1
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Nguyen PTD, Giovanni A, Maekawa S, Wang PC, Chen SC. Enhanced effectiveness in preventing Nocardia seriolae infection utilizing heterologous prime-boost approach in orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109663. [PMID: 38821228 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Persistent nocardiosis has prompted exploration of the effectiveness of heterologous approaches to prevent severe infections. We have previously reported the efficacy of a nucleic acid vaccine in protecting groupers from highly virulent Nocardia seriolae infections. Ongoing research has involved the supplementation of recombinant cholesterol oxidase (rCho) proteins through immunization with a DNA vaccine to enhance the protective capacity of orange-spotted groupers. Recombinant rCho protein exhibited a maturity and biological structure comparable to that expressed in N. seriolae, as confirmed by Western blot immunodetection assays. The immune responses observed in vaccinated groupers were significantly higher than those observed in single-type homologous vaccinations, DNA or recombinant proteins alone (pcD:Cho and rCho/rCho), especially cell-mediated immune and mucosal immune responses. Moreover, the reduction in N. seriolae occurrence in internal organs, such as the head, kidney, and spleen, was consistent with the vaccine's efficacy, which increased from approximately 71.4 % to an undetermined higher percentage through heterologous vaccination strategies of 85.7 %. This study underscores the potential of Cho as a novel vaccine candidate and a heterologous approach for combating chronic infections such as nocardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T D Nguyen
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology Centre of Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Andre Giovanni
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Shun Maekawa
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; General Research Service Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; General Research Service Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; General Research Service Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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2
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Shankar G, Akhter Y. Stealing survival: Iron acquisition strategies of Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00142-1. [PMID: 38901792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), faces iron scarcity within the host due to immune defenses. This review explores the importance of iron for Mtb and its strategies to overcome iron restriction. We discuss how the host limits iron as an innate immune response and how Mtb utilizes various iron acquisition systems, particularly the siderophore-mediated pathway. The review illustrates the structure and biosynthesis of mycobactin, a key siderophore in Mtb, and the regulation of its production. We explore the potential of targeting siderophore biosynthesis and uptake as a novel therapeutic approach for TB. Finally, we summarize current knowledge on Mtb's iron acquisition and highlight promising directions for future research to exploit this pathway for developing new TB interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Shankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 025, India.
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3
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Roth AT, Philips JA, Chandra P. The role of cholesterol and its oxidation products in tuberculosis pathogenesis. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2024; 6:e00042. [PMID: 38693938 PMCID: PMC11060060 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB), one of the world's most deadly infections. Lipids play an important role in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. M. tuberculosis grows intracellularly within lipid-laden macrophages and extracellularly within the cholesterol-rich caseum of necrotic granulomas and pulmonary cavities. Evolved from soil saprophytes that are able to metabolize cholesterol from organic matter in the environment, M. tuberculosis inherited an extensive and highly conserved machinery to metabolize cholesterol. M. tuberculosis uses this machinery to degrade host cholesterol; the products of cholesterol degradation are incorporated into central carbon metabolism and used to generate cell envelope lipids, which play important roles in virulence. The host also modifies cholesterol by enzymatically oxidizing it to a variety of derivatives, collectively called oxysterols, which modulate cholesterol homeostasis and the immune response. Recently, we found that M. tuberculosis converts host cholesterol to an oxidized metabolite, cholestenone, that accumulates in the lungs of individuals with TB. M. tuberculosis encodes cholesterol-modifying enzymes, including a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, a putative cholesterol oxidase, and numerous cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Here, we review what is known about cholesterol and its oxidation products in the pathogenesis of TB. We consider the possibility that the biological function of cholesterol metabolism by M. tuberculosis extends beyond a nutritional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Roth
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pallavi Chandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Nguyen PTD, Giovanni A, Maekawa S, Pham TH, Wang PC, Chen SC. An Integrated in silico and in vivo study of nucleic acid vaccine against Nocardia seriolae infection in orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109202. [PMID: 37913891 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Nocardiosis in aquatic animals caused by Nocardia seriolae is a frequently occurring serious infection that has recently spread to many countries. In this study, DNA vaccines containing potential bacterial antigens predicted using the reverse vaccinology approach were developed and evaluated in orange-spotted groupers. In silico analysis indicated that proteins including cholesterol oxidase, ld-transpeptidase, and glycosyl hydroxylase have high immunogenicity and are potential vaccine candidates. In vitro assays revealed the mature and biological configurations of these proteins. Importantly, when compared to a control PBS injection, N. seriolae DNA-based vaccines showed significantly higher expression of IL1β, IL17, and IFNγ at 1 or 2 days, in line with higher serum antibody production and expression of other cellular immune-related genes, such as MHCI, CD4, and CD8, at 7 days post-immunization. Remarkably, enhanced immune responses and strong protective efficacy against a highly virulent strain of N. seriolae were recorded in DNA vaccine-cholesterol oxidase (pcD::Cho) injected fish, with a relative survival rate of 73.3%. Our results demonstrate that the reverse vaccinology approach is a valid strategy for screening vaccine candidates and pcD::Cho is a promising candidate that can boost both innate and adaptive immune responses and confer considerable protection against N. seriolae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T D Nguyen
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Andre Giovanni
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Shun Maekawa
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; General Research Service Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Trung Hieu Pham
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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5
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Katariya MM, Snee M, Tunnicliffe RB, Kavanagh ME, Boshoff HIM, Amadi CN, Levy CW, Munro AW, Abell C, Leys D, Coyne AG, McLean KJ. Structure Based Discovery of Inhibitors of CYP125 and CYP142 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203868. [PMID: 36912255 PMCID: PMC10205683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was responsible for approximately 1.6 million deaths in 2021. With the emergence of extensive drug resistance, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed, and continued drug discovery efforts required. Host-derived lipids such as cholesterol not only support Mtb growth, but are also suspected to function in immunomodulation, with links to persistence and immune evasion. Mtb cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes facilitate key steps in lipid catabolism and thus present potential targets for inhibition. Here we present a series of compounds based on an ethyl 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate pharmacophore which bind strongly to both Mtb cholesterol oxidases CYP125 and CYP142. Using a structure-guided approach, combined with biophysical characterization, compounds with micromolar range in-cell activity against clinically relevant drug-resistant isolates were obtained. These will incite further development of much-needed additional treatment options and provide routes to probe the role of CYP125 and CYP142 in Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Katariya
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Matthew Snee
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Richard B. Tunnicliffe
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Madeline E. Kavanagh
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Department of ChemistryThe Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA 92-37USA
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research SectionNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and MicrobiologyNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD 20892USA
| | - Cecilia N. Amadi
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Colin W. Levy
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Andrew W. Munro
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Chris Abell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - David Leys
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Anthony G. Coyne
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Kirsty J. McLean
- Department of Biological and Geographical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldSchool of Applied SciencesQueensgateHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
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6
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Doukyu N, Ikehata Y, Sasaki T. Expression and characterization of cholesterol oxidase with high thermal and pH stability from Janthinobacterium agaricidamnosum. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:331-339. [PMID: 35697335 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2084626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidases (COXases) have a diverse array of applications including analysis of blood cholesterol levels, synthesis of steroids, and utilization as an insecticidal protein. The COXase gene from Janthinobacterium agaricidamnosum was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified COXase showed an optimal temperature of 60 °C and maintained about 96 and 72% of its initial activity after 30 min at 60 and 70 °C, respectively. In addition, the purified COXase exhibited a pH optimum at 7.0 and high pH stability over the broad pH range of 3.0-12.0. The pH stability of the COXase at pH 12.0 was higher than that of highly stable COXase from Chromobacterium sp. DS-1. The COXase oxidized cholesterol and β-cholestanol at higher rates than other 3β-hydroxysteroids. The Km, Vmax, and kcat values for cholesterol were 156 μM, 13.7 μmol/min/mg protein, and 14.4 s-1, respectively. These results showed that this enzyme could be very useful in the clinical determination of cholesterol in serum and the production of steroidal compounds. This is the first report to characterize a COXase from the genus Janthinobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuuki Ikehata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Taichi Sasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
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7
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Rodriguez GM, Sharma N, Biswas A, Sharma N. The Iron Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Implications for Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:876667. [PMID: 35646739 PMCID: PMC9132128 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.876667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogenic bacteria require iron for growth. However, this metal is not freely available in the mammalian host. Due to its poor solubility and propensity to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species, host iron is kept in solution bound to specialized iron binding proteins. Access to iron is an important factor in the outcome of bacterial infections; iron limitation frequently induces virulence and drives pathogenic interactions with host cells. Here, we review the response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to changes in iron availability, the relevance of this response to TB pathogenesis, and its potential for the design of new therapeutic interventions.
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8
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Lata S, Mahatha AC, Mal S, Gupta UD, Kundu M, Basu J. Unravelling novel roles of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcription factor Rv0081 in regulation of the nucleoid-associated proteins Lsr2 and EspR, cholesterol utilization and subversion of lysosomal trafficking in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1104-1120. [PMID: 35304930 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional network of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is designed to enable the organism to withstand host-associated stresses and to exploit the host milieu for its own survival and multiplication. Rv0081 (MT0088) is a transcriptional regulator whose interplay with other gene regulatory proteins and role in enabling M. tuberculosis to thrive within its host is incompletely understood. M. tuberculosis utilizes cholesterol within the granuloma. We show that deletion of Rv0081 compromises the ability of M. tuberculosis to utilize cholesterol as sole carbon source, to subvert lysosomal trafficking, and to form granulomas in vitro. Rv0081 downregulates expression of the nucleoid associated repressor Lsr2, leading to increased expression of the cholesterol catabolism-linked gene kshA and genes of the cholesterol importing operon, accounting for the requirement of Rv0081 in cholesterol utilization. Further, Rv0081 activates EspR which is required for secretion of ESX-1 substrates, which in turn are involved in subversion of lysosomal traffickingof M. tuberculosisand granuloma expansion. These results provide new insight into the role of Rv0081 under conditions which resemble the environment encountered by M. tuberculosis within its host. Rv0081 emergesas a central regulator of genes linked to various pathways which are crucial for the survival of the bacterium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Lata
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Amar Chandra Mahatha
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Soumya Mal
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Umesh D Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India
| | - Manikuntala Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
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9
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Mycobacterial MCE proteins as transporters that control lipid homeostasis of the cell wall. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 132:102162. [PMID: 34952299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell entry (mce) genes are not only present in genomes of pathogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis), but also in saprophytic and opportunistic mycobacterial species. MCE are conserved cell-wall proteins encoded by mce operons, which maintain an identical structure in all mycobacteria: two yrbE genes (A and B) followed by six mce genes (A, B, C, D, E and F). Although these proteins are known to participate in the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria, the presence of the operons in nonpathogenic mycobacteria and other bacteria indicates that they play another role apart from host cell invasion. In this respect, more recent studies suggest that they are functionally similar to ABC transporters and form part of lipid transporters in Actinobacteria. To date, most reviews on mce operons in the literature discuss their role in virulence. However, according to data from transcriptional studies, mce genes, particularly the mce1 and mce4 operons, modify their expression according to the carbon source and upon hypoxia, starvation, surface stress and oxidative stress; which suggests a role of MCE proteins in the response of Mycobacteria to external stressors. In addition to these data, this review also summarizes the studies demonstrating the role of MCE proteins as lipid transporters as well as the relevance of their transport function in the interaction of pathogenic Mycobacteria with the hosts. Altogether, the evidence to date would indicate that MCE proteins participate in the response to the stress conditions that mycobacteria encounter during infection, by participating in the cell wall remodelling and possibly contributing to lipid homeostasis.
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10
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Lewin A, Kamal E, Semmler T, Winter K, Kaiser S, Schäfer H, Mao L, Eschenhagen P, Grehn C, Bender J, Schwarz C. Genetic diversification of persistent Mycobacterium abscessus within cystic fibrosis patients. Virulence 2021; 12:2415-2429. [PMID: 34546836 PMCID: PMC8526041 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1959808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium (M.) abscessus infections in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients cause a deterioration of lung function. Treatment of these multidrug-resistant pathogens is associated with severe side-effects, while frequently unsuccessful. Insight on M. abscessus genomic evolvement during chronic lung infection would be beneficial for improving treatment strategies. A longitudinal study enrolling 42 CF patients was performed at a CF center in Berlin, Germany, to elaborate phylogeny and genomic diversification of in-patient M. abscessus. Eleven of the 42 CF patients were infected with M. abscessus. Five of these 11 patients were infected with global human-transmissible M. abscessus cluster strains. Phylogenetic analysis of 88 genomes from isolates of the 11 patients excluded occurrence of M. abscessus transmission among members of the study group. Genome sequencing and variant analysis of 30 isolates from 11 serial respiratory samples collected over 4.5 years from a chronically infected patient demonstrated accumulation of gene mutations. In total, 53 genes exhibiting non-synonymous variations were identified. Enrichment analysis emphasized genes involved in synthesis of glycopeptidolipids, genes from the embABC (arabinosyltransferase) operon, betA (glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase) and choD (cholesterol oxidase). Genetic diversity evolved in a variety of virulence- and resistance-associated genes. The strategy of M. abscessus populations in chronic lung infection is not clonal expansion of dominant variants, but to sustain simultaneously a wide range of genetic variants facilitating adaptation of the population to changing living conditions in the lung. Genomic diversification during chronic infection requires increased attention when new control strategies against M. abscessus infections are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Lewin
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kamal
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Unit NG 1 Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Winter
- Unit MF1 Bioinformatics, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Kaiser
- Unit MF1 Bioinformatics, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Schäfer
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Mao
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Unit 31 Infectious Disease Data Science Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patience Eschenhagen
- Klinikum Westbrandenburg, Campus Potsdam, Cystic Fibrosis Section, Potsdam, Germany.,Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Grehn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cystic Fibrosis, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bender
- Unit 13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany.,ECDC Fellowship Programme, Public Health Microbiology Path (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - Carsten Schwarz
- Klinikum Westbrandenburg, Campus Potsdam, Cystic Fibrosis Section, Potsdam, Germany.,Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Rosa TLSA, Marques MAM, DeBoard Z, Hutchins K, Silva CAA, Montague CR, Yuan T, Amaral JJ, Atella GC, Rosa PS, Mattos KA, VanderVen BC, Lahiri R, Sampson NS, Brennan PJ, Belisle JT, Pessolani MCV, Berrêdo-Pinho M. Reductive Power Generated by Mycobacterium leprae Through Cholesterol Oxidation Contributes to Lipid and ATP Synthesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:709972. [PMID: 34395315 PMCID: PMC8355898 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.709972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection, Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacillus, induces accumulation of cholesterol-enriched lipid droplets (LDs) in Schwann cells (SCs). LDs are promptly recruited to M. leprae-containing phagosomes, and inhibition of this process decreases bacterial survival, suggesting that LD recruitment constitutes a mechanism by which host-derived lipids are delivered to intracellular M. leprae. We previously demonstrated that M. leprae has preserved only the capacity to oxidize cholesterol to cholestenone, the first step of the normal cholesterol catabolic pathway. In this study we investigated the biochemical relevance of cholesterol oxidation on bacterial pathogenesis in SCs. Firstly, we showed that M. leprae increases the uptake of LDL-cholesterol by infected SCs. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed a close association between M. leprae and the internalized LDL-cholesterol within the host cell. By using Mycobacterium smegmatis mutant strains complemented with M. leprae genes, we demonstrated that ml1942 coding for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), but not ml0389 originally annotated as cholesterol oxidase (ChoD), was responsible for the cholesterol oxidation activity detected in M. leprae. The 3β-HSD activity generates the electron donors NADH and NADPH that, respectively, fuel the M. leprae respiratory chain and provide reductive power for the biosynthesis of the dominant bacterial cell wall lipids phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) and phenolic glycolipid (PGL)-I. Inhibition of M. leprae 3β-HSD activity with the 17β-[N-(2,5-di-t-butylphenyl)carbamoyl]-6-azaandrost-4-en-3one (compound 1), decreased bacterial intracellular survival in SCs. In conclusion, our findings confirm the accumulation of cholesterol in infected SCs and its potential delivery to the intracellular bacterium. Furthermore, we provide strong evidence that cholesterol oxidation is an essential catabolic pathway for M. leprae pathogenicity and point to 3β-HSD as a prime drug target that may be used in combination with current multidrug regimens to shorten leprosy treatment and ameliorate nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabatta L S A Rosa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Angela M Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Zachary DeBoard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kelly Hutchins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Carlos Adriano A Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Julio J Amaral
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Rosa
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Katherine A Mattos
- Departmento de Controle de Qualidade, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Programs, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Maria Cristina V Pessolani
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cytotoxic activity of cholesterol oxidase produced by Streptomyces sp. AKHSS against cancerous cell lines: mechanism of action in HeLa cells. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:141. [PMID: 34287712 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Re-occurrence of cancer is the major drawback for the currently available anticancer therapies. Therefore, study of an efficient enzyme, cholesterol oxidase produced by various kinds of microbes especially obtained from unexplored marine actinobacterial species against human cancer cell lines and understanding its mechanism of action helps to identify an irreversible and potent anticancer agent. The cytotoxic potential of cholesterol oxidase produced by a marine Streptomyces sp. AKHSS against four different human cancer cell lines was demonstrated through MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay. Fluorescent confocal microscopy and flow cytometry based experiments were performed to understand the efficiency of the enzymatic action on HeLa cells. Further, the apoptotic related proteins were detected through western blotting. Interestingly, the enzyme exhibited potent cytotoxicity at very low concentrations (0.093-0.327 µM) against all the cells tested. Fluorescent confocal microscopy revealed the morphological variations induced by the enzyme on cancer cell lines such as the formation of lipid droplets and condensation of nuclei. The enzyme treated cell-free extracts of HeLa cells analyzed through gas chromatography mass spectrometry showed the depletion of membrane cholesterol and the presence of substituted enzyme oxidized product, cholest-4-ene-3-one. The enzyme had induced significant inhibitory effects on the cell viability such as cell cycle arrest (G1 phase), apoptosis and rise of reactive oxygen species as evident through flow cytometry. Besides, hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane, reduced rates of phosphorylation of pAkt and the expression of apoptotic death markers like Fas, Fas L, caspases (8 and 3) and PARP-1 were recorded in the enzyme treated HeLa cells. Thus, cholesterol oxidase purified from a marine Streptomyces sp. AKHSS exhibits potent cytotoxicity at very low concentrations against human cancer cell lines. All the ex vivo experiments portrayed the substantial inhibitory effect of the enzyme on HeLa cells suggesting that cholesterol oxidase of Streptomyces sp. AKHSS could be a prominent cancer chemotherapeutic agent.
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Szulc-Kielbik I, Brzostek A, Gatkowska J, Kielbik M, Klink M. Determination of in vitro and in vivo immune response to recombinant cholesterol oxidase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:103-111. [PMID: 33166528 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidase (ChoD) is an enzyme that is involved but is dispensable in the process of cholesterol degradation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Interestingly, ChoD is a virulence factor of Mtb, and it strongly modulates the function of human macrophages in vitro, allowing the intracellular survival of bacteria. Here, we determined the immunogenic activity of recombinant ChoD from Mtb in a mouse model. We found that peritoneal exudate cells obtained from mice injected i.p. with ChoD but not those from mice injected with PBS responded in vitro with highly spontaneous, as well as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, ChoD significantly reduced the ROS response to PMA in re-stimulated cells in vitro. The cytokine secretion pattern in mice immunized s.c. with ChoD emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) showed evidence of Th2-induced or proinflammatory immune responses. The main cytokines detected in sera were interleukin (IL) 6 and 5, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, while IL-2 and IL-12 as well as interferon γ were undetectable. Similarly, ChoD protein alone activated THP-1-derived macrophages to release proinflammatory IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, in vitro. Moreover, a statistically significant predominance of the IgG1 isotype over that of IgG2a in the sera of mice immunized with ChoD/IFA was observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated here that ChoD of Mtb is an active protein, which is able to induce the immune response both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Brzostek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Gatkowska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klink
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
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Biosynthesis and Industrial Production of Androsteroids. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091144. [PMID: 32899410 PMCID: PMC7570361 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are a group of organic compounds that include sex hormones, adrenal cortical hormones, sterols, and phytosterols. In mammals, steroid biosynthesis starts from cholesterol via multiple steps to the final steroid and occurs in the gonads, adrenal glands, and placenta. This highly regulated pathway involves several cytochrome P450, as well as different dehydrogenases and reductases. Steroids in mammals have also been associated with drug production. Steroid pharmaceuticals such as testosterone and progesterone represent the second largest category of marketed medical products. There heterologous production through microbial transformation of phytosterols has gained interest in the last couple of decades. Phytosterols being the plants sterols serve as inexpensive substrates for the production of steroid derivatives. Various genes and biochemical pathways involved in phytosterol degradation have been identified in many Rhodococcus and Mycobacterium species. Apart from an early investigation in mammals, presence of steroids such as androsteroids and progesterone has also been demonstrated in plants. Their main role is linked with growth, development, and reproduction. Even though plants share some chemical features with mammals, the biosynthesis is different, with the first C22 hydroxylation as an example. This is performed by CYP11A1 in mammals and CYP90B1 in plants. Moreover, the entire plant steroid biosynthesis is not fully elucidated. Knowing this pathway could provide new processes for the industrial biotechnological production of steroid hormones in plants.
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El-Naggar NEA, El-Shweihy NM. Identification of cholesterol-assimilating actinomycetes strain and application of statistical modeling approaches for improvement of cholesterol oxidase production by Streptomyces anulatus strain NEAE-94. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:86. [PMID: 32276593 PMCID: PMC7149892 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholesterol oxidase biosensors have been used to determine the level of cholesterol in different serum and food samples. Due to a wide range of industrial and clinical applications of microbial cholesterol oxidase, isolation and identification of a new microbial source (s) of cholesterol oxidase are very important. Results The local isolate Streptomyces sp. strain NEAE-94 is a promising source of cholesterol oxidase. It was identified based on cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics; in addition to the 16S rRNA sequence. The sequencing product had been deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number KC354803. Cholesterol oxidase production by Streptomyces anulatus strain NEAE-94 in shake flasks was optimized using surface response methodology. The different process parameters were first screened using a Plackett-Burman design and the parameters with significant effects on the production of cholesterol oxidase were identified. Out of the 15 factors screened, agitation speed, cholesterol and yeast extract concentrations had the most significant positive effects on the production of cholesterol oxidase. The optimal levels of these variables and the effects of their mutual interactions on cholesterol oxidase production were determined using Box-Behnken design. Cholesterol oxidase production by Streptomyces anulatus strain NEAE-94 was 11.03, 27.31 U/mL after Plackett-Burman Design and Box-Behnken design; respectively, with a fold of increase of 6.06 times compared to the production before applying the Plackett-Burman design (4.51 U/mL). Conclusions Maximum cholesterol oxidase activity was obtained at the following fermentation conditions: g/L (cholesterol 4, yeast extract 5, NaCl 0.5, K2HPO4 1, FeSO4.7H2O 0.01, MgSO4.7H2O 0.5), pH 7, inoculum size 4% (v/v), temperature 37°C, agitation speed of 150 rpm, medium volume 50 mL and incubation time 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications, (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nancy M El-Shweihy
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications, (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
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Medium Optimization by Response Surface Methodology for Improved Cholesterol Oxidase Production by a Newly Isolated Streptomyces rochei NAM-19 Strain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1870807. [PMID: 32337225 PMCID: PMC7150710 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1870807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidase is an alcohol oxidoreductase flavoprotein with wide biotechnological applications. The current work describes the isolation of a potential cholesterol oxidase producing streptomycete from Egyptian soil. The isolated strain produced cholesterol oxidase in submerged culture using a medium containing glucose, yeast extract, malt extract, and CaCO3 with the addition of cholesterol as an inducer. The isolated strain was identified as Streptomyces rochei NAM-19 based on 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogeny. Optimization of cholesterol oxidase production has been carried out using response surface methodology. The Plackett-Burman design method was used to evaluate the significant components of the production medium followed by Box-Behnken experimental design to locate the true optimal concentrations, which are significantly affecting enzyme production. Results showed that the predicted enzyme response could be closely correlated with the experimentally obtained production. Furthermore, the applied optimization strategy increased volumetric enzyme production by 2.55 times (65.1 U/mL) the initial production obtained before medium optimization (25.5 U/mL).
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Requires Cholesterol Oxidase to Disrupt TLR2 Signalling in Human Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2373791. [PMID: 31871425 PMCID: PMC6913169 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2373791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) uses a cholesterol oxidase enzyme (ChoD) to suppress a toll-like receptor type 2- (TLR2-) dependent signalling pathway to modulate macrophages' immune response. We investigated the impact of Mtb possessing or lacking ChoD as well as TBChoD recombinant protein obtained from Mtb on the expression and activation of two key intracellular proteins involved in TLR2 signalling in human macrophages. Finally, the involvement of TLR2-related signalling proteins in an inflammatory/immunosuppressive response of macrophages to Mtb was evaluated. We demonstrate that wild-type Mtb but not the ∆choD mutant decreased the cytosolic IRAK4 and TRAF6 protein levels while strongly enhancing IRAK4 and TRAF6 mRNA levels in macrophages. Our data show that the TLR2 present on the surface of macrophages are involved in disturbing the signalling pathway by wild-type Mtb. Moreover, recombinant TBChoD effectively decreased the cytosolic level of TRAF6 and lowered the phosphorylation of IRAK4, which strongly confirm an involvement of cholesterol oxidase in affecting the TLR2-related pathway by Mtb. Wild-type Mtb induced an immunosuppressive response of macrophages in an IRAK4- and TRAF6-dependent manner as measured by interleukin 10 production. In conclusion, ChoD is a virulence factor that enables Mtb to disturb the TLR2-related signalling pathway in macrophages and modulate their response.
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Kirubakar G, Murugaiyan J, Schaudinn C, Dematheis F, Holland G, Eravci M, Weise C, Roesler U, Lewin A. Proteome Analysis of a M. avium Mutant Exposes a Novel Role of the Bifunctional Protein LysX in the Regulation of Metabolic Activity. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:291-299. [PMID: 29471363 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol is one of the components of the mycobacterial membrane that contributes to the resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides, a host-induced frontline defense against invading pathogens. Its production is catalyzed by LysX, a bifunctional protein with lysyl transferase and lysyl transfer RNA synthetase activity. Comparative proteome analysis of a lysX mutant of Mycobacterium avium strain 104 and the wild type indicated that the lysX mutant strain undergoes a transition in phenotype by switching the carbon metabolism to β-oxidation of fatty acids, along with accumulation of lipid inclusions. Surprisingly, proteins associated with intracellular survival were upregulated in the lysX mutant, even during extracellular growth, preparing bacteria for the conditions occurring inside host cells. In line with this, the lysX mutant exhibited enhanced intracellular growth in human-blood-derived monocytes. Thus, our study exposes the significance of lysX in the metabolism and virulence of the environmental pathogen M. avium hominissuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greana Kirubakar
- Division 16, Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jayaseelan Murugaiyan
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Schaudinn
- Division ZBS 4, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gudrun Holland
- Division ZBS 4, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Murat Eravci
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Lewin
- Division 16, Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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20
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van Wyk R, van Wyk M, Mashele SS, Nelson DR, Syed K. Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Cholesterol Catabolic Genes/Proteins in Mycobacterial Species. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051032. [PMID: 30818787 PMCID: PMC6429209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In dealing with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the deadliest human disease—tuberculosis (TB)—utilization of cholesterol as a carbon source indicates the possibility of using cholesterol catabolic genes/proteins as novel drug targets. However, studies on cholesterol catabolism in mycobacterial species are scarce, and the number of mycobacterial species utilizing cholesterol as a carbon source is unknown. The availability of a large number of mycobacterial species’ genomic data affords an opportunity to explore and predict mycobacterial species’ ability to utilize cholesterol employing in silico methods. In this study, comprehensive comparative analysis of cholesterol catabolic genes/proteins in 93 mycobacterial species was achieved by deducing a comprehensive cholesterol catabolic pathway, developing a software tool for extracting homologous protein data and using protein structure and functional data. Based on the presence of cholesterol catabolic homologous proteins proven or predicted to be either essential or specifically required for the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv on cholesterol, we predict that among 93 mycobacterial species, 51 species will be able to utilize cholesterol as a carbon source. This study’s predictions need further experimental validation and the results should be taken as a source of information on cholesterol catabolism and genes/proteins involved in this process among mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle van Wyk
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
| | - Mari van Wyk
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
| | - Samson Sitheni Mashele
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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Rameshwaram NR, Singh P, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Lipid metabolism and intracellular bacterial virulence: key to next-generation therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1301-1328. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is thought to play a key role in the pathogenicity of several intracellular bacteria. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids from the host cell to release free fatty acids which are used as an energy source and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelope and also to modulate host immune responses. In this review, we discussed the role of lipid metabolism and lipolytic enzymes in the life cycle and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular bacteria. The lipolytic enzymes appear to be potential candidates for developing novel therapeutics by targeting lipid metabolism for controlling M. tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria. [Formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
| | - Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
- Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India. 576 104
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, India. 500 007
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
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Abstract
Background:Cholesterol oxidases are bacterial oxidases widely used commercially for their application in the detection of cholesterol in blood serum, clinical or food samples. Additionally, these enzymes find potential applications as an insecticide, synthesis of anti-fungal antibiotics and a biocatalyst to transform a number of sterol and non-sterol compounds. However, the soluble form of cholesterol oxidases are found to be less stable when applied at higher temperatures, broader pH range, and incur higher costs. These disadvantages can be overcome by immobilization on carrier matrices.Methods:This review focuses on the immobilization of cholesterol oxidases on various macro/micro matrices as well as nanoparticles and their potential applications. Selection of appropriate support matrix in enzyme immobilization is of extreme importance. Recently, nanomaterials have been used as a matrix for immobilization of enzyme due to their large surface area and small size. The bio-compatible length scales and surface chemistry of nanoparticles provide reusability, stability and enhanced performance characteristics for the enzyme-nanoconjugates.Conclusion:In this review, immobilization of cholesterol oxidase on nanomaterials and other matrices are discussed. Immobilization on nanomatrices has been observed to increase the stability and activity of enzymes. This enhances the applicability of cholesterol oxidases for various industrial and clinical applications such as in biosensors.
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Ouf SA, Alsarrani AQ, Al-Adly AA, Ibrahim MK, Mohamed AAH. Evaluation of low-intensity laser radiation on stimulating the cholesterol degrading activity ofStreptomyces fradiae. Part II: Optimization of environmental and nutritional factors. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salama A. Ouf
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, P.O. 30002, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz Q. Alsarrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, P.O. 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A. Al-Adly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, P.O. 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed K. Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, P.O. 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Aleam H. Mohamed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, P.O. 30002, Saudi Arabia
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Wiens J, Ho R, Brassinga AK, Deck CA, Walsh PJ, Ben RN, Mcclymont K, Charlton T, Evans AN, Anderson WG. Biosynthesis of 1α-hydroxycorticosterone in the winter skate Leucoraja ocellata: evidence to suggest a novel steroidogenic route. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 91:260-277. [PMID: 28593636 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the ability of intracellular bacteria within the renal-inter-renal tissue of the winter skate Leucoraja ocellata to metabolize steroids and contribute to the synthesis of the novel elasmobranch corticosteroid, 1α-hydroxycorticosterone (1α-OH-B). Despite the rarity of C1 hydroxylation noted in the original identification of 1α-OH-B, literature provides evidence for steroid C1 hydroxylation by micro-organisms. Eight ureolytic bacterial isolates were identified in the renal-inter-renal tissue of L. ocellata, the latter being the site of 1α-OH-B synthesis. From incubations of bacterial isolates with known amounts of potential 1α-OH-B precursors, one isolate UM008 of the genus Rhodococcus was seen to metabolize corticosteroids and produce novel products via HPLC analysis. Cations Zn2+ and Fe3+ altered metabolism of certain steroid precursors, suggesting inhibition of Rhodococcus steroid catabolism. Genome sequencing of UM008 identified strong sequence and structural homology to that of Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4. A complete enzymatic pathway for steroid-ring oxidation as documented within other Actinobacteria was identified within the UM008 genome. This study highlights the potential role of Rhodococcus bacteria in steroid metabolism and proposes a novel alternative pathway for 1α-OH-B synthesis, suggesting a unique form of mutualism between intracellular bacteria and their elasmobranch host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wiens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - R Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - A K Brassinga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - C A Deck
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P J Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - R N Ben
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - K Mcclymont
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - T Charlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - A N Evans
- Department of Coastal Sciences, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS, U.S.A
| | - W G Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Abuhammad A. Cholesterol metabolism: a potential therapeutic target in Mycobacteria. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2194-2208. [PMID: 28002883 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), although a curable disease, is still one of the most difficult infections to treat. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects 10 million people worldwide and kills 1.5 million people each year. Reactivation of a latent infection is the major cause of TB. Cholesterol is a critical carbon source during latent infection. Catabolism of cholesterol contributes to the pool of propionyl-CoA, a precursor that is incorporated into lipid virulence factors. The M. tuberculosis genome contains a large regulon of cholesterol catabolic genes suggesting that the microorganism can utilize host sterol for infection and persistence. The protein products of these genes present ideal targets for rational drug discovery programmes. This review summarizes the development of enzyme inhibitors targeting the cholesterol pathway in M. tuberculosis. This knowledge is essential for the discovery of novel agents to treat M. tuberculosis infection. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro-organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc.
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Gabor KA, Fessler MB. Roles of the Mevalonate Pathway and Cholesterol Trafficking in Pulmonary Host Defense. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:27-45. [PMID: 26758950 PMCID: PMC6026538 DOI: 10.2174/1874467209666160112123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonic acid synthesis pathway, cholesterol, and lipoproteins play fundamental roles in lung physiology and the innate immune response. Recent literature investigating roles for cholesterol synthesis and trafficking in host defense against respiratory infection was critically reviewed. The innate immune response and the cholesterol biosynthesis/trafficking network regulate one another, with important implications for pathogen invasion and host defense in the lung. The activation of pathogen recognition receptors and downstream cellular host defense functions are critically sensitive to cellular cholesterol. Conversely, microorganisms can co-opt the sterol/lipoprotein network in order to facilitate replication and evade immunity. Emerging literature suggests the potential for harnessing these insights towards therapeutic development. Given that >50% of adults in the U.S. have serum cholesterol abnormalities and pneumonia remains a leading cause of death, the potential impact of cholesterol on pulmonary host defense is of tremendous public health significance and warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, Maildrop D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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27
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Faletrov Y, Brzostek A, Plocinska R, Dziadek J, Rudaya E, Edimecheva I, Shkumatov V. Uptake and metabolism of fluorescent steroids by mycobacterial cells. Steroids 2017; 117:29-37. [PMID: 27718364 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent steroids BODIPY-cholesterol (BPCh) and 7-nitrobenzoxadiazole-4-amino-(NBD)-labeled 22-NBD-chelesterol (22NC) as well as synthesized 20-(NBD)-pregn-5-en-3β-ol (20NP) were found to undergo bioconversions by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and M. smegmatis mc2 155. The major fluorescent products were determined to be 4-en-3-one derivatives of the compounds. Degradation of NBD fluorophore was also detected in the cases of 22NC and 20NP, but neither NBD degradation nor steroidal part modification were observed for the synthesized 3-(NBD)-cholestane. Mycobacterial 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were concluded to be responsible for the formation of the 4-en-3-one derivatives. All the compounds tested were found to cause staining both membrane lipids and cytosolic lipid droplets when incubated with mycobacteria in different manner, demonstrating ability of the steroids to reside in the compartments. The findings reveal a potential of the compounds for monitoring of steroid interactions with mycobacteria and provide information for design of new probes for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Faletrov
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus; Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Anna Brzostek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Renata Plocinska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elena Rudaya
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus; Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Irina Edimecheva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Vladimir Shkumatov
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus; Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
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Genome scale identification, structural analysis, and classification of periplasmic binding proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Genet 2016; 63:553-576. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Suriya J, Bharathiraja S, Manivasagan P, Kim SK. Enzymes From Rare Actinobacterial Strains. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 79:67-98. [PMID: 27770864 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacteria constitute rich sources of novel biocatalysts and novel natural products for medical and industrial utilization. Although actinobacteria are potential source of economically important enzymes, the isolation and culturing are somewhat tough because of its extreme habitats. But now-a-days, the rate of discovery of novel compounds producing actinomycetes from soil, freshwater, and marine ecosystem has increased much through the developed culturing and genetic engineering techniques. Actinobacteria are well-known source of their bioactive compounds and they are the promising source of broad range of industrially important enzymes. The bacteria have the capability to degrade a range of pesticides, hydrocarbons, aromatic, and aliphatic compounds (Sambasiva Rao, Tripathy, Mahalaxmi, & Prakasham, 2012). Most of the enzymes are mainly derived from microorganisms because of their easy of growth, minimal nutritional requirements, and low-cost for downstream processing. The focus of this review is about the new, commercially useful enzymes from rare actinobacterial strains. Industrial requirements are now fulfilled by the novel actinobacterial enzymes which assist the effective production. Oxidative enzymes, lignocellulolytic enzymes, extremozymes, and clinically useful enzymes are often utilized in many industrial processes because of their ability to catalyze numerous reactions. Novel, extremophilic, oxidative, lignocellulolytic, and industrially important enzymes from rare Actinobacterial population are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suriya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Bharathiraja
- CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Porto Novo, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Manivasagan
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - S-K Kim
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Specialized Graduate School Science & Technology Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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El-Naggar NEA, El-Shweihy NM, El-Ewasy SM. Identification and statistical optimization of fermentation conditions for a newly isolated extracellular cholesterol oxidase-producing Streptomyces cavourensis strain NEAE-42. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:217. [PMID: 27646045 PMCID: PMC5029000 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to broad range of clinical and industrial applications of cholesterol oxidase, isolation and screening of bacterial strains producing extracellular form of cholesterol oxidase is of great importance. RESULTS One hundred and thirty actinomycete isolates were screened for their cholesterol oxidase activity. Among them, a potential culture, strain NEAE-42 is displayed the highest extracellular cholesterol oxidase activity. It was selected and identified as Streptomyces cavourensis strain NEAE-42. The optimization of different process parameters for cholesterol oxidase production by Streptomyces cavourensis strain NEAE-42 using Plackett-Burman experimental design and response surface methodology was carried out. Fifteen variables were screened using Plackett-Burman experimental design. Cholesterol, initial pH and (NH4)2SO4 were the most significant positive independent variables affecting cholesterol oxidase production. Central composite design was chosen to elucidate the optimal concentrations of the selected process variables on cholesterol oxidase production. It was found that, cholesterol oxidase production by Streptomyces cavourensis strain NEAE-42 after optimization process was 20.521U/mL which is higher than result obtained from the basal medium before screening process using Plackett-Burman (3.31 U/mL) with a fold of increase 6.19. CONCLUSIONS The cholesterol oxidase level production obtained in this study (20.521U/mL) by the statistical method is higher than many of the reported values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934 Egypt
| | - Nancy M. El-Shweihy
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934 Egypt
| | - Sara M. El-Ewasy
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934 Egypt
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31
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Fozo EM, Rucks EA. The Making and Taking of Lipids: The Role of Bacterial Lipid Synthesis and the Harnessing of Host Lipids in Bacterial Pathogenesis. Adv Microb Physiol 2016; 69:51-155. [PMID: 27720012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to survive environmental stressors, including those induced by growth in the human host, bacterial pathogens will adjust their membrane physiology accordingly. These physiological changes also include the use of host-derived lipids to alter their own membranes and feed central metabolic pathways. Within the host, the pathogen is exposed to many stressful stimuli. A resulting adaptation is for pathogens to scavenge the host environment for readily available lipid sources. The pathogen takes advantage of these host-derived lipids to increase or decrease the rigidity of their own membranes, to provide themselves with valuable precursors to feed central metabolic pathways, or to impact host signalling and processes. Within, we review the diverse mechanisms that both extracellular and intracellular pathogens employ to alter their own membranes as well as their use of host-derived lipids in membrane synthesis and modification, in order to increase survival and perpetuate disease within the human host. Furthermore, we discuss how pathogen employed mechanistic utilization of host-derived lipids allows for their persistence, survival and potentiation of disease. A more thorough understanding of all of these mechanisms will have direct consequences for the development of new therapeutics, and specifically, therapeutics that target pathogens, while preserving normal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Fozo
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
| | - E A Rucks
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States.
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Unraveling and engineering the production of 23,24-bisnorcholenic steroids in sterol metabolism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21928. [PMID: 26898409 PMCID: PMC4761994 DOI: 10.1038/srep21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolism of sterols in mycobacteria is highly important due to its close relevance in the pathogenesis of pathogenic strains and the biotechnological applications of nonpathogenic strains for steroid synthesis. However, some key metabolic steps remain unknown. In this study, the hsd4A gene from Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC 25795 was investigated. The encoded protein, Hsd4A, was characterized as a dual-function enzyme, with both 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities in vitro. Using a kshAs-null strain of M. neoaurum ATCC 25795 (NwIB-XII) as a model, Hsd4A was further confirmed to exert dual-function in sterol catabolism in vivo. The deletion of hsd4A in NwIB-XII resulted in the production of 23,24-bisnorcholenic steroids (HBCs), indicating that hsd4A plays a key role in sterol side-chain degradation. Therefore, two competing pathways, the AD and HBC pathways, were proposed for the side-chain degradation. The proposed HBC pathway has great value in illustrating the production mechanism of HBCs in sterol catabolism and in developing HBCs producing strains for industrial application via metabolic engineering. Through the combined modification of hsd4A and other genes, three HBCs producing strains were constructed that resulted in promising productivities of 0.127, 0.109 and 0.074 g/l/h, respectively.
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Ho NAT, Dawes SS, Crowe AM, Casabon I, Gao C, Kendall SL, Baker EN, Eltis LD, Lott JS. The Structure of the Transcriptional Repressor KstR in Complex with CoA Thioester Cholesterol Metabolites Sheds Light on the Regulation of Cholesterol Catabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7256-66. [PMID: 26858250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.707760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol can be a major carbon source forMycobacterium tuberculosisduring infection, both at an early stage in the macrophage phagosome and later within the necrotic granuloma. KstR is a highly conserved TetR family transcriptional repressor that regulates a large set of genes responsible for cholesterol catabolism. Many genes in this regulon, includingkstR, are either induced during infection or are essential for survival ofM. tuberculosis in vivo In this study, we identified two ligands for KstR, both of which are CoA thioester cholesterol metabolites with four intact steroid rings. A metabolite in which one of the rings was cleaved was not a ligand. We confirmed the ligand-protein interactions using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and showed that ligand binding strongly inhibited KstR-DNA binding using surface plasmon resonance (IC50for ligand = 25 nm). Crystal structures of the ligand-free form of KstR show variability in the position of the DNA-binding domain. In contrast, structures of KstR·ligand complexes are highly similar to each other and demonstrate a position of the DNA-binding domain that is unfavorable for DNA binding. Comparison of ligand-bound and ligand-free structures identifies residues involved in ligand specificity and reveals a distinctive mechanism by which the ligand-induced conformational change mediates DNA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Anh Thu Ho
- From the School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie S Dawes
- From the School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adam M Crowe
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Israël Casabon
- From the School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Chen Gao
- From the School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sharon L Kendall
- the Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom, and
| | - Edward N Baker
- From the School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lindsay D Eltis
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - J Shaun Lott
- From the School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand,
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Membrane-associated glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family enzymes PhcC and PhcD are essential for enantioselective catabolism of dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8022-36. [PMID: 26362985 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02391-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 is able to degrade various lignin-derived biaryls, including a phenylcoumaran-type compound, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DCA). In SYK-6 cells, the alcohol group of the B-ring side chain of DCA is initially oxidized to the carboxyl group to generate 3-(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl) acrylic acid (DCA-C). Next, the alcohol group of the A-ring side chain of DCA-C is oxidized to the carboxyl group, and then the resulting metabolite is catabolized through vanillin and 5-formylferulate. In this study, the genes involved in the conversion of DCA-C were identified and characterized. The DCA-C oxidation activities in SYK-6 were enhanced in the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide and an artificial electron acceptor and were induced ca. 1.6-fold when the cells were grown with DCA. Based on these observations, SLG_09480 (phcC) and SLG_09500 (phcD), encoding glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family proteins, were presumed to encode DCA-C oxidases. Analyses of phcC and phcD mutants indicated that PhcC and PhcD are essential for the conversion of (+)-DCA-C and (-)-DCA-C, respectively. When phcC and phcD were expressed in SYK-6 and Escherichia coli, the gene products were mainly observed in their membrane fractions. The membrane fractions of E. coli that expressed phcC and phcD catalyzed the specific conversion of DCA-C into the corresponding carboxyl derivatives. In the oxidation of DCA-C, PhcC and PhcD effectively utilized ubiquinone derivatives as electron acceptors. Furthermore, the transcription of a putative cytochrome c gene was significantly induced in SYK-6 grown with DCA. The DCA-C oxidation catalyzed by membrane-associated PhcC and PhcD appears to be coupled to the respiratory chain.
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Gouzy A, Poquet Y, Neyrolles O. Amino acid capture and utilization within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:631-7. [PMID: 24957090 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of TB, is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates inside host macrophages and other phagocytes within a membrane-bound vacuole or phagosome. How M. tuberculosis captures and exploits vital nutrients inside host cells is an intensive research area that might lead to novel therapeutics for tuberculosis. Recent reports provided evidence that M. tuberculosis relies on amino acid uptake and degradation pathways to thrive inside its host. This opens novel research venues for the development of innovative antimicrobials against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Gouzy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5089, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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36
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García-Fernández J, Galán B, Medrano FJ, García JL. Characterization of the KstR2 regulator responsible of the lower cholesterol degradative pathway in Mycobacterium smegmatis. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:155-163. [PMID: 25511435 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of KstR2-dependent promoters of the divergon constituted by the MSMEG_6000-5999 and MSMEG_6001-6004 operons of Mycobacterium smegmatis which encode the genes involved in the lower cholesterol degradative pathway has been characterized. Footprint analyses have demonstrated experimentally for the first time that KstR2 specifically binds to an operator region of 29 nucleotides containing the palindromic sequence AAGCAAGNNCTTGCTT. This region overlaps with the -10 and -35 boxes of the putative P(6000) and P(6001) divergent promoters, suggesting that KstR2 represses their transcription by preventing the binding of the ribonucleic acid polymerase. A three-dimensional model of the KstR2 protein revealed a typical TetR-type regulator folding with two domains, a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding N-terminal domain and a regulator-binding C-terminal domain composed by three and six helices respectively. KstR2 is an all alpha protein as confirmed by circular dichroism. We have determined that M. smegmatis is able to grow using sitolactone (HIL) as the only carbon source and that this compound induces the kstR2 regulon in vivo. HIL or its open form 5OH-HIP were unable to release in vitro the KstR2-DNA operator interaction, suggesting that 5OH-HIP-CoA or a further derivative would induce the lower cholesterol catabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia García-Fernández
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Cholesterol oxidase with high catalytic activity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Screening, molecular genetic analysis, expression and characterization. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:24-30. [PMID: 25573142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular cholesterol oxidase producer, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA157, was isolated by a screening method to detect 6β-hydroperoxycholest-4-en-3-one-forming cholesterol oxidase. On the basis of a putative cholesterol oxidase gene sequence in the genome sequence data of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, the cholesterol oxidase gene from strain PA157 was cloned. The mature form of the enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells. The overexpressed enzyme formed inclusion bodies in recombinant E. coli cells grown at 20 °C and 30 °C. A soluble and active PA157 enzyme was obtained when the recombinant cells were grown at 10 °C. The purified enzyme was stable at pH 5.5 to 10 and was most active at pH 7.5-8.0, showing optimal activity at pH 7.0 and 70 °C. The enzyme retained about 90% of its activity after incubation for 30 min at 70 °C. The enzyme oxidized 3β-hydroxysteroids such as cholesterol, β-cholestanol, and β-sitosterol at high rates. The Km value and Vmax value for the cholesterol were 92.6 μM and 15.9 μmol/min/mg of protein, respectively. The Vmax value of the enzyme was higher than those of commercially available cholesterol oxidases. This is the first report to characterize a cholesterol oxidase from P. aeruginosa.
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Thirunavukkarasu S, de Silva K, Plain KM, J Whittington R. Role of host- and pathogen-associated lipids in directing the immune response in mycobacterial infections, with emphasis on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:262-75. [PMID: 25163812 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.932327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria have a complex cell wall with a high lipid content that confers unique advantages for bacterial survival in the hostile host environment, leading to long-term infection. There is a wealth of evidence suggesting the role cell wall-associated lipid antigens play at the host-pathogen interface by contributing to bacterial virulence. One pathway that pathogenic mycobacteria use to subvert host immune pathways to their advantage is host cholesterol/lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the possible role of pathogen- and host-associated lipids in the survival and persistence of pathogenic mycobacteria with emphasis on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. We draw upon literature in diverse areas of infectious and metabolic diseases and explain a mechanism by which mycobacterial-induced changes in the host cellular energy state could account for phenomena that are a hallmark of chronic mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- a Faculty of Veterinary Science , University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- a Faculty of Veterinary Science , University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
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Prozorov AA, Fedorova IA, Bekker OB, Danilenko VN. The virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Genetic control, new conceptions. RUSS J GENET+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795414080055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Bednarska K, Kielbik M, Sulowska Z, Dziadek J, Klink M. Cholesterol oxidase binds TLR2 and modulates functional responses of human macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:498395. [PMID: 25120288 PMCID: PMC4121183 DOI: 10.1155/2014/498395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidase (ChoD) is considered to be an important virulence factor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but its influence on macrophage activity is unknown. Here we used Nocardia erythropolis ChoD, which is very similar to the Mtb enzyme (70% identity at the amino-acid level), to evaluate the impact of bacterial ChoD on the activity of THP-1-derived macrophages in vitro. We found that ChoD decreased the surface expression of Toll-like receptor type 2 (TLR2) and complement receptor 3 (CR3) on these macrophages. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed that ChoD competed with lipoteichoic acid for ligand binding sites on TLR2 but not on CR3, suggesting that ChoD signaling is mediated via TLR2. Binding of ChoD to the membrane of macrophages had diverse effects on the activity of macrophages, activating p38 mitogen activated kinase and stimulating production of a large amount of interleukin-10. Moreover, ChoD primed macrophages to enhance the production of reactive oxygen species in response to the phorbol myristate acetate, which was reduced by "switching off" TLR-derived signaling through interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases 1 and 4 inhibition. Our study revealed that ChoD interacts directly with macrophages via TLR2 and influences the biological activity of macrophages during the development of the initial response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bednarska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zofia Sulowska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klink
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
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Wipperman MF, Sampson NS, Thomas ST. Pathogen roid rage: cholesterol utilization by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:269-93. [PMID: 24611808 PMCID: PMC4255906 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.895700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of science and medicine to control the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) requires an understanding of the complex host environment within which it resides. Pathological and biological evidence overwhelmingly demonstrate how the mammalian steroid cholesterol is present throughout the course of infection. Better understanding Mtb requires a more complete understanding of how it utilizes molecules like cholesterol in this environment to sustain the infection of the host. Cholesterol uptake, catabolism and broader utilization are important for maintenance of the pathogen in the host and it has been experimentally validated to contribute to virulence and pathogenesis. Cholesterol is catabolized by at least three distinct sub-pathways, two for the ring system and one for the side chain, yielding dozens of steroid intermediates with varying biochemical properties. Our ability to control this worldwide infectious agent requires a greater knowledge of how Mtb uses cholesterol to its advantage throughout the course of infection. Herein, the current state of knowledge of cholesterol metabolism by Mtb is reviewed from a biochemical perspective with a focus on the metabolic genes and pathways responsible for cholesterol steroid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
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Brzostek A, Szulc I, Klink M, Brzezinska M, Sulowska Z, Dziadek J. Either non-homologous ends joining or homologous recombination is required to repair double-strand breaks in the genome of macrophage-internalized Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92799. [PMID: 24658131 PMCID: PMC3962454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is constantly exposed to a multitude of hostile conditions and is confronted by a variety of potentially DNA-damaging assaults in vivo, primarily from host-generated antimicrobial toxic radicals. Exposure to reactive nitrogen species and/or reactive oxygen species causes different types of DNA damage, including oxidation, depurination, methylation and deamination, that can result in single- or double-strand breaks (DSBs). These breaks affect the integrity of the whole genome and, when left unrepaired, can lead to cell death. Here, we investigated the role of the DSB repair pathways, homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous ends joining (NHEJ), in the survival of Mtb inside macrophages. To this end, we constructed Mtb strains defective for HR (ΔrecA), NHEJ [Δ(ku,ligD)], or both DSB repair systems [Δ(ku,ligD,recA)]. Experiments using these strains revealed that either HR or NHEJ is sufficient for the survival and propagation of tubercle bacilli inside macrophages. Inhibition of nitric oxide or superoxide anion production with L-NIL or apocynin, respectively, enabled the Δ(ku,ligD,recA) mutant strain lacking both systems to survive intracellularly. Complementation of the Δ(ku,ligD,recA) mutant with an intact recA or ku-ligD rescued the ability of Mtb to propagate inside macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brzostek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Szulc
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klink
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Brzezinska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zofia Sulowska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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43
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Gao J, Sampson NS. A GMC oxidoreductase homologue is required for acetylation of glycopeptidolipid in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biochemistry 2014; 53:611-3. [PMID: 24444367 PMCID: PMC3985799 DOI: 10.1021/bi4015083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3409c gene is
required for modulation of the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) signaling
response in infected macrophages. Although each is annotated as encoding
a cholesterol oxidase, neither Rv3409c nor its ortholog MSMEG1604 is required for the metabolism of cholesterol
in mycobacteria. Here we report that a unique lipid, L1334, accumulates
in a MSMEG1604 transposon mutant in the Mycobacterium smegmatis cell envelope. L1334 is a polar glycopeptidolipid that is hyperrhamnosylated
and in which the 6-deoxytalose moiety is not acetylated. The alteration
of L1334 acetylation is consistent with a reduced level of interference
with TLR-2 signaling in mutant infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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Fernández de Las Heras L, Perera J, Navarro Llorens JM. Cholesterol to cholestenone oxidation by ChoG, the main extracellular cholesterol oxidase of Rhodococcus ruber strain Chol-4. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:33-44. [PMID: 24125733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The choG ORF of Rhodococcus ruber strain Chol-4 (referred from now as Chol-4) encodes a putative extracellular cholesterol oxidase. In the Chol-4 genome this ORF is located in a gene cluster that includes kstD3 and hsd4B, showing the same genomic context as that found in other Rhodococcus species. The putative ChoG protein is grouped into the class II of cholesterol oxidases, close to the Rhodococcus sp. CECT3014 ChoG homolog. The Chol-4 choG was cloned and expressed in a CECT3014 ΔchoG host strain in order to assess its ability to convert cholesterol into cholestenone. The RT-PCR analysis showed that choG gene was constitutively expressed in all the conditions assayed, but a higher induction could be inferred when cells were growing in the presence of cholesterol. A Chol-4 ΔchoG mutant strain was still able to grow in minimal medium supplemented with cholesterol, although at a slower rate. A comparative study of the removal of both cholesterol and cholestenone from the culture medium of either the wild type Chol-4 or its choG deletion mutant revealed a major role of ChoG in the extracellular production of cholestenone from cholesterol and, therefore, this enzyme may be related with the maintenance of a convenient supply of cholestenone for the succeeding steps of the catabolic pathway.
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45
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Klink M, Brzezinska M, Szulc I, Brzostek A, Kielbik M, Sulowska Z, Dziadek J. Cholesterol oxidase is indispensable in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73333. [PMID: 24039915 PMCID: PMC3767793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable research effort, the molecular mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence remain unclear. Cholesterol oxidase (ChoD), an extracellular enzyme capable of converting cholesterol to its 3-keto-4-ene derivative, cholestenone, has been proposed to play a role in the virulence of Mtb. Here, we verified the hypothesis that ChoD is capable of modifying the bactericidal and pro-inflammatory activity of human macrophages. We also sought to determine the contribution of complement receptor 3 (CR3)- and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated signaling pathways in the development of macrophage responses to Mtb. We found that intracellular replication of an Mtb mutant lacking a functional choD gene (ΔchoD) was less efficient in macrophages than that of the wild-type strain. Blocking CR3 and TLR2 with monoclonal antibodies enhanced survival of ΔchoD inside macrophages. We also showed that, in contrast to wild-type Mtb, the ΔchoD strain induced nitric oxide production in macrophages, an action that depended on the TLR2, but not the CR3, signaling pathway. Both wild-type and mutant strains inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the ΔchoD strain did so to a significantly lesser extent. Blocking TLR2-mediated signaling abolished the inhibitory effect of wild-type Mtb on ROS production by macrophages. Wild-type Mtb, but not the ΔchoD strain, decreased phorbol myristate acetate-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), which are involved in both TLR2- and CR3-mediated signaling pathways. Our finding also revealed that the production of interleukin 10 by macrophages was significantly lower in ΔchoD-infected macrophages than in wild-type Mtb-infected macrophages. However, tumor necrosis factor-α production by macrophages was the same after infection with mutant or wild-type strains. In summary, we demonstrate here that ChoD is required for Mtb interference with the TLR2-mediated signaling pathway and subsequent intracellular growth and survival of the pathogen in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Klink
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Brzezinska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Szulc
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Brzostek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zofia Sulowska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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46
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Faletrov YV, Frolova NS, Hlushko HV, Rudaya EV, Edimecheva IP, Mauersberger S, Shkumatov VM. Evaluation of the fluorescent probes Nile Red and 25-NBD-cholesterol as substrates for steroid-converting oxidoreductases using pure enzymes and microorganisms. FEBS J 2013; 280:3109-19. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav V. Faletrov
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
| | - Nina S. Frolova
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
| | - Hanna V. Hlushko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
| | - Elena V. Rudaya
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
| | - Irina P. Edimecheva
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; Minsk; Belarus
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47
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An overview on alcohol oxidases and their potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4259-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Faletrov YV, Bialevich KI, Edimecheva IP, Kostsin DG, Rudaya EV, Slobozhanina EI, Shkumatov VM. 22-NBD-cholesterol as a novel fluorescent substrate for cholesterol-converting oxidoreductases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 134:59-66. [PMID: 23124253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Docking simulations and experimental data indicate that 22-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-23,24-bisnor-5-cholen-3β-ol (22-NBD-cholesterol), a common fluorescent sterol analog, binds into active sites of bovine cytochrome P450scc and microbial cholesterol dehydrogenases (CHDHs) and then undergoes regiospecific oxidations by these enzymes. The P450scc-dependent system was established to realize N-dealkylation activity toward 22-NBD-cholesterol, resulting in 7-nitrobenz[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-amine (NBD-NH(2)) formation as a dominant fluorescent product. Basing on LC-MS data of the probes derivatized with hydroxylamine or cholesterol oxidase, both pregnenolone and 20-formyl-pregn-5-en-3β-ol were deduced to be steroidal co-products of NBD-NH(2), indicating intricate character of the reaction. Products of CHDH-mediated conversions of 22-NBD-cholesterol were defined as 3-oxo-4-en and 3-oxo-5-en derivatives of the steroid. Moreover, the 3-oxo-4-en derivative was also found to be formed after 22-NBD-cholesterol incubation with pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating a possible application of the reaction for a selective and sensitive detection of some microbes. The 3-keto-4-en derivative of 22-NBD-cholesterol may be also suitable as a new fluorescent probe for steroid hormone-binding enzymes or receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav V Faletrov
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya str 14, 220030 Minsk, Belarus.
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Brzostek A, Rumijowska-Galewicz A, Dziadek B, Wojcik EA, Dziadek J. ChoD and HsdD can be dispensable for cholesterol degradation in mycobacteria. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 134:1-7. [PMID: 23064392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol degradation is achieved through a complex metabolic pathway that starts with the oxidation of the 17-alkyl side chain and the steroid ring system. In bacteria, the oxidation of the 3β-hydroxyl group and isomerization of the resulting cholest-5-en-3-one to cholest-4-en-3-one is catalyzed by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HsdD) or cholesterol oxidase (ChoD). Genes encoding both enzymes were annotated in both fast and slow growing mycobacteria, however the enzymatic activity was confirmed for HsdD, exclusively. Here, we used homologous recombination to engineer multiple mutants, and directly show that both ChoD and HsdD are dispensable for cholesterol degradation in fast-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2)155 and slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strains. The mutants deffective in the synthesis of ChoD, HsdD or both enzymes were able to grow in minimal media supplemented with cholesterol as a sole source of carbon and energy. Multiple mutants, defective in synthesis of ChoD, HsdD and ketosteroid dehydrogenase (KstD), showed attenuated growth in minimal medium supplemented with cholesterol and accumulated cholesterol degradation intermediates: androstendion (AD) and 9-hydroxy androstendion (9OHAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brzostek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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50
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Yao K, Wang FQ, Zhang HC, Wei DZ. Identification and engineering of cholesterol oxidases involved in the initial step of sterols catabolism in Mycobacterium neoaurum. Metab Eng 2013; 15:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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