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Rähn E, Lutter R, Riit T, Tullus T, Tullus A, Tedersoo L, Drenkhan R, Tullus H. Soil mycobiomes in native European aspen forests and hybrid aspen plantations have a similar fungal richness but different compositions, mainly driven by edaphic and floristic factors. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1372938. [PMID: 38774505 PMCID: PMC11106484 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1372938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The cultivation of short-rotation tree species on non-forest land is increasing due to the growing demand for woody biomass for the future bioeconomy and to mitigate climate change impacts. However, forest plantations are often seen as a trade-off between climate benefits and low biodiversity. The diversity and composition of soil fungal biota in plantations of hybrid aspen, one of the most planted tree species for short-rotation forestry in Northern Europe, are poorly studied. Methods The goal of this study was to obtain baseline knowledge about the soil fungal biota and the edaphic, floristic and management factors that drive fungal richness and communities in 18-year-old hybrid aspen plantations on former agricultural soils and compare the fungal biota with those of European aspen stands on native forest land in a 130-year chronosequence. Sites were categorized as hybrid aspen (17-18-year-old plantations) and native aspen stands of three age classes (8-29, 30-55, and 65-131-year-old stands). High-throughput sequencing was applied to soil samples to investigate fungal diversity and assemblages. Results Native aspen forests showed a higher ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal OTU richness than plantations, regardless of forest age. Short-distance type EcM genera dominated in both plantations and forests. The richness of saprotrophic fungi was similar between native forest and plantation sites and was highest in the middle-aged class (30-55-year-old stands) in the native aspen stands. The fungal communities of native forests and plantations were significantly different. Community composition varied more, and the natural forest sites were more diverse than the relatively homogeneous plantations. Soil pH was the best explanatory variable to describe soil fungal communities in hybrid aspen stands. Soil fungal community composition did not show any clear patterns between the age classes of native aspen stands. Conclusion We conclude that edaphic factors are more important in describing fungal communities in both native aspen forest sites and hybrid aspen plantation sites than forest thinning, age, or former land use for plantations. Although first-generation hybrid aspen plantations and native forests are similar in overall fungal diversity, their taxonomic and functional composition is strikingly different. Therefore, hybrid aspen plantations can be used to reduce felling pressure on native forests; however, our knowledge is still insufficient to conclude that plantations could replace native aspen forests from the soil biodiversity perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rähn
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reimo Lutter
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Taavi Riit
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tea Tullus
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arvo Tullus
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Mycology and Microbiology Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hardi Tullus
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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Pena R, Bluhm SL, Ammerschubert S, Agüi-Gonzalez P, Rizzoli SO, Scheu S, Polle A. Mycorrhizal C/N ratio determines plant-derived carbon and nitrogen allocation to symbiosis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1230. [PMID: 38053000 PMCID: PMC10698078 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon allocation of trees to ectomycorrhizas is thought to shape forest nutrient cycling, but the sink activities of different fungal taxa for host resources are unknown. Here, we investigate fungal taxon-specific differences in naturally composed ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities for plant-derived carbon and nitrogen. After aboveground dual labeling of young beech with 15N and 13C, ectomycorrhizas formed with different fungal taxa exhibit strong differences in label enrichment. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) imaging of nitrogen in cross sections of ectomycorrhizas demonstrates plant-derived 15N in both root and fungal structures. Isotope enrichment in ectomycorrhizas correlates with that in the corresponding ectomycorrhiza-attached lateral root, supporting fungal taxon-specific N and C fluxes in ectomycorrhizas. The enrichments with 13C and 15N in the symbiosis decrease with increasing C/N ratio of ectomycorrhizas, converging to zero at high C/N. The relative abundances of EM fungal species on roots are positively correlated with 13C enrichment, demonstrating higher fitness of stronger than of less C-demanding symbioses. Overall, our results support that differences among the C/N ratios in ectomycorrhizas formed with different fungal species regulate the supply of the symbioses with host-derived carbon and provide insights on functional traits of ectomycorrhizas, which are important for major ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Pena
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Sustainable Land Management, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sarah L Bluhm
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Ammerschubert
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paola Agüi-Gonzalez
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Chot E, Medicherla KM, Reddy MS. Comparative transcriptome analysis of ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus albus in response to individual and combined stress of copper and cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118616-118633. [PMID: 37917254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
An ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus albus establishes the natural symbiosis with plant roots on extreme heavy metal (HM)-rich soil and enables their survival in toxic metal concentrations. Understanding P. albus key genes and pathways behind strong metal tolerance is crucial for its successful application in the rehabilitation of metal-contaminated barren lands. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the whole transcriptome profile of P. albus under individual and combined metal stress of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd). At 480 µM Cu and 16 µM Cd toxic concentrations, P. albus has shown growth and survival and accumulated high metal (1.46 µg Cu and 1.13 µg Cd per mg of dry mycelia). The study found a stronger response of P. albus to single-metal stress in high concentration as compared to multi-metal stress in relatively lower concentration. Hence, the intensity of fungal response to HM stress is mainly determined by the metal concentration involved in stress. We have found a total of 11 pathways significantly associated with HM stress, among which amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolisms were highly affected. The functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes has shown the induced biosynthesis of arginine, melanin, metal chelating agents, membrane phospholipids, fatty acids, folate, pantothenate, ergothioneine, and other antioxidant agents; upregulation of zinc ion uptake, potassium transporters, and lysine degradation; and reduction of phosphatidylcholine degradation, incorrect protein folding, iron uptake, and potassium efflux as the top efficient tolerance mechanisms of P. albus against HM stress. The current study would contribute to understanding fungal HM tolerance and its further utilization in the bioremediation of metal-contaminated abandoned lands. The validation of RNA-sequencing analysis with RT-qPCR of selected genes showed the high credibility of the presented data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eetika Chot
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhadson Road, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | | | - Mondem Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhadson Road, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
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Harder CB, Hesling E, Botnen SS, Lorberau KE, Dima B, von Bonsdorff-Salminen T, Niskanen T, Jarvis SG, Ouimette A, Hester A, Hobbie EA, Taylor AFS, Kauserud H. Mycena species can be opportunist-generalist plant root invaders. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1875-1893. [PMID: 37188366 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional strict separation of fungi into ecological niches as mutualist, parasite or saprotroph is increasingly called into question. Sequences of assumed saprotrophs have been amplified from plant root interiors, and several saprotrophic genera can invade and interact with host plants in laboratory growth experiments. However, it is uncertain if root invasion by saprotrophic fungi is a widespread phenomenon and if laboratory interactions mirror field conditions. Here, we focused on the widespread and speciose saprotrophic genus Mycena and performed (1) a systematic survey of their occurrences (in ITS1/ITS2 datasets) in mycorrhizal roots of 10 plant species, and (2) an analysis of natural abundances of 13 C/15 N stable isotope signatures of Mycena basidiocarps from five field locations to examine their trophic status. We found that Mycena was the only saprotrophic genus consistently found in 9 out of 10 plant host roots, with no indication that the host roots were senescent or otherwise vulnerable. Furthermore, Mycena basidiocarps displayed isotopic signatures consistent with published 13 C/15 N profiles of both saprotrophic and mutualistic lifestyles, supporting earlier laboratory-based studies. We argue that Mycena are widespread latent invaders of healthy plant roots and that Mycena species may form a spectrum of interactions besides saprotrophy also in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Bugge Harder
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emily Hesling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Synnøve S Botnen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kelsey E Lorberau
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bálint Dima
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tuula Niskanen
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Andrew Ouimette
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Andy F S Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
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Smith AH, Bogar LM, Moeller HV. Fungal Fight Club: phylogeny and growth rate predict competitive outcomes among ectomycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad108. [PMID: 37697652 PMCID: PMC10516346 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are among the most prevalent fungal partners of plants and can constitute up to one-third of forest microbial biomass. As mutualistic partners that supply nutrients, water, and pathogen defense, these fungi impact host plant health and biogeochemical cycling. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are also extremely diverse, and the community of fungal partners on a single plant host can consist of dozens of individuals. However, the factors that govern competition and coexistence within these communities are still poorly understood. In this study, we used in vitro competitive assays between five ectomycorrhizal fungal strains to examine how competition and pH affect fungal growth. We also tested the ability of evolutionary history to predict the outcomes of fungal competition. We found that the effects of pH and competition on fungal performance varied extensively, with changes in growth media pH sometimes reversing competitive outcomes. Furthermore, when comparing the use of phylogenetic distance and growth rate in predicting competitive outcomes, we found that both methods worked equally well. Our study further highlights the complexity of ectomycorrhizal fungal competition and the importance of considering phylogenetic distance, ecologically relevant traits, and environmental conditions in predicting the outcomes of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver Auraria Campus Science Building 1150 12th St, Denver CO 80204, USA
| | - Laura M Bogar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 605 Hutchison Dr Green Hall rm 1002 Davis CA 95616-5720, USA
| | - Holly V Moeller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106-9620, USA
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Park KH, Oh SY, Cho Y, Seo CW, Kim JS, Yoo S, Lim J, Kim CS, Lim YW. Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity Associated with Six Understudied Ectomycorrhizal Trees in the Republic of Korea. J Microbiol 2023; 61:729-739. [PMID: 37665554 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi are key components of forest ecosystems and play essential roles in host health. The host specificity of mycorrhizal fungi is variable and the mycorrhizal fungi composition for the dominant tree species is largely known but remains unknown for the less common tree species. In this study, we collected soil samples from the roots of six understudied ectomycorrhizal tree species from a preserved natural park in the Republic of Korea over four seasons to investigate the host specificity of mycorrhizal fungi in multiple tree species, considering the abiotic factors. We evaluated the mycorrhizal fungal composition in each tree species using a metabarcoding approach. Our results revealed that each host tree species harbored unique mycorrhizal communities, despite close localization. Most mycorrhizal taxa belonged to ectomycorrhizal fungi, but a small proportion of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were also detected. While common mycorrhizal fungi were shared between the plant species at the genus or higher taxonomic level, we found high host specificity at the species/OTU (operational taxonomic unit) level. Moreover, the effects of the seasons and soil properties on the mycorrhizal communities differed by tree species. Our results indicate that mycorrhizal fungi feature host-specificity at lower taxonomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyeong Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Oh
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhee Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Wan Seo
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Seon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinnam Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- RetiMark Co. Ltd, Seoul, 04387, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sun Kim
- Forest Biodiversity Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, 11186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woon Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Wang XC, Yang ZL, Chen SL, Bau T, Li TH, Li L, Fan L, Zhuang WY. Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of the Family Discinaceae ( Pezizales, Ascomycota). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0020723. [PMID: 37102868 PMCID: PMC10269896 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00207-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Discinaceae are common macrofungi with a worldwide distribution. Some of them are commercially consumed, while a few others are reported as poisonous. Two genera were accepted in the family: the epigeous Gyromitra with discoid, cerebriform to saddle-shaped ascomata and the hypogeous Hydnotrya with globose or tuberous ascomata. However, due to discrepancies in their ecological behaviors, a comprehensive investigation of their relationship was not thoroughly explored. In this study, phylogenies of Discinaceae were reconstructed using sequence analyses of combined and separate three gene partitions (internal transcribed spacer [ITS], large subunit ribosomal DNA [LSU], and translation elongation factor [TEF]) with a matrix containing 116 samples. As a result, the taxonomy of the family was renewed. Eight genera were recognized: two of them (Gyromitra and Hydnotrya) were retained, three (Discina, Paradiscina, and Pseudorhizina) were revived, and three (Paragyromitra, Pseudodiscina, and Pseudoverpa) were newly established. Nine new combinations were made in four genera. Two new species in Paragyromitra and Pseudodiscina and an un-named taxon of Discina were described and illustrated in detail based on the materials collected from China. Furthermore, a key to the genera of the family was also provided. IMPORTANCE Taxonomy of the fungal family Discinaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycota) was significantly renewed on the basis of sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU), and translation elongation factor (TEF). Eight genera were accepted, including three new genera; two new species were described; and nine new combinations were made. A key to the accepted genera of the family is provided. The aim of this study is to deepen the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among genera of the group, as well as the associated generic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Liang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tolgor Bau
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tai-Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biosciences, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Li Fan
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Carreon-Ortiz H, Valdez F, Melin P, Castillo O. Architecture Optimization of a Non-Linear Autoregressive Neural Networks for Mackey-Glass Time Series Prediction Using Discrete Mycorrhiza Optimization Algorithm. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:149. [PMID: 36677210 PMCID: PMC9864806 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) are basically used for applications with time series and sequential data and are currently being used in embedded devices. However, one of their drawbacks is that RNNs have a high computational cost and require the use of a significant amount of memory space. Therefore, computer equipment with a large processing capacity and memory is required. In this article, we experiment with Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Networks (NARNN), which are a type of RNN, and we use the Discrete Mycorrhizal Optimization Algorithm (DMOA) in the optimization of the NARNN architecture. We used the Mackey-Glass chaotic time series (MG) to test the proposed approach, and very good results were obtained. In addition, some comparisons were made with other methods that used the MG and other types of Neural Networks such as Backpropagation and ANFIS, also obtaining good results. The proposed algorithm can be applied to robots, microsystems, sensors, devices, MEMS, microfluidics, piezoelectricity, motors, biosensors, 3D printing, etc.
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Dietrich M, Montesinos-Navarro A, Gabriel R, Strasser F, Meier DV, Mayerhofer W, Gorka S, Wiesenbauer J, Martin V, Weidinger M, Richter A, Kaiser C, Woebken D. Both abundant and rare fungi colonizing Fagus sylvatica ectomycorrhizal root-tips shape associated bacterial communities. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1261. [DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEctomycorrhizal fungi live in close association with their host plants and form complex interactions with bacterial/archaeal communities in soil. We investigated whether abundant or rare ectomycorrhizal fungi on root-tips of young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) shape bacterial/archaeal communities. We sequenced 16S rRNA genes and fungal internal transcribed spacer regions of individual root-tips and used ecological networks to detect the tendency of certain assemblies of fungal and bacterial/archaeal taxa to inhabit the same root-tip (i.e. modularity). Individual ectomycorrhizal root-tips hosted distinct fungal communities associated with unique bacterial/archaeal communities. The structure of the fungal-bacterial/archaeal association was determined by both, dominant and rare fungi. Integrating our data in a conceptual framework suggests that the effect of rare fungi on the bacterial/archaeal communities of ectomycorrhizal root-tips contributes to assemblages of bacteria/archaea on root-tips. This highlights the potential impact of complex fine-scale interactions between root-tip associated fungi and other soil microorganisms for the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Yoo S, Cho Y, Park KH, Lim YW. Exploring fine-scale assembly of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities through phylogenetic and spatial distribution analyses. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:439-449. [PMID: 35861929 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) form symbiotic relationship with the roots of host plants. EMF communities are composed of highly diverse species; however, how they are assembled has been a long-standing question. In this study, we investigated from a phylogenetic perspective how EMF communities assemble on Pinus densiflora seedlings at different spatial scales (i.e., seedling scale and root tip scale). P. densiflora seedlings were collected from different habitats (i.e., disturbed areas and mature forests), and their EMF communities were investigated by morphotype sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS). To infer assembly mechanisms, phylogenetic relatedness within the community (i.e., phylogenetic structure) was estimated and spatial distribution of EMF root tips was analyzed. The EMF communities on pine seedlings were largely different between the two habitats. Phylogenetically restricted lineages (Amphinema, /suillus-rhizopogon) were abundant in the disturbed areas, whereas species from diverse lineages were abundant in the mature forests (Russula, Sebacina, /tomentella-thelephora, etc.). In the disturbed areas, phylogenetically similar EMF species were aggregated at the seedling scale, suggesting that disturbance acts as a powerful abiotic filter. However, phylogenetically similar species were spatially segregated from each other at the root tip scale, indicating limiting similarity. In the mature forest seedlings, no distinct phylogenetic signals were detected at both seedling and root tip scale. Collectively, our results suggest that limiting similarity may be an important assembly mechanism at the root tip scale and that assembly mechanisms can vary across habitats and spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnam Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yoonhee Cho
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ki Hyeong Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Young Woon Lim
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Zhang Z, Jatana BS, Campbell BJ, Gill J, Suseela V, Tharayil N. Cross-inoculation of rhizobiome from a congeneric ruderal plant imparts drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays) through changes in root morphology and proteome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:54-71. [PMID: 35426964 PMCID: PMC9542220 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobiome confer stress tolerance to ruderal plants, yet their ability to alleviate stress in crops is widely debated, and the associated mechanisms are poorly understood. We monitored the drought tolerance of maize (Zea mays) as influenced by the cross-inoculation of rhizobiota from a congeneric ruderal grass Andropogon virginicus (andropogon-inoculum), and rhizobiota from organic farm maintained under mesic condition (organic-inoculum). Across drought treatments (40% field capacity), maize that received andropogon-inoculum produced two-fold greater biomass. This drought tolerance translated to a similar leaf metabolomic composition as that of the well-watered control (80% field capacity) and reduced oxidative damage, despite a lower activity of antioxidant enzymes. At a morphological-level, drought tolerance was associated with an increase in specific root length and surface area facilitated by the homeostasis of phytohormones promoting root branching. At a proteome-level, the drought tolerance was associated with upregulation of proteins related to glutathione metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. Fungal taxa belonging to Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, Archaeorhizomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Agaricomycetes in andropogon-inoculum were identified as potential indicators of drought tolerance. Our study provides a mechanistic understanding of the rhizobiome-facilitated drought tolerance and demonstrates a better path to utilize plant-rhizobiome associations to enhance drought tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Zhang
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | | | | | - Jasmine Gill
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
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Sugawara R, Shirasuka N, Yamamoto T, Nagamune K, Oguchi K, Maekawa N, Sotome K, Nakagiri A, Ushijima S, Endo N. Two new species of <i>Sistotrema</i> s.l. (<i>Cantharellales</i>) from Japan with descriptions of their ectomycorrhizae. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:102-117. [PMID: 37089627 PMCID: PMC10042317 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe two new species of resupinate Sistotrema sensu lato (Cantharellales) collected in Japan: S. flavorhizomorphae and S. chloroporum. Both species have urniform basidia with more than four sterigmata and monomitic hyphal system, oil-rich hyphae in subiculum, which is typical for this genus. Sistotrema chloroporum is characterized by poroid hymenophore partly yellowish-green, basidia 4-6-spored, medium-sized basidiospores (4.5-6.5 × 3.5-6 µm), and broadleaf forest habitat. Sistotrema flavorhizomorphae is characterized by hydnoid-irpicoid hymenophore, bright yellowish rhizomorphs, basidia 6-8-spored, small basidiospores (3-3.5 × 2.5-3 µm), and pine forest habitat. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the fungal nrDNA ITS and LSU and the rpb2 sequences supported that both species were distinct and grouped with other ectomycorrhizal Sistotrema and Hydnum species, but their generic boundary was unclear. Mycorrhizae underneath basidiomes of both species were identified and described via molecular techniques. Mycorrhizae of S. chloroporum have similar characteristics to those of other Sistotrema s.l. and Hydnum species, i.e., S. confluens and H. repandum, whereas S. flavorhizomorphae has a distinct morpho-anatomy, for example, a distinct pseudoparenchymatous mantle. Comprehensive characterizations of basidiomes and mycorrhizae improve the taxonomic analysis of mycorrhizal species of Sistotrema s.l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sugawara
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University
| | - Nana Shirasuka
- Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University
| | | | | | | | - Nitaro Maekawa
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Kozue Sotome
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Akira Nakagiri
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | | | - Naoki Endo
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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13
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Wang X, Han Q. A Closer Examination of the 'Abundant-Center' for Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Associated With Picea crassifolia in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:759801. [PMID: 35283884 PMCID: PMC8908202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.759801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis in biogeography predicts that a species' abundance is highest at the center of its geographical range and decreases toward its edges. In this study, we test the abundant-center hypothesis of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities associated with Picea crassifolia, an endemic species widely distributed in northwest China. We analyzed the taxonomic richness and the relative abundance of ECM fungi in four main distribution areas, from center to edges. In total, 234 species of ECM fungi were detected, and of these, 137 species were shared among all four sites. Inocybe, Sebacina, Tomentella, and Cortinarius were the dominant genera. ECM fungal richness and biodiversity were highest at the central and lower at peripheral sites. Our results indicated that ECM fungal species richness was consistent with the abundant-center hypothesis, while the relative abundances of individual fungal genera shifted inconsistently across the plant's range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qisheng Han
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China
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14
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Hupperts SF, Lilleskov EA. Predictors of taxonomic and functional composition of black spruce seedling ectomycorrhizal fungal communities along peatland drainage gradients. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:67-81. [PMID: 35034180 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many trees depend on symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi for nutrients in exchange for photosynthetically derived carbohydrates. Trees growing in peatlands, which cover 3% of the earth's terrestrial surface area yet hold approximately one-third of organic soil carbon stocks, may benefit from ectomycorrhizal fungi that can efficiently forage for nutrients and degrade organic matter using oxidative enzymes such as class II peroxidases. However, such traits may place a higher carbon cost on both the fungi and host tree. To investigate these trade-offs that might structure peatland ectomycorrhizal fungal communities, we sampled black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)) seedlings along 100-year-old peatland drainage gradients in Minnesota, USA, that had resulted in higher soil nitrogen and canopy density. Structural equation models revealed that the relative abundance of the dominant ectomycorrhizal fungal genus, Cortinarius, which is known for relatively high fungal biomass coupled with elevated class II peroxidase potential, was negatively linked to site fertility but more positively affected by recent host stem radial growth, suggesting carbon limitation. In contrast, Cenococcum, known for comparatively lower fungal biomass and less class II peroxidase potential, was negatively linked to host stem radial growth and unrelated to site fertility. Like Cortinarius, the estimated relative abundance of class II peroxidase genes in the ectomycorrhizal community was more related to host stem radial growth than site fertility. Our findings indicate a trade-off between symbiont foraging traits and associated carbon costs that consequently structure seedling ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Hupperts
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Erik A Lilleskov
- Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Houghton, MI, USA.
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15
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Dong F, Wang Y, Tang M. Effects of Laccaria bicolor on Gene Expression of Populus trichocarpa Root under Poplar Canker Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121024. [PMID: 34947006 PMCID: PMC8703858 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplars can be harmed by poplar canker. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi can improve the resistance of poplars to canker, but the molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, an aseptic inoculation system of L. bicolor-P. trichocarpa-B. dothidea was constructed, and transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate regulation by L. bicolor of the expression of genes in the roots of P. trichocarpa during the onset of B. dothidea infection, and a total of 3022 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed on these DEGs, and 661 genes' expressions were considered to be affected by inoculation with L. bicolor and B. dothidea. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that these 661 DEGs were involved in multiple pathways such as signal transduction, reactive oxygen metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction. Inoculation with L. bicolor changed the gene expression pattern of the roots, evidencing its involvement in the disease resistance response of P. trichocarpa. This research reveals the mechanism of L. bicolor in inducing resistance to canker of P. trichocarpa at the molecular level and provides a theoretical basis for the practical application of mycorrhizal fungi to improve plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxin Dong
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ming Tang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.D.); (Y.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1370-922-9152
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16
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Steidinger BS, Peay KG. Optimal Allocation Ratios: A Square Root Relationship between the Ratios of Symbiotic Costs and Benefits. Am Nat 2021; 198:460-472. [PMID: 34559611 DOI: 10.1086/716182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAll organisms struggle to make sense of environmental stimuli in order to maximize their fitness. For animals, the responses of single cells and superorganisms to stimuli are generally proportional to stimulus ratios, a phenomenon described by Weber's law. However, Weber's law has not yet been used to predict how plants respond to stimuli generated from their symbiotic partners. Here we develop a model for quantitatively predicting the ratios of carbon (C) allocation to symbionts that provide nutrients to their plant host. Consistent with Weber's law, our model demonstrates that the optimal ratio of resources allocated to a less beneficial relative to a more beneficial symbiont scale to the ratio of the growth benefits of the two strains. As C allocation to symbionts increases, the ratio of C allocation to two strains approaches the square root of the ratio of symbiotic growth benefits (e.g., a worse symbiont providing one-fourth the benefits gets 1/4=1/2 the C of a better symbiont). We document a compelling correspondence between our square root model prediction and a meta-analysis of experimental literature on C allocation. This type of preferential allocation can promote coexistence between more beneficial and less beneficial symbionts, offering a potential mechanism behind the high diversity of microbial symbionts observed in nature.
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17
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Rämä T, Quandt CA. Improving Fungal Cultivability for Natural Products Discovery. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:706044. [PMID: 34603232 PMCID: PMC8481835 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pool of fungal secondary metabolites can be extended by activating silent gene clusters of cultured strains or by using sensitive biological assays that detect metabolites missed by analytical methods. Alternatively, or in parallel with the first approach, one can increase the diversity of existing culture collections to improve the access to new natural products. This review focuses on the latter approach of screening previously uncultured fungi for chemodiversity. Both strategies have been practiced since the early days of fungal biodiscovery, yet relatively little has been done to overcome the challenge of cultivability of as-yet-uncultivated fungi. Whereas earlier cultivability studies using media formulations and biological assays to scrutinize fungal growth and associated factors were actively conducted, the application of modern omics methods remains limited to test how to culture the fungal dark matter and recalcitrant groups of described fungi. This review discusses the development of techniques to increase the cultivability of filamentous fungi that include culture media formulations and the utilization of known chemical growth factors, in situ culturing and current synthetic biology approaches that build upon knowledge from sequenced genomes. We list more than 100 growth factors, i.e., molecules, biological or physical factors that have been demonstrated to induce spore germination as well as tens of inducers of mycelial growth. We review culturing conditions that can be successfully manipulated for growth of fungi and visit recent information from omics methods to discuss the metabolic basis of cultivability. Earlier work has demonstrated the power of co-culturing fungi with their host, other microorganisms or their exudates to increase their cultivability. Co-culturing of two or more organisms is also a strategy used today for increasing cultivability. However, fungi possess an increased risk for cross-contaminations between isolates in existing in situ or microfluidics culturing devices. Technological improvements for culturing fungi are discussed in the review. We emphasize that improving the cultivability of fungi remains a relevant strategy in drug discovery and underline the importance of ecological and taxonomic knowledge in culture-dependent drug discovery. Combining traditional and omics techniques such as single cell or metagenome sequencing opens up a new era in the study of growth factors of hundreds of thousands of fungal species with high drug discovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppo Rämä
- Marbio, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - C. Alisha Quandt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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18
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Pérez-Pazos E, Certano A, Gagne J, Lebeuf R, Siegel N, Nguyen N, Kennedy PG. The slippery nature of ectomycorrhizal host specificity: Suillus fungi associated with novel pinoid ( Picea) and abietoid ( Abies) hosts. Mycologia 2021; 113:891-901. [PMID: 34236933 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1921525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Suillus is among the best-known examples of an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal genus that demonstrates a high degree of host specificity. Currently recognized host genera of Suillus include Larix, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga, which all belong to the pinoid clade of the family Pinaceae. Intriguingly, Suillus sporocarps have been sporadically collected in forests in which known hosts from these genera are locally absent. To determine the capacity of Suillus to associate with alternative hosts in both the pinoid and abietoid clades of Pinaceae, we examined the host associations of two Suillus species (S. punctatipes and S. glandulosus) through field-based root tip sampling and seedling bioassays. Root tip collections underneath Suillus sporocarps were molecularly identified (fungi: nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 [ITS barcode]; plant: trnL) to assess the association with multiple hosts. The bioassays contained both single- and two-species treatments, including a primary (Larix or Pseudotsuga) and a secondary (Picea, Pinus, or Abies) host. For the S. punctatipes bioassay, an additional treatment in which the primary host was removed after 8 mo was included to assess the effect of primary host presence on longer-term ECM colonization. The field-based results confirmed that Suillus fungi were able to associate with Abies and Tsuga hosts, representing novel host genera for this genus. In the bioassays, colonization on the primary hosts was detected in both single- and two-species treatments, but no colonization was present when Picea and Abies hosts were grown alone. Removal of a primary host had no effect on percent ECM colonization, suggesting that primary hosts are not necessary for sustaining Suillus colonization once they are successfully established on secondary hosts. Collectively, our results indicate that host specificity is more flexible in this genus than previously acknowledged and help to explain the presence of Suillus in forests where recognized hosts are not present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pérez-Pazos
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Amanda Certano
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Joe Gagne
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Renée Lebeuf
- Cercle des mycologues de Lanaudière et de la Mauricie, Saint-Casimir, Québec G0A 3L0, Canada
| | | | - Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii, Mānoa, Hawaii 96822
| | - Peter G Kennedy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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19
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Veselá P, Vašutová M, Edwards-Jonášová M, Holub F, Fleischer P, Cudlín P. Management After Windstorm Affects the Composition of Ectomycorrhizal Symbionts of Regenerating Trees but Not Their Mycorrhizal Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641232. [PMID: 34054889 PMCID: PMC8160286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to ongoing climate change, forests are expected to face significant disturbances more frequently than in the past. Appropriate management is intended to facilitate forest regeneration. Because European temperate forests mostly consist of trees associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, understanding their role in these disturbances is important to develop strategies to minimize their consequences and effectively restore forests. Our aim was to determine how traditional (EXT) and nonintervention (NEX) management in originally Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests with an admixture of European larch (Larix decidua) affect ECM fungal communities and the potential to interconnect different tree species via ECM networks 15 years after a windstorm. Ten plots in NEX and 10 plots in EXT with the co-occurrences of Norway spruce, European larch, and silver birch (Betula pendula) were selected, and a total of 57 ECM taxa were identified using ITS sequencing from ECM root tips. In both treatments, five ECM species associated with all the studied tree species dominated, with a total abundance of approximately 50% in the examined root samples. Because there were no significant differences between treatments in the number of ECM species associated with different tree species combinations in individual plots, we concluded that the management type did not have a significant effect on networking. However, management significantly affected the compositions of ECM symbionts of Norway spruce and European larch but not those of silver birch. Although this result is explained by the occurrence of seedlings and ECM propagules that were present in the original forest, the consequences are difficult to assess without knowledge of the ecology of different ECM symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Veselá
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martina Vašutová
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Magda Edwards-Jonášová
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Filip Holub
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Peter Fleischer
- Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Cudlín
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
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20
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Heklau H, Schindler N, Buscot F, Eisenhauer N, Ferlian O, Prada Salcedo LD, Bruelheide H. Mixing tree species associated with arbuscular or ectotrophic mycorrhizae reveals dual mycorrhization and interactive effects on the fungal partners. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5424-5440. [PMID: 34026018 PMCID: PMC8131788 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies found that the majority of shrub and tree species are associated with both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. However, our knowledge on how different mycorrhizal types interact with each other is still limited. We asked whether the combination of hosts with a preferred association with either AM or EM fungi increases the host tree roots' mycorrhization rate and affects AM and EM fungal richness and community composition.We established a tree diversity experiment, where five tree species of each of the two mycorrhiza types were planted in monocultures, two-species and four-species mixtures. We applied morphological assessment to estimate mycorrhization rates and next-generation molecular sequencing to quantify mycobiont richness.Both the morphological and molecular assessment revealed dual-mycorrhizal colonization in 79% and 100% of the samples, respectively. OTU community composition strongly differed between AM and EM trees. While host tree species richness did not affect mycorrhization rates, we observed significant effects of mixing AM- and EM-associated hosts in AM mycorrhization rate. Glomeromycota richness was larger in monotypic AM tree combinations than in AM-EM mixtures, pointing to a dilution or suppression effect of AM by EM trees. We found a strong match between morphological quantification of AM mycorrhization rate and Glomeromycota richness. Synthesis. We provide evidence that the combination of hosts differing in their preferred mycorrhiza association affects the host's fungal community composition, thus revealing important biotic interactions among trees and their associated fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Heklau
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Nicole Schindler
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil EcologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Luis D. Prada Salcedo
- Department of Soil EcologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
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21
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Otsing E, Anslan S, Ambrosio E, Koricheva J, Tedersoo L. Tree Species Richness and Neighborhood Effects on Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Richness and Community Structure in Boreal Forest. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:567961. [PMID: 33692762 PMCID: PMC7939122 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.567961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree species identity is one of the key factors driving ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal richness and community composition in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems, but little is known about the influence of tree species combinations and their neighborhood effects on EcM communities. To advance our understanding of host plant effects on EcM fungi, the roots of silver birch, Scots pine, and Norway spruce were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing across mature boreal forest exploratory plots of monocultures and two- and three-species mixtures in Finland. Our analyses revealed that tree species identity was an important determinant of EcM fungal community composition, but tree species richness had no significant influence on EcM fungal richness and community composition. We found that EcM fungal community composition associated with spruce depends on neighboring tree species. Our study suggests that at a regional-scale tree species identity is the primary factor determining community composition of root-associated EcM fungi alongside with tree species composition effects on EcM fungal community of spruce in mixed stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveli Otsing
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sten Anslan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elia Ambrosio
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Koricheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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22
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Guerin-Laguette A. Successes and challenges in the sustainable cultivation of edible mycorrhizal fungi – furthering the dream. MYCOSCIENCE 2021; 62:10-28. [PMID: 37090021 PMCID: PMC9157773 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of edible mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) has made great progress since the first cultivation of Tuber melanosporum in 1977 but remains in its infancy. Five cultivation steps are required: (1) mycorrhizal synthesis, (2) mycorrhiza development and acclimation, (3) out-planting of mycorrhizal seedlings, (4) onset of fructification, and (5) performing tree orchards. We provide examples of successes and challenges associated with each step, including fruiting of the prestigious chanterelles in Japan recently. We highlight the challenges in establishing performing tree orchards. We report on the monitoring of two orchards established between Lactarius deliciosus (saffron milk cap) and pines in New Zealand. Saffron milk caps yields reached 0.4 and 1100 kg/ha under Pinus radiata and P. sylvestris 6 and 9 y after planting, respectively. Canopy closure began under P. radiata 7 y after planting, followed by a drastic reduction of yields, while P. sylvestris yields still hovered at 690 to 780 kg/ha after 11 y, without canopy closure. The establishment of full-scale field trials to predict yields is crucial to making the cultivation of EMF a reality in tomorrow's cropping landscape. Sustainable EMF cultivation utilizing trees in non-forested land could contribute to carbon storage, while providing revenue and other ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Guerin-Laguette
- Microbial Systems for Plant Protection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
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23
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Runnel K, Miettinen O, Lõhmus A. Polypore fungi as a flagship group to indicate changes in biodiversity - a test case from Estonia. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:2. [PMID: 33461627 PMCID: PMC7812660 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-00050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyporous fungi, a morphologically delineated group of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota), are considered well studied in Europe and used as model group in ecological studies and for conservation. Such broad interest, including widespread sampling and DNA based taxonomic revisions, is rapidly transforming our basic understanding of polypore diversity and natural history. We integrated over 40,000 historical and modern records of polypores in Estonia (hemiboreal Europe), revealing 227 species, and including Polyporus submelanopus and P. ulleungus as novelties for Europe. Taxonomic and conservation problems were distinguished for 13 unresolved subgroups. The estimated species pool exceeds 260 species in Estonia, including at least 20 likely undescribed species (here documented as distinct DNA lineages related to accepted species in, e.g., Ceriporia, Coltricia, Physisporinus, Sidera and Sistotrema). Four broad ecological patterns are described: (1) polypore assemblage organization in natural forests follows major soil and tree-composition gradients; (2) landscape-scale polypore diversity homogenizes due to draining of peatland forests and reduction of nemoral broad-leaved trees (wooded meadows and parks buffer the latter); (3) species having parasitic or brown-rot life-strategies are more substrate-specific; and (4) assemblage differences among woody substrates reveal habitat management priorities. Our update reveals extensive overlap of polypore biota throughout North Europe. We estimate that in Estonia, the biota experienced ca. 3-5% species turnover during the twentieth century, but exotic species remain rare and have not attained key functions in natural ecosystems. We encourage new regional syntheses on long studied fungal groups to obtain landscape-scale understanding of species pools, and for elaborating fungal indicators for biodiversity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Runnel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Otto Miettinen
- Botanical Unit (Mycology), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 44, 00170, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asko Lõhmus
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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Vélez JM, Morris RM, Vilgalys R, Labbé J, Schadt CW. Phylogenetic diversity of 200+ isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum associated with Populus trichocarpa soils in the Pacific Northwest, USA and comparison to globally distributed representatives. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0231367. [PMID: 33406078 PMCID: PMC7787446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal fungal symbiont Cenococcum geophilum is of high interest as it is globally distributed, associates with many plant species, and has resistance to multiple environmental stressors. C. geophilum is only known from asexual states but is often considered a cryptic species complex, since extreme phylogenetic divergence is often observed within nearly morphologically identical strains. Alternatively, C. geophilum may represent a highly diverse single species, which would suggest cryptic but frequent recombination. Here we describe a new isolate collection of 229 C. geophilum isolates from soils under Populus trichocarpa at 123 collection sites spanning a ~283 mile north-south transect in Western Washington and Oregon, USA (PNW). To further understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within C. geophilum, we performed maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to assess divergence within the PNW isolate collection, as well as a global phylogenetic analysis of 789 isolates with publicly available data from the United States, Japan, and European countries. Phylogenetic analyses of the PNW isolates revealed three distinct phylogenetic groups, with 15 clades that strongly resolved at >80% bootstrap support based on a GAPDH phylogeny and one clade segregating strongly in two principle component analyses. The abundance and representation of PNW isolate clades varied greatly across the North-South range, including a monophyletic group of isolates that spanned nearly the entire gradient at ~250 miles. A direct comparison between the GAPDH and ITS rRNA gene region phylogenies, combined with additional analyses revealed stark incongruence between the ITS and GAPDH gene regions, consistent with intra-species recombination between PNW isolates. In the global isolate collection phylogeny, 34 clades were strongly resolved using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches (at >80% MLBS and >0.90 BPP respectively), with some clades having intra- and intercontinental distributions. Together these data are highly suggestive of divergence within multiple cryptic species, however additional analyses such as higher resolution genotype-by-sequencing approaches are needed to distinguish potential species boundaries and the mode and tempo of recombination patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Vélez
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Reese M. Morris
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Biology Department, Duke University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Jessy Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
- Dept of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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25
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Miyamoto Y, Danilov AV, Bryanin SV. The dominance of Suillus species in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on Larix gmelinii in a post-fire forest in the Russian Far East. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:55-66. [PMID: 33159597 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can negatively affect ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities. However, potential shifts in community structures due to wildfires have rarely been evaluated in the forests of eastern Eurasia, where surface fires are frequent. We investigated EM fungal communities in a Larix gmelinii-dominated forest that burned in 2003 in Zeya, in the Russian Far East. A total of 120 soil samples were collected from burned and adjacent unburned forest sites. The EM fungal root tips were morphotyped and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were obtained for fungal identification. We detected 147 EM fungal operational taxonomic units, and EM fungal richness was 25% lower at the burned site than at the unburned site. EM fungal composition was characterized by the occurrence of disturbance-adapted fungi (Amphinema and Wilcoxina) at the burned site and late-successional fungi (Lactarius, Russula and Cortinarius) at the unburned site. These findings suggest that the EM fungal communities did not recover to pre-fire levels 16 years after the fire. Suillus species were the dominant EM fungi on L. gmelinii, with greater richness and frequency at the burned site. Both Larix and Suillus exhibit adaptive traits to quickly colonize fire-disturbed habitats. Frequent surface fires common to eastern Eurasia are likely to play important roles in maintaining Larix forests, concomitantly with their closely associated EM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Miyamoto
- Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Aleksandr V Danilov
- Institute of Geology and Nature Management, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| | - Semyon V Bryanin
- Institute of Geology and Nature Management, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveshchensk, Russia
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26
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Symbiotic niche mapping reveals functional specialization by two ectomycorrhizal fungi that expands the host plant niche. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Lumyong S. A New Report on Edible Tropical Bolete, Phlebopus spongiosus in Thailand and Its Fruiting Body Formation without the Need for a Host Plant. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:263-275. [PMID: 32952409 PMCID: PMC7476539 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1784592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phlebopus spongiosus is a well-known edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom indigenous to southern Vietnam. The mushroom specimens collected from northern Thailand in this study were identified as P. spongiosus. This identification was based on morphological characteristics and the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Pure cultures were isolated and the relevant suitable mycelial growth conditions were investigated. The results indicated that the fungal mycelia grew well on L-modified Melin-Norkans, and Murashige and Skoog agar all of which were adjusted to a pH of 5.0 at 30 °C. Sclerotia-like structures were observed on cultures. The ability of this mushroom to produce fruiting bodies in the absence of a host plant was determined by employing a bag cultivation method. Fungal mycelia completely covered the cultivation substrate after 90-95 days following inoculation of mushroom spawn. Under the mushroom house conditions, the highest amount of primordial formation was observed after 10-15 days at a casing with soil:vermiculite (1:1, v/v). The primordia developed into a mature stage within one week. Moreover, identification of the cultivated fruiting bodies was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods. This is the first record of P. spongiosus found in Thailand and its ability to form fruiting bodies without a host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaturong Kumla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and
Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and
Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and
Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of
Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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28
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Thoen E, Harder CB, Kauserud H, Botnen SS, Vik U, Taylor AFS, Menkis A, Skrede I. In vitro evidence of root colonization suggests ecological versatility in the genus Mycena. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:601-612. [PMID: 32171021 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The root-associated habit has evolved on numerous occasions in different fungal lineages, suggesting a strong evolutionary pressure for saprotrophic fungi to switch to symbiotic associations with plants. Species within the ubiquitous, saprotrophic genus Mycena are frequently major components in molecular studies of root-associated fungal communities, suggesting that an evaluation of their trophic status is warranted. Here, we report on interactions between a range of Mycena species and the plant Betula pendula. In all, 17 Mycena species were inoculated onto B. pendula seedlings. Physical interactions between hyphae and fine roots were examined using differential staining and fluorescence microscopy. Physiological interactions were investigated using 14 C and 32 P to show potential transfer between symbionts. All Mycena species associated closely with fine roots, showing hyphal penetration into the roots, which in some cases were intracellular. Seven species formed mantle-like structures around root tips, but none formed a Hartig net. Mycena pura and Mycena galopus both enhanced seedling growth, with M. pura showing significant transfer of 32 P to the seedlings. Our results support the view that several Mycena species can associate closely with plant roots and some may potentially occupy a transitional state between saprotrophy and biotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Thoen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christoffer Bugge Harder
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, PO Box 42122, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Håvard Kauserud
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synnøve S Botnen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Unni Vik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andy F S Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Audrius Menkis
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Skrede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Rog I, Rosenstock NP, Körner C, Klein T. Share the wealth: Trees with greater ectomycorrhizal species overlap share more carbon. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2321-2333. [PMID: 31923325 PMCID: PMC7116085 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mutualistic symbiosis between forest trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) is among the most ubiquitous and successful interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. Specific species of EMF are known to colonize specific tree species, benefitting from their carbon source, and in turn, improving their access to soil water and nutrients. EMF also form extensive mycelial networks that can link multiple root-tips of different trees. Yet the number of tree species connected by such mycelial networks, and the traffic of material across them, are just now under study. Recently we reported substantial belowground carbon transfer between Picea, Pinus, Larix and Fagus trees in a mature forest. Here, we analyze the EMF community of these same individual trees and identify the most likely taxa responsible for the observed carbon transfer. Among the nearly 1,200 EMF root-tips examined, 50%-70% belong to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were associated with three or four tree host species, and 90% of all OTUs were associated with at least two tree species. Sporocarp 13 C signals indicated that carbon originating from labelled Picea trees was transferred among trees through EMF networks. Interestingly, phylogenetically more closely related tree species exhibited more similar EMF communities and exchanged more carbon. Our results show that belowground carbon transfer is well orchestrated by the evolution of EMFs and tree symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Rog
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences -Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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30
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Zhao PS, Guo MS, Gao GL, Zhang Y, Ding GD, Ren Y, Akhtar M. Community structure and functional group of root-associated Fungi of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica across stand ages in the Mu Us Desert. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3032-3042. [PMID: 32211174 PMCID: PMC7083681 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-associated fungi (RAF) are an important factor affecting the host's growth, and their contribution to Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation decline is substantial. Therefore, we selected three age groups of P. sylvestris plantations (26, 33, and 43 years), in the Mu Us Desert, to characterize the community structure and functional groups of RAF, identified by Illumina high-throughput sequencing and FUNGuild platform, respectively. The effects of soil properties and enzyme activities on fungal diversity and functional groups were also examined. The results indicated that (a) 805 operational taxonomic units of RAF associated with P. sylvestris belonged to six phyla and 163 genera. Diversity and richness were not significantly different in the three age groups, but community composition showed significant differences. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota dominated the fungal community, while Rhizopogon dominated in each plot. (b) The proportion of pathotrophs decreased with increasing age, while that of symbiotrophs increased sharply, which were mainly represented by ectomycorrhizal fungi. (c) Stand age and soil enzyme activity had a greater influence on fungal community composition than did soil properties, whereas environmental variables were not significantly correlated with fungal diversity and richness. Dynamics of fungal community composition and functional groups with the aging plantations reflected the growth state of P. sylvestris and were related to plantation degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Zhao
- Yanchi Research Station School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Mi-Shan Guo
- Yanchi Research Station School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Guang-Lei Gao
- Yanchi Research Station School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yanchi Research Station School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Guo-Dong Ding
- Yanchi Research Station School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Yue Ren
- Yanchi Research Station School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Mobeen Akhtar
- Yanchi Research Station School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
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31
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Chen H, Renault S, Markham J. The effect of Frankia and multiple ectomycorrhizal fungil species on Alnus growing in low fertility soil. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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32
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Gavito ME, Leyva-Morales R, Vega-Peña EV, Arita H, Jairus T, Vasar M, Öpik M. Local-scale spatial diversity patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in a subtropical pine-oak forest. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Schenkel D, Deveau A, Niimi J, Mariotte P, Vitra A, Meisser M, Buttler A, Splivallo R. Linking soil's volatilome to microbes and plant roots highlights the importance of microbes as emitters of belowground volatile signals. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3313-3327. [PMID: 30895716 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes release a plethora of volatiles that act as signals in plant-microbe interactions. Characterizing soil's volatilome and microbiome might shed light on the nature of relevant volatile signals and on their emitters. This hypothesis was tested by characterizing plant cover, soil's volatilome, nutrient content and microbiomes in three grasslands of the Swiss Jura Mountains. The fingerprints of soil's volatiles were generated by solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, whereas high-throughput sequencing was used to create a snapshot of soil's microbial communities. A high similarity was observed in plant communities of two out of three sites, which was mirrored by the soil's volatilome. Multiple factor analysis evidenced a strong association among soil's volatilome, plant and microbial communities. The proportion of volatiles correlated to single bacterial and fungal taxa was higher than for plants. This suggests that those organisms might be major contributors to the volatilome of grassland soils. These findings illustrate that key volatiles in grassland soils might be emitted by a handful of organisms that include specific plants and microbes. Further work will be needed to unravel the structure of belowground volatiles and understand their implications for plant health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Schenkel
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Integrative Fungal Research Cluster, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Jun Niimi
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pierre Mariotte
- Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS), Station 2, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Case postale 96, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amarante Vitra
- Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS), Station 2, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Case postale 96, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Meisser
- Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, Case Postale 1012, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Buttler
- Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS), Station 2, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Case postale 96, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 16 route de Gray, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25030, Besançon, France
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Integrative Fungal Research Cluster, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.,Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS), Station 2, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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Vidal J, Alvarado P, Loizides M, Konstantinidis G, Chachuła P, Mleczko P, Moreno G, Vizzini A, Krakhmalnyi M, Paz A, Cabero J, Kaounas V, Slavova M, Moreno-Arroyo B, Llistosella J. A phylogenetic and taxonomic revision of sequestrate Russulaceae in Mediterranean and temperate Europe. PERSOONIA 2019; 42:127-185. [PMID: 31551617 PMCID: PMC6712534 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.42.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive morphological and genetic study of type material and new collections of sequestrate Russulales species formerly belonging to the genera Arcangeliella, Elasmomyces, Gymnomyces, Hydnangium, Hymenogaster, Macowanites, Martellia, Secotium and Zelleromyces is here undertaken, for the purpose of providing a complete taxonomical revision of sequestrate Russulaceae species in the Mediterranean and temperate regions of Europe. As a result, seven distinct taxa in the genus Lactarius and 18 in the genus Russula are identified. Six of them are new species: L. populicola, L. subgiennensis, R. bavarica, R. candidissima, R. hobartiae and R. mediterraneensis, and seven represent new combinations: L. josserandii (≡ Zelleromyces josserandii), L. soehneri (≡ Hydnangium soehneri), R. candida (≡ Hydnangium candidum), R. cerea (≡ Hydnangium cereum), R. messapica var. messapicoides (≡ Macowanites messapicoides), R. meridionalis (≡ Zelleromyces meridionalis) and R. neuhoffii (≡ Hydnangium neuhoffii). Twenty-two of the 25 taxa are illustrated, while descriptions, microscopy images, as well as extensive information on the ecology, chorology and phylogeny for all taxa are provided. A key is further included to facilitate their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Vidal
- C/ Massaballs 10, E-17118 Sant Sadurní de l’Heura, Girona, Spain
| | - P. Alvarado
- ALVALAB, La Rochela 47, E-39012 Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - P. Chachuła
- Pieniny National Park, Jagiellońska 107b, PL-34-450 Krościenko nad Dunajcem, Poland
| | - P. Mleczko
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 3, PL-30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - G. Moreno
- Dept. de Ciencias de la Vida (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - A. Vizzini
- Dipt. de Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M. Krakhmalnyi
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushy Ave, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - A. Paz
- C/ Vall Ter 791, Urbanització Llac del Cigne, E-17455 Caldes de Malavella, Girona, Spain
| | - J. Cabero
- C/ El Sol 6, E-49800 Toro, Zamora, Spain
| | - V. Kaounas
- Sokratous 40, TK-19016 Artemis Attika, Greece
| | | | - B. Moreno-Arroyo
- Dept. de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Córdoba, Colonia San José 4, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - J. Llistosella
- Dept. de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Sugiyama Y, Murata M, Kanetani S, Nara K. Towards the conservation of ectomycorrhizal fungi on endangered trees: native fungal species on Pinus amamiana are rarely conserved in trees planted ex situ. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:195-205. [PMID: 30879199 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is essential for the survival of both host trees and associated ECM fungi. However, during conservation activities of endangered tree species, their ECM symbionts are largely ignored. Here, we investigated ECM fungi in ex situ populations established for the conservation of Pinus amamiana, an endangered species distributed on Yakushima Island, Japan. Our objective was to determine whether ECM fungi in natural forests are conserved in ex situ populations on the same island. In particular, we focused on the existence of Rhizopogon yakushimensis, which is specific to P. amamiana and the most dominant in natural P. amamiana forests. Molecular identification of ECM fungi in resident tree roots and soil propagule banks indicated that ECM fungal species native to natural forests were rarely conserved in ex situ populations. Furthermore, R. yakushimensis was not confirmed in any of the resident root or spore bioassay samples from the ex situ populations. Thus, ECM fungal spores may not be effectively dispersed from natural forests located on the same island. Instead, ECM fungi distributed in other geographical regions occurred more frequently in the ex situ populations, indicating unintentional introductions of non-native ECM fungi from the nurseries where seedlings were raised before transplanting. These findings imply that the current ex situ conservation practices of endangered tree do not work for the conservation of native ECM fungi, and instead may need modification to avoid the risk of introducing non-native ECM fungi near the endangered forest sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Masao Murata
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kanetani
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 4-11-16, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
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Thoen E, Aas AB, Vik U, Brysting AK, Skrede I, Carlsen T, Kauserud H. A single ectomycorrhizal plant root system includes a diverse and spatially structured fungal community. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:167-180. [PMID: 30929039 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although only a relatively small proportion of plant species form ectomycorrhizae with fungi, it is crucial for growth and survival for a number of widespread woody plant species. Few studies have attempted to investigate the fine scale spatial structure of entire root systems of adult ectomycorrhizal (EcM) plants. Here, we use the herbaceous perennial Bistorta vivipara to map the entire root system of an adult EcM plant and investigate the spatial structure of its root-associated fungi. All EcM root tips were sampled, mapped and identified using a direct PCR approach and Sanger sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region. A total of 32.1% of all sampled root tips (739 of 2302) were successfully sequenced and clustered into 41 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). We observed a clear spatial structuring of the root-associated fungi within the root system. Clusters of individual OTUs were observed in the younger parts of the root system, consistent with observations of priority effects in previous studies, but were absent from the older parts of the root system. This may suggest a succession and fragmentation of the root-associated fungi even at a very fine scale, where competition likely comes into play at different successional stages within the root system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Thoen
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders B Aas
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Bymiljøetaten Oslo Kommune, PO box 636, Løren, 0507, Oslo, Norway
| | - Unni Vik
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne K Brysting
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Skrede
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Carlsen
- The Natural History museum, University of Oslo, PO box 1172, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Kauserud
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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Hazard C, Johnson D. Does genotypic and species diversity of mycorrhizal plants and fungi affect ecosystem function? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1122-1128. [PMID: 29393517 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1122 I. Introduction 1122 II. Are there consistent patterns in diversity of mycorrhizal fungal genotypes and species across space? 1125 III. What is the variation in functional traits and genes of mycorrhizal fungi at different taxonomic scales? 1125 IV. How will environmental change impact the relationships between genotypic and species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi and ecosystem function? 1126 V. Conclusions: considerations for future MEF research 1127 Acknowledgements 1127 References 1127 SUMMARY: Both genotypes and species of mycorrhizal fungi exhibit considerable variation in traits, and this variation can result in their diversity regulating ecosystem function. Yet, the nature of mycorrhizal fungal diversity-ecosystem function (MEF) relationships for both genotypes and species is currently poorly defined. New experiments should reflect the richness of genotypes and species in nature, but we still lack information about the extent to which fungal populations in particular are structured. Sampling designs should quantify the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal genotypes and species at three key broad spatial scales (root fragment, root system and interacting root systems) in order to inform manipulation experiments and to test how mycorrhizal fungal diversity both responds, and confers resilience to, environmental drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hazard
- Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, Ecully, 69134, France
| | - David Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Rasmussen AL, Brewer JS, Jackson CR, Hoeksema JD. Tree thinning and fire affect ectomycorrhizal fungal communities and enzyme activities. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann L. Rasmussen
- Department of Biology University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
| | - J. Stephen Brewer
- Department of Biology University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
| | - Colin R. Jackson
- Department of Biology University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
| | - Jason D. Hoeksema
- Department of Biology University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
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39
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DNA analysis reveals rich diversity of Hydnotrya with emphasis on the species found in China. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Miyamoto Y, Narimatsu M, Nara K. Effects of climate, distance, and a geographic barrier on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in Japan: A comparison across Blakiston's Line. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Maillard F, Didion M, Fauchery L, Bach C, Buée M. N-Acetylglucosaminidase activity, a functional trait of chitin degradation, is regulated differentially within two orders of ectomycorrhizal fungi: Boletales and Agaricales. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:391-397. [PMID: 29654366 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant nitrogen-containing polymers in forest soil. Ability of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi to utilize chitin may play a key role in the EM symbiosis nutrition and soil carbon cycle. In forest, EM fungi exhibit high diversity, which could be based on function partitioning and trait complementarity. Although it has long been recognized that closely related species share functional characteristics, the phylogenetic conservatism of functional traits within microorganisms remains unclear. Because extracellular N-acetylglucosaminidase activity has been proposed as functional trait of chitin degradation, we screened this activity on 35 EM fungi species with or without chitin in the growth medium to (i) describe the functional diversity of EM fungi and (ii) identify potential links between this functional trait and EM fungal phylogeny. We observed large variations of the extracellular N-acetylglucosaminidase activities among the fungal strains. Furthermore, our results revealed two regulation patterns of extracellular N-acetylglucosaminidase activities. Indeed, these chitinolytic activities were stimulated or repressed in the presence of chitin, in comparison to the control treatment. These profiles of extracellular N-acetylglucosaminidase stimulation/repression might be conserved at a high phylogenetic level in the Basidiomycota phylum, as illustrated by the opposite patterns of regulation between Boletales and Agaricales. Finally, the downregulation of this activity by chitin, for some EM fungal groups, might suggest another chitin degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaux Didion
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, IAM, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Laure Fauchery
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, IAM, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Cyrille Bach
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, IAM, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Marc Buée
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, IAM, F-54000, Nancy, France.
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Looney BP, Meidl P, Piatek MJ, Miettinen O, Martin FM, Matheny PB, Labbé JL. Russulaceae: a new genomic dataset to study ecosystem function and evolutionary diversification of ectomycorrhizal fungi with their tree associates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:54-65. [PMID: 29381218 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The family Russulaceae is considered an iconic lineage of mostly mushroom-forming basidiomycetes due to their importance as edible mushrooms in many parts of the world, and their ubiquity as ectomycorrhizal symbionts in both temperate and tropical forested biomes. Although much research has been focused on this group, a comprehensive or cohesive synthesis by which to understand the functional diversity of the group has yet to develop. Interest in ectomycorrhizal fungi, of which Russulaceae is a key lineage, is prodigious due to the important roles they play as plant root mutualists in ecosystem functioning, global carbon sequestration, and a potential role in technology development toward environmental sustainability. As one of the most species-diverse ectomycorrhizal lineages, the Russulaceae has recently been the focus of a dense sampling and genome sequencing initiative with the Joint Genome Institute aimed at untangling their functional roles and testing whether functional niche specialization exists for independent lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Here we present a review of important studies on this group to contextualize what we know about its members' evolutionary history and ecosystem functions, as well as to generate hypotheses establishing the Russulaceae as a valuable experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Looney
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- INRA Université de Lorraine, UMR Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Peter Meidl
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Marek J Piatek
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Otto Miettinen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00170, Finland
| | - Francis M Martin
- INRA Université de Lorraine, UMR Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - P Brandon Matheny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jessy L Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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43
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Murata M, Kanetani S, Nara K. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in endangered Pinus amamiana forests. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189957. [PMID: 29261780 PMCID: PMC5736215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between trees and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are critical for the growth and survival of both partners. However, ECM symbiosis in endangered trees has hardly been explored, complicating conservation efforts. Here, we evaluated resident ECM roots and soil spore banks of ECM fungi from endangered Pinus amamiana forests on Yakushima and Tanegashima Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Soil samples were collected from remaining four forests in the two islands. The resident ECM roots in soil samples were subjected to molecular identification. Soil spore banks of ECM fungi were analyzed via bioassays using a range of host seedlings (P. amamiana, P. parviflora, P. densiflora and Castanopsis sieboldii) for 6-8 months. In all remaining P. amamiana forests, we discovered a new Rhizopogon species (Rhizopogon sp.1), the sequence of which has no match amoung numerous Rhizopogon sequences deposited in the international sequence database. Host identification of the resident ECM roots confirmed that Rhizopogon sp.1 was associated only with P. amamiana. Rhizopogon sp.1 was far more dominant in soil spore banks than in resident ECM roots, and its presence was confirmed in nearly all soil samples examined across the major remaining populations. While Rhizopogon sp.1 did not completely lose compatibility to other pine species, its infection rate in the bioassays was highest in the original host, P. amamiana, the performance of which was improved by the infection. These results indicate that Rhizopogon sp.1 is very likely to have a close ecological relationship with endangered P. amamiana, probably due to a long co-evolutionary period on isolated islands, and to play the key role in seedling establishment after disturbance. We may need to identify and utilize such key ECM fungi to conserve endangered trees practically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Murata
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kanetani
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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44
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Maghnia FZ, Abbas Y, Mahé F, Kerdouh B, Tournier E, Ouadji M, Tisseyre P, Prin Y, El Ghachtouli N, Bakkali Yakhlef SE, Duponnois R, Sanguin H. Habitat- and soil-related drivers of the root-associated fungal community of Quercus suber in the Northern Moroccan forest. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187758. [PMID: 29155841 PMCID: PMC5695781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi associated with plant roots, notably ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi, are central in above- and below-ground interactions in Mediterranean forests. They are a key component in soil nutrient cycling and plant productivity. Yet, major disturbances of Mediterranean forests, particularly in the Southern Mediterranean basin, are observed due to the greater human pressures and climate changes. These disturbances highly impact forest cover, soil properties and consequently the root-associated fungal communities. The implementation of efficient conservation strategies of Mediterranean forests is thus closely tied to our understanding of root-associated fungal biodiversity and environmental rules driving its diversity and structure. In our study, the root-associated fungal community of Q. suber was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing across three major Moroccan cork oak habitats. Significant differences in root-associated fungal community structures of Q. suber were observed among Moroccan cork oak habitats (Maâmora, Benslimane, Chefchaoun) subjected to different human disturbance levels (high to low disturbances, respectively). The fungal community structure changes correlated with a wide range of soil properties, notably with pH, C:N ratio (P = 0.0002), and available phosphorus levels (P = 0.0001). More than 90 below-ground fungal indicators (P < 0.01)-either of a type of habitat and/or a soil property-were revealed. The results shed light on the ecological significance of ubiquitous ectomycorrhiza (Tomentella, Russula, Cenococcum), and putative sclerotia-associated/ericoid mycorrhizal fungal taxa (Cladophialophora, Oidiodendron) in the Moroccan cork oak forest, and their intraspecific variability regarding their response to land use and soil characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Maghnia
- Forestry research center, Rabat, Morocco
- CIRAD, UMR LSTM, Montpellier, France
- LSTM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- IRD, UMR LSTM, Montpellier, France
| | - Younes Abbas
- Polyvalent Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Faculty, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Béni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Frédéric Mahé
- CIRAD, UMR LSTM, Montpellier, France
- LSTM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Estelle Tournier
- CIRAD, UMR LSTM, Montpellier, France
- LSTM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pierre Tisseyre
- LSTM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- IRD, UMR LSTM, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Prin
- CIRAD, UMR LSTM, Montpellier, France
- LSTM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Naïma El Ghachtouli
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | | | - Robin Duponnois
- LSTM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- IRD, UMR LSTM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Sanguin
- CIRAD, UMR LSTM, Montpellier, France
- LSTM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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45
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Hazard C, Kruitbos L, Davidson H, Mbow FT, Taylor AFS, Johnson D. Strain Identity of the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Laccaria bicolor Is More Important than Richness in Regulating Plant and Fungal Performance under Nutrient Rich Conditions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1874. [PMID: 29018433 PMCID: PMC5622926 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of biodiversity on productivity are more likely to be expressed when there is greater potential for niche complementarity. In soil, chemically complex pools of nutrient resources should provide more opportunities for niche complementarity than chemically simple pools. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal genotypes can exhibit substantial variation in nutrient acquisition traits and are key components of soil biodiversity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that increasing the chemical complexity and forms of soil nutrients would enhance the effects of intraspecific ECM diversity on host plant and fungal productivity. In pure culture, we found substantial variation in growth of strains of the ECM fungus Laccaria bicolor on a range of inorganic and organic forms of nutrients. Subsequent experiments examined the effects of intraspecific identity and richness using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings colonized with different strains of L. bicolor growing on substrates supplemented with either inorganic or organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. Intraspecific identity effects on plant productivity were only found under the inorganic nutrient amendment, whereas intraspecific identity affected fungal productivity to a similar extent under both nutrient treatments. Overall, there were no significant effects of intraspecific richness on plant and fungal productivity. Our findings suggest soil nutrient composition does not interact strongly with ECM intraspecific richness, at least under experimental conditions where mineral nutrients were not limiting. Under these conditions, intraspecific identity of ECM fungi becomes more important than richness in modulating plant and fungal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hazard
- Environmental Microbial Genomics, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, France
| | - Laura Kruitbos
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Davidson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Fatou T. Mbow
- Environmental Microbial Genomics, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, France
| | - Andy F. S. Taylor
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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46
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Intraspecific variation in mycelial growth of Cenococcum geophilum isolates in response to salinity gradients. MYCOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Ectomycorrhizal community composition and structure of a mature red alder ( Alnus rubra ) stand. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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48
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Abstract
Fungi represent a large proportion of the genetic diversity on Earth and fungal activity influences the structure of plant and animal communities, as well as rates of ecosystem processes. Large-scale DNA-sequencing datasets are beginning to reveal the dimensions of fungal biodiversity, which seem to be fundamentally different to bacteria, plants and animals. In this Review, we describe the patterns of fungal biodiversity that have been revealed by molecular-based studies. Furthermore, we consider the evidence that supports the roles of different candidate drivers of fungal diversity at a range of spatial scales, as well as the role of dispersal limitation in maintaining regional endemism and influencing local community assembly. Finally, we discuss the ecological mechanisms that are likely to be responsible for the high heterogeneity that is observed in fungal communities at local scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Peter G Kennedy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Jennifer M Talbot
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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49
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Maghnia FZ, Sanguin H, Abbas Y, Verdinelli M, Kerdouh B, El Ghachtouli N, Lancellotti E, Bakkali Yakhlef SE, Duponnois R. [Impact of cork oak management on the ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity associated with Quercus suber in the Mâamora forest (Morocco)]. C R Biol 2017; 340:298-305. [PMID: 28506468 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cork oak forest is an ecosystem playing a major role in Moroccan socio-economy and biodiversity conservation. However, this ecosystem is negatively impacted by extensive human- and climate-driven pressures, causing a strong decrease in its distribution and a worsening of the desertification processes. This study aims at characterising the impact of cork oak forest management on a major actor of its functioning, the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal community associated with Quercus suber, and the determination of EcM bio-indicators. The EcM fungal community has been monitored during spring and winter seasons in two sites of the Moroccan Mâamora forest, corresponding to a forest site either impacted by human activities or protected. A significant impact of cork oak forest management on the EcM fungal community has been revealed, with major differences during the summer season. The results confirmed the potential ecological significance of several EcM fungi (e.g., Cenococcum) in the sustainability of the cork oak forest functioning, but also the significant association of certain EcM fungi (Pachyphloeus, Russula, Tomentella) with a perturbation or a season, and consequently to the cork oak forest status or to climatic conditions, respectively. The development of study at the Mediterranean scale may improve the robustness of ecological models to predict the impact of global changes on this emblematic ecosystem of Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Z Maghnia
- CIRAD, UMR LSTM, 34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de la recherche forestière, Rabat, Maroc; Laboratoire de biotechnologie microbienne, faculté des sciences et techniques, université Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah, Fès, Maroc
| | | | - Younes Abbas
- Centre de la recherche forestière, Rabat, Maroc; Département de biologie-géologie, faculté polydisciplinaire, université Sultan-Moulay-Slimane, Béni Mellal, Maroc
| | | | | | - Naima El Ghachtouli
- Laboratoire de biotechnologie microbienne, faculté des sciences et techniques, université Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah, Fès, Maroc
| | | | - Salah Eddine Bakkali Yakhlef
- Direction de l'enseignement, de la formation et de la recherche, ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche maritime, Rabat, Maroc
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50
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Henry C, Raivoarisoa JF, Razafimamonjy A, Ramanankierana H, Andrianaivomahefa P, Ducousso M, Selosse MA. Transfer to forest nurseries significantly affects mycorrhizal community composition of Asteropeia mcphersonii wildings. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:321-330. [PMID: 27928691 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis is extremely important for tree growth, survival and resistance after transplantation particularly in Madagascar where deforestation is a major concern. The importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis is further increased when soil conditions at the planting site are limiting. To identify technical itineraries capable of improving ecological restoration in Madagascar, we needed to obtain native ectomycorrhizal (ECM) saplings with a wide diversity of ECM fungi. To this end, we transplanted ECM seedlings from the wild (wildlings) to a nursery. Using molecular characterisation of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, we tested the effect of transplanting Asteropeia mcphersonii wildlings on ECM communities after 8 months of growth in the nursery. With or without the addition of soil from the site where the seedlings were sampled to the nursery substrate, we observed a dramatic change in the composition of fungal communities with a decrease in the ECM infection rate, a tremendous increase in the abundance of an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) taxonomically close to the order Trechisporales and the disappearance of all OTUs of Boletales. Transplanting to the nursery and/or to nursery conditions was shown to be incompatible with the survival and even less with the development in the nursery of most ECM fungi naturally associated with A. mcphersonii wildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Henry
- AgroParisTech, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier, TA10J, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jeanne-Françoise Raivoarisoa
- Ambatovy, Immeuble Tranofitaratra-7ème étage, rue Ravoninahitriniarivo-Ankorondrano, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Angélo Razafimamonjy
- Ambatovy, Immeuble Tranofitaratra-7ème étage, rue Ravoninahitriniarivo-Ankorondrano, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Heriniaina Ramanankierana
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l'environnement, Centre National de Recherches sur l'Environnement, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Paul Andrianaivomahefa
- Ambatovy, Immeuble Tranofitaratra-7ème étage, rue Ravoninahitriniarivo-Ankorondrano, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Marc Ducousso
- CIRAD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier, TA10C, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
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