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Sakai K, Sato K, Kaneoke M, Kusumoto KI. Isolation and characterization of koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) from nature in Niigata. J Biosci Bioeng 2024:S1389-1723(24)00252-4. [PMID: 39227280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) is a key microorganism in brewing and fermentation in Japan. We isolated koji molds from the environment in Niigata Prefecture. Eighty-one environmental samples were placed on isolation medium made from steamed rice with wood ash and 36 Aspergillus section Flavi-like strains were obtained. Of those, 26 strains did not produce aflatoxin. We studied their morphology, sequence of ITS region, calmodulin gene, aflatoxin biosynthetic homologous gene cluster and α-amylase gene and fermentation-related enzyme activities. Furthermore, DNA-seq analysis of 14 strains from 26 non-aflatoxin producing strains were conducted and compared the three mycotoxin biosynthetic gene clusters (aflatoxin, cyclopiazonic acid, and aflatrem) and fermentation-related genes against those of reference strain A. oryzae RIB40. In some strains, gene sequences confirmed the absence of mycotoxin production, but differences in fermentation-related enzyme activities could not be explained well by amino acid substitutions. We classified the 26 isolates into 6 morphology types based on the appearance of colonies and mating types, and it was found that strains of the same morphology type had similar enzymatic profiles and gene sequences. Our results show that koji molds with various properties occur in the environment, and it will expand the possibilities of koji mold in industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Sakai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keigo Sato
- Niigata Prefectural Sake Research Institute, 2-5932-133 Suido-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8121, Japan
| | - Mitsuoki Kaneoke
- Niigata Prefectural Sake Research Institute, 2-5932-133 Suido-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8121, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kusumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Messina L, Licata P, Bruno F, Litrenta F, Costa GL, Ferrantelli V, Peycheva K, Panayotova V, Fazio F, Bruschetta G, Tabbì M, Nava V. Occurrence and health risk assessment of mineral composition and aflatoxin M1 in cow milk samples from different areas of Sicily, Italy. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 85:127478. [PMID: 38870651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine 16 mineral elements (Cd, Pb, As, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, K, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Se) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a direct mercury analyzer (DMA-80) for Hg evaluation. Aflatoxin M1 was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) in cow milk samples. This research considered 180 milk samples, 20 by province (Palermo, Catania, Messina), collected for a period of three years (2020-2022) to assess the potential risks for consumer, the safety status and nutritional quality related to mineral intake by consuming of milk. All samples showed a Pb concentration below the limit reported by European Regulation 915/2023. Cadmium and Hg concentrations were below the Limit Of Quantification (LOQ) in all samples analyzed. The milk samples analyzed proved to be a good source of Ca (up to 44.5 % of the dietary reference values), with well percentages also for Na (up to 7.6 %), K (up to 23.1 %) and Mg (up to 11.1 %). Regarding trace elements, the results reported that chromium requires attention; its value was always higher than 168.8 % in all samples analyzed. Levels of arsenic and lead were up to 20.2 % and up 7.1 % respectively. Aflatoxin M1 concentrations were below the limit of detection (< 0,009 mcg/kg) in all milk analyzed. Therefore, further studies are needed to safeguard consumer health, the quality of the product and to assess the state of animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Messina
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Patrizia Licata
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Fabio Bruno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy.
| | - Federica Litrenta
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Imagines (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lucrezia Costa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | | | - Katya Peycheva
- Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, Varna 9002, Bulgaria
| | | | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Marco Tabbì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nava
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
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3
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Touceda-Suárez A, Touceda-Suárez M, Arboleya JC, Sörensen PM. Harnessing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for Amazake Production: Comparison with Aspergillus oryzae Amazake for Metabolomic Characteristics, Microbial Diversity, and Sensory Profile. Foods 2024; 13:2012. [PMID: 38998518 PMCID: PMC11241664 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Amazake is a traditional, sweet, non-alcoholic Japanese beverage typically produced through koji fermentation by the fungus Aspergillus oryzae. However, alternative microorganisms such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens offer potential advantages and novel possibilities for producing similar fermented beverages. This study aimed to replicate the ancestral beverage of amazake by replacing A. oryzae (W-20) with B. amyloliquefaciens (NCIMB 12077) and comparing their fermentation processes and resulting products. Our results show that the production of amazake with B. amyloliquefaciens (ABA) is not only possible but also results in a beverage that is otherwise distinct from traditional amazake (AAO). Saccharification was achievable in ABA at higher temperatures than in AAO, albeit with lower reducing sugar and enzymatic activity values. Amino acids and organic acids were more abundant in AAO, with cysteine being uniquely present in AAO and shikimic acid only being present in ABA. The volatile aroma compound profiles differed between the two beverages, with AAO exhibiting a greater abundance of aldehydes, and ABA a greater abundance of ketones and alcohols. Interestingly, despite these compositional differences, the two beverages showed similar consumer panel acceptance rates. An analysis of their microbial communities revealed pronounced differences between the amazakes, as well as temporal changes in ABA but not in AAO. This study provides promising insights into harnessing the potential of B. amyloliquefaciens as the primary microorganism in the fermentation process of amazake-like beverages, marking an important advancement in the field of fermented low-alcohol beverage production, with possible applications in other fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Touceda-Suárez
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Basque Culinary Center, Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences, Mondragon University, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María Touceda-Suárez
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Juan-Carlos Arboleya
- Basque Culinary Center, Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences, Mondragon University, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- BCC Innovation, Technology Center in Gastronomy, Basque Culinary Center, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pia M Sörensen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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4
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El-Dawy EGAM, Gherbawy YA, Hussein MA. Characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi associated with stored grains. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:187-202. [PMID: 38231446 PMCID: PMC10834605 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Increased frequencies of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins in cereal grains have been seen in recent years due to changes in climate circumstances, such as high temperatures and drought. To assess the microbiological risks of contamination, it is critical to have a reliable and accurate means of identifying the fungi. The main goal of this study was to characterize Aspergillus species from section Flavi obtained from twenty-three samples of barley and maize grains, gathered from different markets in Qena, Egypt, using morphological and molecular techniques. Twenty-three isolates were chosen, one isolate from each sample; they were identified as A. aflatoxiformans (4 isolates), A. flavus (18), and A. parasiticus (1). The existence of four aflatoxin biosynthesis genes was also investigated in relation to the strains' ability to produce total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1, focusing on the regulatory gene aflR and the structural genes aflD and aflM. All strains producing aflatoxins were linked to the presence of aflR1 and/or aflR2, except two isolates that exhibited aflatoxins but from which aflR1 or aflR2 were not detected, which may be due to one or more missing or unstudied additional genes involved in aflatoxin production. AflD and aflM genes were amplified by 10 and 9 isolates, respectively. Five samples of barley and maize were contaminated by aflatoxins. Fifteen isolates were positive for producing total aflatoxins in the range of 0.1-240 ppm. Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma viride against A. flavus (F5) was assessed at 31.3%. Trichoderma reduced total aflatoxins in all treated seeds, particularly those subjected to Trichoderma formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman G A M El-Dawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Youssuf A Gherbawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hussein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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5
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Saber H, Chebloune Y, Moussaoui A. Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus Strains Isolated from Animal Feeds. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:589-599. [PMID: 36537059 PMCID: PMC9944975 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AF)-producing fungi such as Aspergillus flavus commonly contaminate animal feeds, causing high economic losses. A. flavus is the most prevalent and produces AFB1, a potent mutagen, and carcinogen threatening human and animal health. Aspergillaceae is a large group of closely related fungi sharing number of morphological and genetic similarities that complicate the diagnosis of highly pathogenic strains. We used here morphological and molecular assays to characterize fungal isolates from animal feeds in Southwestern Algeria. These tools helped to identify 20 out of 30 Aspergillus strains, and 15 of them belonged to the Aspergillus section Flavi. Further analyses detected four out of 15 as belonging to Aspergillus flavus-parasiticus group. PCR targeting the AF genes' aflR-aflS(J) intergenic region amplified a single 674 bp amplicon in all four isolates. The amplicons were digested with a BglII endonuclease, and three specific fragments were observed for A. flavus but A. parasitucus lacked two typical fragments. Sequencing data of four amplicons confirmed the presence of the two BglII restriction sites yielding the three fragments, confirming that all four strains were A. flavus. In addition, this analysis illustrated the genetic variability within the A. flavus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjer Saber
- Laboratory of Plant Resources Valorization and Food Safety in Semi-Arid Areas of Southwestern Algeria, Department of Biology, University of Bechar, Bechar, Algeria
| | - Yahia Chebloune
- USC 1450 INRAE/UGA Lentiviral Pathogenesis and Vaccination Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France, Y. Chebloune, Lentiviral Pathogenesis and Vaccination Laboratory, PAVAL Lab., Department of Biology, University of Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France;
| | - Abdallah Moussaoui
- Laboratory of Plant Resources Valorization and Food Safety in Semi-Arid Areas of Southwestern Algeria, Department of Biology, University of Bechar, Bechar, Algeria
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6
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The Efficacy of Additives for the Mitigation of Aflatoxins in Animal Feed: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100707. [PMID: 36287975 PMCID: PMC9607122 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of animal feed with aflatoxins is an ongoing and growing serious issue, particularly for livestock farmers in tropical and subtropical regions. Exposure of animals to an aflatoxin-contaminated diet impairs feed efficiency and increases susceptibility to diseases, resulting in mortality, feed waste, and increased production costs. They can also be excreted in milk and thus pose a significant human health risk. This systematic review and network meta-analysis aim to compare and identify the most effective intervention to alleviate the negative impact of aflatoxins on the important livestock sector, poultry production. Eligible studies on the efficacy of feed additives to mitigate the toxic effect of aflatoxins in poultry were retrieved from different databases. Additives were classified into three categories based on their mode of action and composition: organic binder, inorganic binder, and antioxidant. Moreover, alanine transaminase (ALT), a liver enzyme, was the primary indicator. Supplementing aflatoxin-contaminated feeds with different categories of additives significantly reduces serum ALT levels (p < 0.001) compared with birds fed only a contaminated diet. Inorganic binder (P-score 0.8615) was ranked to be the most efficient in terms of counteracting the toxic effect of aflatoxins, followed by antioxidant (P-score 0.6159) and organic binder (P-score 0.5018). These findings will have significant importance for farmers, veterinarians, and animal nutrition companies when deciding which type of additives to use for mitigating exposure to aflatoxins, thus improving food security and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in developing countries.
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7
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Silva JJ, Fungaro MHP, Soto TS, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Low-cost, specific PCR assays to identify the main aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus section Flavi. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 196:106470. [PMID: 35447279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that are present as contaminants in food globally. Most aflatoxigenic species belong to Aspergillus section Flavi, and the main ones are grouped in the A. flavus clade, where many cryptic species that are difficult to discriminate are found. In this study, we investigated inter- and intraspecific diversity of the A. flavus clade to develop low-cost, species-specific PCR assays for identifying aflatoxigenic species. A total of 269 sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) locus were retrieved from GenBank, and primer pairs were designed using data mining to identify A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus. Species-specific amplicons of approximately 620, 350, and 860 bp enabled identification of target species as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué J Silva
- Institute of Food Technology - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Pickova D, Ostry V, Malir F. A Recent Overview of Producers and Important Dietary Sources of Aflatoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:186. [PMID: 33802572 PMCID: PMC7998637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are some of the most agriculturally important and harmful mycotoxins. At least 20 AFs have been identified to this date. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent fungal toxin, can cause toxicity in many species, including humans. AFs are produced by 22 species of Aspergillus section Flavi, 4 species of A. section Nidulantes, and 2 species of A. section Ochraceorosei. The most important and well-known AF-producing species of section Flavi are Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius. AFs contaminate a wide range of crops (mainly groundnuts, pistachio nuts, dried figs, hazelnuts, spices, almonds, rice, melon seeds, Brazil nuts, and maize). Foods of animal origin (milk and animal tissues) are less likely contributors to human AF exposure. Despite the efforts to mitigate the AF concentrations in foods, and thus enhance food safety, AFs continue to be present, even at high levels. AFs thus remain a current and continuously pressing problem in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
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Abd El-Aziz AR, Shehata SM, Hisham SM, Alobathani AA. Molecular profile of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus isolated from stored maize. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1383-1391. [PMID: 33613068 PMCID: PMC7878702 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is a significant staple crop and utilized in Saudi Arabia as food and feed, but maize is often infected with Aspergillus flavus in tropical and subtropical climates, especially during storage. This study intended at a polyphasic approach, consisting of microscopic morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterizations that were applied to 29 of A. flavus isolates of stored maize, with the goal of characterization and identification of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates. The technique of real-time PCR (RTi-PCR) was used to detection of A. flavus in stored maize samples, the findings have been very accurate. Centered on macroscopic morphological (primarily colony color and morphology of conidia) and microscopic (morphology of conidia and size) characteristics. Results have shown 23 A. flavus isolates (80%) were categorized as the dark green of colonies also all isolates were rough conidia. The isolates have been two different groups, 16 isolates (62%) had sclerotium-forming and the remaining 13 isolates (38%) had no sclerotium-forming isolates. To the identification of aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus in stored maize, we utilized the qualitative methods (easy and inexpensive) like UV test, yellow pigmentation, and ammonia vapor and quantitative method as HPLC (accurate and expensive). the accuracy methods to the identification aflatoxigenicity isolates, vary, and classified in the following descending order: HPLC (100%) > UV method (81%) > yellow pigmentation (YP) and ammonia vapor (AV) (63%). The profile of Aflatoxigenicity of A. flavus isolates by HPLC has been involved in two types first of 11 isolates (38%) have been aflatoxigenic isolates while 18 isolates (62%) were non-aflatoxigenic isolates. The expression of six aflatoxins (AFs) genes (aflD, aflM, aflO, aflP, aflR, and aflQ) was estimated using PCR and RT-PCR. PCR of all genes did not correspond to the aflatoxigenic isolates. The transcriptional analysis of aflO and aflQ was a beneficial marker for discriminating aflatoxigenic from non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates. Also, qRT-PCR indicated that non-aflatoxigenic isolates had a high incidence of defect or downregulation in late AF-genes contrast with early AF-genes. therefore, these non-aflatoxigenic isolates could be critical factors for an efficient and competent strategy for the control of aflatoxin contamination pre-harvest can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer R.M. Abd El-Aziz
- Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shereen M. Shehata
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Depart., College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh M. Hisham
- Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan A. Alobathani
- Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lackner M, Obermair J, Naschberger V, Raschbichler LM, Kandelbauer C, Pallua J, Metzlaff J, Furxer S, Lass-Flörl C, Binder U. Cryptic species of Aspergillus section Terrei display essential physiological features to cause infection and are similar in their virulence potential in Galleria mellonella. Virulence 2020; 10:542-554. [PMID: 31169442 PMCID: PMC6592363 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1614382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species account for the majority of invasive mold infections in immunocompromised patients. Most commonly, members of the Aspergillus section Fumigati are isolated from clinical material, followed by isolates belonging to section Terrei. The section Terrei contains 16 accepted species. Six species were found to be of clinical relevance and studied for differences in growth adaptability and virulence potential. Therefore, a set of 73 isolates (22 A. terreus s.s., 8 A. alabamensis, 27 A. citrinoterreus, 2 A. floccosus, 13 A. hortai, and 1 A. neoafricanus) was studied to determine differences in (a) germination kinetics, (b) temperature tolerance, (c) oxygen stress tolerance (1% O2), and (d) a combination of the latter two. Virulence potential of phialidic (PC) and accessory conidia (AC) was studied in G. mellonella larvae, using survival as read out. Further, the formation of AC was evaluated in larval tissue. All isolates were able to grow at elevated temperature and hypoxia, with highest growth and germination rates at 37°C. A. terreus s.s., A. citrinoterreus, and A. hortai exhibited highest growth rates. Virulence potential in larvae was inoculum and temperature dependent. All species except A. floccosus formed AC and germination kinetics of AC was variable. Significantly higher virulence potential of AC was found for one A. hortai isolate. AC could be detected in larval tissue 96 h post infection. Based on these findings, cryptic species of section Terrei are well adapted to the host environment and have similar potential to cause infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lackner
- a Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology , Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Judith Obermair
- a Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology , Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Verena Naschberger
- a Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology , Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
| | | | - Carmen Kandelbauer
- a Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology , Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Johannes Pallua
- b Department of Pathology , Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Julia Metzlaff
- a Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology , Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Sibylle Furxer
- a Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology , Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- a Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology , Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Ulrike Binder
- a Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology , Medical University Innsbruck , Austria
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Norlia M, Jinap S, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Radu S, Samsudin NIP, Azri FA. Aspergillus section Flavi and Aflatoxins: Occurrence, Detection, and Identification in Raw Peanuts and Peanut-Based Products Along the Supply Chain. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2602. [PMID: 31824445 PMCID: PMC6886384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in foods is a global concern as they are carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic compounds. The aflatoxin-producing fungi, mainly from the Aspergillus section Flavi, are ubiquitous in nature and readily contaminate various food commodities, thereby affecting human's health. The incidence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxins in various types of food, especially raw peanuts and peanut-based products along the supply chain has been a concern particularly in countries having tropical and sub-tropical climate, including Malaysia. These climatic conditions naturally support the growth of Aspergillus section Flavi, especially A. flavus, particularly when raw peanuts and peanut-based products are stored under inappropriate conditions. Peanut supply chain generally consists of several major stakeholders which include the producers, collectors, exporters, importers, manufacturers, retailers and finally, the consumers. A thorough examination of the processes along the supply chain reveals that Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins could occur at any step along the chain, from farm to table. Thus, this review aims to give an overview on the prevalence of Aspergillus section Flavi and the occurrence of aflatoxins in raw peanuts and peanut-based products, the impact of aflatoxins on global trade, and aflatoxin management in peanuts with a special focus on peanut supply chain in Malaysia. Furthermore, aflatoxin detection and quantification methods as well as the identification of Aspergillus section Flavi are also reviewed herein. This review could help to shed light to the researchers, peanut stakeholders and consumers on the risk of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts along the supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahror Norlia
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Son Radu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farah Asilah Azri
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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12
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A Polyphasic Approach Aids Early Detection of Potentially Toxigenic Aspergilli in Soil. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090300. [PMID: 31470555 PMCID: PMC6781248 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Key chili and maize growing areas of Pakistan were selected for a focused baseline study of the levels of Aspergillus spp. Investigations were undertaken using a combination of molecular and culture-based techniques. Samples investigated included soil samples, one-year-old corn cobs, and fresh chili from selected locations. Aspergillus strains obtained from corn cobs were screened using coconut milk agar, resulting in one strain that was positive for aflatoxin production. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) with low coverage techniques were employed to screen the isolates for differences in the ribosomal RNA gene cluster and mitochondrial genome, with the aflatoxigenic strain proving to have a distinctive profile. Finally, strains were subjected to matrix-assisted laser-desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) in order to obtain a proteomic ‘fingerprint’ which was used to distinguish the aflatoxigenic strain from the other isolates. The next generation sequencing (NGS) study was broadened to incorporate metabarcoding with ITS rRNA for determining the microbial biodiversity of the soil samples and presumptive screening for the presence of aflatoxigenic strains. Using information gleaned from the WGS results, a putative aflatoxigenic operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was observed in four of the 15 soil samples screened by metabarcoding. This method may have beneficial applications in early detection and surveillance programs in agricultural soils and commodities.
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Norlia M, Jinap S, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Radu S, Chin CK, Samsudin NIP, Farawahida AH. Molecular Characterisation of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Imported Peanuts along the Supply Chain in Malaysia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E501. [PMID: 31470527 PMCID: PMC6784170 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanuts are widely consumed in many local dishes in southeast Asian countries, especially in Malaysia which is one of the major peanut-importing countries in this region. Therefore, Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin contamination in peanuts during storage are becoming major concerns due to the tropical weather in this region that favours the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi. The present study thus aimed to molecularly identify and characterise the Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from imported peanuts in Malaysia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin sequences were used to confirm the species and determine the phylogenetic relationship among the isolates, while aflatoxin biosynthesis genes (aflR, aflP (omtA), aflD (nor-1), aflM (ver-1), and pksA) were targeted in a multiplex PCR to determine the toxigenic potential. A total of 76 and one isolates were confirmed as A. flavus and A. tamarii, respectively. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree resolved the species into two different clades in which all A. flavus (both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic) were grouped in the same clade and A. tamarii was grouped in a different clade. The aflatoxin biosynthesis genes were detected in all aflatoxigenic A. flavus while the non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus failed to amplify at least one of the genes. The results indicated that both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus could survive in imported peanuts and, thus, appropriate storage conditions preferably with low temperature should be considered to avoid the re-emergence of aflatoxigenic A. flavus and the subsequent aflatoxin production in peanuts during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahror Norlia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Mahmud Ab Rashid Nor-Khaizura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Son Radu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Cheow Keat Chin
- Food Safety and Quality Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya 62675, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Halim Farawahida
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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14
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Filamentous fungi diversity in the natural fermentation of Amazonian cocoa beans and the microbial enzyme activities. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Frisvad J, Hubka V, Ezekiel C, Hong SB, Nováková A, Chen A, Arzanlou M, Larsen T, Sklenář F, Mahakarnchanakul W, Samson R, Houbraken J. Taxonomy of Aspergillus section Flavi and their production of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and other mycotoxins. Stud Mycol 2019; 93:1-63. [PMID: 30108412 PMCID: PMC6080641 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins and ochratoxins are among the most important mycotoxins of all and producers of both types of mycotoxins are present in Aspergillus section Flavi, albeit never in the same species. Some of the most efficient producers of aflatoxins and ochratoxins have not been described yet. Using a polyphasic approach combining phenotype, physiology, sequence and extrolite data, we describe here eight new species in section Flavi. Phylogenetically, section Flavi is split in eight clades and the section currently contains 33 species. Two species only produce aflatoxin B1 and B2 (A. pseudotamarii and A. togoensis), and 14 species are able to produce aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2: three newly described species A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii and A. cerealis in addition to A. arachidicola, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. luteovirescens (formerly A. bombycis), A. nomius, A. novoparasiticus, A. parasiticus, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. sergii and A. transmontanensis. It is generally accepted that A. flavus is unable to produce type G aflatoxins, but here we report on Korean strains that also produce aflatoxin G1 and G2. One strain of A. bertholletius can produce the immediate aflatoxin precursor 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, and one strain of Aspergillus sojae and two strains of Aspergillus alliaceus produced versicolorins. Strains of the domesticated forms of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, A. oryzae and A. sojae, respectively, lost their ability to produce aflatoxins, and from the remaining phylogenetically closely related species (belonging to the A. flavus-, A. tamarii-, A. bertholletius- and A. nomius-clades), only A. caelatus, A. subflavus and A. tamarii are unable to produce aflatoxins. With exception of A. togoensis in the A. coremiiformis-clade, all species in the phylogenetically more distant clades (A. alliaceus-, A. coremiiformis-, A. leporis- and A. avenaceus-clade) are unable to produce aflatoxins. Three out of the four species in the A. alliaceus-clade can produce the mycotoxin ochratoxin A: A. alliaceus s. str. and two new species described here as A. neoalliaceus and A. vandermerwei. Eight species produced the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid: A. bertholletius, A. caelatus, A. luteovirescens, A. nomius, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. pseudotamarii and A. tamarii while the related mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid was produced by 13 species: A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. bertholletius, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. oryzae, A. pipericola, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudotamarii, A. sergii and A. tamarii. Furthermore, A. hancockii produced speradine A, a compound related to cyclopiazonic acid. Selected A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. pipericola and A. sergii strains produced small sclerotia containing the mycotoxin aflatrem. Kojic acid has been found in all species in section Flavi, except A. avenaceus and A. coremiiformis. Only six species in the section did not produce any known mycotoxins: A. aspearensis, A. coremiiformis, A. lanosus, A. leporis, A. sojae and A. subflavus. An overview of other small molecule extrolites produced in Aspergillus section Flavi is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU-Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - V. Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - C.N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Rémo, Nigeria
| | - S.-B. Hong
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, South Korea
| | - A. Nováková
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - A.J. Chen
- Institute of Medical Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M. Arzanlou
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - T.O. Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU-Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - F. Sklenář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - W. Mahakarnchanakul
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - R.A. Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J. Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Jakšić D, Kocsubé S, Bencsik O, Kecskeméti A, Szekeres A, Jelić D, Kopjar N, Vágvölgyi C, Varga J, Šegvić Klarić M. Aflatoxin production and in vitro toxicity of Aspergilli section Flavi isolated from air samples collected from different environments. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:217-230. [PMID: 30877631 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aspergilli section Flavi, originally isolated from air samples collected from inhabited apartments (AP), unoccupied basements (BS), and processing facilities of a grain mill (GM), were analyzed for their potential to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on solid media. The isolates were further characterized with regard to their cytotoxic, genotoxic, and pro-inflammatory properties in vitro. Aspergilli were identified based on partial calmodulin (CaM) gene sequencing; the producing capacities of isolates were analyzed by HPLC/FLD and confirmed by genes in biosynthesis (aflR, norA, omtA). In the grain mill, the Aspergilli section Flavi (up to 1.3 × 106 cfu/m3) dominated by AFB1-producing Aspergillus flavus (71%, 4.5-5254 ng/ml) which showed a serious health risk for workers. Living environments were not relevant sources of exposure. After 24 h, AFB1 (1-100 μmol/l) reduced cell viability (MTT test) in both A549 cells and THP-1 macrophage-like cells without reaching IC50. In A549 cells, the extract of the AFB1-producing A. flavus significantly decreased cell viability but not below 50%. THP-1 macrophage-like cells were more sensitive to both extracts, but IC50 was obtained only for the AFB1-producing strain (0.37 mg/ml; AFB1 2.78 μmol/l). AFB1 (1 and 10 μmol/l) induced significant DNA damage (tail intensity, alkaline comet assay) in A549 cells in contrast to Aspergilli extracts. AFB1 elevated IL-6 and IL-8, while Aspergilli extracts increased IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-17 release in THP-1 macrophages (ELISA). Chronic exposure to AFB1 and/or other metabolites in airborne A. flavus from occupational environments may stimulate epithelial damage of airways accompanied by lowered macrophage viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jakšić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Ottó Bencsik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Anita Kecskeméti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Dubravko Jelić
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - János Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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17
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Jiang MP, Zheng SY, Wang H, Zhang SY, Yao DS, Xie CF, Liu DL. Predictive model of aflatoxin contamination risk associated with granary-stored corn with versicolorin A monitoring and logistic regression. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:308-319. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1562226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ping Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao Yan Zheng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Yao Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Sheng Yao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Fang Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Ling Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Frisvad JC, Møller LLH, Larsen TO, Kumar R, Arnau J. Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9481-9515. [PMID: 30293194 PMCID: PMC6208954 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an update on the current knowledge of the secondary metabolite potential of the major fungal species used in industrial biotechnology, i.e., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. These species have a long history of safe use for enzyme production. Like most microorganisms that exist in a challenging environment in nature, these fungi can produce a large variety and number of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds present several properties that make them attractive for different industrial and medical applications. A description of all known secondary metabolites produced by these species is presented here. Mycotoxins are a very limited group of secondary metabolites that can be produced by fungi and that pose health hazards in humans and other vertebrates when ingested in small amounts. Some mycotoxins are species-specific. Here, we present scientific basis for (1) the definition of mycotoxins including an update on their toxicity and (2) the clarity on misclassification of species and their mycotoxin potential reported in literature, e.g., A. oryzae has been wrongly reported as an aflatoxin producer, due to misclassification of Aspergillus flavus strains. It is therefore of paramount importance to accurately describe the mycotoxins that can potentially be produced by a fungal species that is to be used as a production organism and to ensure that production strains are not capable of producing mycotoxins during enzyme production. This review is intended as a reference paper for authorities, companies, and researchers dealing with secondary metabolite assessment, risk evaluation for food or feed enzyme production, or considerations on the use of these species as production hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering), Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, B. 221, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Lars L H Møller
- Department of Product Safety, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering), Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, B. 221, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Novozymes Inc., 1445 Drew Ave., Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - José Arnau
- Department of Fungal Strain Technology and Strain Approval Support, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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19
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Nurtjahja K, Dharmaputra OS, Rahayu WP, Syarief R. Gamma irradiation of Aspergillus flavus strains associated with Indonesian nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans). Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1755-1761. [PMID: 30263715 PMCID: PMC6049705 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this work were to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation on population, viability and aflatoxin B1 production of Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from nutmeg kernels. Thirteen strains of A. flavus were isolated and cultured in potato dextrose agar. Conidia were harvested, air-dried, and irradiated 0, 5, or 10 kGy with gamma rays using a Cobalt-60 source. Toxigenicity were determined using a coconut agar medium and thin layer chromatography. Genomes of strains were extracted from mycelia. Four sets of primers, regulatory (aflR) and structural genes (nor-1, ver-1, omt-1) were used to confirm the presence of the genes. Our results indicate that total fungal populations decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing irradiation dose. However, doses of 5 and 10 kGy were insufficient to completely eliminate the viability of some A. flavus strains. Irradiation did not change toxigenicity and triggered surviving toxigenic strains to produce aflatoxin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiki Nurtjahja
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Agatis, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sumatera Utara University, Jalan Bioteknologi no. 1, Medan, 20155 Indonesia
| | - Okky Setyawati Dharmaputra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Agatis, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- SEAMEO BIOTROP, Jalan Raya Tajur km 6, Bogor, 16134 Indonesia
| | - Winiati P. Rahayu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, PO Box 220, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- SEAFAST Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Ulin No. 1, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Rizal Syarief
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, PO Box 220, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- SEAFAST Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Ulin No. 1, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
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20
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Effects of temperature, water activity and incubation time on fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production by toxinogenic Aspergillus flavus isolates on sorghum seeds. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016; 48:78-85. [PMID: 26920121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum, which is consumed in Tunisia as human food, suffers from severe colonization by several toxigenic fungi and contamination by mycotoxins. The Tunisian climate is characterized by high temperature and humidity that stimulates mold proliferation and mycotoxin accumulation in foodstuffs. This study investigated the effects of temperature (15, 25 and 37°C), water activity (aw, between 0.85 and 0.99) and incubation time (7, 14, 21 and 28 d) on fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by three Aspergillus flavus isolates (8, 10 and 14) inoculated on sorghum grains. The Baranyi model was applied to identify the limits of growth and mycotoxin production. Maximum diameter growth rates were observed at 0.99 a(w) at 37°C for two of the isolates. The minimum aw needed for mycelial growth was 0.91 at 25 and 37°C. At 15°C, only isolate 8 grew at 0.99 a(w). Aflatoxin B1 accumulation could be avoided by storing sorghum at low water activity levels (≤0.91 a(w)). Aflatoxin production was not observed at 15°C. This is the first work on the effects of water activity and temperature on A. flavus growth and AFB1 production by A. flavus isolates on sorghum grains.
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21
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A Caleosin-Like Protein with Peroxygenase Activity Mediates Aspergillus flavus Development, Aflatoxin Accumulation, and Seed Infection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6129-44. [PMID: 26116672 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00867-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Caleosins are a small family of calcium-binding proteins endowed with peroxygenase activity in plants. Caleosin-like genes are present in fungi; however, their functions have not been reported yet. In this work, we identify a plant caleosin-like protein in Aspergillus flavus that is highly expressed during the early stages of spore germination. A recombinant purified 32-kDa caleosin-like protein supported peroxygenase activities, including co-oxidation reactions and reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides. Deletion of the caleosin gene prevented fungal development. Alternatively, silencing of the gene led to the increased accumulation of endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides and antioxidant activities but to a reduction of fungal growth and conidium formation. Two key genes of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway, aflR and aflD, were downregulated in the strains in which A. flavus PXG (AfPXG) was silenced, leading to reduced aflatoxin B1 production in vitro. Application of caleosin/peroxygenase-derived oxylipins restored the wild-type phenotype in the strains in which AfPXG was silenced. PXG-deficient A. flavus strains were severely compromised in their capacity to infect maize seeds and to produce aflatoxin. Our results uncover a new branch of the fungal oxylipin pathway and may lead to the development of novel targets for controlling fungal disease.
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22
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H S, P S, K VKK, Samuel MCN, Moses O, Anitha S, F W. Detection of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus strains by cultural and molecular methods: A critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2014.7309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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23
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da Silva FC, Chalfoun SM, Batista LR, Santos C, Lima N. Use of a polyphasic approach including MALDI-TOF MS for identification of Aspergillus section Flavi strains isolated from food commodities in Brazil. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Iheanacho HE, Njobeh PB, Dutton FM, Steenkamp PA, Steenkamp L, Mthombeni JQ, Daru BH, Makun AH. Morphological and molecular identification of filamentous Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus isolated from compound feeds in South Africa. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:180-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Midorikawa GEO, de Sousa MDLM, Freitas Silva O, Dias JDSA, Kanzaki LIB, Hanada RE, Mesquita RMLC, Gonçalves RC, Alvares VS, Bittencourt DMC, Miller RNG. Characterization of Aspergillus species on Brazil nut from the Brazilian Amazonian region and development of a PCR assay for identification at the genus level. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:138. [PMID: 24885088 PMCID: PMC4051963 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brazil nut is a protein-rich extractivist tree crop in the Amazon region. Fungal contamination of shells and kernel material frequently includes the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species from the section Flavi. Aflatoxins are polyketide secondary metabolites, which are hepatotoxic carcinogens in mammals. The objectives of this study were to identify Aspergillus species occurring on Brazil nut grown in different states in the Brazilian Amazon region and develop a specific PCR method for collective identification of member species of the genus Aspergillus. Results Polyphasic identification of 137 Aspergillus strains isolated from Brazil nut shell material from cooperatives across the Brazilian Amazon states of Acre, Amapá and Amazonas revealed five species, with Aspergillus section Flavi species A. nomius and A. flavus the most abundant. PCR primers ASP_GEN_MTSSU_F1 and ASP_GEN_MTSSU_R1 were designed for the genus Aspergillus, targeting a portion of the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Primer specificity was validated through both electronic PCR against target gene sequences at Genbank and in PCR reactions against DNA from Aspergillus species and other fungal genera common on Brazil nut. Collective differentiation of the observed section Flavi species A. flavus, A. nomius and A. tamarii from other Aspergillus species was possible on the basis of RFLP polymorphism. Conclusions Given the abundance of Aspergillus section Flavi species A. nomius and A. flavus observed on Brazil nut, and associated risk of mycotoxin accumulation, simple identification methods for such mycotoxigenic species are of importance for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system implementation. The assay for the genus Aspergillus represents progress towards specific PCR identification and detection of mycotoxigenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert N G Miller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70,910-900 Brasília D,F,, Brazil.
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Glare TR, Gartrell BD, Brookes JJ, Perrott JK. Isolation and identification of Aspergillus spp. from brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) nocturnal houses in New Zealand. Avian Dis 2014; 58:16-24. [PMID: 24758108 DOI: 10.1637/10589-061013-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillosis, a disease caused by infection with Aspergillus spp., is a common cause of death in birds globally and is an irregular cause of mortality of captive kiwi (Apteryx spp.). Aspergillus spp. are often present in rotting plant material, including the litter and nesting material used for kiwi in captivity. The aim of this study was to survey nocturnal kiwi houses in New Zealand to assess the levels of Aspergillus currently present in leaf litter. Samples were received from 11 nocturnal kiwi houses from throughout New Zealand, with one site supplying multiple samples over time. Aspergillus was isolated and quantified by colony counts from litter samples using selective media and incubation temperatures. Isolates were identified to the species level by amplification and sequencing of ITS regions of the ribosomal. Aspergillus spp. were recovered from almost every sample; however, the levels in most kiwi houses were below 1000 colony-forming units (CFU)/g of wet material. The predominant species was Aspergillus fumigatus, with rare occurrences of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, and Aspergillus parasiticus. Only one site had no detectable Aspergillus. The limit of detection was around 50 CFU/g wet material. One site was repeatedly sampled as it had a high loading of A. fumigatus at the start of the survey and had two recent clinical cases of aspergillosis diagnosed in resident kiwi. Environmental loading at this site with Aspergillus spp. reduced but was not eliminated despite changes of the litter. The key finding of our study is that the background levels of Aspergillus spores in kiwi nocturnal houses in New Zealand are low, but occasional exceptions occur and are associated with the onset of aspergillosis in otherwise healthy birds. The predominant Aspergillus species present in the leaf litter was A. fumigatus, but other species were also present. Further research is needed to confirm the optimal management of leaf litter to minimize Aspergillus spore counts. However, in the interim, our recommendations are that leaf litter should be freshly collected from areas of undisturbed forest areas and spread immediately after collection, without interim storage.
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Priyanka S, Uppalapati S, Kingston J, Murali H, Batra H. Development of ISSR-derived SCAR marker-targeted PCR for identification of Aspergillus
section Flavi
members. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 58:414-22. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.R. Priyanka
- Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthnagar Mysore Karnataka India
| | - S.R. Uppalapati
- Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthnagar Mysore Karnataka India
| | - J.J. Kingston
- Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthnagar Mysore Karnataka India
| | - H.S. Murali
- Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthnagar Mysore Karnataka India
| | - H.V. Batra
- Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthnagar Mysore Karnataka India
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Dachoupakan Sirisomboon C, Putthang R, Sirisomboon P. Application of near infrared spectroscopy to detect aflatoxigenic fungal contamination in rice. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jamali M, Karimipour M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Amani A, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Expression of aflatoxin genes aflO (omtB) and aflQ (ordA) differentiates levels of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus strains from soils of pistachio orchards. Res Microbiol 2012; 164:293-9. [PMID: 23275075 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of four aflatoxin (AF) biosynthetic pathway genes (aflD, aflO, aflP and aflQ) was evaluated in 24 Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from soils of pistachio orchards, with the aim of rapidly and accurately differentiating toxigenic from non-toxigenic strains. The amounts of AFB1 produced by 20 aflatoxigenic strains varied from 1.25 to 321.56 ng/mg fungal dry weights in YES medium. RT-PCR results showed that transcription of the four genes was not always correlated with AF production. The expression pattern of aflO and aflQ, however, was found to be well correlated with the amounts of AFB1 produced when strains were arbitrarily classified into two types: type I, comprised of strains producing ≥30 ng/mg; and type II, low (≤30 ng/mg) and non-AF producers. The present study suggests that, under specific growth conditions, the expression pattern of aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes such as aflO and aflQ can be used to infer the AF-producing capability of A. flavus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Jamali
- Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Payam-e-Noor University Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran
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Development and application of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid identification of aflatoxigenic molds and their detection in food samples. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 159:214-24. [PMID: 23107500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are the most thoroughly studied mycotoxins. They are produced by several members of the genus Aspergillus in section Flavi with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being frequently isolated from contaminated food sources. In this work, we describe the development and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapid detection of the three species in separate analyses. The acl1-gene of A. flavus and amy1-genes of A. nomius and A. parasiticus were used as target genes. The detection limits were 2.4, 7.6 and 20pg of pure DNA/reaction for A. flavus, A. nomius and A. parasiticus, respectively. For specificity testing, DNA extracted from mycelia of representative strains of 39 Aspergillus species, 23 Penicillium species, 75 Fusarium species and 37 other fungal species was used as a template for the specific LAMP primer sets developed for the three target species. The LAMP assay was combined with a DNA extraction method for the analysis of pure fungal cultures as well as artificially contaminated Brazil nuts, peanuts and green coffee beans. It is suggested that the developed LAMP assay is a promising tool in the prediction of a potential aflatoxin risk in food and food raw materials and may therefore be suitable for high throughput analysis in the food industry.
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Scauflaire J, Godet M, Gourgue M, Liénard C, Munaut F. A multiplex real-time PCR method using hybridization probes for the detection and the quantification of Fusarium proliferatum, F. subglutinans, F. temperatum, and F. verticillioides. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:1073-80. [PMID: 23063186 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Maize contamination with Fusarium species is one of the major sources of mycotoxins in food and feed derivates. In the present study, a LightCycler(®) real-time PCR method using hybridization probes was developed for the specific identification, detection, and quantification of Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium temperatum, and Fusarium verticillioides, four mycotoxin-producing pathogens of maize. Primers and hybridization probes were designed to target the translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) gene of F. subglutinans and F. temperatum or the calmodulin (Cal) gene of F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. The specificity of the real-time PCR assays was confirmed for the four Fusarium species, giving no amplification with DNA from other fungal species commonly recovered from maize. The assays were found to be sensitive, detecting down to 5 pg and 50 pg of Fusarium DNA in simplex and multiplex conditions respectively, and were able to quantify pg-amounts of Fusarium DNA in artificially Fusarium-contaminated maize samples. The real-time PCR method developed provides a useful tool for routine identification, detection, and quantification of toxigenic Fusarium species in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Scauflaire
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Laboratory of Mycology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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De Carolis E, Posteraro B, Lass-Flörl C, Vella A, Florio A, Torelli R, Girmenia C, Colozza C, Tortorano A, Sanguinetti M, Fadda G. Species identification of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Mucorales with direct surface analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:475-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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An insight into the distribution, genetic diversity, and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus section Flavi in soils of pistachio orchards. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 57:27-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-011-0090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Soares C, Rodrigues P, Peterson SW, Lima N, Venâncio A. Three new species of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from almonds and maize in Portugal. Mycologia 2011; 104:682-97. [PMID: 22123651 DOI: 10.3852/11-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three new aflatoxin-producing species belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi are described. They are Aspergillus mottae, A. sergii and A. transmontanensis. These species were isolated from Portuguese almonds and maize. An investigation examined morphology, extrolite production and DNA sequence data to characterize these isolates and describe the new species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. transmontanensis and A. sergii form a clade with A. parasiticus whereas A. mottae shares a most recent common ancestor with the combined A. flavus and A. parasiticus clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Soares
- University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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Gonçalves JS, Ferracin LM, Carneiro Vieira ML, Iamanaka BT, Taniwaki MH, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH. Molecular analysis of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Brazil nuts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1817-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sato A, Oshima K, Noguchi H, Ogawa M, Takahashi T, Oguma T, Koyama Y, Itoh T, Hattori M, Hanya Y. Draft genome sequencing and comparative analysis of Aspergillus sojae NBRC4239. DNA Res 2011; 18:165-76. [PMID: 21659486 PMCID: PMC3111232 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsr009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted genome sequencing of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus sojae NBRC4239 isolated from the koji used to prepare Japanese soy sauce. We used the 454 pyrosequencing technology and investigated the genome with respect to enzymes and secondary metabolites in comparison with other Aspergilli sequenced. Assembly of 454 reads generated a non-redundant sequence of 39.5-Mb possessing 13 033 putative genes and 65 scaffolds composed of 557 contigs. Of the 2847 open reading frames with Pfam domain scores of >150 found in A. sojae NBRC4239, 81.7% had a high degree of similarity with the genes of A. oryzae. Comparative analysis identified serine carboxypeptidase and aspartic protease genes unique to A. sojae NBRC4239. While A. oryzae possessed three copies of α-amyalse gene, A. sojae NBRC4239 possessed only a single copy. Comparison of 56 gene clusters for secondary metabolites between A. sojae NBRC4239 and A. oryzae revealed that 24 clusters were conserved, whereas 32 clusters differed between them that included a deletion of 18 508 bp containing mfs1, mao1, dmaT, and pks-nrps for the cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) biosynthesis, explaining the no productivity of CPA in A. sojae. The A. sojae NBRC4239 genome data will be useful to characterize functional features of the koji moulds used in Japanese industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 399 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan
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Nakamura H, Narihiro T, Tsuruoka N, Mochimaru H, Matsumoto R, Tanabe Y, Hagiya K, Ikeba K, Maruyama A, Hanada S. Evaluation of the aflatoxin biosynthetic genes for identification of the Aspergillus section Flavi. Microbes Environ 2011; 26:367-9. [PMID: 21791886 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me11201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several fungi in the Aspergillus section Flavi have been widely used for fermentative food production, while some related species in the section are known to produce mycotoxin(s) that causes mycotic diseases. Common evolutionary markers, such as rRNA gene sequences and their internal transcribed spacers, cannot differentiate these non-aflatoxin-producing species from aflatoxin producers. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on four aflatoxin biosynthetic genes encoding aflR, aflT, norA, and vbs, which are more variable nucleotide sequences than rRNA genes, can distinguish safe koji molds, A. oryzae and A. sojae, from aflatoxin-producing strains, A. flavus, A. toxicarius and A. parasiticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Nakamura
- International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Varga J, Frisvad J, Samson R. Two new aflatoxin producing species, and an overview of Aspergillus section Flavi. Stud Mycol 2011; 69:57-80. [PMID: 21892243 PMCID: PMC3161756 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2011.69.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati section Flavi includes species with usually biseriate conidial heads, in shades of yellow-green to brown, and dark sclerotia. Several species assigned to this section are either important mycotoxin producers including aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxins and kojic acid, or are used in oriental food fermentation processes and as hosts for heterologous gene expression. A polyphasic approach was applied using morphological characters, extrolite data and partial calmodulin, β-tubulin and ITS sequences to examine the evolutionary relationships within this section. The data indicate that Aspergillus section Flavi involves 22 species, which can be grouped into seven clades. Two new species, A. pseudocaelatus sp. nov. and A. pseudonomius sp. nov. have been discovered, and can be distinguished from other species in this section based on sequence data and extrolite profiles. Aspergillus pseudocaelatus is represented by a single isolate collected from Arachis burkartii leaf in Argentina, is closely related to the non-aflatoxin producing A. caelatus, and produces aflatoxins B & G, cyclopiazonic acid and kojic acid, while A. pseudonomius was isolated from insects and soil in the USA. This species is related to A. nomius, and produces aflatoxin B(1) (but not G-type aflatoxins), chrysogine and kojic acid. In order to prove the aflatoxin producing abilities of the isolates, phylogenetic analysis of three genes taking part in aflatoxin biosynthesis, including the transcriptional regulator aflR, norsolonic acid reductase and O-methyltransferase were also carried out. A detailed overview of the species accepted in Aspergillus section Flavi is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Varga
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - J.C. Frisvad
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R.A. Samson
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Freitas-Silva O, Venâncio A. Brazil nuts: Benefits and risks associated with contamination by fungi and mycotoxins. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gautam A, Bhadauria R. Diversity of Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Stored Triphala Churn and its Ingredients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2011.226.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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