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Yıldırım Demirdöğen E, Akıncı MA, Bozkurt A, Turan B, Esin İS, Donbaloğlu MA, Bingöl İ, Tümüklü Özyer G, Kılıç U, Dursun OB. Objective Parameters in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Eye and Head Movements. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:982-991. [PMID: 38214185 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231221746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate eye and head movements, which are objective parameters in ADHD. Method: While the children were watching the course video task, which included the relevant (teacher and smart board) and irrelevant (any regions outside the relevant area) areas of interest, their eye movements were evaluated through eye tracking, and video recordings were made simultaneous. Head position estimation was made using through video recordings. The proportion of total fixation duration on areas of interest (PFDAOI) and saccade count, amplitude, velocity for eye movements, number of total head movements and angular change of head movement in x-y-z axes for head movements were compared. RESULTS Children with ADHD had lower PFDAOI on the relevant area, and had more saccade and head movements The angular change of head movement in the x-axis was higher in the ADHD group. CONCLUSION In the assessment of ADHD, the eye and head movements may be particulary useful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bahadır Turan
- Karadeniz Technical University Medicine Faculty, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | | - İsa Bingöl
- Bayburt University Distance Education Application and Research Center, Turkey
| | | | - Uğur Kılıç
- Atatürk University Computer Engineering Department, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Onur Burak Dursun
- Turkish Ministry of Health Autism, Mental Special Needs and Rare Diseases Department, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Gustafsson U, Hansen M. QbTest for Monitoring Medication Treatment Response in ADHD: A Systematic Review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2023; 19:e17450179276630. [PMID: 38164455 PMCID: PMC10758132 DOI: 10.2174/0117450179276630231030093814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Pharmacological treatment plays an important part in the therapy of the disorder and verifying the effectiveness of ADHD medication is essential throughout the course of treatment. QbTest is a computerized test, for which intended use is to provide healthcare professionals with objective measurements of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention to aid in the clinical assessment of ADHD and the evaluation of treatment interventions. Methods A systematic review of relevant articles was conducted for which QbTest was used for monitoring medication treatment response in ADHD. Literature published between 2004 and 2023 was appraised. Results A total of 15 studies were included in the review. Thirteen articles involved subjects diagnosed with ADHD and two studies that were related to the disorder, which evaluated QbTest in medication treatment response. Changes in QbTest data such as Q-scores, effect size, or improvement/deterioration of QbTest variables were evaluated. A clinically relevant decrease in QbTest Q-scores was found in the majority of the studies when treated with any type of ADHD medication in therapeutic doses, both in comparison to placebo and when compared from baseline to endpoint treatment. Conclusion QbTest can distinguish pharmacological treatment effects within hours of pharmacological titration and can be used for monitoring of long-term treatment of ADHD. A need for optimization and individualization of medication treatment response could be addressed with access to objective measures in ADHD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Gustafsson
- Qbtech AB, Medical Department, Cardellgatan 1, 11436 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikkel Hansen
- Qbtech AB, Medical Department, Cardellgatan 1, 11436 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Jansson L, Löhman M, Östlund M, Domingo B. Effects of one single-dose methylphenidate compared to one single-dose placebo on QbTest performance in adults with untreated ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:762. [PMID: 37848887 PMCID: PMC10583300 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) primary involves methylphenidate (MPH). Earlier studies have identified placebo responders to increase toward the end of the treatment periods. However, little is known about the immediate effects of placebo on the core symptoms of ADHD in adults. The present study aimed to examine the effects of one single-dose MPH compared to one single-dose placebo during clinical assessments with continuous performance tests (CPT). METHODS In a randomized study with cross-over design, 40 adults between 19 and 64 years (72.5% women) with untreated ADHD were consecutively enrolled. The study comprised two trial days with four days in between. The QbTest was performed twice on the same day, before and 80 min after intake of one single-dose 20 mg immediate release methylphenidate (IR-MPH) and with one single-dose placebo, in randomized order. RESULTS Performance improved in QbInattention, F (3, 117) = 38.25, p < 0.001, after given IR-MPH (mean diff = 1.14) and after placebo (mean diff = 0.60) with the effect sizes 1.17 and 0.63 respectively. IR-MPH improved performance in QbActivity (mean diff = 0.81, p < 0.001) and QbImpulsivity (mean diff = 0.46, p < 0.04). The proportion of improvements (a decrease by ≥ 0.5 Qb-score) in the parameters QbInattention, QbActivity and QbImpulsivity were 90%, 60% and 52.5%, respectively. After given placebo, corresponding proportions were 60%, 30% and 35%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS There seems to be an immediate placebo response in the core symptom inattention. The effect of placebo cannot be ruled out and must be taken in consideration during drug trials with continuous performance tests (CPTs). TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; Identifier: NCT02473185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Jansson
- Psychiatric Clinic, Region Västmanland, 721 89, Västerås, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Monica Löhman
- Psychiatric Clinic, Region Västmanland, 721 89, Västerås, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Mona Östlund
- Psychiatric Clinic, Region Västmanland, 721 89, Västerås, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Blanca Domingo
- Psychiatric Clinic, Region Västmanland, 721 89, Västerås, Sweden.
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden.
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4
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Löhman M, Domingo B, Östlund M, Jansson L. Contrasting expectancy effects with objective measures in adults with untreated ADHD during QbTest. Scand J Psychol 2023. [PMID: 36786078 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Expectancy has been associated with neuropsychological assessments and cognitive performance. However, little is known about the effects of expectations in clinical assessments during drug trials with continuous performance tests (CPTs). In a randomized, double-blind study with cross-over design, we examined if the participants' self-reported expectations changed after one-single dose immediate release methylphenidate (MPH) and after one-single dose placebo during the QbTest. Forty adults between 19 and 64 years (72.5% women) with un treated ADHD were consecutively enrolled in the study and their assessments of expected performance, mental effort, perceived performance and help from the pill were analyzed. The study comprised two trial days with four days in between. The QbTest was performed twice on the same day, before and 80 minutes after a pill. Our study demonstrates that there were expectancy effects during CPTs. Participants reported lower mental effort and improved their performance in the coronary parameter QbInattention both after MPH and after placebo. No significant differences in expected performance were reported. The participants seemed to show some uncertainty when assessing their expected performance, however, they could evaluate their performance afterwards. In clinical practice, the focus should be on reinforcing patients' expectations in order to increase treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Löhman
- Psychiatric Clinic (in association with Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Sweden), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Blanca Domingo
- Psychiatric Clinic (in association with Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Sweden), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mona Östlund
- Psychiatric Clinic (in association with Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Sweden), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lennart Jansson
- Psychiatric Clinic (in association with Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Sweden), Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Luderer M, Seidt J, Gerhardt S, Hoffmann S, Vollstädt-Klein S, Reif A, Sobanski E. Drinking alcohol to cope with hyperactive ADHD? Self-reports vs. continuous performance test in patients with ADHD and/or alcohol use disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1112843. [PMID: 36950259 PMCID: PMC10025293 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Continuous performance tests (CPTs) allow to measure ADHD related deficits in a laboratory setting. Most studies on this topic focused on CPTs measuring inattention or impulsivity, disregarding hyperactivity as one of the core symptoms of ADHD. Methods We examined N = 47 in three groups (ADHD N = 19; AUD N = 16; ADHD + AUD N = 12) with questionnaires on ADHD core symptoms, executive functioning (EF), mind wandering, and quality of life (QoL). N = 46 (ADHD N = 16; AUD N = 16; ADHD + AUD N = 14) were examined with a CPT (QbTest®) that also measures motor activity objectively. Results Inattention and impulsivity were significantly increased in AUD vs. ADHD and in AUD vs. ADHD + AUD. Hyperactivity was significantly higher in ADHD + AUD vs. ADHD and ADHD + AUD vs. AUD, but not in ADHD vs. AUD. EF was lower in both ADHD groups vs. AUD. Mind wandering was increased in both ADHD groups vs. AUD. QoL was significantly lower in ADHD + AUD compared to AUD. In contrast, results of the QbTest were not significantly different between groups. Conclusion Questionnaires are more useful in assessing ADHD core symptoms than the QbTest®. Hyperactivity appears to be a relevant symptom in ADHD + AUD, suggesting a possible pathway from ADHD to AUD. The lower QoL in ADHD + AUD emphasizes the need for routine screening, diagnostic procedures and treatment strategies for this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Luderer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mathias Luderer,
| | - Johanna Seidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Gerhardt
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Esther Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Konrad J, Marrus N, Lang CE. A Feasibility Study of Bilateral Wrist Sensors for Measuring Motor Traits in Children With Autism. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1709-1735. [PMID: 36065830 PMCID: PMC9974780 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221125275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Direct, quantitative measures of hyperactivity and motor coordination, two motor characteristics associated with impairment in autism, are limited. Wearable sensors can objectively index real-world movement variables that may relate to these behaviors. Here, we explored the feasibility of bilateral wrist accelerometers for measuring upper limb activity in 3-10-year-olds with autism (n = 22; 19 boys, 3 girls; M age = 5.64, SD = 2.73 years) and without autism (n = 26; 15 boys, 11 girls; M age = 6.26, SD = 2.47 years). We investigated the relationships between movement characteristics related to duration, intensity, complexity, and symmetry on the one hand and parent-reported hyperactivity and motor coordination on the other. Participants with and without autism wore the sensors for 12-hour periods. Sensor variables varied by age but not sex, with movement intensity and complexity moderately related to motor coordination. These findings lend preliminary support to wearable sensors as a means of providing ecologically-valid metrics of motor characteristics that impact adaptive function in children with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Konrad
- Program in Physical Therapy, 12275Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry, 12275Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Catherine E Lang
- Program in Physical Therapy, 12275Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Program in Occupational Therapy, 12275Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Neurology, 12275Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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7
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Adamou M, Jones SL, Marks L, Lowe D. Efficacy of Continuous Performance Testing in Adult ADHD in a Clinical Sample Using QbTest. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1483-1491. [PMID: 35255743 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221079798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Continuous performance tests are widely used to aid diagnostic decision making and measure symptom reduction in adult ADHD clinical populations. The diagnostic accuracy of the Quantified Behavior Test plus (QbTest+), developed to identify ADHD populations as an objective measure of ADHD symptoms, was explored. METHODS The utility of the QbTest+ was investigated in a clinical cohort of 69 adult patients referred to a specialist ADHD clinic in the UK. RESULTS Scores from the QbTest+ failed to differentiate between patients diagnosed with ADHD and those who did not receive a diagnosis after full clinical assessment. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we recommend clinicians are cautious when interpreting results of the QbTest+ in clinical populations. This study highlights the need for investigation into the lack of validation of commonly used objective measures in ADHD populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L Jones
- South West Yorkshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Wakefield, UK
| | - Laura Marks
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Deborah Lowe
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
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8
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Hirsch O, Fuermaier ABM, Tucha O, Albrecht B, Chavanon ML, Christiansen H. Symptom and performance validity in samples of adults at clinical evaluation of ADHD: a replication study using machine learning algorithms. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 44:171-184. [PMID: 35906728 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has shown non-trivial base rates of noncredible symptom report and performance in the clinical evaluation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood. The goal of this study is to estimate and replicate base rates of symptom and performance validity test failure in the clinical evaluation of adult ADHD and derive prediction models based on routine clinical measures. METHODS This study reuses data of a previous publication of 196 adults seeking ADHD assessment and replicates the findings on an independent sample of 700 adults recruited in the same referral context. Measures of symptom and performance validity (one SVT, two PVTs) were applied to estimate base rates. Prediction models were developed using machine learning. RESULTS Both samples showed substantial rates of noncredible symptom report (one SVT failure: 35.7% - 36.6%), noncredible test performance (one PVT failure: 32.1% - 49.3%; two PVT failures: 18.9% - 27.3%), or both (each one SVT and PVT failure: 13.3% - 22.4%; one SVT and two PVT failures: 9.7% - 13.7%). Machine learning algorithms resulted in generally moderate to weak prediction models, with advantages of the reused sample compared to the independent replication sample. Associations between measures of symptom and performance validity were negligible to small. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the necessity to include measures of symptom and performance validity in the clinical evaluation of adult ADHD. Further, this study demonstrates the difficulty to characterize the group failing symptom or performance validity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, FOM University of Applied Sciences, Siegen, Germany
| | - Anselm B M Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Björn Albrecht
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology/Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mira-Lynn Chavanon
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology/Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Christiansen
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology/Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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9
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Nylander E, Sparding T, Floros O, Rydén E, Landén M, Hansen S. The Quantified Behavioural Test Plus (QbTest+) in adult ADHD. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2036628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Nylander
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timea Sparding
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Orestis Floros
- Stockholm Center for Dependency Disorders, Lifestyle Treatment Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleonore Rydén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Hansen
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Wang XQ, Albitos PJ, Hao YF, Zhang H, Yuan LX, Zang YF. A review of objective assessments for hyperactivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 370:109479. [PMID: 35038458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity is one of the three core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that is a common childhood mental disorder. Objective assessments of hyperactivity are seldom utilized compared with measures of inattention and impulsivity during clinical diagnosis and evaluation. Acceleration-sensitive devices (e.g., Actigraph) and motion tracking systems (e.g., QbTest) are two main groups of devices that can be used to objectively measure hyperactivity. The Actigraph and QbTest have good discriminant validity, convergent validity, and sensitivity to the effects of stimulants. Furthermore, the assessment setting (i.e., research laboratory, school, or home) can greatly influence the presence and severity of hyperactivity. Nevertheless, objective assessments for hyperactivity have poor ability to distinguish ADHD from other disorders, or among the three types of ADHD. Thus, further studies are needed to assess objective measurements of hyperactivity in terms of discriminant and convergent validity, test-retest reliability in different settings, and correlations with brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qin Wang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Princess Jane Albitos
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Fu Hao
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xia Yuan
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Lee WH, Kim JI, Kwon AM, Cha JH, Yim D, Lim YH, Cho SH, Cho SH, Park HK. Quantified assessment of hyperactivity in ADHD youth using IR-UWB radar. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9604. [PMID: 33953298 PMCID: PMC8100299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the quantification of hyperactivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been limited and inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to test the discriminative value of impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radar for monitoring hyperactive individuals with ADHD and healthy controls (HCs). A total of 10 ADHD patients and 15 HCs underwent hyperactivity assessment using IR-UWB radar during a 22-min continuous performance test. We applied functional ANOVA to compare the mean functions of activity level between the 2 groups. We found that the mean function of activity over time was significantly different and that the activity level of the ADHD group slightly increased over time with high dispersion after approximately 7 min, which means that the difference in activity level between the two groups became evident at this period. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer test times are warranted to investigate the effect of age, sex, and ADHD subtype on activity level function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hyuk Lee
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Johanna Inhyang Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amy M Kwon
- Biostatistical Consulting and Research Laboratory, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Cha
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Hyo Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cho
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Johansson V, Norén Selinus E, Kuja-Halkola R, Lundström S, Durbeej N, Anckarsäter H, Lichtenstein P, Hellner C. The Quantified Behavioral Test Failed to Differentiate ADHD in Adolescents With Neurodevelopmental Problems. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:312-321. [PMID: 30024318 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718787034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The Quantified Behavioral Test (QbTest) is a computerized diagnostic test for ADHD, used in clinical psychiatric care, but its validity may be questioned. We analyzed the QbTest's diagnostic validity and its relation to cognitive ability and psychosocial factors in an adolescent population with a high occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Method: In total, 340 participants aged 15 years, completed the QbTest, along with questionnaires, clinical and intelligence quotient (IQ) assessments. Results: The clinical assessment resulted in 89 (26%) participants with ADHD. Area under curve (AUC) scores indicated a random to poor validity of the QbTest (AUC range = 0.48-0.64). QbTest scores of inattention and impulsivity correlated with IQ. Conclusion: The QbTest was insufficient as a diagnostic test for ADHD, and was not able to differentiate ADHD from other neurodevelopmental conditions. Clinicians should be aware of the dubious discriminating power of the QbTest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Johansson
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Eva Norén Selinus
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | | | | | - Natalie Durbeej
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Clara Hellner
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm County Council, Sweden
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13
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Fasmer OB, Fasmer EE, Mjeldheim K, Førland W, Syrstad VEG, Jakobsen P, Berle JØ, Henriksen TEG, Sepasdar Z, Hauge ER, Oedegaard KJ. Diurnal variation of motor activity in adult ADHD patients analyzed with methods from graph theory. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241991. [PMID: 33166350 PMCID: PMC7652335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by age-inappropriate levels of motor activity, impulsivity and attention. The aim of the present study was to study diurnal variation of motor activity in adult ADHD patients, compared to healthy controls and clinical controls with mood and anxiety disorders. Wrist-worn actigraphs were used to record motor activity in a sample of 81 patients and 30 healthy controls. Time series from registrations in the morning and evening were analyzed using measures of variability, complexity and a newly developed method, the similarity algorithm, based on transforming time series into graphs. In healthy controls the evening registrations showed higher variability and lower complexity compared to morning registrations, however this was evident only in the female controls. In the two patient groups the same measures were not significantly different, with one exception, the graph measure bridges. This was the measure that most clearly separated morning and evening registrations and was significantly different both in healthy controls and in patients with a diagnosis of ADHD. These findings suggest that actigraph registrations, combined with mathematical methods based on graph theory, may be used to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the diurnal regulation of motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bernt Fasmer
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Vigdis Elin Giæver Syrstad
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petter Jakobsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Øystein Berle
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tone E. G. Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Mental Health Care, Valen Hospital, Fonna Local Health Authority, Valen, Norway
| | - Zahra Sepasdar
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Erik R. Hauge
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ketil J. Oedegaard
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Attention Networks in ADHD Adults after Working Memory Training with a Dual n-Back Task. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100715. [PMID: 33050115 PMCID: PMC7600375 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are characterized by impaired executive functioning and/or attention deficits. Our study aim is to determine whether the outcomes measured by the Attention Network Task (ANT), i.e., the reaction times (RTs) to specific target and cue conditions and alerting, orienting, and conflict (or executive control) effects are affected by cognitive training with a Dual n-back task. We considered three groups of young adult participants: ADHD patients without medication (ADHD), ADHD with medication (MADHD), and age/education-matched controls. Working memory training consisted of a daily practice of 20 blocks of Dual n-back task (approximately 30 min per day) for 20 days within one month. Participants of each group were randomly assigned into two subgroups, the first one with an adaptive mode of difficulty (adaptive training), while the second was blocked at the level 1 during the whole training phase (1-back task, baseline training). Alerting and orienting effects were not modified by working memory training. The dimensional analysis showed that after baseline training, the lesser the severity of the hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, the larger the improvement of reaction times on trials with high executive control/conflict demand (i.e., what is called Conflict Effect), irrespective of the participants’ group. In the categorical analysis, we observed the improvement in such Conflict Effect after the adaptive training in adult ADHD patients irrespective of their medication, but not in controls. The ex-Gaussian analysis of RT and RT variability showed that the improvement in the Conflict Effect correlated with a decrease in the proportion of extreme slow responses. The Dual n-back task in the adaptive mode offers as a promising candidate for a cognitive remediation of adult ADHD patients without pharmaceutical medication.
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Ulberstad F, Boström H, Chavanon M, Knollmann M, Wiley J, Christiansen H, Thorell LB. Objective measurement of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms outside the clinic using the QbCheck: Reliability and validity. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2020; 29:e1822. [PMID: 32100383 PMCID: PMC7301281 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective measurements of ADHD symptom levels can be a highly valuable complement to ratings. However, sometimes it is not feasible to bring patients into the clinic/lab for assessment. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the psychometric properties of the QbCheck, an online computerized test that measures errors and reaction time as well as activity during testing using the computer's built-in web camera. Study I (n = 27 adolescents/adults) investigated test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the QbCheck. Study II included 142 adolescents/adults (69 with ADHD/73 controls) and investigated convergent and diagnostic validity, as well as usability, of the QbCheck. In Study I, the QbCheck showed high test-retest reliability and high concurrent validity. In Study II, high convergent validity was observed when studying associations between the QbCheck performed in the home and the QbTest performed at the clinic. In addition, the QbCheck discriminated well between patients with ADHD and controls, with a sensitivity of 82.6 and a specificity of 79.5. The QbCheck appears to be a valuable test with good psychometric properties and will thereby enable assessment of ADHD symptom levels in adolescents and adults outside the clinic in the home setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Ulberstad
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Hans Boström
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Mira‐Lynn Chavanon
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Department of PsychologyPhilipps University MarburgGermany
| | - Martin Knollmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | | | - Hanna Christiansen
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Department of PsychologyPhilipps University MarburgGermany
| | - Lisa B. Thorell
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Bijlenga D, Jasperse M, Gehlhaar S, Sandra Kooij J. Objective QbTest and subjective evaluation of stimulant treatment in adult attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 30:179-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the QbTest as an objective measure versus self-reported ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) before and during stimulant treatment in adults with ADHD.Patients and methods:We used the subjective ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS), and the objective computerized QbTest, which is a 20-minute unconditional identical pairs test that measures attention, impulsivity, and also hyperactivity using a motion-tracking system. Patients were assessed before (baseline) and during medical treatment with stimulants (follow-up) in an observational study design.Results:Data of n = 145 patients at baseline and n = 82 patients at follow-up were analyzed. There were significant symptom reductions on all symptom domains, but correlations between the tests were weak. Improvement on the QbTest was independent of the patient's age, gender, educational level, ADHD subtype, co-morbid disorders, and use of other medications. Patients with worst QbTest results at baseline showed most improvement at follow-up. The QbTest was more sensitive to medication effects than the ADHD-RS. QbTest objectified clinical significant medication effect in 54% of patients who subjectively did not report any clinical effects.Discussion:Symptoms dimensions of objective and subjective tests refer to different psychological constructs.Conclusion:The QbTest is a valuable addition to existing subjective measures to assess medication effects in ADHD patients who have difficulties reporting treatment effects.
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Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Verdenhalven M, Kittel-Schneider S, Vainieri I, Reif A, Grimm O. The Quantified Behavioral Test-A Confirmatory Test in the Diagnostic Process of Adult ADHD? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:216. [PMID: 32265761 PMCID: PMC7100366 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is complicated by comorbid disorders, but also by the overlapping of main symptoms such as inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity with other disorders. Neuropsychological tests like continuous performance tests (CPT) try to solve this dilemma by objectively measurable parameters. We investigated in a cohort of n=114 patients presenting to an ADHD outpatient clinic how well a commercially available CPT test (QbTest®) can differentiate between patients with ADHD (n=94) and patients with a disconfirmed ADHD diagnosis (n=20). Both groups showed numerous comorbidities, predominantly depression (27.2% in the ADHD group vs. 45% in the non-ADHD group) and substance-use disorders (18.1% vs. 10%, respectively). Patients with ADHD showed significant higher activity (2.07 ± 1.23) than patients without ADHD (1.34 ± 1.27, dF=112; p=0.019), whereas for the other core parameters, inattention and impulsivity no differences could be found. Reaction time variability has been discussed as a typical marker for inattention in ADHD. Therefore, we investigated how well ex-Gaussian analysis of response time can differentiate between ADHD and other patients, showing, that it does not help to identify patients with ADHD. Even though patients with ADHD showed significantly higher activity, this parameter differed only poorly between patients (accuracy AUC 65% of an ROC-Curve). We conclude that CPTs do not help to identify patients with ADHD in a specialized outpatient clinic. The usability of this test for differentiating between ADHD and other psychiatric disorders is poor and a sophisticated analysis of reaction time did not decisively increase the test accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Brunkhorst-Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Moritz Verdenhalven
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Vainieri
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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18
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Fidgeting as self-evidencing: A predictive processing account of non-goal-directed action. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Slobodin O. The Utility of the CPT in the Diagnosis of ADHD in Individuals with Substance Abuse: A Systematic Review. Eur Addict Res 2020; 26:283-294. [PMID: 32535592 DOI: 10.1159/000508041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) is important because ADHD has an adverse effect on the development and course of SUD. Given the limited validity of self-report measures of ADHD in individuals with SUD, it is important to investigate the utility of the continuous performance test (CPT) in classifying ADHD in adults with SUD. OBJECTIVE This review aims to examine the quantitative similarities and differences in CPT performance of adults with ADHD, SUD, and their comorbidity to determine if a distinct neurocognitive profile exists for each. METHOD A systematic review of CPT studies that included patients with the comorbidity of ADHD and SUD and a comparison group of one of the disorders alone was conducted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. RESULTS Eight studies were identified with sample sizes ranging from n = 17 to n = 386. The comorbidity of ADHD and SUD was, mostly, not associated with higher rates of commission and omission errors than either disorder alone. However, the comorbidity of ADHD and SUD was more likely to be associated with increased deficits in response time variability compared with individuals with ADHD alone. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the shortage of large-scale CPT research involving patients with ADHD and SUD. The CPT might be sensitive to attentional deficits, but it lacks specificity for the classification of adult ADHD, SUD, or their comorbidity, and the CPT is thus not useful in discriminating comorbid ADHD and SUD from either disorder alone. Future CPT research should explore whether specific attentional deficits account for the development and persistence of SUD. Such research should also reach beyond traditional CPT measures and include other cognitive and behavioral deficits that were associated with ADHD, such as distractibility and hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Slobodin
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel,
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Bijlenga D, Ulberstad F, Thorell LB, Christiansen H, Hirsch O, Kooij JJS. Objective assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in older adults compared with controls using the QbTest. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1526-1533. [PMID: 31243809 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into old age, with prevalence rates of 2.8% to 3.3% in adults over 60 years of age. Most diagnostic assessment tools are not validated for older adults. The Quantified behavioral Test (QbTest) is an objective assessment for the core symptoms of ADHD and is validated for children and younger adults. We investigated whether the QbTest can be used to differentiate between older adults with ADHD and healthy controls. METHODS Older adults aged 55 to 79 years with (n = 97) or without (n = 112) ADHD were assessed with the QbTest. They also rated their ADHD symptom severity. QbTest raw scores were compared between groups. Factor scores were computed using factor loadings from a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Multilevel regressions were used to determine effects of background characteristics and comorbidity. Logistic regressions were performed to determine whether the QbTest differentiated between patients with ADHD and healthy controls. RESULTS The factor structure of the CFA was comparable with that of younger age groups. Older age was associated with higher Inattention score. Parameters comprising the factors Hyperactivity and Inattention, but not Impulsivity, were shown to contribute significantly in differentiating between the groups. The QbTest had a correct classification rate of 70%, which was increased to 91% when combining QbTest scores and self-reports of ADHD symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS The QbTest is feasible for older adults, and the factors Hyperactivity and Inattention are valid parameters for the diagnostic assessment of ADHD in older adults, when used in addition to self-reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bijlenga
- Expertise Center Adult ADHD, PsyQ, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Ulberstad
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Qbtech, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa B Thorell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - J J Sandra Kooij
- Expertise Center Adult ADHD, PsyQ, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Muñoz-Organero M, Powell L, Heller B, Harpin V, Parker J. Using Recurrent Neural Networks to Compare Movement Patterns in ADHD and Normally Developing Children Based on Acceleration Signals from the Wrist and Ankle. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19132935. [PMID: 31277297 PMCID: PMC6651483 DOI: 10.3390/s19132935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects, among other things, the movement patterns of children suffering it. Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors, major symptoms characterizing ADHD, result not only in differences in the activity levels but also in the activity patterns themselves. This paper proposes and trains a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to characterize the moment patterns for normally developing children and uses the trained RNN in order to assess differences in the movement patterns from children with ADHD. Each child is monitored for 24 consecutive hours, in a normal school day, wearing 4 tri-axial accelerometers (one at each wrist and ankle). The results for both medicated and non-medicated children with ADHD, and for different activity levels are presented. While the movement patterns for non-medicated ADHD diagnosed participants showed higher differences as compared to those of normally developing participants, those differences were only statistically significant for medium intensity movements. On the other hand, the medicated ADHD participants showed statistically different behavior for low intensity movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Muñoz-Organero
- Telematics Engineering Department, UC3M-BS Institute of Financial Big Data, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. Universidad, 28911 Leganes, Spain.
| | - Lauren Powell
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, S1 4DA Sheffield, UK
| | - Ben Heller
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, S10 2LW Sheffield, UK
| | - Val Harpin
- Ryegate Children's Centre, S10 5DD Sheffield, UK
| | - Jack Parker
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, S1 4DA Sheffield, UK
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Hirsch O, Chavanon ML, Christiansen H. Emotional dysregulation subgroups in patients with adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a cluster analytic approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5639. [PMID: 30948735 PMCID: PMC6449354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation deficits (ERD) are evident in about 34–70% of the adults with ADHD. In contrast to this, they are not considered in the diagnostic criteria of the disorder. In a recent study of our research group using confirmatory factor analysis, we modeled positive and negative emotion as well as emotion regulation skills along with the classical ADHD-core symptoms. We showed that negative affect and the failure to apply adaptive emotion regulation skills were distinct and indicative dimensions in adult ADHD. In this study, we used a person-centered approach based on cluster analysis to subtype patients on the presence or relative absence of ERD. This results in important information to individualize treatment decisions. We found two clusters, with cluster 2 showing high ERD that were associated with higher impairments indicated by depressive mood, negative affect and elevated psychological distress. There were also higher rates of comorbidity in cluster 2 such as somatoform disorders which were associated with ERD. Women were overrepresented in this cluster 2. Neuropsychological variables did not contribute significantly to cluster formation. In conclusion, ADHD in adults is a heterogeneous disorder with specific subgroups that need differential treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hirsch
- FOM University of Applied Sciences, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Mira Lynn Chavanon
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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23
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Muñoz-Organero M, Powell L, Heller B, Harpin V, Parker J. Automatic Extraction and Detection of Characteristic Movement Patterns in Children with ADHD Based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Acceleration Images. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3924. [PMID: 30441774 PMCID: PMC6264066 DOI: 10.3390/s18113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors. In particular, children have difficulty keeping still exhibiting increased fine and gross motor activity. This paper focuses on analyzing the data obtained from two tri-axial accelerometers (one on the wrist of the dominant arm and the other on the ankle of the dominant leg) worn during school hours by a group of 22 children (11 children with ADHD and 11 paired controls). Five of the 11 ADHD diagnosed children were not on medication during the study. The children were not explicitly instructed to perform any particular activity but followed a normal session at school alternating classes of little or moderate physical activity with intermediate breaks of more prominent physical activity. The tri-axial acceleration signals were converted into 2D acceleration images and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to recognize the differences between non-medicated ADHD children and their paired controls. The results show that there were statistically significant differences in the way the two groups moved for the wrist accelerometer (t-test p-value <0.05). For the ankle accelerometer statistical significance was only achieved between data from the non-medicated children in the experimental group and the control group. Using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to automatically extract embedded acceleration patterns and provide an objective measure to help in the diagnosis of ADHD, an accuracy of 0.875 for the wrist sensor and an accuracy of 0.9375 for the ankle sensor was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Muñoz-Organero
- Telematics Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. Universidad, 30, 28911 Leganes, Spain.
| | - Lauren Powell
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK.
| | - Ben Heller
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2LW, UK.
| | - Val Harpin
- Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield S10 5GA, UK.
| | - Jack Parker
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK.
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Pettersson R, Söderström S, Nilsson KW. Diagnosing ADHD in Adults: An Examination of the Discriminative Validity of Neuropsychological Tests and Diagnostic Assessment Instruments. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:1019-1031. [PMID: 26681530 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715618788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the discriminative validity of neuropsychological tests and diagnostic assessment instruments in diagnosing adult ADHD in a clinical psychiatric population. METHOD Of 108 patients, 60 were diagnosed with ADHD. The Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA 2.0) and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) v.1.1 together with eight neuropsychological tests were investigated. RESULTS All instruments showed poor discriminative ability except for the DIVA, which showed a relatively good ability to discriminate between the groups (sensitivity = 90.0; specificity = 72.9). A logistic regression analysis model with the DIVA and measures of inattention, impulsivity, and activity from continuous performance tests (CPTs) showed a sensitivity of 90.0 and a specificity of 83.3. CONCLUSION Neuropsychological tests have a poor ability to discriminate between patients diagnosed with ADHD and patients not diagnosed with ADHD, but variables from CPT tests can contribute to increasing the specificity by 10% if used in combination with the DIVA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kent W Nilsson
- 2 Centre for clinical research, Uppsala University, County council of Västmanland, County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
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25
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Auditory brainstem response (ABR) profiling tests as diagnostic support for schizophrenia and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Acta Neuropsychiatr 2018; 30:137-147. [PMID: 28803577 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performances of two auditory brainstem response (ABR) profiling tests as potential biomarkers and diagnostic support for schizophrenia and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), respectively, in an investigator-initiated blinded study design. METHOD Male and female patients with schizophrenia (n=26) and adult ADHD (n=24) meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM IV) diagnostic criteria and healthy controls (n=58) comprised the analysis set (n=108) of the total number of study participants (n=119). Coded sets of randomized ABR recordings were analysed by an independent party blinded to clinical diagnoses before a joint code-breaking session. RESULTS The ABR profiling test for schizophrenia identified schizophrenia patients versus controls with a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 93.1%. The ADHD test identified patients with adult ADHD versus controls with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 91.4%. CONCLUSION The ABR profiling tests discriminated schizophrenia and ADHD versus healthy controls with high sensitivity and specificity. The methods deserve to be further explored in larger clinical studies including a broad range of psychiatric disorders to determine their utility as potential diagnostic biomarkers.
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Emser TS, Johnston BA, Steele JD, Kooij S, Thorell L, Christiansen H. Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures. Behav Brain Funct 2018; 14:11. [PMID: 29776429 PMCID: PMC5960089 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic guidelines recommend using a variety of methods to assess and diagnose ADHD. Applying subjective measures always incorporates risks such as informant biases or large differences between ratings obtained from diverse sources. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that ratings and tests seem to assess somewhat different constructs. The use of objective measures might thus yield valuable information for diagnosing ADHD. This study aims at evaluating the role of objective measures when trying to distinguish between individuals with ADHD and controls. Our sample consisted of children (n = 60) and adults (n = 76) diagnosed with ADHD and matched controls who completed self- and observer ratings as well as objective tasks. Diagnosis was primarily based on clinical interviews. A popular pattern recognition approach, support vector machines, was used to predict the diagnosis. RESULTS We observed relatively high accuracy of 79% (adults) and 78% (children) applying solely objective measures. Predicting an ADHD diagnosis using both subjective and objective measures exceeded the accuracy of objective measures for both adults (89.5%) and children (86.7%), with the subjective variables proving to be the most relevant. CONCLUSIONS We argue that objective measures are more robust against rater bias and errors inherent in subjective measures and may be more replicable. Considering the high accuracy of objective measures only, we found in our study, we think that they should be incorporated in diagnostic procedures for assessing ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa S Emser
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35037, Marburg, Germany. .,Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinic Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Blair A Johnston
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - J Douglas Steele
- School of Medicine (Neuroscience), University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Sandra Kooij
- PsyQ, Psycho-medical Programs, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Jan van Nassaustraat 125, 2596 BS, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Thorell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 5th floor, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Christiansen
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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Zinnow T, Banaschewski T, Fallgatter AJ, Jenkner C, Philipp-Wiegmann F, Philipsen A, Retz W, Sobanski E, Thome J, Rösler M. ESCAlate - Adaptive treatment approach for adolescents and adults with ADHD: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:280. [PMID: 29776383 PMCID: PMC5960079 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade, a wide range of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment approaches for adults, including both pharmacological interventions and psychosocial treatments, have been proposed and observed to be efficient. In practice, individual treatment concepts are based on results of clinical studies as well as international guidelines (NICE Guidelines) that recommend a step-by-step treatment approach. Since the evidence supporting this approach is limited, the aim of the present study is to determine an optimal intervention regarding severity levels of ADHD symptomatology conducting a randomized controlled trial. METHOD We aim to include 279 ADHD subjects aged between 16 and 45 years. First, participants are randomized to either a face-to-face psychoeducation, telephone assisted self-help (TASH), or a waiting control group (Step 1). All participants assigned to the control group are treated using TASH after a 3-month waiting period. Participants are then allocated to one of three groups, based on their remaining severity level of ADHD symptoms, as (1) full responder, (2) partial responder, or (3) non-responder (Step 2). Full responders receive counseling, partial responders receive either counseling only or counseling and neurofeedback (NF), and non-responders receive either pharmacological treatment only or pharmacological treatment and NF, followed by a 3 month period without intervention. DISCUSSION The naturalistic sample is one of the study's advantages, avoiding highly selective inclusion or exclusion criteria. The efficacy of an evidence-based stepped care intervention is explored by primary (reduction of severity of ADHD symptoms) and secondary outcomes (functional outcomes, e.g., quality of life, anger management, enhancement of psychosocial well-being). Predictors of therapeutic response and non-response are being investigated at each step of intervention. Further, sex differences are also being explored. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered by the German Trial Register (reference number: DRKS00008975 ), 23 October 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toivo Zinnow
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany.
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Osianderstr. 24, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Jenkner
- Clinical Trials Unit at University Medical Center Freiburg, Elsässer Str. 2, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florence Philipp-Wiegmann
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Siegmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacherstraße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Esther Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Rösler
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
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Working Memory and Motor Activity: A Comparison Across Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Healthy Control Groups. Behav Ther 2018; 49:419-434. [PMID: 29704970 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Converging findings from recent research suggest a functional relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related hyperactivity and demands on working memory (WM) in both children and adults. Excessive motor activity such as restlessness and fidgeting are not pathognomonic symptoms of ADHD, however, and are often associated with other diagnoses such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Further, previous research indicates that anticipatory processing associated with anxiety can directly interfere with storage and rehearsal processes of WM. The topographical similarity of excessive motor activity seen in both ADHD and anxiety disorders, as well as similar WM deficits, may indicate a common relationship between WM deficits and increased motor activity. The relationship between objectively measured motor activity (actigraphy) and PH and visuospatial WM demands in adults with ADHD (n = 21), adults with GAD (n = 21), and healthy control adults (n = 20) was examined. Although all groups exhibited significant increases in activity from control to WM conditions, the ADHD group exhibited a disproportionate increase in activity, while activity exhibited by the GAD and healthy control groups was not different. Findings indicate that ADHD-related hyperactivity is uniquely related to WM demands, and appear to suggest that adults with GAD are no more active relative to healthy control adults during a cognitively demanding laboratory task.
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Fuermaier ABM, Tucha O, Koerts J, Send TS, Weisbrod M, Aschenbrenner S, Tucha L. Is motor activity during cognitive assessment an indicator for feigned attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 40:971-986. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1457139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anselm B. M. Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tabea S. Send
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad, Germany
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad, Germany
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Aschenbrenner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad, Germany
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Delgado-Gomez D, Peñuelas-Calvo I, Masó-Besga AE, Vallejo-Oñate S, Baltasar Tello I, Arrua Duarte E, Vera Varela MC, Carballo J, Baca-García E. Microsoft Kinect-based Continuous Performance Test: An Objective Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Assessment. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e79. [PMID: 28320691 PMCID: PMC5379015 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.6985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the major challenges in mental medical care is finding out new instruments for an accurate and objective evaluation of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Early ADHD identification, severity assessment, and prompt treatment are essential to avoid the negative effects associated with this mental condition. Objective The aim of our study was to develop a novel ADHD assessment instrument based on Microsoft Kinect, which identifies ADHD cardinal symptoms in order to provide a more accurate evaluation. Methods A group of 30 children, aged 8-12 years (10.3 [SD 1.4]; male 70% [21/30]), who were referred to the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit of the Department of Psychiatry at Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital (Madrid, Spain), were included in this study. Children were required to meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria of ADHD diagnosis. One of the parents or guardians of the children filled the Spanish version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN) rating scale used in clinical practice. Each child conducted a Kinect-based continuous performance test (CPT) in which the reaction time (RT), the commission errors, and the time required to complete the reaction (CT) were calculated. The correlations of the 3 predictors, obtained using Kinect methodology, with respect to the scores of the SWAN scale were calculated. Results The RT achieved a correlation of -.11, -.29, and -.37 with respect to the inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity factors of the SWAN scale. The correlations of the commission error with respect to these 3 factors were -.03, .01, and .24, respectively. Conclusions Our findings show a relation between the Microsoft Kinect-based version of the CPT and ADHD symptomatology assessed through parental report. Results point out the importance of future research on the development of objective measures for the diagnosis of ADHD among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Vallejo-Oñate
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Child and Adolescents Service, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Baltasar Tello
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Child and Adolescents Service, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elsa Arrua Duarte
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Child and Adolescents Service, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carballo
- Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Child and Adolescents Service, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Baca-García
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Child and Adolescents Service, Madrid, Spain.,Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,IIS-Jimenez Diaz Foundation, Department of Psychiatry, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital General de Villalba, Villalba, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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Groom MJ, Young Z, Hall CL, Gillott A, Hollis C. The incremental validity of a computerised assessment added to clinical rating scales to differentiate adult ADHD from autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243:168-73. [PMID: 27400220 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a clinical need for objective evidence-based measures that are sensitive and specific to ADHD when compared with other neurodevelopmental disorders. This study evaluated the incremental validity of adding an objective measure of activity and computerised cognitive assessment to clinical rating scales to differentiate adult ADHD from Autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Adults with ADHD (n=33) or ASD (n=25) performed the QbTest, comprising a Continuous Performance Test with motion-tracker to record physical activity. QbTest parameters measuring inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity were combined to provide a summary score ('QbTotal'). Binary stepwise logistic regression measured the probability of assignment to the ADHD or ASD group based on scores on the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale-subscale E (CAARS-E) and Autism Quotient (AQ10) in the first step and then QbTotal added in the second step. The model fit was significant at step 1 (CAARS-E, AQ10) with good group classification accuracy. These predictors were retained and QbTotal was added, resulting in a significant improvement in model fit and group classification accuracy. All predictors were significant. ROC curves indicated superior specificity of QbTotal. The findings present preliminary evidence that adding QbTest to clinical rating scales may improve the differentiation of ADHD and ASD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Groom
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Zoe Young
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; NIHR MindTech Healthcare Technology Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health and Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte L Hall
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; CLAHRC-EM, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK.
| | - Alinda Gillott
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Service, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Hollis
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; CLAHRC-EM, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; NIHR MindTech Healthcare Technology Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health and Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Hall CL, Valentine AZ, Groom MJ, Walker GM, Sayal K, Daley D, Hollis C. The clinical utility of the continuous performance test and objective measures of activity for diagnosing and monitoring ADHD in children: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:677-99. [PMID: 26620873 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is typically diagnosed using clinical observation and subjective informant reports. Once children commence ADHD medication, robust monitoring is required to detect partial or non-responses. The extent to which neuropsychological continuous performance tests (CPTs) and objective measures of activity can clinically aid the assessment and titration process in ADHD is not fully understood. This review describes the current evidence base for the use of CPTs and objectively measured activity to support the diagnostic procedure and medication management for children with ADHD. Four databases (PsycINFO, Medline, Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED), and PsycARTICLES) were systematically searched to understand the current evidence base for (1) the use of CPTs to aid clinical assessment of ADHD; (2) the use of CPTs to aid medication management; and (3) the clinical utility of objective measures of activity in ADHD. Sixty relevant articles were identified. The search revealed six commercially available CPTs that had been reported on for their clinical use. There were mixed findings with regard to the use of CPTs to assess and manage medication, with contrasting evidence on their ability to support clinical decision-making. There was a strong evidence base for the use of objective measures of activity to aid ADHD/non-ADHD group differentiation, which appears sensitive to medication effects and would also benefit from further research on their clinical utility. The findings suggest that combining CPTs and an objective measure of activity may be particularly useful as a clinical tool and worthy of further pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Hall
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, CLAHRC-EM, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.
| | - Althea Z Valentine
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, CLAHRC-EM, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Madeleine J Groom
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Gemma M Walker
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, CLAHRC-EM, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Kapil Sayal
- Developmental Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for ADHD and Neuro-developmental Disorders Across the Lifespan (CANDAL), Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - David Daley
- Centre for ADHD and Neuro-developmental Disorders Across the Lifespan (CANDAL), Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Hollis
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, CLAHRC-EM, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
- Centre for ADHD and Neuro-developmental Disorders Across the Lifespan (CANDAL), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- MindTech, Developmental Psychiatry, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Kofler MJ, Raiker JS, Sarver DE, Wells EL, Soto EF. Is hyperactivity ubiquitous in ADHD or dependent on environmental demands? Evidence from meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 46:12-24. [PMID: 27131918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity, or excess gross motor activity, is considered a core and ubiquitous characteristic of ADHD. Alternate models question this premise, and propose that hyperactive behavior reflects, to a large extent, purposeful behavior to cope with environmental demands that interact with underlying neurobiological vulnerabilities. The present review critically evaluates the ubiquity and environmental modifiability of hyperactivity in ADHD through meta-analysis of 63 studies of mechanically measured activity level in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD relative to typically developing groups. Random effects models corrected for publication bias confirmed elevated gross motor activity in ADHD (d=0.86); surprisingly, neither participant age (child vs. adult) nor the proportion of each ADHD sample diagnosed with the inattentive subtype/presentation moderated this effect. In contrast, activity level assessed during high cognitive load conditions in general (d=1.14) and high executive functioning demands in particular (d=1.39) revealed significantly higher effect sizes than activity level during low cognitive load (d=0.36) and in-class schoolwork (d=0.50) settings. Low stimulation environments, more rigorous diagnostic practices, actigraph measurement of movement frequency and intensity, and ADHD samples that included fewer females were also associated with larger effects. Overall, the results are inconsistent with DSM-5 and ADHD models that a) describe hyperactivity as ubiquitous behavior, b) predict a developmental decline in hyperactivity, or c) differentiate subtypes/presentations according to perceived differences in hyperactive behavior. Instead, results suggest that the presence and magnitude of hyperactive behavior in ADHD may be influenced to a considerable extent by environmental factors in general, and cognitive/executive functioning demands in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kofler
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, United States.
| | - Joseph S Raiker
- Florida International University
- Department of Psychology Center for Children and Families 11200 SW 8th St.
- Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Dustin E Sarver
- University of Mississippi Medical CenterDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Child Development Center for Advancement of Youth (CAY) 2500 North State Street Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Erica L Wells
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, United States
| | - Elia F Soto
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, United States
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Hirsch O, Christiansen H. Factorial Structure and Validity of the Quantified Behavior Test Plus (Qb+©). Assessment 2016; 24:1037-1049. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191116638426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the factorial structure and validity of the Quantified Behavior Test Plus (Qb+©), a computerized test to objectively evaluate the three attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder core symptoms, hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, independently. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted with an outpatient sample of 773 subjects ≥12 years old. In a second sample of 297 patients ≥16 years, a multitrait–multimethod analysis was performed to examine concurrent and discriminant validity. The discriminative power of the Qb+ was investigated using a general linear model and logistic regression analysis. The three factorial structure (Hyperactivity, Inattention, Impulsivity) was verified in the confirmatory factor analysis. Fit indices demonstrated a good model fit and factor loadings were almost all moderate to high. In the multitrait–multimethod analysis, the criterion for convergent validity was fulfilled. The discriminant validity of the Qb+ was partially supported. Significant but small gender and age effects were found. In the logistic regression analysis, omission errors and reaction time variability, belonging to the Inattention factor, were able to discriminate between subjects with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The internal structure of the Qb+ was verified. Its validity was partially supported. Results regarding discriminative power were mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hirsch
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Fasmer OB, Mjeldheim K, Førland W, Hansen AL, Dilsaver S, Oedegaard KJ, Berle JØ. Motor Activity in Adult Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2015; 12:474-82. [PMID: 26508958 PMCID: PMC4620304 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.4.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperactivity is a core symptom of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but limited information is available on analysis of activity patterns in this disorder. The aim of the study was to analyze motor activity during daily living in adult patients with ADHD. METHODS Patients (n=76) from the private psychiatric practice of two of the authors were recruited, and were compared to patients with other psychiatric disorders and to normal controls. Actigraphs were used to record motor activity for six days, with one minute intervals, and data were analysed using linear and non-linear mathematical methods. RESULTS For short recording periods (300 minutes) the activity levels of ADHD patients do not differ from normal controls, but the autocorrelation (lag 1) is lower and Fourier analysis shows higher power in the high frequency range, corresponding to the period from 2-8 min. During recordings for six days there are no significant differences between ADHD patients and the control groups. The combined and inattentive subgroups differ only in the six days recordings. The Fourier analyses show that the combined type has lower power in the high frequency range, corresponding to the period from 4-8 hours, and in the analysis of rhythms the intra-daily variability is lower, compared to the inattentive type. CONCLUSION Adult ADHD patients do not show evidence of hyperactivity, but have levels of activity similar to normal controls. However, on several measures ADHD patients display altered activity patterns, indicating that the regulation of motor activity in this disorder is different from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bernt Fasmer
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Anita L. Hansen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway/Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ketil J. Oedegaard
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Øystein Berle
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Hudec KL, Alderson RM, Patros CHG, Lea SE, Tarle SJ, Kasper LJ. Hyperactivity in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The role of executive and non-executive functions. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 45-46:103-109. [PMID: 26232202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Motor activity of boys (age 8-12 years) with (n=19) and without (n=18) ADHD was objectively measured with actigraphy across experimental conditions that varied with regard to demands on executive functions. Activity exhibited during two n-back (1-back, 2-back) working memory tasks was compared to activity during a choice-reaction time (CRT) task that placed relatively fewer demands on executive processes and during a simple reaction time (SRT) task that required mostly automatic processing with minimal executive demands. Results indicated that children in the ADHD group exhibited greater activity compared to children in the non-ADHD group. Further, both groups exhibited the greatest activity during conditions with high working memory demands, followed by the reaction time and control task conditions, respectively. The findings indicate that large-magnitude increases in motor activity are predominantly associated with increased demands on working memory, though demands on non-executive processes are sufficient to elicit small to moderate increases in motor activity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Hudec
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - R Matt Alderson
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, United States.
| | | | - Sarah E Lea
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | | | - Lisa J Kasper
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, United States
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Wehrmann T, Müller JM. An objective measure of hyperactivity aspects with compressed webcam video. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2015; 9:45. [PMID: 26361496 PMCID: PMC4565011 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-015-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objective measures of physical activity are currently not considered in clinical guidelines for the assessment of hyperactivity in the context of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) due to low and inconsistent associations between clinical ratings, missing age-related norm data and high technical requirements. METHODS This pilot study introduces a new objective measure for physical activity using compressed webcam video footage, which should be less affected by age-related variables. A pre-test established a preliminary standard procedure for testing a clinical sample of 39 children aged 6-16 years (21 with a clinical ADHD diagnosis, 18 without). Subjects were filmed for 6 min while solving a standardized cognitive performance task. Our webcam video-based video-activity score was compared with respect to two independent video-based movement ratings by students, ratings of Inattentiveness, Hyperactivity and Impulsivity by clinicians (DCL-ADHS) giving a clinical diagnosis of ADHD and parents (FBB-ADHD) and physical features (age, weight, height, BMI) using mean scores, correlations and multiple regression. RESULTS Our video-activity score showed a high agreement (r = 0.81) with video-based movement ratings, but also considerable associations with age-related physical attributes. After controlling for age-related confounders, the video-activity score showed not the expected association with clinicians' or parents' hyperactivity ratings. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary conclusion is that our video-activity score assesses physical activity but not specific information related to hyperactivity. The general problem of defining and assessing hyperactivity with objective criteria remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wehrmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Schmeddingstrasse 50, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Michael Müller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Schmeddingstrasse 50, 48149 Münster, Germany
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García Murillo L, Cortese S, Anderson D, Di Martino A, Castellanos FX. Locomotor activity measures in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analyses and new findings. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 252:14-26. [PMID: 25770940 PMCID: PMC4522351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our aim was to assess differences in movement measures in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) vs. typically developing (TD) controls. METHODS We performed meta-analyses of published studies on motion measures contrasting ADHD with controls. We also conducted a case-control study with children/adolescents (n = 61 TD, n = 62 ADHD) and adults (n = 30 TD, n = 19 ADHD) using the McLean motion activity test, semi-structured diagnostic interviews and the behavior rating inventory of executive function and Conners (parent, teacher; self) rating scales. RESULTS Meta-analyses revealed medium-to-large effect sizes for actigraph (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43, 0.85) and motion tracking systems (SDM: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.20) measures in differentiating individuals with ADHD from controls. Effects sizes were similar in studies of children/adolescents ([SMD]: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.50, 1.01) and of adults ([SMD]: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.46, 1.00). In our sample, ADHD groups differed significantly in number of head movements (p = 0.02 in children; p = 0.002 in adults), displacement (p = 0.009/p < 0.001), head area (p = 0.03/p < 0.001), spatial complexity (p = 0.06/p = 0.02) and temporal scaling (p = 0.05/p = 0.04). Mean effect sizes were non-significantly larger (d = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.20, 1.45) in adults vs. children/adolescents with ADHD (d = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.82). In the concurrent go/no-go task, reaction time variability was significantly greater in ADHD (p < 0.05 in both age groups) than controls. CONCLUSIONS Locomotor hyperactivity remains core to the construct of ADHD even in adults. Our results suggest that objective locomotion measures may be particularly useful in evaluating adults with possible ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuele Cortese
- The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA; Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Psychology, University of Southampton, UK; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - David Anderson
- The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA; Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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Lin HY, Hwang-Gu SL, Gau SSF. Intra-individual reaction time variability based on ex-Gaussian distribution as a potential endophenotype for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 132:39-50. [PMID: 25612058 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intra-individual variability in reaction time (IIV-RT), defined by standard deviation of RT (RTSD), is considered as an endophenotype for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ex-Gaussian distributions of RT, rather than RTSD, could better characterize moment-to-moment fluctuations in neuropsychological performance. However, data of response variability based on ex-Gaussian parameters as an endophenotypic candidate for ADHD are lacking. METHOD We assessed 411 adolescents with clinically diagnosed ADHD based on the DSM-IV-TR criteria as probands, 138 unaffected siblings, and 138 healthy controls. The output parameters, mu, sigma, and tau, of an ex-Gaussian RT distribution were derived from the Conners' continuous performance test. Multi-level models controlling for sex, age, comorbidity, and use of methylphenidate were applied. RESULTS Compared with unaffected siblings and controls, ADHD probands had elevated sigma value, omissions, commissions, and mean RT. Unaffected siblings formed an intermediate group in-between probands and controls in terms of tau value and RTSD. There was no between-group difference in mu value. Conforming to a context-dependent nature, unaffected siblings still had an intermediate tau value in-between probands and controls across different interstimulus intervals. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest IIV-RT represented by tau may be a potential endophenotype for inquiry into genetic underpinnings of ADHD in the context of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-L Hwang-Gu
- Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - S S-F Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Poblano A, Luna B, Reynoso C. Differential motor alterations in children with three types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 72:856-61. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine frequency of motor alterations in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method We evaluated 19 children aged 7-12 years with ADHD classified in three sub-types: Combined (ADHD-C), with Inattention (ADHD-I), and with Hyperactivity (ADHD-H). Controls were age- and gender matched healthy children. We utilized Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) for measuring motor skills. Results We observed differences between children with ADHD and controls in BOTMP general score and in static coordination, dynamic general- and hand- coordination, and in synkinetic movements. We also found differences in dynamic hand coordination between controls and children with ADHD-C; in dynamic general coordination between controls and children with ADHD-H; and in frequency of synkinetic movements between controls and children with ADHD-H. Conclusion Children with ADHD with a major degree of hyperactivity showed greater frequency of motor alterations.
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Martin PT, Corcoran M, Zhang P, Katic A. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the effects of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and mixed amphetamine salts on cognition throughout the day in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Drug Investig 2014; 34:147-57. [PMID: 24297663 PMCID: PMC3899471 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-013-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Understanding the nature and time course of the pharmacodynamic effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications is useful. The Cognitive Drug Research Computerized Battery of Tests (CDR-CBT) is a 20-min battery of ten standardized, validated neuropsychometric tasks. Objective This pilot study examined the sensitivity and responsiveness of the CDR-CBT for assessing cognitive function in adults with ADHD prior to and up to 16 h postdose during treatment with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) or mixed amphetamine salts immediate release (MAS-IR; various generics available). Methods This was a double-blind three-period crossover study. Participants received LDX 50 mg/day, MAS-IR 20 mg/day, and placebo (~7 a.m.) for 7 days each in randomized order. CDR-CBT was administered on day 1 of period 1 and day 7 of each period at scheduled times between −0.5 (predose) and 16 h postdose. Composite power of attention (PoA) score (sum of simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and digit vigilance speed) was the primary outcome measure. The Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales-Self-Report: Short Version (CAARS-S:S) was administered at baseline and on day 1 of period 1, and days 6 and 7 of each treatment period. Tertiary outcomes included CDR-CBT composite continuity of attention scores, its component task scores, cognitive reaction time, and response variability scores. No inferential statistical comparisons were conducted. Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs) and vital signs. Results This analysis included 18 participants (mean age 30.8 years); one withdrew because of AEs. Mean pretreatment PoA scores were 1175.9–1361.2 ms, scores commensurate with a normative age of >40 years. Maximum reductions in PoA scores with LDX and MAS-IR occurred at 5 h postdose at day 7 (least squares mean difference [95 % CI] of −150.0 [−235.41 to −64.50] and −79.8 [−165.72 to 6.21] ms vs. placebo, respectively). CAARS-S:S scores were unchanged with LDX and MAS-IR (vs. placebo) at all postdose timepoints. Tertiary attention-related CDR-CBT outcomes were sensitive to LDX and MAS-IR (vs. placebo). Treatment-emergent AEs and vital signs were consistent with previous studies in adult ADHD. Conclusion In adults with ADHD, PoA scores indicated impaired attention at baseline and response to treatment with LDX and MAS-IR (vs. placebo), demonstrating value for measuring the time course of pharmacologic treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Martin
- Shire Development LLC, 725 Chesterbrook Blvd, Wayne, PA, 19087-5637, USA,
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O’Mahony N, Florentino-Liano B, Carballo JJ, Baca-García E, Rodríguez AA. Objective diagnosis of ADHD using IMUs. Med Eng Phys 2014; 36:922-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hudec KL, Alderson RM, Kasper LJ, Patros CHG. Working memory contributes to elevated motor activity in adults with ADHD: an examination of the role of central executive and storage/rehearsal processes. J Atten Disord 2014; 18:357-68. [PMID: 23900406 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713497398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between working memory (WM) and objectively measured motor activity was examined in adults with ADHD and healthy controls (HCs). METHOD Thirty-five adults (ADHD = 20, HC = 15) were grouped using self-report and collateral-report measures in addition to a semistructured clinical interview. All participants completed control conditions with minimal WM demands, and separate phonological (PH) and visuospatial (VS) WM tasks with recall demands ranging from four to seven stimuli. RESULTS The ADHD group exhibited significantly more motor activity relative to the HC group, and both groups exhibited greater activity during PH and VS WM tasks, relative to control conditions. Finally, the central executive (CE) and PH storage/rehearsal subsystems were associated with large-magnitude between-group differences in activity. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that increased demands on WM, particularly the CE and PH storage/rehearsal, contribute to ADHD-related hyperactivity, though a portion of excessive motor activity in adults with ADHD may occur independently of WM demands.
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Söderström S, Pettersson R, Nilsson KW. Quantitative and subjective behavioural aspects in the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Nord J Psychiatry 2014; 68:30-7. [PMID: 23527787 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2012.762940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-rating scales and cognitive tests are instruments used in the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies have examined the differential validity of these kinds of instruments in psychiatric samples. AIMS To examine the discriminative validity of two self-report scales (ADHD Self-Report Scale [ASRS v.1.1], Current Symptom Scale [CSS]) and a continuous performance test with measures of motor activity (QBTest Plus). METHODS The interrelation between the instruments, and their abilities to differentiate between patients with an ADHD diagnosis and non-ADHD patients referred for psychiatric assessment were examined in a naturalistic sample of 61 adult patients. RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the dichotomized versions of the test variables in all tests ranged from 0.61 to 0.71. The ASRS and CSS exhibited sensitivity of 90.2% and 85.4%, and specificity of 35.0% and 40.0%, respectively. Variables from the QBTest Plus showed the opposite result for the variables QBImpulsivity and QBInattention, with sensitivity of 58.5% and 36.3% and specificity of 80.0% and 100.0%. Sensitivity and specificity of QBActivity were 68.3% and 65.0%, respectively. A stepwise discriminant function analysis showed that two variables from the QBTest Plus--QBInattention and QBActivity--accounted for 22.8% of the between-group variability, with the strongest predictor being QBInattention. The function yielded an overall correct classification of 72.1%. The classification correctly identified 87.8% of patients diagnosed with ADHD and 40.0% of non-ADHD patients. CONCLUSION The discriminant validity of self-rating scales and the more objective measure of ADHD symptoms are poor and should be integrated generally with other sources of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Söderström
- Neuropsychologist, Neuropsychological Clinic, Central Hospital , 721 89, Västerås , Sweden
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Ramtvedt BE, Røinås E, Aabech HS, Sundet KS. Clinical gains from including both dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in stimulant trials. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013; 23:597-604. [PMID: 23659360 PMCID: PMC3842881 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2012.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical gains from including both dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in stimulant trials. METHOD Thirty-six medication-naïve children ages 9-14 years diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were enrolled for 6 weeks in a crossover trial, with 2 weeks of methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and placebo, in a randomly assigned, counterbalanced sequence. Outcome measures constituted a computer-based continuous performance test combined with a motion tracking system (Qb Test) and an ADHD questionnaire rated by parents and teachers. RESULTS Group analyses found significant treatment effects of similar size for the two stimulants on both outcome measures. Single-subject analyses revealed that each stimulant produced a favourable response in 26 children; however, an individual child frequently responded qualitatively or quantitatively differently to the two stimulants. By including both stimulants in the trial, the number of favorable responders increased from 26 (72%) to 33 (92%). In children with favorable responses of unequal strength to the two stimulants, a shift from inferior drug to best drug was associated with a 64% mean increase in the overall response strength score, as measured by the ADHD questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS The likelihood of a favorable response and optimal response strength is increased by including both stimulants in the stimulant trial. The study was first registered in clinical trials 28 September 2010. Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT01220440.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn E Ramtvedt
- 1 Østfold Hospital Trust , Neuropsychiatric Unit, Fredrikstad, Norway
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Edebol H, Helldin L, Norlander T. Measuring adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder using the Quantified Behavior Test Plus. Psych J 2013; 2:48-62. [PMID: 24294490 PMCID: PMC3832237 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) occurs in approximately 5% of the adult population and includes cardinal symptoms of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that may be difficult to identify with clinical routine methods. Continuous performance tests are objective measures of inattention and impulsivity that, combined with objective measures of motor activity, facilitate identification of ADHD among adults. The aim of the present study was to examine the sensitivity, specificity, and a composite measure of ADHD using objective measures of the ADHD-cardinal symptoms in adult participants with ADHD and non-ADHD normative participants. Cardinal symptoms were measured in 55 participants having ADHD, 202 non-ADHD normative participants, as well as 84 ADHD normative participants using the Quantified Behavior Test Plus. This test measures inattention and impulsivity using a continuous performance test, and hyperactivity using a motion-tracking system. A predictive variable for the detection of ADHD called Prediction of ADHD yielded 86% sensitivity and 83% specificity. A composite measure of ADHD cardinal symptoms was developed using a Weighed Core Symptoms scale that indicated the total amount of ADHD symptoms on a numeric scale from 0 to 100. The total amount of ADHD symptoms was measured on a scale and predicted with the categorical variable in a majority of the cases in the present study. Further studies are needed in order to confirm the results with regard to additional clinical and normative samples. Careful consideration of potential sex and diagnostic subtype differences are noteworthy aspects for future examinations of the new instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Edebol
- Department of Psychology, Karlstad UniversityKarlstad, Sweden
| | - Lars Helldin
- Department of Psychiatry, The NU-Health CareTrollhättan, Sweden
| | - Torsten Norlander
- Evidens Research and Development CenterGöteborg, Sweden
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetSolna, Sweden
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Edebol H, Helldin L, Norlander T. Objective Measures of Behavior Manifestations in Adult ADHD and Differentiation from Participants with Bipolar II Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Participants with Disconfirmed ADHD as Well as Normative Participants. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2012; 8:134-43. [PMID: 23166565 PMCID: PMC3497060 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901208010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present study evaluated two psychometric instruments derived from the objective measurement of adult ADHD using the Quantified Behavior Test Plus. The instruments were examined in ADHD versus a clinical group with overlapping symptoms including borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder, and another clinical group with participants assessed for but disconfirmed a diagnosis of ADHD as well as adult normative participants. Methods: The Quantified Behavior Test Plus includes Continuous Performance Testing and a Motion Tracking System with parameters related to attention and activity operationalized as the cardinal symptoms of ADHD and then summarized into a Weighed Core Symptoms scale with ten cut-points ranging from 0 to 100. A categorical predictor variable called Prediction of ADHD was used to examine the levels of sensitivity and specificity for the Quantified Behavior Test Plus with regard to ADHD. Results: The Weighed Core Symptoms scale separated ADHD and normative participants from each other as well as from the two clinical reference groups. The scale reported highest levels of core symptoms in the ADHD group and the lowest level of core symptoms in the normative group. Analyses with Prediction of ADHD yielded 85 % specificity for the normative group, 87 % sensitivity for the ADHD group, 36 % sensitivity for the bipolar II and borderline group and 41 % sensitivity for the group with a disconfirmed diagnosis of ADHD. Conclusions: The Weighed Core Symptoms scale facilitated objective assessment of adult ADHD insofar that the ADHD group presented more core symptoms than the other two clinical groups and the normative group. Sensitivity for the Quantified Behavior Test Plus was lower in complex clinical groups with Bipolar II disorder, Borderline disorder and in patients with a disconfirmed diagnosis of ADHD. The psychometric instruments may be further evaluated with regard to well-documented and effective treatment programs for ADHD core symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Edebol
- Department of Psychology, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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Docx L, Morrens M, Bervoets C, Hulstijn W, Fransen E, De Hert M, Baeken C, Audenaert K, Sabbe B. Parsing the components of the psychomotor syndrome in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 126:256-65. [PMID: 22360494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Catatonia, extrapyramidal signs, psychomotor slowing, and (motoric) neurological soft signs are well-known psychomotor symptoms in schizophrenia. This study aims at investigating the interrelations between these symptoms. In addition, associations between psychomotor symptoms, clinical symptoms, and cognitive functioning will be studied. METHOD An extensive test battery containing psychomotor (Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale; St Hans Rating Scale; Salpêtrière Retardation Rating Scale; Neurological Evaluation Scale) and clinical (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; Calgary Depression Scale) rating scales as well as instrumental psychomotor tests (Line Copying Task; Finger Tapping Task) and cognitive tasks (Symbol Digit Substitution Test; Stroop Colour Word Test; Continuous Performance Test; Letter Number Sequencing) was administered to a sample of 124 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. RESULTS Correlational analyses showed that two clusters emerge from our data: first, a psychomotor poverty cluster referring to the interrelations between catatonia, parkinsonism, psychomotor slowing, and negative symptoms; second, a cluster containing motoric neurological soft signs, which were found to be correlated with cognitive functioning. CONCLUSION Psychomotor abnormalities are highly prevalent phenomena in schizophrenia that have to be considered as a heterogeneous construct. However, longitudinal and neurobiological research is needed to further explore the precise nature of the interrelations found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Docx
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
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Kjeldsen BV, Jensen SOW, Munk-Jørgensen P. Increasing number of incident ADHD cases in psychiatric treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 126:151-2. [PMID: 22764753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B V Kjeldsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Holstebro Hospital, Holstebro, Denmark.
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Frodl T, Skokauskas N. Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 125:114-26. [PMID: 22118249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE About 50-80% of ADHD cases have been found to persist into adulthood, but ADHD symptoms change with age. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of MRI voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and manual tracing studies to identify the differences between adults and children with ADHD as well as between treated and untreated individuals. METHOD Several databases were searched using keywords 'attention-deficit and MRI', 'ADHD and MRI'. Gray matter volumes from VBM studies and caudate volumes from tracing studies of patients and controls were analyzed using signed differential mapping. RESULTS Meta-analyses detected reduced right globus pallidus and putamen volumes in VBM studies as well as decreased caudate volumes in manual tracing studies in children with ADHD. Adult patients with ADHD showed volume reduction in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). A higher percentage of treated participants were associated with less changes. CONCLUSION Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in children with ADHD. These changes and alterations in limbic regions like ACC and amygdala are more pronounced in non-treated populations and seem to diminish over time from child to adulthood. Treatment seems to have positive effects on brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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