaminated irrigation water. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:fiy135. [PMID: 30010741 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Reclaimed wastewater is increasingly used as a source of irrigation water in croplands. The enteric pathogens in reclaimed wastewater may accumulate in soil and plants and cause food safety concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of irrigation water containing Salmonella on the microbial communities in the rhizosphere and in the root of lettuce. The effects were also examined with three variables (soil texture, lettuce cultivar and harvest time) in a factorial design. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences show that the microbial communities in the root were significantly different from those in the rhizosphere, although ∼80% of the microbes in the root originated from the rhizosphere. Salmonella in irrigation water significantly altered the structure of the microbial community in the rhizosphere, but not in the root. Salmonella internalized in lettuce root was observed when contaminated water was used for irrigation. Compared to lettuce cultivar and harvest time, soil texture played a more significant role in shaping the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and in the root. Results from this study could advance understanding about the long-term impact of reclaimed wastewater as a source of irrigation water on the microbiota associated with leafy green vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurie Hodges
- Deptartment of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil Engineering
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19
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Rosenblueth M, Ormeño-Orrillo E, López-López A, Rogel MA, Reyes-Hernández BJ, Martínez-Romero JC, Reddy PM, Martínez-Romero E. Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1794. [PMID: 30140262 PMCID: PMC6095057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereals such as maize, rice, wheat and sorghum are the most important crops for human nutrition. Like other plants, cereals associate with diverse bacteria (including nitrogen-fixing bacteria called diazotrophs) and fungi. As large amounts of chemical fertilizers are used in cereals, it has always been desirable to promote biological nitrogen fixation in such crops. The quest for nitrogen fixation in cereals started long ago with the isolation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria from different plants. The sources of diazotrophs in cereals may be seeds, soils, and even irrigation water and diazotrophs have been found on roots or as endophytes. Recently, culture-independent molecular approaches have revealed that some rhizobia are found in cereal plants and that bacterial nitrogenase genes are expressed in plants. Since the levels of nitrogen-fixation attained with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in cereals are not high enough to support the plant’s needs and never as good as those obtained with chemical fertilizers or with rhizobium in symbiosis with legumes, it has been the aim of different studies to increase nitrogen-fixation in cereals. In many cases, these efforts have not been successful. However, new diazotroph mutants with enhanced capabilities to excrete ammonium are being successfully used to promote plant growth as commensal bacteria. In addition, there are ambitious projects supported by different funding agencies that are trying to genetically modify maize and other cereals to enhance diazotroph colonization or to fix nitrogen or to form nodules with nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Rosenblueth
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Aline López-López
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Marco A Rogel
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pallavolu M Reddy
- The Energy and Resources Institute, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India
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20
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Alegbeleye OO, Singleton I, Sant'Ana AS. Sources and contamination routes of microbial pathogens to fresh produce during field cultivation: A review. Food Microbiol 2018; 73:177-208. [PMID: 29526204 PMCID: PMC7127387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated fresh produce is a common phenomenon and has severe effects on human health together with severe economic and social impacts. The implications of foodborne diseases associated with fresh produce have urged research into the numerous ways and mechanisms through which pathogens may gain access to produce, thereby compromising microbiological safety. This review provides a background on the various sources and pathways through which pathogenic bacteria contaminate fresh produce; the survival and proliferation of pathogens on fresh produce while growing and potential methods to reduce microbial contamination before harvest. Some of the established bacterial contamination sources include contaminated manure, irrigation water, soil, livestock/ wildlife, and numerous factors influence the incidence, fate, transport, survival and proliferation of pathogens in the wide variety of sources where they are found. Once pathogenic bacteria have been introduced into the growing environment, they can colonize and persist on fresh produce using a variety of mechanisms. Overall, microbiological hazards are significant; therefore, ways to reduce sources of contamination and a deeper understanding of pathogen survival and growth on fresh produce in the field are required to reduce risk to human health and the associated economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Singleton
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Kljujev I, Raicevic V, Jovicic-Petrovic J, Vujovic B, Mirkovic M, Rothballer M. Listeria monocytogenes – Danger for health safety vegetable production. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Mercado-Blanco J, Abrantes I, Barra Caracciolo A, Bevivino A, Ciancio A, Grenni P, Hrynkiewicz K, Kredics L, Proença DN. Belowground Microbiota and the Health of Tree Crops. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1006. [PMID: 29922245 PMCID: PMC5996133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees are crucial for sustaining life on our planet. Forests and land devoted to tree crops do not only supply essential edible products to humans and animals, but also additional goods such as paper or wood. They also prevent soil erosion, support microbial, animal, and plant biodiversity, play key roles in nutrient and water cycling processes, and mitigate the effects of climate change acting as carbon dioxide sinks. Hence, the health of forests and tree cropping systems is of particular significance. In particular, soil/rhizosphere/root-associated microbial communities (known as microbiota) are decisive to sustain the fitness, development, and productivity of trees. These benefits rely on processes aiming to enhance nutrient assimilation efficiency (plant growth promotion) and/or to protect against a number of (a)biotic constraints. Moreover, specific members of the microbial communities associated with perennial tree crops interact with soil invertebrate food webs, underpinning many density regulation mechanisms. This review discusses belowground microbiota interactions influencing the growth of tree crops. The study of tree-(micro)organism interactions taking place at the belowground level is crucial to understand how they contribute to processes like carbon sequestration, regulation of ecosystem functioning, and nutrient cycling. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between roots and their associate microbiota can also facilitate the design of novel sustainable approaches for the benefit of these relevant agro-ecosystems. Here, we summarize the methodological approaches to unravel the composition and function of belowground microbiota, the factors influencing their interaction with tree crops, their benefits and harms, with a focus on representative examples of Biological Control Agents (BCA) used against relevant biotic constraints of tree crops. Finally, we add some concluding remarks and suggest future perspectives concerning the microbiota-assisted management strategies to sustain tree crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Abrantes
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Annamaria Bevivino
- Department for Sustainability of Production and Territorial Systems, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Diogo N. Proença
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE) and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Liu H, Whitehouse CA, Li B. Presence and Persistence of Salmonella in Water: The Impact on Microbial Quality of Water and Food Safety. Front Public Health 2018; 6:159. [PMID: 29900166 PMCID: PMC5989457 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella ranks high among the pathogens causing foodborne disease outbreaks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Salmonella contributed to about 53.4% of all foodborne disease outbreaks from 2006 to 2017, and approximately 32.7% of these foodborne Salmonella outbreaks were associated with consumption of produce. Trace-back investigations have suggested that irrigation water may be a source of Salmonella contamination of produce and a vehicle for transmission. Presence and persistence of Salmonella have been reported in surface waters such as rivers, lakes, and ponds, while ground water in general offers better microbial quality for irrigation. To date, culture methods are still the gold standard for detection, isolation and identification of Salmonella in foods and water. In addition to culture, other methods for the detection of Salmonella in water include most probable number, immunoassay, and PCR. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued the Produce Safety Rule (PSR) in January 2013 based on the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), which calls for more efforts toward enhancing and improving approaches for the prevention of foodborne outbreaks. In the PSR, agricultural water is defined as water used for in a way that is intended to, or likely to, contact covered produce, such as spray, wash, or irrigation. In summary, Salmonella is frequently present in surface water, an important source of water for irrigation. An increasing evidence indicates irrigation water as a source (or a vehicle) for transmission of Salmonella. This pathogen can survive in aquatic environments by a number of mechanisms, including entry into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and/or residing within free-living protozoa. As such, assurance of microbial quality of irrigation water is critical to curtail the produce-related foodborne outbreaks and thus enhance the food safety. In this review, we will discuss the presence and persistence of Salmonella in water and the mechanisms Salmonella uses to persist in the aquatic environment, particularly irrigation water, to better understand the impact on the microbial quality of water and food safety due to the presence of Salmonella in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanli Liu
- Branch of Microbiology, Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Chris A. Whitehouse
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Baoguang Li
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
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Salmonella as an endophytic colonizer of plants - A risk for health safety vegetable production. Microb Pathog 2017; 115:199-207. [PMID: 29248516 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of vegetables and fruits is the result of presence of human pathogen bacteria which can contaminate products in any part of production chain. There is an evidence of presence of: Salmonella spp. on the fresh vegetables and Salmonellosis is connected with tomato, sprouts, cantaloupe etc. The goal of this research is transmission of pathogen bacteria from irrigation water to plants and studying/monitoring the ability of the Salmonella spp. to colonize the surface and interior (endophytic colonization) of root at different vegetable species. Transmission of three Salmonella spp. strains from irrigation water to plants, as well as colonization of plants by these bacteria was investigated by using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). All tested Salmonella spp. strains showed ability to more or less colonize the surface and interior niches of the root, stem and leaf of the investigated plant species. These bacteria also were found in plant cells cytoplasm, although the mechanism of their entrance has not been clarified yet.
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Rossbach JD, Fink RC, Sadowsky MJ, Tong C, Diez-Gonzalez F. Factors influencing the Salmonella internalization into seedpods and whole plants of Arachis hypogaea (L.). Food Microbiol 2017; 66:184-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Hao DC, Xiao PG. Rhizosphere Microbiota and Microbiome of Medicinal Plants: From Molecular Biology to Omics Approaches. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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27
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Yang L, Danzberger J, Schöler A, Schröder P, Schloter M, Radl V. Dominant Groups of Potentially Active Bacteria Shared by Barley Seeds become Less Abundant in Root Associated Microbiome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1005. [PMID: 28663753 PMCID: PMC5471333 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Endophytes are microorganisms colonizing plant internal tissues. They are ubiquitously associated with plants and play an important role in plant growth and health. In this work, we grew five modern cultivars of barley in axenic systems using sterile sand mixture as well as in greenhouse with natural soil. We characterized the potentially active microbial communities associated with seeds and roots using rRNA based amplicon sequencing. The seeds of the different cultivars share a great part of their microbiome, as we observed a predominance of a few bacterial OTUs assigned to Phyllobacterium, Paenibacillus, and Trabusiella. Seed endophytes, particularly members of the Enterobacteriacea and Paenibacillaceae, were important members of root endophytes in axenic systems, where there were no external microbes. However, when plants were grown in soil, seed endophytes became less abundant in root associated microbiome. We observed a clear enrichment of Actinobacteriacea and Rhizobiaceae, indicating a strong influence of the soil bacterial communities on the composition of the root microbiome. Two OTUs assigned to Phyllobacteriaceae were found in all seeds and root samples growing in soil, indicating a relationship between seed-borne and root associated microbiome in barley. Even though the role of endophytic bacteria remains to be clarified, it is known that many members of the genera detected in our study produce phytohormones, shape seedling exudate profile and may play an important role in germination and establishment of the seedlings.
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28
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Li B, Ge M, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ibrahim M, Wang Y, Sun G, Chen G. New insights into virulence mechanisms of rice pathogen Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae strain RS-1 following exposure to ß-lactam antibiotics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22241. [PMID: 26915352 PMCID: PMC4768089 DOI: 10.1038/srep22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that pathogen virulence can be altered by exposure to antibiotics, even when the growth rate is unaffected. Investigating this phenomenon provides new insights into understanding the virulence mechanisms of bacterial pathogens. This study investigates the phenotypic and transcriptomic responses of the rice pathogenic bacterium Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Aaa) strain RS-1 to ß-lactam antibiotics especially Ampicillin (Amp). Our results indicate that exposure to Amp does not influence bacterial growth and biofilm formation, but alters the virulence, colonization capacity, composition of extracellular polymeric substances and secretion of Type VI secretion system (T6SS) effector Hcp. This attenuation in virulence is linked to unique or differential expression of known virulence-associated genes based on genome-wide transcriptomic analysis. The reliability of expression data generated by RNA-Seq was verified with quantitative real-time PCR of 21 selected T6SS genes, where significant down-regulation in expression of hcp gene, corresponding to the reduction in secretion of Hcp, was observed under exposure to Amp. Hcp is highlighted as a potential target for Amp, with similar changes observed in virulence-associated phenotypes between exposure to Amp and mutation of hcp gene. In addition, Hcp secretion is reduced in knockout mutants of 4 differentially expressed T6SS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information technology Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Tan MSF, Rahman S, Dykes GA. Pectin and Xyloglucan Influence the Attachment of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes to Bacterial Cellulose-Derived Plant Cell Wall Models. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:680-8. [PMID: 26567310 PMCID: PMC4711118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02609-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally processed fresh produce has been implicated as a major source of foodborne microbial pathogens globally. These pathogens must attach to the produce in order to be transmitted. Cut surfaces of produce that expose cell walls are particularly vulnerable. Little is known about the roles that different structural components (cellulose, pectin, and xyloglucan) of plant cell walls play in the attachment of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Using bacterial cellulose-derived plant cell wall models, we showed that the presence of pectin alone or xyloglucan alone affected the attachment of three Salmonella enterica strains (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Salmonella enterica subsp. indica M4) and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. In addition, we showed that this effect was modulated in the presence of both polysaccharides. Assays using pairwise combinations of S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 showed that bacterial attachment to all plant cell wall models was dependent on the characteristics of the individual bacterial strains and was not directly proportional to the initial concentration of the bacterial inoculum. This work showed that bacterial attachment was not determined directly by the plant cell wall model or bacterial physicochemical properties. We suggest that attachment of the Salmonella strains may be influenced by the effects of these polysaccharides on physical and structural properties of the plant cell wall model. Our findings improve the understanding of how Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes attach to plant cell walls, which may facilitate the development of better ways to prevent the attachment of these pathogens to such surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S F Tan
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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30
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Foodborne transmission of Listeria monocytogenes via ready-to-eat salad: A nationwide outbreak in Switzerland, 2013–2014. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Microbiological Quality of Ready-to-Eat Vegetables Collected in Mexico City: Occurrence of Aerobic-Mesophilic Bacteria, Fecal Coliforms, and Potentially Pathogenic Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:789508. [PMID: 25918721 PMCID: PMC4396000 DOI: 10.1155/2015/789508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the microbiological quality and the occurrence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in a variety of salads and sprouts from supermarkets and street vendors in Mexico City. Aerobic-mesophilic bacteria (AMB) were present in 100% of RTE-salads samples; 59% of samples were outside guidelines range (>5.17 log10 CFU per g). Although fecal coliforms (FC) were present in 32% of samples, only 8% of them exceeded the permissible limit (100 MPN/g). Regarding the 100 RTE-sprouts, all samples were also positive for AMB and total coliforms (TC) and 69% for FC. Seven NTM species were recovered from 7 salad samples; they included three M. fortuitum, two M. chelonae, one M. mucogenicum, and one M. sp. Twelve RTE-sprouts samples harbored NTM, which were identified as M. porcinum (five), M. abscessus (two), M. gordonae (two), M. mucogenicum (two), and M. avium complex (one). Most RTE-salads and RTE-sprouts had unsatisfactory microbiological quality and some harbored NTM associated with illness. No correlation between the presence of coliforms and NTM was found. Overall, these results suggest that RTE-salads and RTE-sprouts might function as vehicles for NTM transmission in humans; hence, proper handling and treatment before consumption of such products might be recommendable.
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Martinez B, Stratton J, Bianchini A, Wegulo S, Weaver G. Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to internal tissues and its survival on flowering heads of wheat. J Food Prot 2015; 78:518-24. [PMID: 25719875 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a human pathogen that can cause bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. E. coli O157:H7 illnesses are mainly associated with undercooked beef; however, in recent years, outbreaks have been linked to fresh produce, such as spinach, lettuce, and sprouts. In 2009, flour was implicated as the contamination source in an outbreak involving consumption of raw cookie dough that resulted in 77 illnesses. The objectives of this research were to determine (i) whether E. coli O157:H7 could be translocated into the internal tissues of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings from contaminated seed, soil, or irrigation water and (ii) whether the bacterium could survive on flowering wheat heads. The levels of contamination of kanamycin-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains in seed, soil, and irrigation water were 6.88 log CFU/g, 6.60 log CFU/g, and 6.76 log CFU/ml, respectively. One hundred plants per treatment were sown in pot trays with 50 g of autoclaved soil or purposely contaminated soil, watered every day with 5 ml of water, and harvested 9 days postinoculation. In a fourth experiment, flowering wheat heads were spray inoculated with water containing 4.19 log CFU/ml E. coli O157:H7 and analyzed for survival after 15 days, near the harvest period. To detect low levels of internalization, enrichment procedures were performed and Biotecon real-time PCR detection assays were used to determine the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in the wheat, using a Roche Applied Science LightCycler 2.0 instrument. The results showed that internalization was possible using contaminated seed, soil, and irrigation water in wheat seedlings, with internalization rates of 2, 5, and 10%, respectively. Even though the rates were low, to our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate the ability of this strain to reach the phylloplane in wheat. In the head contamination experiment, all samples tested positive, showing the ability of E. coli O157:H7 to survive on the wheat head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bismarck Martinez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Jayne Stratton
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
| | - Andréia Bianchini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Stephen Wegulo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Glen Weaver
- ConAgra Foods, 11-340 ConAgra Drive, Omaha, Nebraska 68137, USA
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Pereira C, Santos L, Silva AP, Silva YJ, Cunha A, Romalde JL, Nunes ML, Almeida A. Seasonal variation of bacterial communities in shellfish harvesting waters: preliminary study before applying phage therapy. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 90:68-77. [PMID: 25484114 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The recurrent emergence of infections outbreaks associated with shellfish consumption is an important health problem, which results in substantial economic losses to the seafood industry. Even after depuration, shellfish is still involved in outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria, which increases the demand for new efficient strategies to control the shellfish infection transmission. Phage therapy during the shellfish depuration is a promising approach, but its success depends on a detailed understanding of the dynamics of bacterial communities in the harvesting waters. This study intends to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of the overall bacterial communities, disease-causing bacterial populations and bacterial sanitary quality indicators in two authorized harvesting-zones at Ria de Aveiro. During the hot season, the total bacterial community presented high complexity and new prevalent populations of the main shellfish pathogenic bacteria emerged. These results indicate that the spring/summer season is a critical period during which phage therapy should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L Santos
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A P Silva
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Y J Silva
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Cunha
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología e Parasitología e CIBUS e Facultad de Biologia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela e Campus Universitario Sur., 15782 Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
| | - M L Nunes
- National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, IP/L-IPIMAR), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Review of Salmonella detection and identification methods: Aspects of rapid emergency response and food safety. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Brehm-Stecher B, Bisha B. Flow Cytometry for Rapid Detection of Salmonella spp. in Seed Sprouts. SCIENCEOPEN RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-life.aj19wr.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed sprouts (alfalfa, mung bean, radish, etc.) have been implicated in several recent national and international outbreaks of salmonellosis. Conditions used for sprouting are also conducive to the growth of Salmonella. As a result, this pathogen can quickly grow to very high cell densities during sprouting without any detectable organoleptic impact. Seed sprouts typically also support heavy growth (~108 CFU g-1) of a heterogeneous microbiota consisting of various bacterial, yeast and mold species, often dominated by non-pathogenic members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This heavy background may present challenges to the detection of Salmonella, especially if this pathogen is present in relatively low numbers. We combined DNA-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with flow cytometry (FCM) for the rapid molecular detection of Salmonella enterica Ser. Typhimurium in artificially contaminated alfalfa and other seed sprouts. Components of the assay included a set of cooperatively binding probes, a chemical blocking treatment intended to reduce non-specific background and sample concentration via tangential flow filtration (TFF). We were able to detect S. Typhimurium in sprout wash at levels as low as 103 CFU ml-1 sprout wash (104 CFU g-1 sprouts) against high microbial backgrounds (~108 CFU g-1 sprouts). Hybridization times were typically 30 min, with additional washing, but we ultimately found that S. Typhimurium could be readily detected using hybridization times as short as 2 min, without a wash step. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of combined DNA-FISH and FCM for rapid detection of Salmonella in this challenging food matrix and provides industry with a useful tool for compliance with sprout production standards proposed in the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA).
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36
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Cevallos-Cevallos JM, Gu G, Richardson SM, Hu J, van Bruggen AHC. Survival of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in water amended with manure. J Food Prot 2014; 77:2035-42. [PMID: 25474048 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Salmonella enterica have been associated with water sources. Survival of S. enterica in various environments has been studied but survival in water has rarely been attempted. In two separate experiments, we examined the survival of S. enterica Typhimurium in clean spring water at various eutrophication levels and temperatures. In the first experiment, lasting for 135 days, survival of S. enterica (10(10) CFU/ml) in water with 0, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 mg/liter of added carbon at 7, 17, and 27°C was monitored weekly. In the second experiment, lasting for 3 weeks, survival of S. enterica in water at 0, 100, and 200 mg/ liter of added carbon and 27°C was studied daily. Each experiment had four replicates. Dissolved organic carbon was measured daily in each experiment. At the beginning, midpoint, and end of the survival study, microbial communities in both experiments were assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Even at minimal carbon concentrations, S. enterica survived for at least 63 d. Survival of Salmonella was highly dependent on eutrophication levels (as measured by dissolved organic carbon) and temperature, increasing at high eutrophication levels, but decreasing at high temperatures. Survival was also strongly affected by microbial competition or predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Cevallos-Cevallos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, Apartado 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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37
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Yaron S, Römling U. Biofilm formation by enteric pathogens and its role in plant colonization and persistence. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:496-516. [PMID: 25351039 PMCID: PMC4265070 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant increase in foodborne outbreaks caused by contaminated fresh produce, such as alfalfa sprouts, lettuce, melons, tomatoes and spinach, during the last 30 years stimulated investigation of the mechanisms of persistence of human pathogens on plants. Emerging evidence suggests that Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, which cause the vast majority of fresh produce outbreaks, are able to adhere to and to form biofilms on plants leading to persistence and resistance to disinfection treatments, which subsequently can cause human infections and major outbreaks. In this review, we present the current knowledge about host, bacterial and environmental factors that affect the attachment to plant tissue and the process of biofilm formation by S. enterica and E. coli, and discuss how biofilm formation assists in persistence of pathogens on the plants. Mechanisms used by S. enterica and E. coli to adhere and persist on abiotic surfaces and mammalian cells are partially similar and also used by plant pathogens and symbionts. For example, amyloid curli fimbriae, part of the extracellular matrix of biofilms, frequently contribute to adherence and are upregulated upon adherence and colonization of plant material. Also the major exopolysaccharide of the biofilm matrix, cellulose, is an adherence factor not only of S. enterica and E. coli, but also of plant symbionts and pathogens. Plants, on the other hand, respond to colonization by enteric pathogens with a variety of defence mechanisms, some of which can effectively inhibit biofilm formation. Consequently, plant compounds might be investigated for promising novel antibiofilm strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Yaron
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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38
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Chitarra W, Decastelli L, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML. Potential uptake of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes from growth substrate into leaves of salad plants and basil grown in soil irrigated with contaminated water. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 189:139-45. [PMID: 25150671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne illness, resulting from the consumption of fresh produce contaminated with human pathogens, are increasing. Potential uptake and persistence of human pathogens within edible parts of consumed fresh vegetables become an important issue in food safety. This study was conducted to assess the potential uptake and internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes from an autoclaved substrate into edible parts of basil and baby salad plants (lettuce, cultivated rocket, wild rocket and corn salad) from 20 to 60-80days after inoculation, when plants are ready to be harvested and commercialized. Plants were grown in mesocosms under different temperature conditions (24°C and 30°C) and the growing substrate was inoculated using contaminated irrigation water (7logCFU/mL). E. coli O157:H7 could be internalized in the leaves of the tested leafy vegetables through the roots and persist up to the harvesting time with negligible differences between 24°C and 30°C. Significant decreases in pathogen titers were observed over time in the growing substrate on which the plants grew, until the last sampling time. In contrast, L. monocytogenes internalized and persisted only in lettuce mesocosms at 24°C. Neither pathogen was observed in basil leaves. Similarly, in basil growing substrates, enteric bacteria were undetectable at the end of the experiments, suggesting that basil plants may produce and release antimicrobial compounds active against both bacteria in root exudates. These results suggest that enteric bacteria are able to persist within baby salad leaves up to market representing a risk for consumer's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Chitarra
- AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; DISAFA - Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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39
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Melotto M, Panchal S, Roy D. Plant innate immunity against human bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:411. [PMID: 25157245 PMCID: PMC4127659 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain human bacterial pathogens such as the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica are not proven to be plant pathogens yet. Nonetheless, under certain conditions they can survive on, penetrate into, and colonize internal plant tissues causing serious food borne disease outbreaks. In this review, we highlight current understanding on the molecular mechanisms of plant responses against human bacterial pathogens and discuss salient common and contrasting themes of plant interactions with phytopathogens or human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Shweta Panchal
- Department of Biology, University of TexasArlington, TX, USA
| | - Debanjana Roy
- Department of Biology, University of TexasArlington, TX, USA
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40
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Yousaf S, Bulgari D, Bergna A, Pancher M, Quaglino F, Casati P, Campisano A. Pyrosequencing detects human and animal pathogenic taxa in the grapevine endosphere. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:327. [PMID: 25071740 PMCID: PMC4085568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, plants are not considered as hosts for human and animal pathogens (HAP). The recent produce-associated outbreaks of food-borne diseases have drawn attention toward significant deficiencies in our understanding of the ecology of HAP, and their potential for interkingdom transfer. To examine the association of microorganisms classified as HAP with plants, we surveyed the presence and distribution of HAP bacterial taxa (henceforth HAPT, for brevity's sake) in the endosphere of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) both in the plant stems and leaves. An enrichment protocol was used on leaves to detect taxa with very low abundance in undisturbed tissues. We used pyrosequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rDNA gene. We identified several HAPT, and focused on four genera (Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, and Burkholderia). The majority of the bacterial sequences in the genus Propionibacterium, from grapevine leaf and stem, were identified as P. acnes. Clostridia were detected in leaves and stems, but their number was much higher in leaves after enrichment. HAPT were indentified both in leaves and wood of grapevines. This depicts the ability of these taxa to be internalized within plant tissues and maintain their population levels in a variety of environments. Our analysis highlighted the presence of HAPT in the grapevine endosphere and unexpected occurrence of these bacterial taxa in this atypical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Yousaf
- Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Daniela Bulgari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bergna
- Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Pancher
- Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Campisano
- Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Erickson MC, Webb CC, Davey LE, Payton AS, Flitcroft ID, Doyle MP. Biotic and abiotic variables affecting internalization and fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates in leafy green roots. J Food Prot 2014; 77:872-9. [PMID: 24853507 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Preharvest internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into the roots of leafy greens is a food safety risk because the pathogen may be systemically transported to edible portions of the plant. In this study, both abiotic (degree of soil moisture) and biotic (E. coli O157:H7 exposure, presence of Shiga toxin genes, and type of leafy green) factors were examined to determine their potential effects on pathogen internalization into roots of leafy greens. Using field soil that should have an active indigenous microbial community, internalized populations in lettuce roots were 0.8 to 1.6 log CFU/g after exposure to soil containing E. coli O157:H7 at 5.6 to 6.1 log CFU/g. Internalization of E. coli O157:H7 into leafy green plant roots was higher when E. coli O157:H7 populations in soil were increased to 7 or 8 log CFU/g or when the soil was saturated with water. No differences were noted in the extent to which internalization of E. coli O157:H7 occurred in spinach, lettuce, or parsley roots; however, in saturated soil, maximum levels in parsley occurred later than did those in spinach or lettuce. Translocation of E. coli O157:H7 from roots to leaves was rare; therefore, decreases observed in root populations over time were likely the result of inactivation within the plant tissue. Shiga toxin-negative (nontoxigenic) E. coli O157:H7 isolates were more stable than were virulent isolates in soil, but the degree of internalization of E. coli O157:H7 into roots did not differ between isolate type. Therefore, these nontoxigenic isolates could be used as surrogates for virulent isolates in field trials involving internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA.
| | - Cathy C Webb
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Lindsey E Davey
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Alison S Payton
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Ian D Flitcroft
- Department of Crops and Soil Science, 1109 Experiment Street, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
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Cardinale M. Scanning a microhabitat: plant-microbe interactions revealed by confocal laser microscopy. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:94. [PMID: 24639675 PMCID: PMC3945399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
No plant or cryptogam exists in nature without microorganisms associated with its tissues. Plants as microbial hosts are puzzles of different microhabitats, each of them colonized by specifically adapted microbiomes. The interactions with such microorganisms have drastic effects on the host fitness. Since the last 20 years, the combination of microscopic tools and molecular approaches contributed to new insights into microbe-host interactions. Particularly, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) facilitated the exploration of microbial habitats and allowed the observation of host-associated microorganisms in situ with an unprecedented accuracy. Here I present an overview of the progresses made in the study of the interactions between microorganisms and plants or plant-like organisms, focusing on the role of CLSM for the understanding of their significance. I critically discuss risks of misinterpretation when procedures of CLSM are not properly optimized. I also review approaches for quantitative and statistical analyses of CLSM images, the combination with other molecular and microscopic methods, and suggest the re-evaluation of natural autofluorescence. In this review, technical aspects were coupled with scientific outcomes, to facilitate the readers in identifying possible CLSM applications in their research or to expand their existing potential. The scope of this review is to highlight the importance of confocal microscopy in the study of plant-microbe interactions and also to be an inspiration for integrating microscopy with molecular techniques in future researches of microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cardinale
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of GrazGraz, Austria
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of TechnologyGraz, Austria
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Campisano A, Ometto L, Compant S, Pancher M, Antonielli L, Yousaf S, Varotto C, Anfora G, Pertot I, Sessitsch A, Rota-Stabelli O. Interkingdom Transfer of the Acne-Causing Agent, Propionibacterium acnes, from Human to Grapevine. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:1059-65. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Erickson MC, Liao J, Payton AS, Webb CC, Ma L, Zhang G, Flitcroft I, Doyle MP, Beuchat LR. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in soil and lettuce roots as affected by potential home gardening practices. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3841-9. [PMID: 23893354 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The survival and distribution of enteric pathogens in soil and lettuce systems were investigated in response to several practices (soil amendment supplementation and reduced watering) that could be applied by home gardeners. RESULTS Leaf lettuce was grown in manure compost/top soil (0:5, 1:5 or 2:5 w/w) mixtures. Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella was applied at a low or high dose (10(3) or 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) mL(-1) ) to the soil of seedlings and mid-age plants. Supplementation of top soil with compost did not affect pathogen survival in the soil or on root surfaces, suggesting that nutrients were not a limiting factor. Salmonella populations on root surfaces were 0.7-0.8 log CFU g(-1) lower for mid-age plants compared with seedlings. E. coli O157:H7 populations on root surfaces were 0.8 log CFU g(-1) lower for mid-age plants receiving 40 mL of water compared with plants receiving 75 mL of water on alternate days. Preharvest internalization of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella into lettuce roots was not observed at any time. CONCLUSION Based on the environmental conditions and high pathogen populations in soil used in this study, internalization of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 into lettuce roots did not occur under practices that could be encountered by inexperienced home gardeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223-1797, USA
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Macarisin D, Patel J, Bauchan G, Giron JA, Ravishankar S. Effect of spinach cultivar and bacterial adherence factors on survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach leaves. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1829-37. [PMID: 24215684 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Similar to phytopathogens, human bacterial pathogens have been shown to colonize the plant phylloplane. In addition to environmental factors, such as temperature, UV, relative humidity, etc., the plant cultivar and, specifically, the leaf blade morphological characteristics may affect the persistence of enteropathogens on leafy greens. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cultivar-dependent leaf topography and the role of strain phenotypic characteristics on Escherichia coli O157:H7 persistence on organic spinach. Spinach cultivars Emilia, Lazio, Space, and Waitiki were experimentally inoculated with the foodborne E. coli O157:H7 isolate EDL933 and its isogenic mutants deficient in cellulose, curli, or both curli and cellulose production. Leaves of 6-week-old plants were inoculated with 6.5 log CFU per leaf in a biosafety level 2 growth chamber. At 0, 1, 7, and 14 days, E. coli O157:H7 populations were determined by plating on selective medium and verified by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Leaf morphology (blade roughness and stoma density) was evaluated by low-temperature and variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy. E. coli O157:H7 persistence on spinach was significantly affected by cultivar and strain phenotypic characteristics, specifically, the expression of curli. Leaf blade roughness and stoma density influenced the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 on spinach. Cultivar Waitiki, which had the greatest leaf roughness, supported significantly higher E. coli O157:H7 populations than the other cultivars. These two morphological characteristics of spinach cultivars should be taken into consideration in developing intervention strategies to enhance the microbial safety of leafy greens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Macarisin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 201, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Mendes R, Garbeva P, Raaijmakers JM. The rhizosphere microbiome: significance of plant beneficial, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:634-63. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1382] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Frickmann H, Hänle A, Essig A, Dekker D, Boahen K, Acquah S, Sarpong N, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Schwarz NG, May J, Marks F, Hagen RM, Poppert S. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid identification of Salmonella spp. from agar and blood culture broth--an option for the tropics? Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:277-84. [PMID: 23642903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica is an important cause of diarrhea with the potential to cause systemic infection including sepsis, particularly in the tropics. Sepsis in particular requires quick and reliable identification to allow a rapid optimization of antibiotic therapy. We describe the establishment and evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as a rapid and easy-to-perform molecular identification procedure from agar and blood culture broths. METHODS Two newly developed FISH probes with specificity for Salmonella spp. were evaluated with 10 reference strains, 448 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from Germany and Ghana including 316 Salmonella spp. strains, and 39 environmental Salmonella spp. isolates from rivers and streams in Ghana. One FISH probe was further tested with 207 pre-incubated blood culture broths from Germany with Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria in Gram stain. RESULTS Evaluation of the newly designed FISH probes demonstrated sensitivity of 99.2% and specificity of 98.4% for clinical isolates, sensitivity of 97.4% for environmental Salmonella spp. isolates, and sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99.5% for blood culture materials. CONCLUSIONS FISH proved to be highly reliable for a rapid identification of Salmonella spp. directly from pre-incubated blood culture broths as well as after growth on agar. The inexpensive and easy-to-perform procedure is particularly suitable for resource-limited areas where more sophisticated procedures are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard-Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Germany.
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Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival in soil and translocation into leeks (Allium porrum) as influenced by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices). Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:1813-20. [PMID: 23315740 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02855-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on Salmonella and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) in autoclaved soil and translocation into leek plants. Six-week-old leek plants (with [Myc+] or without [Myc-] AM fungi) were inoculated with composite suspensions of Salmonella or EHEC at ca. 8.2 log CFU/plant into soil. Soil, root, and shoot samples were analyzed for pathogens on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 postinoculation. Initial populations (day 1) were ca. 3.1 and 2.1 log CFU/root, ca. 2.0 and 1.5 log CFU/shoot, and ca. 5.5 and 5.1 CFU/g of soil for Salmonella and EHEC, respectively. Enrichments indicated that at days 8 and 22, only 31% of root samples were positive for EHEC, versus 73% positive for Salmonella. The mean Salmonella level in soil was 3.4 log CFU/g at day 22, while EHEC populations dropped to ≤ 0.75 log CFU/g by day 15. Overall, Salmonella survived in a greater number of shoot, root, and soil samples, compared with the survival of EHEC. EHEC was not present in Myc- shoots after day 8 (0/16 samples positive); however, EHEC persisted in higher numbers (P = 0.05) in Myc+ shoots (4/16 positive) at days 15 and 22. Salmonella, likewise, survived in statistically higher numbers of Myc+ shoot samples (8/8) at day 8, compared with survival in Myc- shoots (i.e., only 4/8). These results suggest that AM fungi may potentially enhance the survival of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in the stems of growing leek plants.
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Isolation, characterization and colonization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase-producing bacteria XG32 and DP24. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:1155-62. [PMID: 22805836 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase-producing bacterial strains (DP24 and XG32) were isolated from surface-sterilized tomato roots and rizhospere soil. The strains were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar. IV (XG2) and Erwinia herbicola (DP24) by physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA gene analysis. Both strains showed positive plant growth-promoting activity when inoculated into cucumber (Cucumis sativus), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Colonization ability and behavior of these two strains were determined by treating mutant strains with rifampicin and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay with rRNA targeted probes, respectively. Both strains were endophytic colonizers of pepper plants. The behavior of the two strains was not identical. Strain XG32 only colonized the root and reached the max level of 27.7 × 10(7) c.f.u./g (fresh weight), after 12 days postinoculation, while strain DP24 was able to colonize the roots, stems and leaves. The max level was reached at 40.87 × 10(7) c.f.u./g (fresh weight) in the roots, 17 × 10(7) c.f.u./g in the stems after 7 days postinoculation and 44.84 × 10(7) c.f.u./g in the leaves after 12 days postinoculation.
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Salmonella can reach tomato fruits on plants exposed to aerosols formed by rain. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 158:140-6. [PMID: 22831820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Salmonella enterica have been associated with tomatoes and traced back to production areas but the spread of Salmonella in agricultural fields is still poorly understood. Post-rain Salmonella transfer from a point source to the air and then to tomato plants was evaluated. GFP-labeled kanamycin-resistant S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (10(8)CFU/mL) with and without expression of the rdar morphotype (rough colonies; cells with fimbriae and cellulose) was used as the point source in the center of a rain simulator. Rain intensities of 60 and 110 mm/h were applied for 5, 10, 20, and 30 min. Petri dishes with lactose broth and tomato plants with fruit (50-80 cm high) were placed in the simulator after the rain had ceased. Salmonella recovery from air was maximum (300 CFU/plate) after a rain episode of 60 mm/h for 10 min at distances of at least 85.5 cm above the source and when the rdar morphotype strain was used. Small scale experiments showed that the smooth-colony strain without fimbriae precipitated from the air in significantly higher numbers than the rdar strain. Transfer of aerial Salmonella with the rdar morphotype to tomato fruits on plants followed a beta distribution (2.5950, 4.7393) within the generalized range from 0 to 30 min of rain. Results show for the first time that Salmonella may transfer from rain to the air and contaminate tomato fruits at levels that could possibly be infectious to humans.
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