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Zhang Y, Ouyang B, Chen Y, Zhang W, Guang C, Xu W, Mu W. Transformation of macrolides residues by a novel erythromycin esterase C (Ere C) and safety evaluation of transformed products on Caenorhabditis elegans. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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2
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Yan S, Ding N, Yao X, Song J, He W, Rehman F, Guo J. Effects of erythromycin and roxithromycin on river periphyton: Structure, functions and metabolic pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137793. [PMID: 36640977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Macrolides have been frequently detected in the surface waters worldwide, posing a threat to the aquatic microbes. Several studies have evaluated the ecotoxicological effects of macrolides on single algal and bacterial strains. However, without considering the species interaction in the aquatic microbial community, these results cannot be extrapolated to the field. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of two macrolides (erythromycin and roxithromycin) on the structure, photosynthetic process, carbon utilization capacity, and the antibiotic metabolic pathways in river periphyton. The colonized periphyton was exposed to the graded concentration (0 μg/L (control), 0.5 μg/L (low), 5 μg/L (medium), 50 μg/L (high)) of ERY and ROX, respectively, for 7 days. Herein, high levels of ERY and ROX altered the community composition by reducing the relative abundance of Chlorophyta in the eukaryotic community. Also, the Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes of prokaryotes were reduced, although similar effects were seldomly detected in the low and medium groups. In contrast to the unchanged carbon utilization capacity, the PSII reaction center involved in the periphytic photosynthesis was significantly inhibited by macrolides at high levels. In addition, both antibiotics had been degraded by periphyton, with the removal rate of 51.63-66.87% and 41.85-48.27% for ERY and ROX, respectively, wherein the side chain and ring cleavage were the main degradation pathways. Overall, this study provides an insight into the structural and functional toxicity and degradation processes of macrolides in river periphyton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xiunan Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jinxi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Wei He
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fozia Rehman
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
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3
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El-Khoury C, Mansour E, Yuliandra Y, Lai F, Hawkins BA, Du JJ, Sundberg EJ, Sluis-Cremer N, Hibbs DE, Groundwater PW. The role of adjuvants in overcoming antibacterial resistance due to enzymatic drug modification. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1276-1299. [PMID: 36439977 PMCID: PMC9667779 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance is a prominent issue with monotherapy often leading to treatment failure in serious infections. Many mechanisms can lead to antibacterial resistance including deactivation of antibacterial agents by bacterial enzymes. Enzymatic drug modification confers resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, macrolides, isoniazid, rifamycins, fosfomycin and lincosamides. Novel enzyme inhibitor adjuvants have been developed in an attempt to overcome resistance to these agents, only a few of which have so far reached the market. This review discusses the different enzymatic processes that lead to deactivation of antibacterial agents and provides an update on the current and potential enzyme inhibitors that may restore bacterial susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy El-Khoury
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Elissar Mansour
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Yori Yuliandra
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Felcia Lai
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Bryson A Hawkins
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - David E Hibbs
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Paul W Groundwater
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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4
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Ni S, Li C, Yu Y, Niu D, Zhu J, Yin D, Wang C, Zhang W, Jiang X, Ren J. Immobilization of EreB on Acid-Modified Palygorskite for Highly Efficient Degradation of Erythromycin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11064. [PMID: 36078780 PMCID: PMC9518184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Erythromycin is one of the most commonly used macrolide antibiotics. However, its pollution of the ecosystem is a significant risk to human health worldwide. Currently, there are no effective and environmentally friendly methods to resolve this issue. Although erythromycin esterase B (EreB) specifically degrades erythromycin, its non-recyclability and fragility limit the large-scale application of this enzyme. In this work, palygorskite was selected as a carrier for enzyme immobilization. The enzyme was attached to palygorskite via a crosslinking reaction to construct an effective erythromycin-degradation material (i.e., EreB@modified palygorskite), which was characterized using FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller techniques. The results suggested the successful modification of the material and the loading of the enzyme. The immobilized enzyme had a higher stability over varying temperatures (25-65 °C) and pH values (6.5-10.0) than the free enzyme, and the maximum rate of reaction (Vmax) and the turnover number (kcat) of the enzyme increased to 0.01 mM min-1 and 169 min-1, respectively, according to the enzyme-kinetics measurements. The EreB@modified palygorskite maintained about 45% of its activity after 10 cycles, and degraded erythromycin in polluted water to 20 mg L-1 within 300 min. These results indicate that EreB could serve as an effective immobilizing carrier for erythromycin degradation at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shensheng Ni
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yicheng Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101 Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Dongze Niu
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Dongmin Yin
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chongqing Wang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, No. 21 Chaoqian Road, Changping District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenfan Zhang
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xingmei Jiang
- Bijie Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, De Gou Ma Jia Yuan, Qixingguan District, Bijie 551700, China
| | - Jianjun Ren
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, No. 21 Gehu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
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5
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Sustainable Biosynthesis of Esterase Enzymes of Desired Characteristics of Catalysis for Pharmaceutical and Food Industry Employing Specific Strains of Microorganisms. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactions catalysed by sustainably produced enzymes can contribute to the bioeconomy supporting several industries. Low-value compounds can be transformed into added-value products or high-resolution chemicals could be prepared in reactions catalysed by biocatalyst esterase enzymes. These enzymes can be synthesised by purposely isolated or genetically modified strains of microorganisms. Enzymes belonging to the hydrolase family catalyse the formation and hydrolysis of ester bonds to produce the desired esterified molecule. The synthesis of homo-chiral compounds can be accomplished either by chemical or biocatalytic processes, the latter being preferred with the use of microbial esterases. For varied applications, esterases with high stability and retained activity at lower and higher temperatures have been produced with strains isolated from extreme environments. For sustainable production of enzymes, higher productivity has been achieved by employing fast-growing Escherichia coli after incorporating plasmids of required characteristics from specific isolates. This is a review of the isolated and engineered strains used in the biosynthesis of esterase of the desired property, with the objective of a sustainable supply of enzymes, to produce products of industrial importance contributing to the economy.
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Hahne F, Jensch S, Hamscher G, Meißner J, Kietzmann M, Kemper N, Schulz J, Mateus-Vargas RH. Innovative Perspectives on Biofilm Interactions in Poultry Drinking Water Systems and Veterinary Antibiotics Used Worldwide. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010077. [PMID: 35052954 PMCID: PMC8773231 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prudent use of antibiotics in livestock is widely considered to be important to prevent antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the interactions between biofilms and veterinary antibiotics in therapeutic concentrations administrated via drinking water through a standardized experimental setup. In this context, two biofilms formed by pseudomonads (Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa or P. fluorescens) and a susceptible Escherichia (E.) coli strain were developed in a nutrient-poor medium on the inner surface of polyvinyl chloride pipe pieces. Subsequently, developing biofilms were exposed to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (SDZ/TMP) or tylosin A (TYL A) in dosages recommended for application in drinking water for 5 or 7 days, respectively. Various interactions were detected between biofilms and antibiotics. Microbiological examinations revealed that only TYL A reduced the number of bacteria on the surface of the pipes. Additionally, susceptible E. coli survived both antibiotic treatments without observable changes in the minimum inhibitory concentration to 13 relevant antibiotics. Furthermore, as demonstrated by HPLC-UV, the dynamics of SDZ/TMP and TYL A in liquid media differed between the biofilms of both pseudomonads over the exposure period. We conclude that this approach represents an innovative step toward the effective evaluation of safe veterinary antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Hahne
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.H.); (S.J.); (G.H.)
| | - Simon Jensch
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.H.); (S.J.); (G.H.)
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.H.); (S.J.); (G.H.)
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.M.); (M.K.); (R.H.M.-V.)
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.M.); (M.K.); (R.H.M.-V.)
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Rafael H. Mateus-Vargas
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.M.); (M.K.); (R.H.M.-V.)
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany;
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7
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Singh S, Numan A, Somaily HH, Gorain B, Ranjan S, Rilla K, Siddique HR, Kesharwani P. Nano-enabled strategies to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112384. [PMID: 34579903 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a threat to global health because of limited treatments. MRSA infections are difficult to treat due to increasingly developing resistance in combination with protective biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Nanotechnology-based research revealed that effective MRSA treatments could be achieved through targeted nanoparticles (NPs) that withstand biological films and drug resistance. Thus, the principal aim towards improving MRSA treatment is to advance drug delivery tools, which successfully address the delivery-related problems. These potential delivery tools would also carry drugs to the desired sites of therapeutic action to overcome the adverse effects. This review focused on different types of nano-engineered carriers system for antimicrobial agents with improved therapeutic efficacy of entrapped drugs. The structural characteristics that play an essential role in the effectiveness of delivery systems have also been addressed with a description of recent scientific advances in antimicrobial treatment, emphasizing challenges in MRSA treatments. Consequently, existing gaps in the literature are highlighted, and reported contradictions are identified, allowing for the development of roadmaps for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Singh
- IES Institute of Pharmacy, IES University, Kalkheda, Ratibad Main Road, Bhopal 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arshid Numan
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hamoud H Somaily
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sanjeev Ranjan
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hifzur R Siddique
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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8
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Ashwath P, Sannejal AD. A quest to the therapeutic arsenal: Novel strategies to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:79-88. [PMID: 33874870 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210419084836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of the disease-causing pathogens to antimicrobial drugs is a public health concern and a socio-economic burden. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains has made it harder to treat and combat infectious diseases with available conventional antibiotics. There are currently few effective therapeutic regimens for the successful prevention of infections caused by drug-resistant microbes. The various alternative strategies used in the recent past to decrease and limit antibiotic resistance in pathogens include bacteriophages, vaccines, anti-biofilm peptides, and antimicrobial peptides. However, in this review, we focus on the novel and robust molecular approach of antisense RNA (asRNA) technology and the clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based antibiotic therapy, which can be exploited to selectively eradicate the drug-resistant bacterial strain in a sequence-specific fashion establishing opportunities in the treatment of multi-drug resistant related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ashwath
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru. India
| | - Akhila Dharnappa Sannejal
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru. India
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9
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Zieliński M, Park J, Sleno B, Berghuis AM. Structural and functional insights into esterase-mediated macrolide resistance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1732. [PMID: 33741980 PMCID: PMC7979712 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics widely used in both medicine and agriculture. Unsurprisingly, as a consequence of their exensive usage a plethora of resistance mechanisms have been encountered in pathogenic bacteria. One of these resistance mechanisms entails the enzymatic cleavage of the macrolides' macrolactone ring by erythromycin esterases (Eres). The most frequently identified Ere enzyme is EreA, which confers resistance to the majority of clinically used macrolides. Despite the role Eres play in macrolide resistance, research into this family enzymes has been sparse. Here, we report the first three-dimensional structures of an erythromycin esterase, EreC. EreC is an extremely close homologue of EreA, displaying more than 90% sequence identity. Two structures of this enzyme, in conjunction with in silico flexible docking studies and previously reported mutagenesis data allowed for the proposal of a detailed catalytic mechanism for the Ere family of enzymes, labeling them as metal-independent hydrolases. Also presented are substrate spectrum assays for different members of the Ere family. The results from these assays together with an examination of residue conservation for the macrolide binding site in Eres, suggests two distinct active site archetypes within the Ere enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zieliński
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jaeok Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Barry Sleno
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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10
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Nguyen PY, Carvalho G, Reis MAM, Oehmen A. A review of the biotransformations of priority pharmaceuticals in biological wastewater treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116446. [PMID: 33038717 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluent discharges have been considered as one of the main sources of synthetic chemicals entering into the aquatic environment. Even though they occur at low concentrations, pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) can have an impact on ecological toxicity that affects aquatic organisms. Moreover, new regulations in development toward preserving water quality reinforces the increasing need to monitor and abate some PhACs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where they are typically only partially eliminated. Unlike most previous reviews, we have focussed on how the main biological and chemical molecular factors impact the biotransformations of key PhACs in biological WWTP processes. Biotransformations have been found to be an important contributor towards the removal of PhACs from WWTP effluents. This review paper critically assesses these aspects and the recent advances that have been achieved in wastewater treatment processes for biodegradation of 7 PhACs; namely the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac (DCF); the macrolide antibiotics azithromycin (AZM), erythromycin (ERY) and clarithromycin (CLR); the two natural estrogens estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2), and the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylesradiol (EE2). These represent the micropollutants of the EU Watch list in Decision 2015/495/EU that are most relevant to WWTPs due to their frequent detection. The metabolic pathways, transformation products and impact of relevant factors to biological WWTP processes is addressed in this review. The biokinetics of PhAC biodegradation in different engineered bioprocesses is also discussed. Promising technologies and operational strategies that are likely to have a high impact on controlling PhAC releases are highlighted and future research needs are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Nguyen
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Gilda Carvalho
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maria A M Reis
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Adrian Oehmen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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11
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Ren J, Wang Z, Deng L, Niu D, Fan B, Huhe T, Li Z, Zhang J, Li C. Biodegradation of erythromycin by Delftia lacustris RJJ-61 and characterization of its erythromycin esterase. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 61:55-62. [PMID: 33332633 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The residual erythromycin in fermentation waste can pollute the environment and threaten human health. However, there are no effective approaches to remedy this issue. In this study, an erythromycin-degrading bacterium named RJJ-61 was isolated and identified as a strain of Delftia lacustris based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. The degradation ability of this strain was also evaluated; it could degrade 45.18% of erythromycin at 35°C in 120 h. Furthermore, the key degradation gene ereA was cloned from strain RJJ-61 and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21; the molecular weight of the expressed protein was ~45 kDa. The enzyme activity of EreA was 108.0 mU ml-1 at 35°C and pH 7.0. Finally, the EreA protein was used to degrade erythromycin from mycelial dregs and 50% diluted solution, and the removal rates in them were 41.42% and 69.78%, respectively. In summary, D. lacustris RJJ-61 is a novel erythromycin-degrading strain that has great potential to remove erythromycin pollutants from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Ren
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhu Wang
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Liujie Deng
- Yili Chuanning Biotechnology Co., Yili, China
| | - Dongze Niu
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Bo Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Wujin District, Changzhou, China
| | - Taoli Huhe
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Wujin District, Changzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Hebei Cixin Environmental Technology Co., Langfang, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
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12
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13
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Liu M, Feng P, Kakade A, Yang L, Chen G, Yan X, Ni H, Liu P, Kulshreshtha S, Abomohra AEF, Li X. Reducing residual antibiotic levels in animal feces using intestinal Escherichia coli with surface-displayed erythromycin esterase. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122032. [PMID: 31955024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used in livestock and poultry industries, which results in large quantities of antibiotic residues in manure that influences subsequent treatments. In this study, an Escherichia coli strain was engineered to display erythromycin esterase on its cell surface. The engineered strain (E. coli ereA) efficiently degraded erythromycin by opening the macrocyclic 14-membered lactone ring in solution. Erythromycin (50 mg/L) was completely degraded in a solution by E. coli ereA (1 × 109 CFU/mL) within 24 h. E. coli ereA retained over 86.7 % of the initial enzyme activity after 40 days of storage at 25 °C, and 78.5 % of the initial activity after seven repeated batch reactions in solution at 25 °C. Mice were fed with E. coli ereA and real-time quantitative PCR data showed that E. coli ereA colonized in the mice large intestine. The mice group fed E. coli ereA exhibited 83.13 % decrease in erythromycin levels in their feces compared with the mice group not fed E. coli ereA. E. coli ereA eliminated antibiotics from the source preventing its release into the environment. The surface-engineered strain therefore is an effective alternative agent for treating recalcitrant antibiotics, and has the potential to be applied in livestock and poultry industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Pengya Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Apurva Kakade
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Ling Yang
- Huangshi Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Huangshi Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Institute of Forensic Science, Department of Public Security Hunan Province, Changsha 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyuhang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Saurabh Kulshreshtha
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | | | - Xiangkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
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Golkar T, Zieliński M, Berghuis AM. Look and Outlook on Enzyme-Mediated Macrolide Resistance. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1942. [PMID: 30177927 PMCID: PMC6109786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the early 1950s, macrolide antibiotics have been used in both agriculture and medicine. Specifically, macrolides such as erythromycin and azithromycin have found use as substitutes for β-lactam antibiotics in patients with penicillin allergies. Given the extensive use of this class of antibiotics it is no surprise that resistance has spread among pathogenic bacteria. In these bacteria different mechanisms of resistance have been observed. Frequently observed are alterations in the target of macrolides, i.e., the ribosome, as well as upregulation of efflux pumps. However, drug modification is also increasingly observed. Two classes of enzymes have been implicated in macrolide detoxification: macrolide phosphotransferases and macrolide esterases. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on what is known about macrolide resistance with an emphasis on the macrolide phosphotransferase and esterase enzymes. Furthermore, we explore how this information can assist in addressing resistance to macrolide antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolou Golkar
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michał Zieliński
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Dinos GP. The macrolide antibiotic renaissance. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2967-2983. [PMID: 28664582 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides represent a large family of protein synthesis inhibitors of great clinical interest due to their applicability to human medicine. Macrolides are composed of a macrocyclic lactone of different ring sizes, to which one or more deoxy-sugar or amino sugar residues are attached. Macrolides act as antibiotics by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and interfering with protein synthesis. The high affinity of macrolides for bacterial ribosomes, together with the highly conserved structure of ribosomes across virtually all of the bacterial species, is consistent with their broad-spectrum activity. Since the discovery of the progenitor macrolide, erythromycin, in 1950, many derivatives have been synthesised, leading to compounds with better bioavailability and acid stability and improved pharmacokinetics. These efforts led to the second generation of macrolides, including well-known members such as azithromycin and clarithromycin. Subsequently, in order to address increasing antibiotic resistance, a third generation of macrolides displaying improved activity against many macrolide resistant strains was developed. However, these improvements were accompanied with serious side effects, leading to disappointment and causing many researchers to stop working on macrolide derivatives, assuming that this procedure had reached the end. In contrast, a recent published breakthrough introduced a new chemical platform for synthesis and discovery of a wide range of diverse macrolide antibiotics. This chemical synthesis revolution, in combination with reduction in the side effects, namely, 'Ketek effects', has led to a macrolide renaissance, increasing the hope for novel and safe therapeutic agents to combat serious human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Dinos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Kapoor G, Saigal S, Elongavan A. Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for clinicians. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2017; 33:300-305. [PMID: 29109626 PMCID: PMC5672523 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_349_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections account for a major cause of death throughout the developing world. This is mainly due to the emergence of newer infectious agents and more specifically due to the appearance of antimicrobial resistance. With time, the bacteria have become smarter and along with it, massive imprudent usage of antibiotics in clinical practice has resulted in resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a major problem in the treatment of microbial infections. The biochemical resistance mechanisms used by bacteria include the following: antibiotic inactivation, target modification, altered permeability, and "bypass" of metabolic pathway. Determination of bacterial resistance to antibiotics of all classes (phenotypes) and mutations that are responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics (genetic analysis) are helpful. Better understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance will help clinicians regarding usage of antibiotics in different situations. This review discusses the mechanism of action and resistance development in commonly used antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Saigal
- Department of Trauma and Emergency, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Elongavan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Columbia Asia Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Fyfe C, Grossman TH, Kerstein K, Sutcliffe J. Resistance to Macrolide Antibiotics in Public Health Pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:a025395. [PMID: 27527699 PMCID: PMC5046686 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrolide resistance mechanisms can be target-based with a change in a 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue or a mutation in ribosomal protein L4 or L22 affecting the ribosome's interaction with the antibiotic. Alternatively, mono- or dimethylation of A2058 in domain V of the 23S rRNA by an acquired rRNA methyltransferase, the product of an erm (erythromycin ribosome methylation) gene, can interfere with antibiotic binding. Acquired genes encoding efflux pumps, most predominantly mef(A) + msr(D) in pneumococci/streptococci and msr(A/B) in staphylococci, also mediate resistance. Drug-inactivating mechanisms include phosphorylation of the 2'-hydroxyl of the amino sugar found at position C5 by phosphotransferases and hydrolysis of the macrocyclic lactone by esterases. These acquired genes are regulated by either translation or transcription attenuation, largely because cells are less fit when these genes, especially the rRNA methyltransferases, are highly induced or constitutively expressed. The induction of gene expression is cleverly tied to the mechanism of action of macrolides, relying on antibiotic-bound ribosomes stalled at specific sequences of nascent polypeptides to promote transcription or translation of downstream sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Fyfe
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
| | | | - Kathy Kerstein
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
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de Cazes M, Belleville MP, Petit E, Salomo M, Bayer S, Czaja R, De Gunzburg J, Sanchez-Marcano J. Erythromycin degradation by esterase (EreB) in enzymatic membrane reactors. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Wang YS, Zheng XC, Hu QW, Zheng YG. Degradation of abamectin by newly isolated Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ZJB-14120 and characterization of its abamectin-tolerance mechanism. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:408-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Llorca M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Couillerot O, Panigoni K, de Gunzburg J, Bayer S, Czaja R, Barceló D. Identification of new transformation products during enzymatic treatment of tetracycline and erythromycin antibiotics at laboratory scale by an on-line turbulent flow liquid-chromatography coupled to a high resolution mass spectrometer LTQ-Orbitrap. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:90-98. [PMID: 24972175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the formation of transformation products (TPs) by the enzymatic degradation at laboratory scale of two highly consumed antibiotics: tetracycline (Tc) and erythromycin (ERY). The analysis of the samples was carried out by a fast and simple method based on the novel configuration of the on-line turbulent flow system coupled to a hybrid linear ion trap - high resolution mass spectrometer. The method was optimized and validated for the complete analysis of ERY, Tc and their transformation products within 10 min without any other sample manipulation. Furthermore, the applicability of the on-line procedure was evaluated for 25 additional antibiotics, covering a wide range of chemical classes in different environmental waters with satisfactory quality parameters. Degradation rates obtained for Tc by laccase enzyme and ERY by EreB esterase enzyme without the presence of mediators were ∼78% and ∼50%, respectively. Concerning the identification of TPs, three suspected compounds for Tc and five of ERY have been proposed. In the case of Tc, the tentative molecular formulas with errors mass within 2 ppm have been based on the hypothesis of dehydroxylation, (bi)demethylation and oxidation of the rings A and C as major reactions. In contrast, the major TP detected for ERY has been identified as the "dehydration ERY-A", with the same molecular formula of its parent compound. In addition, the evaluation of the antibiotic activity of the samples along the enzymatic treatments showed a decrease around 100% in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llorca
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Olivier Couillerot
- Da Volterra, Le Dorian - Bât. B1 - 4e étage, 172, rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Karine Panigoni
- Da Volterra, Le Dorian - Bât. B1 - 4e étage, 172, rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Jean de Gunzburg
- Da Volterra, Le Dorian - Bât. B1 - 4e étage, 172, rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Sally Bayer
- C-LEcta GmbH, Perlickstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rico Czaja
- C-LEcta GmbH, Perlickstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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de Cazes M, Abejón R, Belleville MP, Sanchez-Marcano J. Membrane bioprocesses for pharmaceutical micropollutant removal from waters. MEMBRANES 2014; 4:692-729. [PMID: 25295629 PMCID: PMC4289862 DOI: 10.3390/membranes4040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review work is to give an overview of the research reported on bioprocesses for the treatment of domestic or industrial wastewaters (WW) containing pharmaceuticals. Conventional WW treatment technologies are not efficient enough to completely remove all pharmaceuticals from water. Indeed, these compounds are becoming an actual public health problem, because they are more and more present in underground and even in potable waters. Different types of bioprocesses are described in this work: from classical activated sludge systems, which allow the depletion of pharmaceuticals by bio-degradation and adsorption, to enzymatic reactions, which are more focused on the treatment of WW containing a relatively high content of pharmaceuticals and less organic carbon pollution than classical WW. Different aspects concerning the advantages of membrane bioreactors for pharmaceuticals removal are discussed, as well as the more recent studies on enzymatic membrane reactors to the depletion of these recalcitrant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias de Cazes
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), ENSCM, UM2, CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, France.
| | - Ricardo Abejón
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), ENSCM, UM2, CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, France.
| | - Marie-Pierre Belleville
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), ENSCM, UM2, CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, France.
| | - José Sanchez-Marcano
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), ENSCM, UM2, CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, France.
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22
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A novel esterase from a psychrotrophic bacterium Psychrobacter celer 3Pb1 showed cold-adaptation and salt-tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Inactivation of chloramphenicol and florfenicol by a novel chloramphenicol hydrolase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6295-301. [PMID: 22752166 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01154-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloramphenicol and florfenicol are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although the bacterial resistance mechanisms to these antibiotics have been well documented, hydrolysis of these antibiotics has not been reported in detail. This study reports the hydrolysis of these two antibiotics by a specific hydrolase that is encoded by a gene identified from a soil metagenome. Hydrolysis of chloramphenicol has been recognized in cell extracts of Escherichia coli expressing a chloramphenicol acetate esterase gene, estDL136. A hydrolysate of chloramphenicol was identified as p-nitrophenylserinol by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The hydrolysis of these antibiotics suggested a promiscuous amidase activity of EstDL136. When estDL136 was expressed in E. coli, EstDL136 conferred resistance to both chloramphenicol and florfenicol on E. coli, due to their inactivation. In addition, E. coli carrying estDL136 deactivated florfenicol faster than it deactivated chloramphenicol, suggesting that EstDL136 hydrolyzes florfenicol more efficiently than it hydrolyzes chloramphenicol. The nucleotide sequences flanking estDL136 encode proteins such as amidohydrolase, dehydrogenase/reductase, major facilitator transporter, esterase, and oxidase. The most closely related genes are found in the bacterial family Sphingomonadaceae, which contains many bioremediation-related strains. Whether the gene cluster with estDL136 in E. coli is involved in further chloramphenicol degradation was not clear in this study. While acetyltransferases for chloramphenicol resistance and drug exporters for chloramphenicol or florfenicol resistance are often detected in numerous microbes, this is the first report of enzymatic hydrolysis of florfenicol resulting in inactivation of the antibiotic.
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25
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Morar M, Pengelly K, Koteva K, Wright GD. Mechanism and diversity of the erythromycin esterase family of enzymes. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1740-51. [PMID: 22303981 DOI: 10.1021/bi201790u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin and erythromycin are mainstays of modern antibacterial chemotherapy, and like all antibiotics, they are vulnerable to resistance. One mechanism of macrolide resistance is via drug inactivation: enzymatic hydrolysis of the macrolactone ring catalyzed by erythromycin esterases, EreA and EreB. A genomic enzymology approach was taken to gain insight into the catalytic mechanisms and origins of Ere enzymes. Our analysis reveals that erythromycin esterases comprise a separate group in the hydrolase superfamily, which includes homologues of uncharacterized function found on the chromosome of Bacillus cereus, Bcr135 and Bcr136, whose three-dimensional structures have been determined. Biochemical characterization of Bcr136 confirms that it is an esterase that is, however, unable to inactivate macrolides. Using steady-state kinetics, homology-based structure modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, solvent isotope effect studies, pH, and inhibitor profiling performed in various combinations for EreA, EreB, and Bcr136 enzymes, we identified the active site and gained insight into some catalytic features of this novel enzyme superfamily. We rule out the possibility of a Ser/Thr nucleophile and show that one histidine, H46 (EreB numbering), is essential for catalytic function. This residue is proposed to serve as a general base in activation of a water molecule as the reaction nucleophile. Furthermore, we show that EreA, EreB, and Bcr136 are distinct, with only EreA inhibited by chelating agents and hypothesized to contain a noncatalytic metal. Detailed characterization of these esterases allows for a direct comparison of the resistance determinants, EreA and EreB, with their prototype, Bcr136, and for the discussion of their potential connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Morar
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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26
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Taherpour A(A, Maleki M. Theoretical Study of Structural Relationships and Electrochemical Properties of Supramolecular [14-MR Macrolides]@C nComplexes. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903406946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Barnabé S, Brar SK, Tyagi RD, Beauchesne I, Surampalli RY. Pre-treatment and bioconversion of wastewater sludge to value-added products--fate of endocrine disrupting compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:1471-88. [PMID: 19110297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of processes for the production of value added products (VAPs), such as biopesticides, microbial inoculants or industrial enzymes through biotransformation of raw or pre-treated wastewater sludge (WWS) has undergone a substantial progress over the last decade. WWS based VAPs are low cost biological alternatives that can compete with chemicals or other cost intensive biological products in the current markets. However, when WWS is used as a raw material for VAPs production, questions still remains on the persistence of organic pollutants within the biotransformed WWS, especially, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and the production of their toxic intermediates. WWS pre-treatment prior to biotransformation as well as the microbial strains used for biotransformation can possibly remove these organic pollutants. The literature findings concerning the impact of WWS pre-treatment and value added products on EDCs removal are reviewed in this paper. The microbial potential to degrade or detoxify EDCs and toxic intermediates concomitant with value-addition is also discussed. The concept of obtaining EDCs free-WWS based VAPs and simultaneously achieving the objective of pollution control is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barnabé
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec, Canada G1K 9A9
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Kim YH, Pothuluri JV, Cerniglia CE. Voltammetric investigation of macrolides by an HPLC-coulometric assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:390-6. [PMID: 15925238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Voltammograms of macrolides, including anhydroerythromycin A, azithromycin, erythromycin A, erythromycin A enol ether, pseudoerythromycin A enol ether, oleandomycin and tylosin have been investigated using a dual electrode cell in combination with a high-throughput LC method. The half-wave potentials (E(1/2)) of the seven macrolides investigated ranged from 0.734 to 0.866 V, and the current responses reached the maxima at over 1.0 V. The current response of the downstream electrode displayed a non-linear behavior at high potentials over +0.75 V, probably because of polarization of solvent components, e.g., water. The HPLC-coulometric assay was optimized with the potentials of the upstream and downstream electrodes at +0.65 and +0.85 V, respectively. This method is suitable for detection of 14- and 15-membered macrolides (sensitivity<0.05 microg ml(-1)), but not for a 16-membered macrolide, tylosin (sensitivity>0.1 microg ml(-1)). The assay shows interferences from biomatrices in rat's blood plasma and serum, and human urine, but they were effectively removed by a cold acetonitrile extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hak Kim
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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29
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Kim YH, Cerniglia CE. Influence of erythromycin A on the microbial populations in aquaculture sediment microcosms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 73:230-41. [PMID: 15935863 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of erythromycin A was studied using two sediment samples obtained from the salmon and trout hatchery sites at Hupp Springs (HS) and Goldendale (GD), Washington, United States. The former site had been treated for 3 years with erythromycin-medicated feed prior to the experiments, and the latter site had not been treated with any antibiotic for at least 6 years. The two sediment microcosms treated with either N-[methyl-14C]erythromycin A or [1,3,5,7,9,11,13-14C]erythromycin A showed S-curves for erythromycin A mineralization with a prolonged lag time of 120 days, except for GD microcosms treated with [1,3,5,7,9,11,13-14C]erythromycin A. We proposed a simplified logistic model to interpret the mineralization curves under the assumption of the low densities of initial populations metabolizing erythromycin A. The model was helpful for knowing the biological potential for erythromycin A degradation in sediments. Although erythromycin A added to the two sediment microcosms did not significantly alter the numbers of total viable aerobic bacteria or erythromycin-resistant bacteria, it affected the bacterial composition. The influence on the bacterial composition appeared to be greater in GD microcosms without pre-exposure to antibiotics. PCR-RFLP and DNA sequence analyses of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the erythromycin esterase (ere) gene revealed that ereA type 2 (ereA2) was present in potentially erythromycin-degrading Pseudomonas spp. strains GD100, GD200, HS100, HS200 and HS300, isolated from erythromycin-treated and non-treated GD and HS microcosms. Erythromycin A appeared to influence the development and proliferation of strain GD200, possibly via the lateral gene transfer of ereA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hak Kim
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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30
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Roberts MC. Resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin, ketolide, and oxazolidinone antibiotics. Mol Biotechnol 2005; 28:47-62. [PMID: 15456963 DOI: 10.1385/mb:28:1:47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides have enjoyed a resurgence as new derivatives and related compounds have come to market. These newer compounds have become important in the treatment of community-acquired pneumoniae and nontuberculosis-Mycobacterium diseases. In this review, the bacterial mechanisms of resistance to the macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin, ketolide, and oxazolidinone antibiotics, the distribution of the various acquired genes that confer resistance, as well as mutations that have been identified in clinical and laboratory strains are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Roberts
- Department of Pathobiology, Box 357238, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Panda T, Gowrishankar BS. Production and applications of esterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:160-9. [PMID: 15630579 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Esterase plays a major role in the degradation of natural materials and industrial pollutants, viz., cereal wastes, plastics, and other toxic chemicals. It is useful in the synthesis of optically pure compounds, perfumes, and antioxidants. The potential applications of esterase with reference to agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industries, are discussed in this review. Promising applications in this avenue can be supported by appropriate production strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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Ojo KK, Ulep C, Van Kirk N, Luis H, Bernardo M, Leitao J, Roberts MC. The mef(A) gene predominates among seven macrolide resistance genes identified in gram-negative strains representing 13 genera, isolated from healthy Portuguese children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3451-6. [PMID: 15328110 PMCID: PMC514787 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.9.3451-3456.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the 176 randomly selected, commensal, gram-negative bacteria isolated from healthy children with low exposure to antibiotics, 138 (78%) carried one or more of the seven macrolide resistance genes tested in this study. These isolates included 79 (91%) isolates from the oral cavity and 59 (66%) isolates from urine samples. The mef(A) gene, coding for an efflux protein, was found in 73 isolates (41%) and was the most frequently carried gene. The mef(A) gene could be transferred from the donors into a gram-positive E. faecalis recipient and a gram-negative Escherichia coli recipient. The erm(B) gene transferred and was maintained in the E. coli transconjugants but was found in 0 to 100% of the E. faecalis transconjugants tested, while the other five genes could be transferred only into the E. coli recipient. The individual macrolide resistance genes were identified in 3 to 12 new genera. Eight (10%) of the oral isolates and 30 (34%) of the urine isolates for which the MICs were 2 to >500 microg of erythromycin per ml did not hybridize with any of the seven genes and may carry novel macrolide resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Ojo
- Department of Pathobiology, Box 357238, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Kim YH, Pak K, Pothuluri JV, Cerniglia CE. Mineralization of erythromycin A in aquaculture sediments. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Kim YH, Engesser KH, Cerniglia CE. Two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon o-quinone reductases from a pyrene-degrading Mycobacterium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 416:209-17. [PMID: 12893299 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) o-quinone reductase (PQR) plays a crucial role in the detoxification of PAH o-quinones by reducing them to catechols. Two constitutive PQRs were found in cell extracts of a pyrene-degrading Mycobacterium sp. strain PYR100. The enzymes had an activity towards 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) and/or 4,5-pyrenequinone (PyQ), and the relative amounts varied with the pH of the culture media. PQR1, containing an FAD cofactor, was a monomer (20.1 kDa), and PQR2, with no flavin cofactor, was a homodimer (26.5 kDa subunits). There was no homology between the N-terminal sequences of PQR1 and PQR2. Dicumarol and quercetin inhibited PQR2 more strongly than PQR1. PQR1 had much lower specificity constants (k(cat)/K(m), 10(5)M(-1)s(-1)) for menadione (0.80) and PQ (5.19) than PQR2 (13.9 for menadione and 176 for PQ). Additionally, PQR2 exhibited a broad substrate specificity with high specificity constants for 1,4-naphthalenequinone, 1,2-naphthalenequinone, and PyQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hak Kim
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA
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