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Xu B, Huang X, Qin H, Lei Y, Zhao S, Liu S, Liu G, Zhao J. Evaluating the Safety of Bacillus cereus GW-01 Obtained from Sheep Rumen Chyme. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1457. [PMID: 39065225 PMCID: PMC11278751 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is responsible for 1.4-12% food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. The safety concerns associated with the applications of B. cereus in health and medicine have been controversial due to its dual role as a pathogen for foodborne diseases and a probiotic in humans and animals. In this study, the pathogenicity of B. cereus GW-01 was assessed by comparative genomic, and transcriptome analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on a single-copy gene showed clustering of the strain GW-01, and 54 B. cereus strains from the NCBI were classified into six major groups (I-VI), which were then associated with the source region and sequence types (STs). Transcriptome results indicated that the expression of most genes related with toxins secretion in GW-01 was downregulated compared to that in the lag phase. Overall, these findings suggest that GW-01 is not directly associated with pathogenic Bacillus cereus and highlight an insightful strategy for assessing the safety of novel B. cereus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (B.X.); (X.H.); (H.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (S.L.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (B.X.); (X.H.); (H.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (S.L.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Haixiong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (B.X.); (X.H.); (H.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (S.L.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Ying Lei
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (B.X.); (X.H.); (H.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (S.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Sijia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (B.X.); (X.H.); (H.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (S.L.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (B.X.); (X.H.); (H.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (S.L.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (B.X.); (X.H.); (H.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (S.L.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China; (B.X.); (X.H.); (H.Q.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (S.L.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
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Liao Y, Wu S, Zhou G, Mei S, Yang Z, Li S, Jin Z, Deng Y, Wen M, Yang Y. Cellulolytic Bacillus cereus produces a variety of short-chain fatty acids and has potential as a probiotic. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0326723. [PMID: 38441475 PMCID: PMC10986558 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03267-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulolytic bacteria ferment dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids, which play an important role in improving fiber utilization and maintaining intestinal health. Safe and effective cellulolytic bacteria are highly promising probiotic candidates. In this study, we isolated three strains of Bacillus cereus, which exhibited cellulolytic properties, from Kele pig feces. To assess the genetic basis of cellulose degradation by the isolates, whole-genome sequencing was used to detect functional genes associated with cellulose metabolism. Subsequently, we identified that the B. cereus CL2 strain was safe in mice by monitoring body weight changes, performing histopathologic evaluations, and determining routine blood indices. We next evaluated the biological characteristics of the CL2 strain in terms of its growth, tolerance, and antibiotic susceptibility, with a focus on its ability to produce short-chain fatty acids. Finally, the intestinal flora structure of the experimental animals was analyzed to assess the intestinal environment compatibility of the CL2 strain. In this study, we isolated a cellulolytic B. cereus CL2, which has multiple cellulolytic functional genes and favorable biological characteristics, from the feces of Kele pigs. Moreover, CL2 could produce a variety of short-chain fatty acids and does not significantly affect the diversity of the intestinal flora. In summary, the cellulolytic bacterium B. cereus CL2 is a promising strain for use as a commercial probiotic or in feed supplement. IMPORTANCE Short-chain fatty acids are crucial constituents of the intestinal tract, playing an important and beneficial role in preserving the functional integrity of the intestinal barrier and modulating both immune responses and the structure of the intestinal flora. In the intestine, short-chain fatty acids are mainly produced by bacterial fermentation of cellulose. Therefore, we believe that safe and efficient cellulolytic bacteria have the potential to be novel probiotics. In this study, we systematically evaluated the safety and biological characteristics of the cellulolytic bacterium B. cereus CL2 and provide evidence for its use as a probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Liao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shihui Wu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guixian Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shihui Mei
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zemin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongjun Deng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming Wen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Animal Biological Products, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Animal Diseases, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Animal Biological Products, Guiyang, China
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3
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Zhao L, Cunningham CM, Andruska AM, Schimmel K, Ali MK, Kim D, Gu S, Chang JL, Spiekerkoetter E, Nicolls MR. Rat microbial biogeography and age-dependent lactic acid bacteria in healthy lungs. Lab Anim (NY) 2024; 53:43-55. [PMID: 38297075 PMCID: PMC10834367 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-023-01322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The laboratory rat emerges as a useful tool for studying the interaction between the host and its microbiome. To advance principles relevant to the human microbiome, we systematically investigated and defined the multitissue microbial biogeography of healthy Fischer 344 rats across their lifespan. Microbial community profiling data were extracted and integrated with host transcriptomic data from the Sequencing Quality Control consortium. Unsupervised machine learning, correlation, taxonomic diversity and abundance analyses were performed to determine and characterize the rat microbial biogeography and identify four intertissue microbial heterogeneity patterns (P1-P4). We found that the 11 body habitats harbored a greater diversity of microbes than previously suspected. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) abundance progressively declined in lungs from breastfed newborn to adolescence/adult, and was below detectable levels in elderly rats. Bioinformatics analyses indicate that the abundance of LAB may be modulated by the lung-immune axis. The presence and levels of LAB in lungs were further evaluated by PCR in two validation datasets. The lung, testes, thymus, kidney, adrenal and muscle niches were found to have age-dependent alterations in microbial abundance. The 357 microbial signatures were positively correlated with host genes in cell proliferation (P1), DNA damage repair (P2) and DNA transcription (P3). Our study established a link between the metabolic properties of LAB with lung microbiota maturation and development. Breastfeeding and environmental exposure influence microbiome composition and host health and longevity. The inferred rat microbial biogeography and pattern-specific microbial signatures could be useful for microbiome therapeutic approaches to human health and life quality enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Christine M Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Andruska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Schimmel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Md Khadem Ali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dongeon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shenbiao Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason L Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Pechrkong T, Incharoen T, Hwanhlem N, Kaewkong W, Subsoontorn P, Tartrakoon W, Numthuam S, Jiménez G, Charoensook R. Effect of Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112 T supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune-related gene expression, and gut microbiome in Barbary ducks. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102991. [PMID: 37611452 PMCID: PMC10466923 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune-related gene expression, and the cecal microbiota of meat ducks. A total of 150 one-day-old male Barbary ducks were divided into 3 groups with 5 replicates (n = 10 ducks per replicate) by completely randomized design and offered diets supplemented with the commercial product Toyocerin (containing 1 × 109B. toyonensis BCT-7112T viable spores/g product) at the levels of 0, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg (0, 500, or 1,000 ppm), respectively, for 8 wk. The results showed that although ducks in the 500 ppm B. toyonensis BCT-7112T group displayed numerically better values (e.g., weight gain and feed conversion ratio) than those in the control group, the growth performance of ducks fed diets supplemented with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T did not differ significantly from that of the control group (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the intestinal mucosal morphology of ducks across the experimental groups (P > 0.05). However, ducks in the 500 ppm B. toyonensis BCT-7112T group showed a trend of greater values, for example, villus height per crypt depth of duodenum (P = 0.16) and ileum (P = 0.12) compared with those in the control group. The relative expression of immune-related genes, for example, interferon (IFN) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the meat duck spleen was significantly lower in both B. toyonensis BCT-7112T groups at 14 d and 35 d than in the control group (P < 0.05). Beta diversity analysis of the cecal microbiota of ducks in either the 500 ppm or the 1,000 ppm B. toyonensis BCT-7112T group showed to have higher diversity than that in the control group, where at the phylum level, Bacteroidetes was the most abundant, followed by Firmicutes, and at the genus level, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Ruminococcaceae were the top 3 most abundant genera. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that 500 ppm supplementation with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T in duck diets can reduce proinflammatory cytokine gene expression, improve immunological function, and increase the variety of microbial communities in the ceca of meat-type ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Pechrkong
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Incharoen
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Noraphat Hwanhlem
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Worasak Kaewkong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Subsoontorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Wandee Tartrakoon
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sonthaya Numthuam
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Rangsun Charoensook
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand.
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5
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Zhao L, Cunningham CM, Andruska AM, Schimmel K, Ali MK, Kim D, Gu S, Chang JL, Spiekerkoetter E, Nicolls MR. Rat microbial biogeography and age-dependent lactic acid bacteria in healthy lungs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.19.541527. [PMID: 37293045 PMCID: PMC10245737 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.541527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory rat emerges as a useful tool for studying the interaction between the host and its microbiome. To advance principles relevant to the human microbiome, we systematically investigated and defined a multi-tissue full lifespan microbial biogeography for healthy Fischer 344 rats. Microbial community profiling data was extracted and integrated with host transcriptomic data from the Sequencing Quality Control (SEQC) consortium. Unsupervised machine learning, Spearman's correlation, taxonomic diversity, and abundance analyses were performed to determine and characterize the rat microbial biogeography and the identification of four inter-tissue microbial heterogeneity patterns (P1-P4). The 11 body habitats harbor a greater diversity of microbes than previously suspected. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) abundances progressively declined in lungs from breastfeed newborn to adolescence/adult and was below detectable levels in elderly rats. LAB's presence and levels in lungs were further evaluated by PCR in the two validation datasets. The lung, testes, thymus, kidney, adrenal, and muscle niches were found to have age-dependent alterations in microbial abundance. P1 is dominated by lung samples. P2 contains the largest sample size and is enriched for environmental species. Liver and muscle samples were mostly classified into P3. Archaea species were exclusively enriched in P4. The 357 pattern-specific microbial signatures were positively correlated with host genes in cell migration and proliferation (P1), DNA damage repair and synaptic transmissions (P2), as well as DNA transcription and cell cycle in P3. Our study established a link between metabolic properties of LAB with lung microbiota maturation and development. Breastfeeding and environmental exposure influence microbiome composition and host health and longevity. The inferred rat microbial biogeography and pattern-specific microbial signatures would be useful for microbiome therapeutic approaches to human health and good quality of life.
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Haranahalli Nataraj B, Behare PV, Yadav H, Srivastava AK. Emerging pre-clinical safety assessments for potential probiotic strains: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:8155-8183. [PMID: 37039078 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2197066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are amply studied and applied dietary supplements of greater consumer acceptance. Nevertheless, the emerging evidence on probiotics-mediated potential risks, especially among immunocompromised individuals, necessitates careful and in-depth safety studies. The traditional probiotic safety evaluation methods investigate targeted phenotypic traits, such as virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. However, the rapid innovation in omics technologies has offered an impactful means to ultimately sequence and unknot safety-related genes or their gene products at preliminary levels. Further validating the genome features using an array of phenotypic tests would provide an absolute realization of gene expression dynamics. For safety studies in animal models, the in vivo toxicity evaluation guidelines of chemicals proposed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have been meticulously adopted in probiotic research. Future research should also focus on coupling genome-scale safety analysis and establishing a link to its transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome for a fine selection of safe probiotic strains. Considering the studies published over the years, it can be inferred that the safety of probiotics is strain-host-dose-specific. Taken together, an amalgamation of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches are necessary for a fine scale selection of risk-free probiotic strain for use in human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaprabhu Haranahalli Nataraj
- Technofunctional Starters Lab, National Collection of Dairy Culture (NCDC), Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Pradip V Behare
- Technofunctional Starters Lab, National Collection of Dairy Culture (NCDC), Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anil Kumar Srivastava
- U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, India
- Probiotic Association of India, Karnal, India
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7
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Regulation of Enterotoxins Associated with Bacillus cereus Sensu Lato Toxicoinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0040522. [PMID: 35730937 PMCID: PMC9275247 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00405-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) includes foodborne pathogens, as well as beneficial microorganisms, such as bioinsecticides. Some of the beneficial and commercially used B. cereus s.l. strains have been shown to carry enterotoxin genes, the products of which can cause toxicoinfection in humans. Furthermore, recent epidemiological reports indicated that some bioinsecticidal strains have been linked with foodborne illness outbreaks. This demonstrates the need for improved surveillance of B. cereus s.l., which includes characterization of isolates' virulence capacity. However, the prediction of virulence capacity of B. cereus s.l. strains is challenging. Genetic screening for enterotoxin gene presence has proven to be insufficient for accurate discrimination between virulent and avirulent strains, given that nearly all B. cereus s.l. strains carry at least one enterotoxin gene. Furthermore, complex regulatory networks governing the expression of enterotoxins, and potential synergistic interactions between enterotoxins and other virulence factors make the prediction of toxicoinfection based on isolates' genome sequences challenging. In this review, we summarize and synthesize the current understanding of the regulation of enterotoxins associated with the B. cereus s.l. toxicoinfection and identify gaps in the knowledge that need to be addressed to facilitate identification of genetic markers predictive of cytotoxicity and toxicoinfection.
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Murugaiyan J, Kumar PA, Rao GS, Iskandar K, Hawser S, Hays JP, Mohsen Y, Adukkadukkam S, Awuah WA, Jose RAM, Sylvia N, Nansubuga EP, Tilocca B, Roncada P, Roson-Calero N, Moreno-Morales J, Amin R, Kumar BK, Kumar A, Toufik AR, Zaw TN, Akinwotu OO, Satyaseela MP, van Dongen MBM. Progress in Alternative Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Focus on Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:200. [PMID: 35203804 PMCID: PMC8868457 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance, and, in a broader perspective, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), continues to evolve and spread beyond all boundaries. As a result, infectious diseases have become more challenging or even impossible to treat, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Despite the failure of conventional, traditional antimicrobial therapy, in the past two decades, no novel class of antibiotics has been introduced. Consequently, several novel alternative strategies to combat these (multi-) drug-resistant infectious microorganisms have been identified. The purpose of this review is to gather and consider the strategies that are being applied or proposed as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics. These strategies include combination therapy, techniques that target the enzymes or proteins responsible for antimicrobial resistance, resistant bacteria, drug delivery systems, physicochemical methods, and unconventional techniques, including the CRISPR-Cas system. These alternative strategies may have the potential to change the treatment of multi-drug-resistant pathogens in human clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaseelan Murugaiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur District, Amaravati 522240, India;
| | - P. Anand Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram 521102, India;
| | - G. Srinivasa Rao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati 517502, India;
| | - Katia Iskandar
- Department of Mathématiques Informatique et Télécommunications, Université Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, INSERM, UMR 1295, 31000 Toulouse, France;
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
| | | | - John P. Hays
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC), 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Yara Mohsen
- Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt;
- Infectious Disease Clinical Pharmacist, Antimicrobial Stewardship Department, International Medical Center Hospital, Cairo 11511, Egypt
| | - Saranya Adukkadukkam
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur District, Amaravati 522240, India;
| | - Wireko Andrew Awuah
- Faculty of Medicine, Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (W.A.A.); (A.-R.T.)
| | - Ruiz Alvarez Maria Jose
- Research Coordination and Support Service, National Institute of Health (ISS) Viale Regina -Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nanono Sylvia
- Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala 7072, Uganda;
| | | | - Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (B.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (B.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Natalia Roson-Calero
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Javier Moreno-Morales
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Rohul Amin
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India;
| | - Abishek Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India;
| | - Abdul-Rahman Toufik
- Faculty of Medicine, Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (W.A.A.); (A.-R.T.)
| | - Thaint Nadi Zaw
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Oluwatosin O. Akinwotu
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, India;
- Environmental and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, 200132 Ibadan, Nigeria
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Trapecar M. Multiorgan microphysiological systems as tools to interrogate interorgan crosstalk and complex diseases. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:681-695. [PMID: 34923635 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and inflammatory disorders such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases are increasing at alarming rates. Many of these are not tissue-specific occurrences but complex, systemic pathologies of unknown origin for which no cure exists. Such complexity obscures causal relationships among factors regulating disease progression. Emerging technologies mimicking human physiology, such as microphysiological systems (MPSs), offer new possibilities to provide clarity in systemic metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Controlled interaction of multiple MPSs and the scalability of biological complexity in MPSs, supported by continuous multiomic monitoring, might hold the key to identifying novel relationships between interorgan crosstalk, metabolism, and immunity. In this perspective, I aim to discuss the current state of modeling multiorgan physiology and evaluate current opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trapecar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Deng F, Chen Y, Sun T, Wu Y, Su Y, Liu C, Zhou J, Deng Y, Wen J. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence characteristics and genotypes of Bacillus spp. from probiotic products of diverse origins. Food Res Int 2020; 139:109949. [PMID: 33509502 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spore-forming probiotic Bacillus spp. have received extensively increasing scientific and commercial interest, but raised the concerns in the potential risks and pathogenesis. In this study, 50 commercial probiotic products were collected from all over the country and Bacillus spp. isolated from products were evaluated for the safety on the aspects of hemolytic activity, contamination profiles, toxin genes, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and genotyping. 34 probiotic products (68%) exhibited hemolysis, including 19 human probiotics, 9 animal probiotics, and 6 plant probiotics. 28 products (56%) contained other bacteria not labeled in the ingredients. 48 strains in Bacillus spp. including 17 B. subtilis group isolates, 28 B. cereus, and 3 other Bacillus spp. were isolated from human, food animal, and plant probiotic products. Detection rates of enterotoxin genes, nheABC and hblCDA, and cytotoxin cytK2 in 48 Bacillus spp. isolates were 58%, 31%, and 46%, respectively. Also, one isolate B. cereus 34b from an animal probiotic product was positive for ces, encoding cereulide. 28 of 48 Bacillus spp. isolates were cytotoxic. 19 of 28 B. cereus isolates maintained to exhibit hemolysis after heat treatment. All 48 Bacillus spp. isolates exhibited resistance to lincomycin, and 5 were resistant to tetracycline. The genotyping of commercial probiotic Bacillus spp. reported in this study showed that ces existed in B. cereus 34b with the specific sequence type (ST1066). These findings support the hypothesis that probiotic products were frequently contaminated and that some commercial probiotics consisted of Bacillus spp. may possess toxicity and antimicrobial resistance genes. Thus, the further efforts are needed in regarding the surveillance of virulence factors, toxins, and antibiotic resistance determinants in probiotic Bacillus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengru Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yiting Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Changyue Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Junyu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
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11
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The Compromised Intestinal Barrier Induced by Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100619. [PMID: 32998222 PMCID: PMC7600953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that occur in human foods and animal feeds, potentially threatening human and animal health. The intestine is considered as the first barrier against these external contaminants, and it consists of interconnected physical, chemical, immunological, and microbial barriers. In this context, based on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, we summarize the literature for compromised intestinal barrier issues caused by various mycotoxins, and we reviewed events related to disrupted intestinal integrity (physical barrier), thinned mucus layer (chemical barrier), imbalanced inflammatory factors (immunological barrier), and dysfunctional bacterial homeostasis (microbial barrier). We also provide important information on deoxynivalenol, a leading mycotoxin implicated in intestinal dysfunction, and other adverse intestinal effects induced by other mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. In addition, intestinal perturbations caused by mycotoxins may also contribute to the development of mycotoxicosis, including human chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we provide a clear understanding of compromised intestinal barrier induced by mycotoxins, with a view to potentially develop innovative strategies to prevent and treat mycotoxicosis. In addition, because of increased combinatorial interactions between mycotoxins, we explore the interactive effects of multiple mycotoxins in this review.
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12
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Derome N, Filteau M. A continuously changing selective context on microbial communities associated with fish, from egg to fork. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1298-1319. [PMID: 32684960 PMCID: PMC7359827 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast increase of fish aquaculture production to meet consumer demands is accompanied by important ecological concerns such as disease outbreaks. Meanwhile, food waste is an important concern with fish products since they are highly perishable. Recent aquaculture and fish product microbiology, and more recently, microbiota research, paved the way to a highly integrated approach to understand complex relationships between host fish, product and their associated microbial communities at health/disease and preservation/spoilage frontiers. Microbial manipulation strategies are increasingly validated as promising tools either to replace or to complement traditional veterinary and preservation methods. In this review, we consider evolutionary forces driving fish microbiota assembly, in particular the changes in the selective context along the production chain. We summarize the current knowledge concerning factors governing assembly and dynamics of fish hosts and food microbial communities. Then, we discuss the current microbial community manipulation strategies from an evolutionary standpoint to provide a perspective on the potential for risks, conflict and opportunities. Finally, we conclude that to harness evolutionary forces in the development of sustainable microbiota manipulation applications in the fish industry, an integrated knowledge of the controlling abiotic and especially biotic factors is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Derome
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Département de BiologieUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | - Marie Filteau
- Département de BiologieUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Département des Sciences des alimentsInstitut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF)Université LavalQuébecQCCanada
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13
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Xu R, Karrow NA, Shandilya UK, Sun LH, Kitazawa H. In-Vitro Cell Culture for Efficient Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Mitigation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E146. [PMID: 32120954 PMCID: PMC7150844 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate crops and food by-products and thus, animal feed. Ingestion of mycotoxins can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans, and at subclinical concentrations may affect animal production and adulterate feed and animal by-products. Mycotoxicity mechanisms of action (MOA) are largely unknown, and co-contamination, which is often the case, raises the likelihood of mycotoxin interactions. Mitigation strategies for reducing the risk of mycotoxicity are diverse and may not necessarily provide protection against all mycotoxins. These factors, as well as the species-specific risk of toxicity, collectively make an assessment of exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation very challenging and costly; thus, in-vitro cell culture models provide a useful tool for their initial assessment. Since ingestion is the most common route of mycotoxin exposure, the intestinal epithelial barrier comprised of epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells such as macrophages, represents ground zero where mycotoxins are absorbed, biotransformed, and elicit toxicity. This article aims to review different in-vitro IEC or co-culture models that can be used for assessing mycotoxin exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation, and their suitability and limitations for the safety assessment of animal foods and food by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Lv-hui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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14
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Bertero A, Augustyniak J, Buzanska L, Caloni F. Species-specific models in toxicology: in vitro epithelial barriers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 70:103203. [PMID: 31176950 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Species-specific in vitro epithelial barriers represent interesting predictive tools for risk assessment evaluation in toxicological studies. Moreover, these models could be applied either as stand-alone methods for the study of absorption, bioavailability, excretion, transport, effects of xenobiotics, or through an Integrated Testing Strategy. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of in vitro species-specific epithelial barrier models from bovine, dog and swine. Bovine mammary epithelial barrier as a fundamental instrument for the evaluation of the toxicant excretion, the blood brain barrier as a useful first approach in toxicological and pharmacological studies, the porcine intestinal barrier, the canine skin barrier, and finally the pulmonary barrier from bovine and swine species are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertero
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET) Milan, Italy
| | - J Augustyniak
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Buzanska
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - F Caloni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET) Milan, Italy.
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15
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Li YT, Ye JZ, Lv LX, Xu H, Yang LY, Jiang XW, Wu WR, Shi D, Fang DQ, Bian XY, Wang KC, Wang QQ, Xie JJ, Lu YM, Li LJ. Pretreatment With Bacillus cereus Preserves Against D-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury in a Rat Model. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1751. [PMID: 31417535 PMCID: PMC6685349 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) functions as a probiotic in animals, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aim to evaluate the protective effects and definite mechanism by which orally administered B. cereus prevents D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced liver injury in rats. Twenty-one Sprague–Dawley rats were equally assigned into three groups (N = 7 animals per group). B. cereus ATCC11778 (2 × 109 colony-forming units/ml) was administered to the B. cereus group via gavage, and phosphate-buffered saline was administered to the positive control (PC) and negative control (NC) groups for 2 weeks. The PC and B. cereus groups received 1.1 g/kg D-GalN via an intraperitoneal injection to induce liver injury. The blood, terminal ileum, liver, kidney and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were collected for histological examinations and to evaluate bacterial translocation. Liver function was also determined. Fecal samples were collected for deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA on an Illumina MiSeq platform. B. cereus significantly attenuated D-GalN-induced liver injury and improved serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum cholinesterase levels (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). B. cereus modulated cytokine secretion, as indicated by the elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in both the liver and plasma (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and the substantially decreased levels of the cytokine IL-13 in the liver (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with B. cereus attenuated anoxygenic bacterial translocation in the veins (P < 0.05) and liver (P < 0.05) and upregulated the expression of the tight junction protein 1. The gut microbiota from the B. cereus group clustered separately from that of the PC group, with an increase in species of the Ruminococcaceae and Peptococcaceae families and a decrease in those of the Parabacteroides, Paraprevotella, and Desulfovibrio families. The potential probiotic B. cereus attenuated liver injury by restoring the gut flora balance and enhancing the intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long-Xian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ya Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Wan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ding Shi
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dai-Qiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Cen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Meng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Bertel Mesa LM, Betancur Hurtado CA, Oviedo Zumaque L. Identificación de Bacillus toyonensis en heces de ganado cebú en el Departamento de Sucre, Colombia. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v21n2.69421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Se evaluaron las características probióticas de cepas nativas aisladas de ganado cebú y se realizó identificación molecular de una de estas cepas, para considerar su posterior aplicación como aditivos microbianos en la alimentación bovina. Se usaron muestras de estiércol de terneros de levante, se aislaron bacterias y levaduras, determinándose la capacidad probiótica de estas cepas mediante pruebas como; resistencia a sales biliares (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 y 0.3 %), resistencia a pH ácido (pH 3, 4, 5.6, 7), tolerancia a NaCl (2, 4, 6, 8,10 %), actividad antagónica (Salmonella spp., y Escherichia coli), producción de gas a partir de la glucosa, y crecimiento a diferentes temperaturas (37 y 40 °C). La identificación preliminar de las cepas se realizó mediante: tinción de Gram, tinción de endosporas (método de Wirtz), prueba de la catalasa, prueba de oxidasa. Se seleccionó una de las cepas que superó las pruebas probióticas para su identificación mediante métodos moleculares y se realizó el análisis filogenético de la misma utilizando la base de datos NCBI Reference Sequence (RefSeq). Los ensayos se organizaron en un diseño completamente al azar, los resultados obtenidos por triplicado se sistematizaron en el software Statgraphics Centurion XVI y el efecto de los diferentes tratamientos se analizó estadísticamente mediante análisis de varianza. Se aislaron 10 cepas nativas, identificándose molecularmente a Bacillus toyonensis. Esta investigación representa el primer reporte molecular de B. toyonensis en estiércol de terneros de levante cebú en el Departamento de Sucre, el cual ha sido ampliamente utilizado como probiótico en la nutrición animal.
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17
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Abdulmawjood A, Herrmann J, Riede S, Jimenez G, Becker A, Breves G. Evaluation of enterotoxin gene expression and enterotoxin production capacity of the probiotic strain Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214536. [PMID: 31022208 PMCID: PMC6483178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety of the probiotic strain Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T (active ingredient of Toyocerin) in relation to the enterotoxins haemolysin BL (Hbl) and the non-haemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) by performing a quantitative reverse transcription (RT) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a Western blot assay. The expression levels of the enterotoxin genes hblA, hblD, nheA, nheB and nheC, determined by means of RT real-time PCR in B. toyonensis, were lower than those in B. cereus reference strains. No expression of hblC was detected. The Western blot assays of native and 25-fold concentrated supernatants from B. toyonensis, using monoclonal antibodies directed against the Hbl component L1 and the Nhe component NheB, showed weak bands. The NheC component was not detected in the native supernatant, but weakly in the 25-fold concentrated supernatant. According to the results of the present study, the enterotoxin expression and protein levels of B. toyonensis BCT-7112T were absent or clearly lower compared to the B. cereus reference strains. Thus, their ability to form functional enterotoxins can also be considered to be lower or unlikely compared to the B. cereus reference strains. This experimental approach can be implemented when studying the health and safety as well as harmlessness of probiotic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Herrmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Riede
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andre Becker
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Brus M, Gradišnik L, Trapecar M, Škorjanc D, Frangež R. Beneficial effects of water-soluble chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) tannin extract on chicken small intestinal epithelial cell culture. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1271-1282. [PMID: 29444319 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed and water supplementation with powdered hydrolyzable tannins from chestnut represents a valuable alternative strategy to antibiotics in animal nutrition. In this study, we evaluated the effects and safety of a water-soluble form of chestnut tannin (WST) in an in vitro model of chicken small intestinal epithelial cells (CSIEC). A chicken cell culture was established, and WST in concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% were tested for cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, metabolic activity, production of reactive oxygen species, intracellular antioxidative potential, genotoxicity, and influence on the epithelia cell cycle. The tested concentrations showed a significant (P < 0.05) greater proliferative effect on CSIEC than the control medium (maximal proliferation at 0.1% WST as determined by optical density measurements). The 0.2% concentration of WST was cytotoxic, causing significantly higher (P < 0.05) nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production but with no short-term genotoxicity. Although increasing the concentration caused a decline in the metabolism of challenged cells (the lowest at 0.1% WST), metabolic activity remained higher than that in control cells. The antioxidant potential was 75% better and significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the 0.1% WST cultured cells compared to control. In conclusion, the cultured CSIEC are useful tools in basic and clinical research for the study of intestinal physiology, as they retain physiological and biochemical properties and epithelial morphology close to the original tissue and, in many ways, reflect the in vivo state. Our results indicate that WST exert a beneficial effect on intestinal epithelia, since they: i) stimulate proliferation of enterocytes; ii) increase antioxidative potential; iii) have no genotoxic effect; and iv) do not affect cellular metabolism. Our results reinforce the importance of WST as promising candidates for further evaluation and use in commercial broiler farm production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brus
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - L Gradišnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - M Trapecar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - D Škorjanc
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - R Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Frentzel H, Kraushaar B, Krause G, Bodi D, Wichmann-Schauer H, Appel B, Mader A. Phylogenetic and toxinogenic characteristics of Bacillus cereus group members isolated from spices and herbs. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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A Bacillus subtilis strain as probiotic in poultry: selection based on in vitro functional properties and enzymatic potentialities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:1157-1166. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have proposed and validate an in vitro probiotic selection, based on enzymatic potentialities associated to well-established probiotic functional properties. A new Bacillus subtilis HB2 isolate, selected based on its high extracellular enzyme production, was chosen as a probiotic candidate for application as animal feed supplement. The HB2 strain showed an excellent acid and bile salts tolerance, a strong adhesion to chick enterocytes and produced antimicrobials against pathogens. An in vivo trial in poultry farming was conducted to evaluate the HB2 probiotic performance. After 35 days, HB2 achieved the higher growth performance than the control groups. The mortality and the feed conversion ratio were significantly decreased. Finally, the HB2 treated group showed wet litter and less severe ammonia odor in the atmosphere. Our study provides new insights into the importance of enzymatic potentialities, associated with the common functional properties, as a novel approach for probiotic selection.
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21
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Glenwright H, Pohl S, Navarro F, Miro E, Jiménez G, Blanch AR, Harwood CR. The Identification of Intrinsic Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Members of the Bacillus cereus Group ( sensu lato). Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2122. [PMID: 28101085 PMCID: PMC5209696 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112T (NCIMB 14858T) has been widely used as an additive in animal nutrition for more than 30 years without reports of adverse toxigenic effects. However, this strain is resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline and it is generally considered inadvisable to introduce into the food chain resistance determinants capable of being transferred to other bacterial strains, thereby adding to the pool of such determinants in the gastro-enteric systems of livestock species. We therefore characterized the resistance phenotypes of this strain and its close relatives to determine whether they were of recent origin, and therefore likely to be transmissible. To this end we identified the genes responsible for chloramphenicol (catQ) and tetracycline (tetM) resistance and confirmed the presence of homologs in other members of the B. toyonensis taxonomic unit. Unexpectedly, closely related strains encoding these genes did not exhibit chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance phenotypes. To understand the differences in the behaviors, we cloned and expressed the genes, together with their upstream regulatory regions, into Bacillus subtilis. The data showed that the genes encoded functional proteins, but were expressed inefficiently from their native promoters. B. toyonensis is a taxonomic unit member of the Bacillus cereus group (sensu lato). We therefore extended the analysis to determine the extent to which homologous chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance genes were present in other species within this group. This analysis revealed that homologous genes were present in nearly all representative species within the B. cereus group (sensu lato). The absence of known transposition elements and the observations that they are found at the same genomic locations, indicates that these chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance genes are of ancient origin and intrinsic to this taxonomic group, rather than recent acquisitions. In this context we discuss definitions of what are and are not intrinsic genes, an issue that is of fundamental importance to both Regulatory Authorities, and the animal feed and related industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Glenwright
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susanne Pohl
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ferran Navarro
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant PauBarcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Miro
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant PauBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anicet R. Blanch
- Department of Microbiology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Colin R. Harwood
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
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AlGburi A, Volski A, Cugini C, Walsh EM, Chistyakov VA, Mazanko MS, Bren AB, Dicks LMT, Chikindas ML. Safety Properties and Probiotic Potential of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> KATMIRA1933 and <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> B-1895. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.66043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Tsilia V, Uyttendaele M, Kerckhof FM, Rajkovic A, Heyndrickx M, Van de Wiele T. Bacillus cereusAdhesion to Simulated Intestinal Mucus Is Determined by Its Growth on Mucin, Rather Than Intestinal Environmental Parameters. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:904-13. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Tsilia
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederiek-Maarten Kerckhof
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Toyocerin® (Bacillus toyonensis) as a feed additive for chickens for fattening, weaned piglets, pigs for fattening, sows for reproduction, cattle for fattening and calves for rearing and for rabbits for fat. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Blanch AR, Méndez J, Castel S, Reina M. Comparison of procedures for the extraction of supernatants and cytotoxicity tests in Vero cells, applied to assess the toxigenic potential of Bacillus spp. and Lactobacillus spp., intended for use as probiotic strains. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 103:64-9. [PMID: 24938520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interest in using Bacillus strains as probiotic components of animal feeds has grown in recent years. However, some of these strains, especially those taxonomically related to the Bacillus cereus group, may have enterotoxigenic activity. Assessment of their toxigenic potential by well-established and robust protocols is required before authorizing their use in animal nutrition. Three methods of extraction and concentration of supernatants of Bacillus and Lactobacillus strains (methanol extraction, ammonium sulphate and ultrafiltration concentration) and three cytotoxic tests in Vero cells (WST-1, LDH and protein synthesis inhibition assays) for the assessment of the cytotoxicity activity of Lactobacillus strains (as probiotic strains in human and animal nutrition) and Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112(T) (as animal probiotic strain in animal nutrition-Toyocerin®-) were evaluated in this study. Methanol extraction was not useful under any circumstances. The other two concentration methods (ammonium sulphate and ultrafiltration) were feasible, with slightly greater sensitivity achieved by ultrafiltration. The probiotic strain B. toyonensis BCT-7112(T) proved to be a non-cytotoxic strain in all the protocols tested. However, some Lactobacillus strains showed cytotoxicity activity, regardless of the protocols applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anicet R Blanch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Javier Méndez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Susana Castel
- Celltec-UB, Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuel Reina
- Celltec-UB, Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Fijan S. Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: an overview of recent literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4745-67. [PMID: 24859749 PMCID: PMC4053917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110504745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Health benefits have mainly been demonstrated for specific probiotic strains of the following genera: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Escherichia coli. The human microbiota is getting a lot of attention today and research has already demonstrated that alteration of this microbiota may have far-reaching consequences. One of the possible routes for correcting dysbiosis is by consuming probiotics. The credibility of specific health claims of probiotics and their safety must be established through science-based clinical studies. This overview summarizes the most commonly used probiotic microorganisms and their demonstrated health claims. As probiotic properties have been shown to be strain specific, accurate identification of particular strains is also very important. On the other hand, it is also demonstrated that the use of various probiotics for immunocompromised patients or patients with a leaky gut has also yielded infections, sepsis, fungemia, bacteraemia. Although the vast majority of probiotics that are used today are generally regarded as safe and beneficial for healthy individuals, caution in selecting and monitoring of probiotics for patients is needed and complete consideration of risk-benefit ratio before prescribing is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Fijan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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Prieto ML, O'Sullivan L, Tan SP, McLoughlin P, Hughes H, Gutierrez M, Lane JA, Hickey RM, Lawlor PG, Gardiner GE. In vitro assessment of marine Bacillus for use as livestock probiotics. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2422-45. [PMID: 24796302 PMCID: PMC4052298 DOI: 10.3390/md12052422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Six antimicrobial-producing seaweed-derived Bacillus strains were evaluated in vitro as animal probiotics, in comparison to two Bacillus from an EU-authorized animal probiotic product. Antimicrobial activity was demonstrated on solid media against porcine Salmonella and E. coli. The marine isolates were most active against the latter, had better activity than the commercial probiotics and Bacillus pumilus WIT 588 also reduced E. coli counts in broth. All of the marine Bacillus tolerated physiological concentrations of bile, with some as tolerant as one of the probiotics. Spore counts for all isolates remained almost constant during incubation in simulated gastric and ileum juices. All of the marine Bacillus grew anaerobically and the spores of all except one isolate germinated under anaerobic conditions. All were sensitive to a panel of antibiotics and none harbored Bacillus enterotoxin genes but all, except B. pumilus WIT 588, showed some degree of β-hemolysis. However, trypan blue dye exclusion and xCELLigence assays demonstrated a lack of toxicity in comparison to two pathogens; in fact, the commercial probiotics appeared more cytotoxic than the majority of the marine Bacillus. Overall, some of the marine-derived Bacillus, in particular B. pumilus WIT 588, demonstrate potential for use as livestock probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Prieto
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Laurie O'Sullivan
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Shiau Pin Tan
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Peter McLoughlin
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Helen Hughes
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Jonathan A Lane
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Rita M Hickey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gillian E Gardiner
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
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Trapecar M, Goropevsek A, Gorenjak M, Gradisnik L, Slak Rupnik M. A co-culture model of the developing small intestine offers new insight in the early immunomodulation of enterocytes and macrophages by Lactobacillus spp. through STAT1 and NF-kB p65 translocation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86297. [PMID: 24454965 PMCID: PMC3894201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The early establishment of a complete microbiome has been shown to play an integral part in the development and maintenance of an intact intestine and its immune system, although much remains unknown about the specific mechanisms of immune modulation in newborns. In our study we show in a co-culture model of the undeveloped small intestine that members of Lactobacillus spp. influence STAT1 and NF-kB p65 nuclear translocation in both intestinal epithelial cells as well as underlying macrophages. Moreover, by using imaging flow cytometry we were able to monitor each individual cell and create a framework of the percentage of cells in which translocation occurred in challenged versus control cell populations. We also observed a significant difference in baseline translocation in intestinal cells when cultured alone versus those in a co-culture model, underpinning the importance of 3D models over monolayer set-ups in epithelial in vitro research. In conclusion, our work offers new insights into the potential routes by which the commensal microbiome primes the early immune system to fight pathogens, and shows how strain-specific these mechanisms really are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trapecar
- Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ales Goropevsek
- Department of laboratory diagnostics, University Clinical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Mario Gorenjak
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Gradisnik
- Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Slak Rupnik
- Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
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Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T, the Active Ingredient of the Feed Additive Preparation Toyocerin. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/6/e01080-13. [PMID: 24356843 PMCID: PMC3868867 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01080-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Strain BCT-7112, previously identified as Bacillus cereus var. toyoi, is the type strain of the species Bacillus toyonensis, a novel species of the B. cereus group. The complete genome of this strain, which is the active ingredient of the feed additive preparation Toyocerin, has been sequenced and annotated to reveal the genetic properties of this probiotic organism with a long history of safe use in animal nutrition.
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Jiménez G, Urdiain M, Cifuentes A, López-López A, Blanch AR, Tamames J, Kämpfer P, Kolstø AB, Ramón D, Martínez JF, Codoñer FM, Rosselló-Móra R. Description of Bacillus toyonensis sp. nov., a novel species of the Bacillus cereus group, and pairwise genome comparisons of the species of the group by means of ANI calculations. Syst Appl Microbiol 2013; 36:383-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Murua A, Todorov SD, Vieira ADS, Martinez RCR, Cencič A, Franco BDGM. Isolation and identification of bacteriocinogenic strain of Lactobacillus plantarum with potential beneficial properties from donkey milk. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1793-809. [PMID: 23489977 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The goal of this study was to isolate and characterize a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from donkey milk with potential beneficial properties. METHODS AND RESULTS Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from donkey milk and identified based on physiological, biochemical and molecular methods. The isolate that presented highest bacteriocin potential (Lactobacillus plantarum LP08AD) was evaluated for the production of bacteriocin, including stability in the presence of various enzymes, surfactants, salts, pH and temperatures. Bactericidal effect of bacteriocin LP08AD on Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus curvatus was shown for actively growing and stationary cells. Similar growth and bacteriocin production were observed when strain LP08AD was cultured in MRS broth at 30°C or 37°C. Bacteriocin LP08AD adhered at low levels on the producer cells (200 AU ml(-1) ). The presence of plantaricin W gene on the genomic DNA was recorded based on PCR. Good growth for strain LP08AD was recorded in MRS broth with pH from 5·0 to 9·0 and LP08AD grew well in the absence of oxbile or concentration below 0·8%. Lact. plantarum LP08AD was applied to the small intestinal epithelial polarized monolayers of H4, PSIc1 and CLAB and demonstrated low attachment ability on all cell lines studied, with values with a similar behaviour for cells from human and pig origin. CONCLUSIONS Bacteriocin-producing Lact. plantarum LP08AD might be useful in the design of novel functional foods with potential probiotic or biopreservation properties. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on detection and characterization of bacteriocinogenic Lact. plantarum from donkey milk. The strain LP08AD shows to have potential beneficial properties, as demonstrated by the use of noncancerogenic cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murua
- Department of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Hoče, Slovenia
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32
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Trapecar M, Cencic A. Application of Gut Cell Models for Toxicological and Bioactivity Studies of Functional and Novel Foods. Foods 2012; 1:40-51. [PMID: 28239090 PMCID: PMC5302223 DOI: 10.3390/foods1010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of functional and novel foods undoubtedly bears great potential as an asset to human health. However, this very same quest for ever new bioactive ingredients calls for reliable and distinct risk assessment as they may be potentially hazardous to human health. Most of today's methodologies still rely on decades old routines of animal trials and use of tumor-derived cell lines. Since such methodologies are not in line with the actual processes in the human body and with the 3R (replacement, reduction, refinement) concept, the results are often unreliable and misleading. Therefore, in this paper we propose the utilization of available untransformed small intestinal cell lines derived from human and pig tissue of non-tumor origin and describe several available cell models of the gut that offer a functional, close resemblance with the in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trapecar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Slomskov trg 15, Maribor 2000, Slovenia.
| | - Avrelija Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Slomskov trg 15, Maribor 2000, Slovenia.
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33
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Brul S, Bassett J, Cook P, Kathariou S, McClure P, Jasti P, Betts R. ‘Omics’ technologies in quantitative microbial risk assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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