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Malewicz-Oeck NM, Zhang Z, Shimada SG, LaMotte RH. Itch and Pain Behaviors in Irritant Contact Dermatitis Produced by Sodium Lauryl Sulfate in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7718. [PMID: 39062959 PMCID: PMC11276812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is a nonspecific skin inflammation caused by irritants, leading to itch and pain. We tested whether differential responses to histamine-dependent and -independent pruritogens can be evoked in ICD induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). An ICD mouse model was established with 5% SLS in acetone versus a vehicle topically applied for 24 h to the cheek. Site-directed itch- and pain-like behaviors, occurring spontaneously and in response to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli (histamine, ß-alanine, BAM8-22, and bradykinin) applied to the cheek, were recorded before (day 0) and after irritant removal (days 1, 2, 3, and 4). Skin inflammation was assessed through visual scoring, ultrasound, and measurements of skin thickness. SLS-treated mice exhibited hyperalgesia-like behavior in response to mechanical and heat stimuli on day 1 compared to the controls. SLS mice exhibited more spontaneous wipes (pain) but not scratching bouts (itch) on day 1. Pruritogen injections caused more scratching but not wiping in SLS-treated mice compared to the controls. Only bradykinin increased wiping behavior compared to saline. SLS-treated mice developed noticeable erythema, scaling, and increased skin thickness on days 1 and 2. SLS induced cutaneous inflammation and behavioral signs of spontaneous pain and itching, hyperalgesia to mechanical and heat stimuli and a chemical algogen, and enhanced itch response to pruritogens. These sensory reactions preceded the inflammation peak and lasted up to two days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M. Malewicz-Oeck
- Clinics for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Ruhr University Bergmannsheil Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Steven G. Shimada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Robert H. LaMotte
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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2
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Weman HM, Ceder MM, Ahemaiti A, Magnusson KA, Henriksson K, Andréasson L, Lagerström MC. Spinal Glycine Receptor Alpha 3 Cells Communicate Sensations of Chemical Itch in Hairy Skin. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1585232024. [PMID: 38553047 PMCID: PMC11079978 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1585-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycinergic neurons regulate nociceptive and pruriceptive signaling in the spinal cord, but the identity and role of the glycine-regulated neurons are not fully known. Herein, we have characterized spinal glycine receptor alpha 3 (Glra3) subunit-expressing neurons in Glra3-Cre female and male mice. Glra3-Cre(+) neurons express Glra3, are located mainly in laminae III-VI, and respond to glycine. Chemogenetic activation of spinal Glra3-Cre(+) neurons induced biting/licking, stomping, and guarding behaviors, indicative of both a nociceptive and pruriceptive role for this population. Chemogenetic inhibition did not affect mechanical or thermal responses but reduced behaviors evoked by compound 48/80 and chloroquine, revealing a pruriceptive role for these neurons. Spinal cells activated by compound 48/80 or chloroquine express Glra3, further supporting the phenotype. Retrograde tracing revealed that spinal Glra3-Cre(+) neurons receive input from afferents associated with pain and itch, and dorsal root stimulation validated the monosynaptic input. In conclusion, these results show that spinal Glra3(+) neurons contribute to acute communication of compound 48/80- and chloroquine-induced itch in hairy skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Weman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Mikaela M Ceder
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Aikeremu Ahemaiti
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Kajsa A Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Katharina Henriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Linn Andréasson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Malin C Lagerström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
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Mali SS, Silva R, Gong Z, Cronce M, Vo U, Vuong C, Moayedi Y, Cox JS, Bautista DM. SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease activates nociceptors to drive sneeze and pain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.575114. [PMID: 38260476 PMCID: PMC10802627 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.575114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, triggers symptoms such as sneezing, aches and pain.1 These symptoms are mediated by a subset of sensory neurons, known as nociceptors, that detect noxious stimuli, densely innervate the airway epithelium, and interact with airway resident epithelial and immune cells.2-6 However, the mechanisms by which viral infection activates these neurons to trigger pain and airway reflexes are unknown. Here, we show that the coronavirus papain-like protease (PLpro) directly activates airway-innervating trigeminal and vagal nociceptors in mice and human iPSC-derived nociceptors. PLpro elicits sneezing and acute pain in mice and triggers the release of neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from airway afferents. We find that PLpro-induced sneeze and pain requires the host TRPA1 ion channel that has been previously demonstrated to mediate pain, cough, and airway inflammation.7-9 Our findings are the first demonstration of a viral product that directly activates sensory neurons to trigger pain and airway reflexes and highlight a new role for PLpro and nociceptors in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S. Mali
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Ricardo Silva
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Zhongyan Gong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Michael Cronce
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Uyen Vo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Cliff Vuong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Yalda Moayedi
- Pain Research Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Jeffery S. Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Diana M. Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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Miyahara Y, Funahashi H, Haruta-Tsukamoto A, Kogoh Y, Kanemaru-Kawazoe A, Hirano Y, Nishimori T, Ishida Y. Differential Contribution of 5-HT 4, 5-HT 5, and 5-HT 6 Receptors to Acute Pruriceptive Processing Induced by Chloroquine and Histamine in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1601-1608. [PMID: 37722878 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of serotonin (5-HT) and/or noradrenaline in acute pruriceptive processing in the central nervous system (CNS) has been reported using antidepressants, such as milnacipran, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, and mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant; however, the roles of 5-HT receptor family in acute pruriceptive processing have not been fully elucidated in the CNS. In the present study, scratching behavior induced by chloroquine (CQ) was ameliorated by milnacipran or mirtazapine, and these effects were reversed by SB207266, a 5-HT4 antagonist, or SB258585, a 5-HT6 antagonist, but not by SB258585, a 5-HT5 antagonist. Moreover, CQ-induced scratches were mitigated by intrathecal injection of 5-HT4 agonists, such as BIMU8 and ML10302, and the 5-HT6 agonist, WAY208466. Conversely, histamine-induced scratches were not affected by the 5-HT4 agonists or a 5-HT6 agonist. Similarly, the amelioration of histamine-induced scratches by these antidepressants was not reversed by the 5-HT4, 5-HT5, or 5-HT6 receptor antagonist. Therefore, 5-HT is involved in the amelioration of CQ-induced scratches by milnacipran and mirtazapine, and 5-HT4, 5-HT5, and 5-HT6 receptors play differential roles in acute pruriceptive processing after administration of CQ or histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Hideki Funahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | | | - Yoichiro Kogoh
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | | | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | | | - Yasushi Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
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Haruta-Tsukamoto A, Kanemaru-Kawazoe A, Kogoh Y, Miyahara Y, Funahashi H, Hirano Y, Nishimori T, Ishida Y. Role of kainate receptors in pruriceptive processing in the mouse spinal cord. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:175998. [PMID: 37597648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Pruritus, including neuropathic and psychogenic pruritus, is an unpleasant feeling that causes a desire to scratch, which negatively impacts physical and psychological aspects of daily life. Nonetheless, little is known about the neural mechanisms involved in pruritus. Glutamate is a predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and exerts its effects by binding to various glutamate receptors, including kainate (KA) receptors; however, the precise involvement of each glutamate receptor in pruriceptive processing remains unclear, particularly that of KA receptors. Therefore, the roles of KA receptors in histamine-dependent and -independent itch were investigated using CNQX, an AMPA/KA receptors antagonist, UBP310 and UBP302, antagonists of KA receptors, and small interfering (si)RNAs against KA receptor subunits in mice with acute and chronic pruritus. The effects of KA receptor antagonists on histamine-induced c-Fos expression in the spinal cord were also examined. The intrathecal administration of CNQX reduced the number of scratching events induced by histamine and chloroquine. On the other hand, UBP310 or UBP302 and the siRNAs of KA receptor subunits 1-3 significantly inhibited the induction of scratching events in mice treated with histamine, while no significant change was observed in the induction of spontaneous scratching events in mice with chronic pruritus. In addition, antagonists of KA receptors attenuated c-Fos expression in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn induced by histamine. These results indicate that KA receptors are involved in acute pruriceptive processing in the spinal cord induced by histamine, but not chloroquine or chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Haruta-Tsukamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan; Nozaki Hospital, 5567 Tsunehisa, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 880-0916, Japan.
| | - Anna Kanemaru-Kawazoe
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kogoh
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yu Miyahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideki Funahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nishimori
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
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Boaro A, Ageitos L, Torres MDT, Blasco EB, Oztekin S, de la Fuente-Nunez C. Structure-function-guided design of synthetic peptides with anti-infective activity derived from wasp venom. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2023; 4:101459. [PMID: 38239869 PMCID: PMC10795512 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from natural toxins and venoms offer a promising alternative source of antibiotics. Here, through structure-function-guided design, we convert two natural AMPs derived from the venom of the solitary eumenine wasp Eumenes micado into α-helical AMPs with reduced toxicity that kill Gram-negative bacteria in vitro and in a preclinical mouse model. To identify the sequence determinants conferring antimicrobial activity, an alanine scan screen and strategic single lysine substitutions are made to the amino acid sequence of these natural peptides. These efforts yield a total of 34 synthetic derivatives, including alanine substituted and lysine-substituted sequences with stabilized α-helical structures and increased net positive charge. The resulting lead synthetic peptides kill the Gram-negative pathogens Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1 and PA14) by rapidly permeabilizing both their outer and cytoplasmic membranes, exhibit anti-infective efficacy in a mouse model by reducing bacterial loads by up to three orders of magnitude, and do not readily select for bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Boaro
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Present address: Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Lucía Ageitos
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Present address: CICA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Marcelo Der Torossian Torres
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Esther Broset Blasco
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sebahat Oztekin
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Present address: Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt 69000, Turkey
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lead contact
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7
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Tian W, He D, Liu J, Chen F, Zhang W, Hu J, Wang S. Topical borneol relieves nonhistaminergic pruritus via targeting TRPA1 and TRPM8 channels in peripheral nerve terminals of mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175833. [PMID: 37290679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Borneol has been used successfully for the treatment of itchy skin in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the antipruritic effect of borneol has rarely been studied, and the mechanism is unclear. Here, we showed that topical application of borneol on skin substantially suppressed pruritogen chloroquine- and compound 48/80-induced itching in mice. The potential targets of borneol, including transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 3 (TRPV3), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8), and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor were pharmacologically inhibited or genetically knocked out one by one in mouse. Itching behavior studies demonstrated that the antipruritic effect of borneol is largely independent of TRPV3 and GABAA receptor, and TRPA1 and TRPM8 channels are responsible for a major portion of the effect of borneol on chloroquine-induced nonhistaminergic itching. Borneol activates TRPM8 and inhibits TRPA1 in sensory neurons of mice. Topical co-application of TRPA1 antagonist and TRPM8 agonist mimicked the effect of borneol on chloroquine-induced itching. Intrathecal injection of a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist partially attenuated the effect of borneol and completely abolished the effect of TRPM8 agonist on chloroquine-induced itching, suggesting that a spinal glutamatergic mechanism is involved. In contrast, the effect of borneol on compound 48/80-induced histaminergic itching occurs through TRPA1-and TRPM8-independent mechanisms. Our work demonstrates that borneol is an effective topical itch reliever, and TRPA1 inhibition and TRPM8 activation in peripheral nerve terminals account for its antipruritic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Tian
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Dongmei He
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Ueda Y, Uta D, Furue H, Ohtubo Y. An electrophysiological method for evaluation of topical antipruritic drugs on itch-related neuronal activities in the spinal cord in hairless mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 952:175798. [PMID: 37207968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of antipruritic drugs, it is important to determine whether the neural responses induced by physiological itch stimuli are suppressed. Although there are several behavioral assessments for topical antipruritic drugs applied to the skin, there are few established methods at neuronal levels using in vivo electrophysiological recordings for predicting local efficacy of antipruritic drugs for cutaneous application. To establish an assessment of topical antipruritic drugs applied to skin using in vivo extracellular recording from neurons in the superficial dorsal horn, we examined the relationships between itch-related biting behavior and spinal neuronal responses elicited by intradermal injection of pruritogen serotonin (5-HT) in hairless mice. The efficacy of topical occlusive application of local anesthetics was also evaluated by an in vivo electrophysiological method. 5-HT significantly increased the firing frequency in spinal neurons. The spinal firing frequency time course was similar to that of the biting behavior after the 5-HT injections. The 5-HT-induced spinal responses were significantly decreased by topical occlusive application of lidocaine or a Nav 1.7 channel blocker to the calf. The intradermal 5-HT injection-induced spinal neuronal responses appeared to be suppressed by topical occlusive application of lidocaine or a Nav1.7 channel blocker. The electrophysiological method for evaluating topical antipruritic drugs may be beneficial in assessing local effects on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhki Ueda
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan; Drug Development Laboratories, Kyoto R&D Center, Drug Development Research Laboratories, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Uta
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Ohtubo
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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9
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Upregulation of DRG protein TMEM100 facilitates dry-skin-induced pruritus by enhancing TRPA1 channel function. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 55:404-416. [PMID: 36514220 PMCID: PMC10160222 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dry skin tortures numerous patients with severe itch. The transient receptor potential cation channel V member 1 (TRPV1) and A member 1 (TRPA1) are two essential receptors for peripheral neural coding of itch sensory, mediating histaminergic and nonhistaminergic itch separately. In the dorsal root ganglion, transmembrane protein 100 (TMEM100) is structurally related to both TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors, but the exact role of TMEM100 in itch sensory coding is still unknown. Here, in this study, we find that TMEM100 + DRG neurons account for the majority of activated neurons in an acetone-ether-water (AEW)-induced dry skin itch model, and some TMEM100 + DRG neurons are colocalized with both TRPA1 and the chloroquine-related Mrgpr itch receptor family. Both the expression and function of TRPA1 channels, but not TRPV1 channels, are upregulated in the AEW model, and specific DRG Tmem100 gene knockdown alleviates AEW-induced itch and rescues the expression and functional changes of TRPA1. Our results strongly suggest that TMEM100 protein in DRG is the main facilitating factor for dry-skin-related chronic itch, and specific suppression of TMEM100 in DRG could be a novel effective treatment strategy for patients who suffer from dry skin-induced itch.
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10
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Mießner H, Seidel J, Smith ESJ. In vitro models for investigating itch. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:984126. [PMID: 36385768 PMCID: PMC9644192 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.984126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch (pruritus) is a sensation that drives a desire to scratch, a behavior observed in many animals. Although generally short-lasting and not causing harm, there are several pathological conditions where chronic itch is a hallmark symptom and in which prolonged scratching can induce damage. Finding medications to counteract the sensation of chronic itch has proven difficult due to the molecular complexity that involves a multitude of triggers, receptors and signaling pathways between skin, immune and nerve cells. While much has been learned about pruritus from in vivo animal models, they have limitations that corroborate the necessity for a transition to more human disease-like models. Also, reducing animal use should be encouraged in research. However, conducting human in vivo experiments can also be ethically challenging. Thus, there is a clear need for surrogate models to be used in pre-clinical investigation of the mechanisms of itch. Most in vitro models used for itch research focus on the use of known pruritogens. For this, sensory neurons and different types of skin and/or immune cells are stimulated in 2D or 3D co-culture, and factors such as neurotransmitter or cytokine release can be measured. There are however limitations of such simplistic in vitro models. For example, not all naturally occurring cell types are present and there is also no connection to the itch-sensing organ, the central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, in vitro models offer a chance to investigate otherwise inaccessible specific cell–cell interactions and molecular pathways. In recent years, stem cell-based approaches and human primary cells have emerged as viable alternatives to standard cell lines or animal tissue. As in vitro models have increased in their complexity, further opportunities for more elaborated means of investigating itch have been developed. In this review, we introduce the latest concepts of itch and discuss the advantages and limitations of current in vitro models, which provide valuable contributions to pruritus research and might help to meet the unmet clinical need for more refined anti-pruritic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Mießner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Dermatological Skin Care, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith Seidel
- Dermatological Skin Care, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewan St. John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ewan St. John Smith,
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11
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Tang PCT, Chung JYF, Liao J, Chan MKK, Chan ASW, Cheng G, Li C, Huang XR, Ng CSH, Lam EWF, Zhang D, Ho YP, To KF, Leung KT, Jiang X, Ko H, Lee TL, Lan HY, Tang PMK. Single-cell RNA sequencing uncovers a neuron-like macrophage subset associated with cancer pain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5535. [PMID: 36206343 PMCID: PMC9544324 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumor innervation is a common phenomenon with unknown mechanism. Here, we discovered a direct mechanism of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) for promoting de novo neurogenesis via a subset showing neuronal phenotypes and pain receptor expression associated with cancer-driven nocifensive behaviors. This subset is rich in lung adenocarcinoma associated with poorer prognosis. By elucidating the transcriptome dynamics of TAM with single-cell resolution, we discovered a phenomenon "macrophage to neuron-like cell transition" (MNT) for directly promoting tumoral neurogenesis, evidenced by macrophage depletion and fate-mapping study in lung carcinoma models. Encouragingly, we detected neuronal phenotypes and activities of the bone marrow-derived MNT cells (MNTs) in vitro. Adoptive transfer of MNTs into NOD/SCID mice markedly enhanced their cancer-associated nocifensive behaviors. We identified macrophage-specific Smad3 as a pivotal regulator for promoting MNT at the genomic level; its disruption effectively blocked the tumor innervation and cancer-dependent nocifensive behaviors in vivo. Thus, MNT may represent a precision therapeutic target for cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Chiu-Tsun Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jeff Yat-Fai Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jinyue Liao
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Max Kam-Kwan Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Alex Siu-Wing Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Guangyao Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chunjie Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Calvin Sze-Hang Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ho Ko
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tin-Lap Lee
- Reproduction, Development and Endocrinology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong SAR
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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12
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Jhumka ZA, Abdus-Saboor IJ. Next generation behavioral sequencing for advancing pain quantification. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102598. [PMID: 35780688 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With symptoms such as spontaneous pain and pathologically heightened sensitivity to stimuli, chronic pain accounts for about 20% of physician visits and up to 2/3 of patients are dissatisfied with current treatments. Much of our knowledge on pain processing and analgesics has emerged from behavioral studies performed on animals presenting the same symptoms under pathological conditions. While humans can verbally describe their pain, studies on rodents have relied on behavioral assays providing non-exhaustive characterization or altering animals' original sensitivity through repetitive stimulations. The emergence of what we term "next-generation behavioral sequencing" is now permitting us to quantitatively describe behavioral features on millisecond to minutes long timescales that lie beyond easy detection with the unaided eye. Here, we summarize emerging videography and computational based behavioral approaches that have the potential to significantly improve pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Anissa Jhumka
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. https://twitter.com/AnissaJhumka
| | - Ishmail J Abdus-Saboor
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. ia2458columbia.edu
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13
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Nho Y, Lawson K, Banovic F, Han L. Staphylococcus aureus phenol-soluble modulins induce itch sensation. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 107:48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Malewicz NM, Ieong HFH, Oeck S, Kumowski N, Zhang Z, Shimada SG, LaMotte RH. Punctate Administration of Ficin as a Human and Animal Model of Non-Histaminergic Itch. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1300-1307. [PMID: 35412669 PMCID: PMC9296617 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ficin, a cysteine protease derived from fig-tree latex, has been reported to elicit itch and nociceptive sensations, though quantitative sensory studies are lacking. Cowhage containing the pruritic cysteine Mucunain, on the other hand, has been widely studied as activating polymodal nociceptors and eliciting a histamine-independent itch. OBJECTIVES We tested whether ficin in heat-inactivated cowhage spicules would elicit itch and nociceptive sensations in humans, and analogous behaviors in mice, that are similar to those evoked by native cowhage and, whether these behaviors in mice were dose-dependent when ficin was injected intradermally. METHODS Human volunteers rated the magnitude of itch and nociceptive sensations evoked by either native cowhage spicules or heat-inactivated spicules soaked in 1, 10 or 100 mg/ml ficin (0.03, 0.3, and 3 ng of ficin in spicule tip), applied to forearm. In mice, itch-like scratching and nociceptive-like wiping were recorded in response to either native cowhage, to heat-inactivated spicules that were either inactive or contained 100 mg/ml ficin, or to intradermal injections of 1.25, 2.5, or 5 μg/ 5 μl, each treatment applied to the cheek. RESULTS The dose of 100 mg/ml ficin in spicules evoked comparable magnitudes of itch, nociceptive sensations and areas of cutaneous dysesthesia as native cowhage in humans and comparable itch-like scratching and pain-like wiping behaviors in mice. But to elicit similar behaviors when injected intradermally in mice a greater amount of ficin (1.25 μg) was required. CONCLUSION Spicule-delivery or intradermal injection of ficin elicits behaviors in mice that model itch and nociceptive sensations in humans, suggesting that ficin may be useful in translating mechanistic research on the neural mechanisms of pruritic and nociceptive effects of cysteine proteases between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Malewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Clinics for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Ruhr University Bergmannsheil Bochum, 44789, Germany
| | - H F-H Ieong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - S Oeck
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - N Kumowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - S G Shimada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - R H LaMotte
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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15
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Szöllősi AG, Oláh A, Lisztes E, Griger Z, Tóth BI. Pruritus: A Sensory Symptom Generated in Cutaneous Immuno-Neuronal Crosstalk. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:745658. [PMID: 35321329 PMCID: PMC8937025 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.745658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruritus or itch generated in the skin is one of the most widespread symptoms associated with various dermatological and systemic (immunological) conditions. Although many details about the molecular mechanisms of the development of both acute and chronic itch were uncovered in the last 2 decades, our understanding is still incomplete and the clinical management of pruritic conditions is one of the biggest challenges in daily dermatological practice. Recent research revealed molecular interactions between pruriceptive sensory neurons and surrounding cutaneous cell types including keratinocytes, as well as resident and transient cells of innate and adaptive immunity. Especially in inflammatory conditions, these cutaneous cells can produce various mediators, which can contribute to the excitation of pruriceptive sensory fibers resulting in itch sensation. There also exists significant communication in the opposite direction: sensory neurons can release mediators that maintain an inflamed, pruritic tissue-environment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the sensory transduction of pruritus detailing the local intercellular interactions that generate itch. We especially emphasize the role of various pruritic mediators in the bidirectional crosstalk between cutaneous non-neuronal cells and sensory fibers. We also list various dermatoses and immunological conditions associated with itch, and discuss the potential immune-neuronal interactions promoting the development of pruritus in the particular diseases. These data may unveil putative new targets for antipruritic pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Gábor Szöllősi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erika Lisztes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Griger
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs István Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Balázs István Tóth,
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16
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Miyahara Y, Funahashi H, Haruta-Tsukamoto A, Kogoh Y, Kanemaru-Kawazoe A, Nishimori T, Ishida Y. Roles of 5-HT 3 and 5-HT 7 receptors in acute pruriceptive processing in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174513. [PMID: 34555396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The roles of serotonin (5-HT) and/or noradrenaline in acute pruriceptive processing have been demonstrated using antidepressants, such as milnacipran, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, and mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant; however, the involvement of 5-HT in acute pruriceptive processing has not yet been elucidated in detail. Scratching events induced by chloroquine (CQ) were attenuated by the administration of milnacipran or mirtazapine, and these effects were reversed by a treatment with ondansetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, or SB26970, a 5-HT7 antagonist. CQ-induced scratching events were also ameliorated by the intrathecal administration of 5-HT, SR572227A and RS56812 (5-HT3 agonists), and LP211 and LP44 (5-HT7 agonists), indicating the modulation of CQ-induced scratching events by 5-HT and noradrenaline. By contrast, histamine-induced scratching events were not markedly affected by the administration of 5-HT and 5-HT7 agonists, whereas 5-HT3 agonists exerted attenuating effects. Similarly, they were not clearly reversed by the administration of the 5-HT7 antagonist, unlike a 5-HT3 antagonist. Therefore, 5-HT is involved in the attenuating effects of milnacipran and mirtazapine on CQ- and histamine-induced scratching events, and 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors play different roles in pruriceptive processing induced by histamine or CQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideki Funahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ayaka Haruta-Tsukamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kogoh
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Anna Kanemaru-Kawazoe
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nishimori
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
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17
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Cervantes-Durán C, Avalos-Viveros M, Torner L, Sánchez-Ceja SG, Rodríguez-Orozco AR, Martínez-Flores HE, García-Pérez ME. The 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, attenuates long-lasting pain in imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:600-607. [PMID: 34726306 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis pain is a common symptom underestimated and rarely evaluated in psoriasis clinical trials. This work aimed to investigate whether the development of secondary chronic allodynia and hyperalgesia in the imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis mice model could be modulated by anti-inflammatory agents and compound 48/80 (C48/80) and to determine whether the activation of 5-HT1A receptor modulates these nociceptive behaviours. C57BL/6 male mice were treated with 5% IMQ for 7 days. The paw withdrawal responses to von Frey filaments (10 and 250 mN) were used to assess the allodynia and hyperalgesia. Nociceptive behaviours were also evaluated using ketorolac 15 mg/kg s.c., adalimumab 10 mg/kg s.c. and C48/80 10 mg/kg i.p. Then, the serum serotonin and the impact of 8-OH-DPAT (1 mg/kg s.c), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, on long-lasting pain were examined. Mice receiving IMQ showed enhanced nociception, which decreased with all tested compounds. The serum serotonin in the IMQ group showed a significant decrease (947.042 ng/ml) regarding the control group (1143.68 ng/ml). The pretreatment with 8-OH-DPAT alleviated pain-related behaviours. These results suggest that the long-lasting pain resulting from psoriasis inflammation is also associated with the serotonergic system. The 5-HT1A receptor should be further explored as a potential therapeutic target for psoriasis pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cervantes-Durán
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Miguel Avalos-Viveros
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Luz Torner
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | | | - Alain-Raimundo Rodríguez-Orozco
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | | | - Martha-Estrella García-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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18
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Yin W, Liu L, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Kong D, Xu S, Tang D, Huang D, Wen D, Jiao Y, Fan Y, Gao P, Yu W. Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced decrement of pruriceptor-mediated suppression of itch. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:538-546. [PMID: 33693534 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation is always accompanied by a noxious sensation, either pain or itch, providing a protective warning for the occurrence of pathological changes; however, the mechanisms determining whether pain, itch, or both will be elicited under certain inflammatory statuses are still far from clear. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) contains heat killed and dried Mycobacterium tuberculosis widely used to induce inflammatory pain models, but how CFA treatment affects itch sensation and the possible mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, using itch behavior testing and calcium imaging, we showed that both the behaviors and calcium responses associated with Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-mediated histamine-dependent itch and Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1)-mediated histamine-independent itch were significantly suppressed by CFA treatment. Furthermore, to explore the possible cellular mechanisms, high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing and real-time PCR were used to detect CFA-induced changes of itch-related genes in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Our results revealed that although both nociceptive Trpv1+ and Trpa1+ DRG neurons were increased after CFA treatment, most known pruriceptors, including Hrh1+, Mrgpra3+, Mrgprd+, Htr3a+, Htr1f+, IL31ra+, Osmr+, and Lpar3+ DRG neurons, were significantly decreased, which may explain that CFA treatment caused itch suppression. This study indicated that itch sensation was affected after CFA treatment, although negatively, and comprehensive but not specific suppression of different pruriceptors was observed after CFA treatment, suggesting that a unified adaptive change of increased pain and decreased itch will occur simultaneously under CFA-induced inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yunchun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Dexu Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Saihong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Daxiang Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yingfu Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yinghui Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Po Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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19
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Abstract
Itch arising from glabrous skin (palms and soles) has attracted limited attention within the field due to the lack of methodology. This is despite glabrous itch arising from many medical conditions such as plantar and palmar psoriasis, dyshidrosis, and cholestasis. Therefore, we developed a mouse glabrous skin behavioral assay to investigate the contribution of three previously identified pruriceptive neurons in glabrous skin itch. Our results show that MrgprA3+ and MrgprD+ neurons, although key mediators for hairy skin itch, do not play important roles in glabrous skin itch, demonstrating a mechanistic difference in itch sensation between hairy and glabrous skin. We found that MrgprC11+ neurons are the major mediators for glabrous skin itch. Activation of MrgprC11+ neurons induced glabrous skin itch, while ablation of MrgprC11+ neurons reduced both acute and chronic glabrous skin itch. Our study provides insights into the mechanisms of itch and opens up new avenues for future glabrous skin itch research.
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20
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Wang Z, Jiang C, Yao H, Chen O, Rahman S, Gu Y, Zhao J, Huh Y, Ji RR. Central opioid receptors mediate morphine-induced itch and chronic itch via disinhibition. Brain 2021; 144:665-681. [PMID: 33367648 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Opioids such as morphine are mainstay treatments for clinical pain conditions. Itch is a common side effect of opioids, particularly as a result of epidural or intrathecal administration. Recent progress has advanced our understanding of itch circuits in the spinal cord. However, the mechanisms underlying opioid-induced itch are not fully understood, although an interaction between µ-opioid receptor (MOR) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in spinal GRPR-expressing neurons has been implicated. In this study we investigated the cellular mechanisms of intrathecal opioid-induced itch by conditional deletion of MOR-encoding Oprm1 in distinct populations of interneurons and sensory neurons. We found that intrathecal injection of the MOR agonists morphine or DAMGO elicited dose-dependent scratching as well as licking and biting, but this pruritus was totally abolished in mice with a specific Oprm1 deletion in Vgat+ neurons [Oprm1-Vgat (Slc32a1)]. Loss of MOR in somatostatin+ interneurons and TRPV1+ sensory neurons did not affect morphine-induced itch but impaired morphine-induced antinociception. In situ hybridization revealed Oprm1 expression in 30% of inhibitory and 20% of excitatory interneurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Whole-cell recordings from spinal cord slices showed that DAMGO induced outward currents in 9 of 19 Vgat+ interneurons examined. Morphine also inhibited action potentials in Vgat+ interneurons. Furthermore, morphine suppressed evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents in postsynaptic Vgat- excitatory neurons, suggesting a mechanism of disinhibition by MOR agonists. Notably, morphine-elicited itch was suppressed by intrathecal administration of NPY and abolished by spinal ablation of GRPR+ neurons with intrathecal injection of bombesin-saporin, whereas intrathecal GRP-induced itch response remained intact in mice lacking Oprm1-Vgat. Intrathecal bombesin-saporin treatment reduced the number of GRPR+ neurons by 97% in the lumber spinal cord and 91% in the cervical spinal cord, without changing the number of Oprm1+ neurons. Additionally, chronic itch from DNFB-induced allergic contact dermatitis was decreased by Oprm1-Vgat deletion. Finally, naloxone, but not peripherally restricted naloxone methiodide, inhibited chronic itch in the DNFB model and the CTCL model, indicating a contribution of central MOR signalling to chronic itch. Our findings demonstrate that intrathecal morphine elicits itch via acting on MOR on spinal inhibitory interneurons, leading to disinhibition of the spinal itch circuit. Our data also provide mechanistic insights into the current treatment of chronic itch with opioid receptor antagonist such as naloxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wang
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Changyu Jiang
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongyu Yao
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ouyang Chen
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sreya Rahman
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yun Gu
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Junli Zhao
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yul Huh
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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21
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Kelemen B, Pinto S, Kim N, Lisztes E, Hanyicska M, Vládar A, Oláh A, Pénzes Z, Shu B, Vriens J, Bíró T, Rohács T, Voets T, Tóth BI. The TRPM3 ion channel mediates nociception but not itch evoked by endogenous pruritogenic mediators. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 183:114310. [PMID: 33130130 PMCID: PMC8086171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the molecular transduction of itch, the stimulation of pruriceptors on sensory fibers leads to the activation or sensitization of ion channels, which results in a consequent depolarization of the neurons. These ion channels mostly belong to the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which are involved in nociception and thermosensation. In particular, TRPV1 and TRPA1 were described in the transduction of both thermal nociception as well as histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch. The thermosensitive TRPM3 plays an indispensable role in heat nociception together with TRPV1 and TRPA1. However, the role of TRPM3 in the development of pruritus has not been studied yet. Therefore, in this study we aimed at investigating the potential role of TRPM3 in the transduction of pruritus and pain by investigating itch- and nociception-related behavior of Trpm3+/+ and Trpm3-/- mice, and by studying the activation of somatosensory neurons isolated from trigeminal ganglia upon application of algogenic and pruritogenic substances. Activators of TRPM3 evoked only nocifensive responses, but not itch in Trpm3+/+ animals, and these nocifensive responses were abolished in the Trpm3-/- strain. Histamine and endogenous non-histaminergic pruritogens induced itch in both Trpm3+/+ and Trpm3-/- mice to a similar extent. Genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade diminished TRPM3 mediated Ca2+ responses of sensory neurons, but did not affect responses evoked by pruritogenic substances. Our results demonstrate that, in contrast to other thermosensitive TRP channels, TRPM3 selectively mediates nociception, but not itch sensation, and suggest that TRPM3 is a promising candidate to selectively target pain sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Kelemen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research) Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Silvia Pinto
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research) Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nawoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Erika Lisztes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Martin Hanyicska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anita Vládar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Pénzes
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Brian Shu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Rohács
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research) Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Balázs István Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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22
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Haruta-Tsukamoto A, Miyahara Y, Funahashi H, Nishimori T, Ishida Y. Perampanel attenuates scratching behavior induced by acute or chronic pruritus in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1102-1108. [PMID: 33028486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An itch is defined as an unpleasant sensation that evokes a desire to scratch. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and has a crucial role in pruriceptive processing in the spinal dorsal horn. It is well known that glutamate exerts its effects by binding to various glutamate receptors including α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, and that AMPA/kainate receptors play a crucial role in pruriceptive processing; however, the precise role of AMPA receptors remains uncertain. Perampanel, an antiepileptic drug, is an antagonist of AMPA receptors. Pretreatment with perampanel dose-dependently attenuated the induction of scratching, a behavior typically associated with pruritus, by intradermal administration of the pruritogen chloroquine. In addition, the induction of scratching in mice painted with diphenylcyclopropenone and NC/Nga mice treated with Biostir AD, animal models of contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis, respectively, was dose-dependently alleviated by administration of perampanel. These findings indicate that AMPA receptors play a crucial role in pruriceptive processing in mice with acute or chronic pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Haruta-Tsukamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki-city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yu Miyahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki-city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideki Funahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki-city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nishimori
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki-city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki-city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
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23
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Sheahan TD, Warwick CA, Fanien LG, Ross SE. The Neurokinin-1 Receptor is Expressed with Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor in Spinal Interneurons and Modulates Itch. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8816-8830. [PMID: 33051347 PMCID: PMC7659450 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1832-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R; encoded by Tacr1) is expressed in spinal dorsal horn neurons and has been suggested to mediate itch in rodents. However, previous studies relied heavily on neurotoxic ablation of NK1R spinal neurons, which limited further dissection of their function in spinal itch circuitry. To address this limitation, we leveraged a newly developed Tacr1CreER mouse line to characterize the role of NK1R spinal neurons in itch. We show that pharmacological activation of spinal NK1R and chemogenetic activation of Tacr1CreER spinal neurons increases itch behavior in male and female mice, whereas pharmacological inhibition of spinal NK1R suppresses itch behavior. We use fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to characterize the endogenous expression of Tacr1 throughout the superficial and deeper dorsal horn (DDH), as well as the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN), of mouse and human spinal cord. Retrograde labeling studies in mice from the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) show that less than 20% of superficial Tacr1CreER dorsal horn neurons are spinal projection neurons, and thus the majority of Tacr1CreER are local interneurons. We then use a combination of in situ hybridization and ex vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging of the mouse spinal cord to establish that NK1R and the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) are coexpressed within a subpopulation of excitatory superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons. These findings are the first to suggest a role for NK1R interneurons in itch and extend our understanding of the complexities of spinal itch circuitry.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The spinal cord is a critical hub for processing somatosensory input, yet which spinal neurons process itch input and how itch signals are encoded within the spinal cord is not fully understood. We demonstrate neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) spinal neurons mediate itch behavior in mice and that the majority of NK1R spinal neurons are local interneurons. These NK1R neurons comprise a subset of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) interneurons and are thus positioned at the center of spinal itch transmission. We show NK1R mRNA expression in human spinal cord, underscoring the translational relevance of our findings in mice. This work is the first to suggest a role for NK1R interneurons in itch and extends our understanding of the complexities of spinal itch circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayler D Sheahan
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15213, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles A Warwick
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15213, Pennsylvania
| | - Louis G Fanien
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15213, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah E Ross
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15213, Pennsylvania
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24
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Wotton JM, Peterson E, Anderson L, Murray SA, Braun RE, Chesler EJ, White JK, Kumar V. Machine learning-based automated phenotyping of inflammatory nocifensive behavior in mice. Mol Pain 2020; 16:1744806920958596. [PMID: 32955381 PMCID: PMC7509709 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920958596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and development of new and potentially nonaddictive pain therapeutics requires rapid, yet clinically relevant assays of nociception in preclinical models. A reliable and scalable automated scoring system for nocifensive behavior of mice in the formalin assay would dramatically lower the time and labor costs associated with experiments and reduce experimental variability. Here, we present a method that exploits machine learning techniques for video recordings that consists of three components: key point detection, per frame feature extraction using these key points, and classification of behavior using the GentleBoost algorithm. This approach to automation is flexible as different model classifiers or key points can be used with only small losses in accuracy. The adopted system identified the behavior of licking/biting of the hind paw with an accuracy that was comparable to a human observer (98% agreement) over 111 different short videos (total 284 min) at a resolution of 1 s. To test the system over longer experimental conditions, the responses of two inbred strains, C57BL/6NJ and C57BL/6J, were recorded over 90 min post formalin challenge. The automated system easily scored over 80 h of video and revealed strain differences in both response timing and amplitude. This machine learning scoring system provides the required accuracy, consistency, and ease of use that could make the formalin assay a feasible choice for large-scale genetic studies.
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25
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Polgár E, Bell AM, Gutierrez-Mecinas M, Dickie AC, Akar O, Costreie M, Watanabe M, Todd AJ. Substance P-expressing Neurons in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Mouse Spinal Cord: Insights into Their Functions and their Roles in Synaptic Circuits. Neuroscience 2020; 450:113-125. [PMID: 32634530 PMCID: PMC7717171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Substance P-expressing radial cells in lamina II receive half of their excitatory synaptic input from other interneurons. They are preferentially innervated by transient central cells that express eGFP in a GRP-eGFP mouse line. Around 40% of projection neurons in lamina I express Tac1, the gene for substance P. Silencing Tac1 cells in the dorsal horn reduces reflex responses to cold and radiant heat.
The tachykinin peptide substance P (SP) is expressed by many interneurons and some projection neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. We have recently shown that SP-expressing excitatory interneurons in lamina II correspond largely to a morphological class known as radial cells. However, little is known about their function, or their synaptic connectivity. Here we use a modification of the Brainbow technique to define the excitatory synaptic input to SP radial cells. We show that around half of their excitatory synapses (identified by expression of Homer) are from boutons with VGLUT2, which are likely to originate mainly from local interneurons. The remaining synapses presumably include primary afferents, which generally have very low levels of VGLUT2. Our results also suggest that the SP cells are preferentially innervated by a population of excitatory interneurons defined by expression of green fluorescent protein under control of the gene for gastrin-releasing peptide, and that they receive sparser input from other types of excitatory interneuron. We show that around 40% of lamina I projection neurons express Tac1, the gene encoding substance P. Finally, we show that silencing Tac1-expressing cells in the dorsal horn results in a significant reduction in reflex responses to cold and radiant heat, but does not affect withdrawal to von Frey hairs, or chloroquine-evoked itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Polgár
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew M Bell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Mecinas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Allen C Dickie
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Oğuz Akar
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Miruna Costreie
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Andrew J Todd
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Cevikbas F, Lerner EA. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Itch. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:945-982. [PMID: 31869278 PMCID: PMC7474262 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Itch is a topic to which everyone can relate. The physiological roles of itch are increasingly understood and appreciated. The pathophysiological consequences of itch impact quality of life as much as pain. These dynamics have led to increasingly deep dives into the mechanisms that underlie and contribute to the sensation of itch. When the prior review on the physiology of itching was published in this journal in 1941, itch was a black box of interest to a small number of neuroscientists and dermatologists. Itch is now appreciated as a complex and colorful Rubik's cube. Acute and chronic itch are being carefully scratched apart and reassembled by puzzle solvers across the biomedical spectrum. New mediators are being identified. Mechanisms blur boundaries of the circuitry that blend neuroscience and immunology. Measures involve psychophysics and behavioral psychology. The efforts associated with these approaches are positively impacting the care of itchy patients. There is now the potential to markedly alleviate chronic itch, a condition that does not end life, but often ruins it. We review the itch field and provide a current understanding of the pathophysiology of itch. Itch is a disease, not only a symptom of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferda Cevikbas
- Dermira, Inc., Menlo Park, California; and Harvard Medical School and the Cutaneous Biology Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ethan A Lerner
- Dermira, Inc., Menlo Park, California; and Harvard Medical School and the Cutaneous Biology Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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27
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Tran M, Braz JM, Hamel K, Kuhn J, Todd AJ, Basbaum AI. Ablation of spinal cord estrogen receptor α-expressing interneurons reduces chemically induced modalities of pain and itch. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1629-1643. [PMID: 31872868 PMCID: PMC7317200 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are presumed to underlie, at least in part, the greater pain sensitivity and chronic pain prevalence that women experience compared to men. Although previous studies revealed populations of estrogen receptor-expressing neurons in primary afferents and in superficial dorsal horn neurons, there is little to no information as to the contribution of these neurons to the generation of acute and chronic pain. Here we molecularly characterized neurons in the mouse superficial spinal cord dorsal horn that express estrogen receptor α (ERα) and explored the behavioral consequences of their ablation. We found that spinal ERα-positive neurons are largely excitatory interneurons and many coexpress substance P, a marker for a discrete subset of nociceptive, excitatory interneurons. After viral, caspase-mediated ablation of spinal ERα-expressing cells, we observed a significant decrease in the first phase of the formalin test, but in male mice only. ERα-expressing neuron-ablation also reduced pruritogen-induced scratching in both male and female mice. There were no ablation-related changes in mechanical or heat withdrawal thresholds or in capsaicin-induced nocifensive behavior. In chronic pain models, we found no change in Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced thermal or mechanical hypersensitivity, or in partial sciatic nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia. We conclude that ERα labels a subpopulation of excitatory interneurons that are specifically involved in chemically evoked persistent pain and pruritogen-induced itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Tran
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Joao Manuel Braz
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Katherine Hamel
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Julia Kuhn
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Andrew J. Todd
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Allan I. Basbaum
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
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28
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Miyahara Y, Funahashi H, Naono-Nakayama R, Haruta-Tsukamoto A, Muroi C, Kogoh Y, Nishimori T, Ishida Y. Serotonin and noradrenaline modulate chronic itch processing in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173319. [PMID: 32619678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The roles of serotonin and noradrenaline in the modulation of chronic pruriceptive processing currently remain unclear. To clarify the contribution of serotonin and noradrenaline to chronic itch, the effects of the administration of antidepressants or noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors were evaluated in the present study. A pretreatment with milnacipran, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, and mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant, attenuated the induction of spontaneous scratching behavior in mice with chronic itch. The administration of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, such as fluvoxamine and paroxetine, but not escitalopram, or a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, such as atomoxetine and nisoxetine, ameliorated the induction of spontaneous scratching behavior in mice with chronic itch. Furthermore, this attenuation was reversed by the administration of yohimbine, a selective α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, or methysergide, a non-selective serotonin receptor antagonist. These results suggest that elevated serotonin and noradrenaline levels are involved in the attenuation of scratching behavior induced by chronic itch, and serotonin receptors and an α2-adrenoceptor play a crucial role in chronic pruriceptive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideki Funahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Rumi Naono-Nakayama
- Division of Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Ayaka Haruta-Tsukamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Chiyo Muroi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kogoh
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nishimori
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
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29
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Naghizadeh M, Mohajerani MH, Whishaw IQ. Mouse Arm and hand movements in grooming are reaching movements: Evolution of reaching, handedness, and the thumbnail. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112732. [PMID: 32505659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Grooming in the mouse features hand licking and symmetric and asymmetric arm and hand "strokes" over the face and body to maintain pelage. Grooming is syntactically organized but the structure of individualized movements of the arm, hand, and tongue have not been examined. Here spontaneous and water-induced grooming was video recorded in free-moving and head-fixed mice and subject to frame-by-frame video inspection and kinematic analysis using Physics Tracker. All groom arm and hand movements had a structure similar to that described for reach-to-eat movements. The movement included the hand lifting from the floor to supinate with the digits flexing and closed to a collect position, an aim position directed to a groom target, an advance to the target during which the fingers extend and open and the hand pronates, a grasp of a target on the snout, nose, or vibrissae, and a withdraw to the mouth where licking occurs, or a return to the starting position. This structure was present in individual unilateral forelimb groom strokes, in bilateral symmetric, or asymmetric groom strokes, and comprised the individuated components of a sequence of groom movements. Reach-to-groom movements could feature an ulnar adduction that positions the ulnar portion of the hand including and the thumb across the eye and nose, a movement that aids Hardarian fluid spreading. It is proposed that the mouse thumb nail is an anatomical feature that minimizes damage to the eye or nose that might be incurred by a claw. This analysis of the reach-to-groom movement provides insights into the flexibility of hand use in adaptive behavior, the evolution of skilled reaching movements, the neural control of reaching movements and the presence of the thumb nail in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Naghizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre of Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada.
| | - Majid H Mohajerani
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre of Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada.
| | - Ian Q Whishaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre of Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada.
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Hill RZ, Bautista DM. Getting in Touch with Mechanical Pain Mechanisms. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:311-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sharif B, Ase AR, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, Séguéla P. Differential Coding of Itch and Pain by a Subpopulation of Primary Afferent Neurons. Neuron 2020; 106:940-951.e4. [PMID: 32298640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Itch and pain are distinct unpleasant sensations that can be triggered from the same receptive fields in the skin, raising the question of how pruriception and nociception are coded and discriminated. Here, we tested the multimodal capacity of peripheral first-order neurons, focusing on the genetically defined subpopulation of mouse C-fibers that express the chloroquine receptor MrgprA3. Using optogenetics, chemogenetics, and pharmacology, we assessed the behavioral effects of their selective stimulation in a wide variety of conditions. We show that metabotropic Gq-linked stimulation of these C-afferents, through activation of native MrgprA3 receptors or DREADDs, evokes stereotypical pruriceptive rather than nocifensive behaviors. In contrast, fast ionotropic stimulation of these same neurons through light-gated cation channels or native ATP-gated P2X3 channels predominantly evokes nocifensive rather than pruriceptive responses. We conclude that C-afferents display intrinsic multimodality, and we provide evidence that optogenetic and chemogenetic interventions on the same neuronal populations can drive distinct behavioral outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrang Sharif
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ariel R Ase
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro-da-Silva
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.
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Barry DM, Liu XT, Liu B, Liu XY, Gao F, Zeng X, Liu J, Yang Q, Wilhelm S, Yin J, Tao A, Chen ZF. Exploration of sensory and spinal neurons expressing gastrin-releasing peptide in itch and pain related behaviors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1397. [PMID: 32170060 PMCID: PMC7070094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) functions as a neurotransmitter for non-histaminergic itch, but its site of action (sensory neurons vs spinal cord) remains controversial. To determine the role of GRP in sensory neurons, we generated a floxed Grp mouse line. We found that conditional knockout of Grp in sensory neurons results in attenuated non-histaminergic itch, without impairing histamine-induced itch. Using a Grp-Cre knock-in mouse line, we show that the upper epidermis of the skin is exclusively innervated by GRP fibers, whose activation via optogeneics and chemogenetics in the skin evokes itch- but not pain-related scratching or wiping behaviors. In contrast, intersectional genetic ablation of spinal Grp neurons does not affect itch nor pain transmission, demonstrating that spinal Grp neurons are dispensable for itch transmission. These data indicate that GRP is a neuropeptide in sensory neurons for non-histaminergic itch, and GRP sensory neurons are dedicated to itch transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Barry
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xue-Ting Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Center for Immunology, Inflammation, Immune-mediated disease, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Benlong Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xian-Yu Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Fang Gao
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiansi Zeng
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, 237 Nanhu Road, 464000, Xinyang, P. R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Qianyi Yang
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Steven Wilhelm
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jun Yin
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ailin Tao
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Center for Immunology, Inflammation, Immune-mediated disease, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhou-Feng Chen
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Zhu T, Zhou D, Zhang Z, Long L, Liu Y, Fan Q, Chen F, Zhang X, Wu Y, Zeng H, Verkhratsky A, Zhao J, Nie H. Analgesic and antipruritic effects of oxymatrine sustained-release microgel cream in a mouse model of inflammatory itch and pain. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 141:105110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Differences in itch and pain behaviors accompanying the irritant and allergic contact dermatitis produced by a contact allergen in mice. Pain Rep 2019; 4:e781. [PMID: 31875186 PMCID: PMC6882579 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Introduction: Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are inflammatory skin diseases accompanied by itch and pain. Irritant contact dermatitis is caused by chemical irritants eliciting an innate immune response, whereas ACD is induced by haptens additionally activating an adaptive immune response: After initial exposure (sensitization) to the hapten, a subsequent challenge can lead to a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. But, the sensory and inflammatory effects of sensitization (ICD) vs challenge of ACD are insufficiently studied. Therefore, we compared itch- and pain-like behaviors and inflammatory reactions evoked in mice during the sensitization (ICD) vs challenge phase (ACD) of application of the hapten, squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE). Objectives: Our aim was to compare itch- and pain-like behaviors and inflammatory reactions evoked in mice during the sensitization (ICD) vs challenge phase (ACD) of application of the hapten, squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE). Methods: Mice were sensitized on the abdomen with 1% SADBE (ACD) or vehicle treated (ICD, control). Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked itch- and pain-like behaviors were recorded in mice before and after 3 daily challenges of the cheek with 1% SADBE (ACD, ICD). Cutaneous inflammation was evaluated with clinical scoring, ultrasound imaging, skin thickness, histology, and analyses of selected biomarkers for contact dermatitis, IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL10, and CXCR3. Results: Allergic contact dermatitis vs ICD mice exhibited more spontaneous site-directed scratching (itch) and wiping (pain). Allergic contact dermatitis—but not ICD—mice exhibited allodynia and hyperalgesia to mechanical and heat stimuli. Inflammatory mediators IL-1β and TNF-α were upregulated in both groups as well as the chemokine receptor, CXCR3. CXCL10, a CXCR3 ligand, was upregulated only for ACD. Inflammatory responses were more pronounced in ACD than ICD. Conclusion: These findings provide new information for differentiating the behavioral and inflammatory reactions to hapten-induced ICD and ACD.
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Pagani M, Albisetti GW, Sivakumar N, Wildner H, Santello M, Johannssen HC, Zeilhofer HU. How Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Opens the Spinal Gate for Itch. Neuron 2019; 103:102-117.e5. [PMID: 31103358 PMCID: PMC6616317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal transmission of pruritoceptive (itch) signals requires transneuronal signaling by gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) produced by a subpopulation of dorsal horn excitatory interneurons. These neurons also express the glutamatergic marker vGluT2, raising the question of why glutamate alone is insufficient for spinal itch relay. Using optogenetics together with slice electrophysiology and mouse behavior, we demonstrate that baseline synaptic coupling between GRP and GRP receptor (GRPR) neurons is too weak for suprathreshold excitation. Only when we mimicked the endogenous firing of GRP neurons and stimulated them repetitively to fire bursts of action potentials did GRPR neurons depolarize progressively and become excitable by GRP neurons. GRPR but not glutamate receptor antagonism prevented this action. Provoking itch-like behavior by optogenetic activation of spinal GRP neurons required similar stimulation paradigms. These results establish a spinal gating mechanism for itch that requires sustained repetitive activity of presynaptic GRP neurons and postsynaptic GRP signaling to drive GRPR neuron output. Spinal itch relay requires effective communication from GRP to GRP receptor neurons Single action potentials in GRP neurons fail to release sufficient GRP Only burst firing releases enough GRP to prime GRP receptor neurons for activation GRP acts as a volume transmitter probably explaining why itch is hard to localize
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pagani
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gioele W Albisetti
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nandhini Sivakumar
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Santello
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helge C Johannssen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Drug Discovery Network Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8090 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Miyahara Y, Funahashi H, Naono-Nakayama R, Haruta-Tsukamoto A, Nishimori T, Ishida Y. Role of serotonin and noradrenaline in the acute itch processing in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 850:118-125. [PMID: 30763572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of serotonin and noradrenaline to the modulation of pruriceptive processing was evaluated by administrating antidepressants or noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. The pretreatment with milnacipran, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, and mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant, attenuated the induction of scratching behavior by chloroquine, a representative pruritogen, indicating the involvement of serotonin and/or noradrenaline in the modulation of pruriceptive processing. By contrast, the single administration of noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor such as atomoxetine and nisoxetine or serotonin reuptake inhibitor such as fluvoxamine and escitalopram had little effect on chloroquine-induced scratching, whereas the induction of scratching behavior by chloroquine was significantly ameliorated by co-administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. These results indicate that the simultaneous increases of serotonin and noradrenaline elicit the attenuating effect on pruriceptive processing induced by acute itch, and may also play a crucial role in the descending itch inhibitory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideki Funahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Rumi Naono-Nakayama
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
| | - Ayaka Haruta-Tsukamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nishimori
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Banovic F, Denley T, Blubaugh A. Dose-dependent pruritogenic and inflammatory effects of intradermal injections of histamine, compound 48/80 and anti-canine IgE in healthy dogs. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:325-e91. [PMID: 31038263 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scratching behaviours associated with intradermal (i.d.) injection of pruritogens such as histamine and compound 48/80 into the skin of mice and humans is the commonly used model to advance itch research and drug development. The predictive validity of this model is poorly documented in dogs. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the dose-dependent effects of pruritogenic substances, each with a different mechanism of action, in healthy dogs. ANIMALS Ten healthy laboratory beagles. METHODS AND MATERIALS All dogs were video-recorded for 30 min post-injection (mpi) of i.d. goat anti-canine IgE (4 and 25 μg/site), histamine and compound 48/80 (50, 100, 200, 400 μg/site); two buffered saline injections served as controls. Two blinded investigators reviewed the pruritic behaviours of all video recordings. Global wheal scores were evaluated at 30 min by a blinded investigator. RESULTS All dogs showed wheal and erythema at the pruritogen injection site; global wheal scores at 30 min of each substance significantly increased at all concentrations compared to control (P ≤ 0.05). A blinded evaluation revealed that all pruritogens induced mild acute pruritic behaviours at the site of injection. There was no injection site pain seen in any dog. Compared to controls, injections of pruritogens did not significantly affect the pruritic seconds or occurrence of pruritic episodes for any of the substances. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These preliminary results suggest that i.d. injections of the studied pruritogens can induce cutaneous wheal and flare response in healthy dogs; but inconsistencies occur in the induction of itch, even with the different concentrations of pruritogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tara Denley
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amanda Blubaugh
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Lu JS, Chen QY, Zhou SB, Wu FY, Liu RH, Zhou ZX, Zhang H, Zhuo M. Contagious itch can be induced in humans but not in rodents. Mol Brain 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 31014383 PMCID: PMC6480616 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch contagion has been reported in human when people watch someone scratching in a video. The basic mechanism of contagious itch induced by scratching video is still being investigated. A recent study has reported that adult mice showed itch like responses after watching itch-like video or mice showing itching responses. However, such contagious itch behaviors failed to be reproduced by another study by repeating the same experiments of viewing itching mice. It is unclear if contagious itch induced by seeing itching video may be reproducible. In the present study, we used a four-iPad paradigm to repeat these experiments, and found that mice showed no significant itch-like responses after watching itching video of mice. To test if mice actually can see the video, we placed mirrors at the same location. Interestingly, mice showed altered activities in the open field with the mirrors. Finally, in healthy subjects, we found that viewing human itch video did cause itch sensation or responses. Our results indicate that the mouse model may not appropriate for studying contagious itch in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shan Lu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Qi-Yu Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Si-Bo Zhou
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Feng-Yi Wu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ren-Hao Liu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Zhou
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room #3342, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Fujii M, Ohgami S, Asano E, Nakayama T, Toda T, Nabe T, Ohya S. Brain allopregnanolone induces marked scratching behaviour in diet-induced atopic dermatitis mouse model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2364. [PMID: 30787375 PMCID: PMC6382911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a neurosteroid produced in the brain, but so far, no study has explored its link with itching. Herein, we used a diet-induced atopic dermatitis mouse model to examine whether exogenously administered and endogenously produced ALLO contribute to inducing scratching. Systemic administration of ALLO elicited robust scratching in the atopic dermatitis model, while it did not affect spontaneous and pruritogen-induced scratching in normal mice. ALLO caused scratching when administered intracisternally, but not when administered intrathecally or intradermally, suggesting the involvement of supraspinal mechanisms. Pharmacological analyses suggested that both γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor activation and serotonin type 3 receptor inhibition were involved in ALLO-induced scratching. We next examined whether endogenously produced ALLO is involved in ethanol-induced scratching in atopic dermatitis mice, because ethanol administration increases ALLO in rodent brain. Acute ethanol administration increased brain ALLO levels, which coincided with increased scratching. Pre-treatment with finasteride, a synthetic ALLO inhibitor, suppressed ethanol-induced scratching and ALLO production in the brain. Collectively, our results demonstrated for the first time that ALLO administration caused marked scratching in atopic dermatitis mice, and ethanol-induced scratching may be mediated through endogenously produced brain ALLO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Ohgami
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Erika Asano
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takanori Nakayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toda
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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Kodji X, Arkless KL, Kee Z, Cleary SJ, Aubdool AA, Evans E, Caton P, Pitchford SC, Brain SD. Sensory nerves mediate spontaneous behaviors in addition to inflammation in a murine model of psoriasis. FASEB J 2018; 33:1578-1594. [PMID: 30204499 PMCID: PMC6338626 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800395rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, erythema, as well as a form of pruritus, involving cutaneous discomfort. There is evidence from both clinical and murine models of psoriasis that chemical or surgical depletion of small-diameter sensory nerves/nociceptors benefits the condition, but the mechanisms are unclear. Hence, we aimed to understand the involvement of sensory nerve mediators with a murine model of psoriasis and associated spontaneous behaviors, indicative of cutaneous discomfort. We have established an Aldara model of psoriasis in mice and chemically depleted the small-diameter nociceptors in a selective manner. The spontaneous behaviors, in addition to the erythema and skin pathology, were markedly improved. Attenuated inflammation was associated with reduced dermal macrophage influx and production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (peroxynitrite and protein nitrosylation). Subsequently, this directly influenced observed behavioral responses. However, the blockade of common sensory neurogenic mechanisms for transient receptor potential (TRP)V1, TRPA1, and neuropeptides (substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide) using genetic and pharmacological approaches inhibited the behaviors but not the inflammation. Thus, a critical role of the established sensory TRP-neuropeptide pathway in influencing cutaneous discomfort is revealed, indicating the therapeutic potential of agents that block that pathway. The ongoing inflammation is mediated by a distinct sensory pathway involving macrophage activation.-Kodji, X., Arkless, K. L., Kee, Z., Cleary, S. J., Aubdool, A. A., Evans, E., Caton, P., Pitchford, S. C., Brain, S. D. Sensory nerves mediate spontaneous behaviors in addition to inflammation in a murine model of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Kodji
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L Arkless
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zizheng Kee
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Cleary
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisah A Aubdool
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Evans
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Caton
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan D Brain
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2018; 33:1360-1373. [PMID: 30148678 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800615rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain remains a therapeutic challenge because of its complicated mechanisms. Mas-related GPCR D (MrgprD) is specifically expressed in small-diameter, nociceptive neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and is implicated in pain modulation. However, the underlying mechanism of MrgprD involved in neuropathic pain remains elusive. In this study, we used behavioral experiments and physiologic examination methods to investigate the role of MrgprD in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain. We found that MrgprD is necessary for the initiation of mechanical hypersensitivity and cold allodynia, but not for heat allodynia. Moreover, we demonstrated that transient receptor potential cation channel (TRP)-A1 was the ion channel downstream of MrgprD, and the β-alanine-induced calcium signal was attributed mostly to TRP-A1 function. We further showed that PKA serves as a downstream mediator of β-alanine-activated MrgprD signaling to activate TRP-A1 in DRG neurons and in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, to coexpress MrgprD and TRP-A1 plasmids. Finally, we found that the β-alanine-induced pain behavior was increased, whereas the itching behavior was unchanged in CCI models compared with sham-injured animals. Knockout of TRPA1 also attenuated the β-alanine-induced pain behavior in CCI models. In conclusion, MrgprD is essential in cold allodynia in CCI-induced neuropathic pain through the PKA-TRP-A1 pathway. TRP-A1 facilitates MrgprD to development of neuropathic pain. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of neuropathic pain formation and highlight MrgprD as a promising drug target for the treatment of neuropathic pain.-Wang, C., Gu, L., Ruan, Y., Geng, X., Xu, M., Yang, N., Yu, L., Jiang, Y., Zhu, C., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Guan, X., Luo, W., Liu, Q., Dong, X., Yu, G., Lan, L., Tang, Z. Facilitation of MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Wang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Leying Gu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonglan Ruan
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Geng
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Niuniu Yang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucui Jiang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chan Zhu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guang Yu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Lan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongxiang Tang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Xu X, Xiao W, Zhang Z, Pan J, Yan Y, Zhu T, Tang D, Ye K, Paranjpe M, Qu L, Nie H. Anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory effects of oxymatrine in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:S0923-1811(18)30165-8. [PMID: 29903654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease of the skin. As a result of the complex etiology in ACD, therapeutic compounds targeting refractory pruritus in ACD lack efficacy and lead to numerous side effects. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the anti-pruritic effects of oxymatrine (OMT) and explored its mechanism of action in a mouse model of ACD. METHOD 72 male SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, ACD model group, dexamethasone positive control group (0.08 mg kg-1) and 3 OMT groups (80, 40, 20 mg kg-1). OMT was administrated by intraperitoneal injection 1 h before video recording on day 10, 24 h after 2nd challenge with SADBE. Cheek skin fold thickness was measured before treatment and after recording. H&E staining was used for pathological observation. RT-qPCR, Immunohistochemistry and LEGENDplexTM assay were used to detect cytokines levels. The population of Treg cells in peripheral blood were detected via flow cytometry. RESULTS OMT treatment significantly decreases the skin inflammation and scratching bouts. It rescues defects in epidermal keratinization and inflammatory cell infiltration in ACD mice. Administration of OMT significantly reduced levels of IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-22 and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Furthermore, it increased the percentage of Treg cells in peripheral blood of ACD mice. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that OMT exhibits anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory effects in ACD mice by regulating inflammatory mediators. OMT might emerge as a potential drug for the treatment of pruritus and skin inflammation in the setting of ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhao Pan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Yixi Yan
- Chuangyebei Road No. 38, Jinwan District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Kaihe Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Manish Paranjpe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lintao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China.
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43
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SnapshotDx Quiz: June 2018. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:e43. [PMID: 29793625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that initiates scratching behavior. The itch-scratch reaction is a complex phenomenon that implicates supraspinal structures required for regulation of sensory, emotional, cognitive, and motivational aspects. However, the central mechanisms underlying the processing of itch and the interplay of the supraspinal regions and spinal cord in regulating itch-scratch processes are poorly understood. Here, we have shown that the neural projections from anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to dorsal medial striatum (DMS) constitute a critical circuit element for regulating itch-related behaviors in the brains of male C57BL/6J mice. Moreover, we demonstrate that ACC-DMS projections selectively modulate histaminergic, but not nonhistaminergic, itch-related behavior. Furthermore, photoactivation of ACC-DMS projections has also no significant effects on pain behavior induced by thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli except for a relief on inflammatory pain evoked by formalin and complete Freund's adjuvant. We further demonstrate that the dorsal spinal cord exerts an inhibitory effect on itch signal from ACC-DMS projections through B5-I neurons, which represent a population of spinal inhibitory interneurons that mediate the inhibition of itch. Therefore, this study presents the first evidence that the ACC-DMS projections modulate histaminergic itch-related behavior and reveals an interplay between the supraspinal and spinal levels in histaminergic itch regulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study reveals that the projections from anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to dorsal medial striatum (DMS) constitute a supraspinal circuit for modulation of histaminergic, but not nonhistaminergic, itch. Manipulation of ACC-DMS projections has no effect on acute pain sensation. Furthermore, the dorsal spinal cord exerts an inhibitory effect on itch signal from ACC-DMS projections through B5-I neurons. Understanding the supraspinal itch circuits is of great significance in the development of new therapies for chronic itch-related intractable diseases.
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45
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Palkar R, Ongun S, Catich E, Li N, Borad N, Sarkisian A, McKemy DD. Cooling Relief of Acute and Chronic Itch Requires TRPM8 Channels and Neurons. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:1391-1399. [PMID: 29288650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cooling or the application of mentholated liniments to the skin has been used to treat itch for centuries, yet remarkably little is known about how counter-stimuli such as these induce itch relief. Indeed, there is no clear consensus in the scientific literature as to whether or not cooling does in fact block the transduction of itch signals or if it is simply a placebo effect. This gap in our understanding led us to hypothesize that cooling is antipruritic and, like cooling analgesia, requires function of the cold-gated ion channel TRPM8, a receptor for menthol expressed on peripheral afferent nerve endings. Using a combination of pharmacologic, genetic, and mouse behavioral assays, we find that cooling inhibits both histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch pathways, and that inhibition of itch by cooling requires TRPM8 channels or intact and functional TRPM8-expressing afferent neurons. The cold mimetic menthol is also effective in ameliorating itch in a TRPM8-dependent manner. Moreover, we find that chronic itch can be ameliorated by cooling, demonstrating that this counter-stimulus activates a specific neural circuit that leads to broad itch relief and a potential cellular mechanism for treatment of chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Palkar
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Serra Ongun
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edward Catich
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natalie Li
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neil Borad
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angela Sarkisian
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David D McKemy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Molecular and Computational Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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46
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Wan L, Jin H, Liu XY, Jeffry J, Barry DM, Shen KF, Peng JH, Liu XT, Jin JH, Sun Y, Kim R, Meng QT, Mo P, Yin J, Tao A, Bardoni R, Chen ZF. Distinct roles of NMB and GRP in itch transmission. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15466. [PMID: 29133874 PMCID: PMC5684337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A key question in our understanding of itch coding mechanisms is whether itch is relayed by dedicated molecular and neuronal pathways. Previous studies suggested that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is an itch-specific neurotransmitter. Neuromedin B (NMB) is a mammalian member of the bombesin family of peptides closely related to GRP, but its role in itch is unclear. Here, we show that itch deficits in mice lacking NMB or GRP are non-redundant and Nmb/Grp double KO (DKO) mice displayed additive deficits. Furthermore, both Nmb/Grp and Nmbr/Grpr DKO mice responded normally to a wide array of noxious stimuli. Ablation of NMBR neurons partially attenuated peripherally induced itch without compromising nociceptive processing. Importantly, electrophysiological studies suggested that GRPR neurons receive glutamatergic input from NMBR neurons. Thus, we propose that NMB and GRP may transmit discrete itch information and NMBR neurons are an integral part of neural circuits for itch in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pain Medicine, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510260, P.R. China
| | - Hua Jin
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650031, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Yu Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph Jeffry
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Devin M Barry
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kai-Feng Shen
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hang Peng
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xue-Ting Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hua Jin
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ray Kim
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Qing-Tao Meng
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ping Mo
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Nanhai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ailin Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, P.R. China
| | - Rita Bardoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Zhou-Feng Chen
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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47
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Sun S, Xu Q, Guo C, Guan Y, Liu Q, Dong X. Leaky Gate Model: Intensity-Dependent Coding of Pain and Itch in the Spinal Cord. Neuron 2017; 93:840-853.e5. [PMID: 28231466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coding of itch versus pain has been heatedly debated for decades. However, the current coding theories (labeled line, intensity, and selectivity theory) cannot accommodate all experimental observations. Here we identified a subset of spinal interneurons, labeled by gastrin-releasing peptide (Grp), that receive direct synaptic input from both pain and itch primary sensory neurons. When activated, these Grp+ neurons generated rarely seen, simultaneous robust pain and itch responses that were intensity dependent. Accordingly, we propose a "leaky gate" model in which Grp+ neurons transmit both itch and weak pain signals; however, upon strong painful stimuli, the recruitment of endogenous opioids works to close this gate, reducing overwhelming pain generated by parallel pathways. Consistent with our model, loss of these Grp+ neurons increased pain responses while itch was decreased. Our new model serves as an example of non-monotonic coding in the spinal cord and better explains observations in human psychophysical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuohao Sun
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Changxiong Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for the Study of Itch, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for the Study of Itch, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Peripheral itch stimuli are transmitted by sensory neurons to the spinal cord dorsal horn, which then transmits the information to the brain. The molecular and cellular mechanisms within the dorsal horn for itch transmission have only been investigated and identified during the past ten years. This review covers the progress that has been made in identifying the peptide families in sensory neurons and the receptor families in dorsal horn neurons as putative itch transmitters, with a focus on gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-GRP receptor signaling. Also discussed are the signaling mechanisms, including opioids, by which various types of itch are transmitted and modulated, as well as the many conflicting results arising from recent studies.
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Distribution of hemokinin-1 in the rat trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal sensory nuclear complex. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 79:62-69. [PMID: 28301818 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A new mammalian tachykinin peptide encoded in a TAC4 gene was identified and designated as hemokinin-1 (HK-1). A representative of the tachykinin peptide family is substance P (SP), and the function of SP has been well characterized as a pain transmitter or modulator, while it is possible that HK-1 is involved in pruriceptive processing, but, as yet, the distribution of HK-1 peptide in the trigeminal sensory system is still unknown. Thus, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the distribution of HK-1, while comparing the expression of SP, in the trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal sensory nuclear complex. DESIGN The trigeminal ganglion and the brain stem of male SD rats were used in the immunohistochemical study. Since the amino acid sequence in the carboxyl-terminal regions of HK-1 and SP is common, polyclonal antibodies of HK-1 and SP derived from 6 amino acids consisting of amino-terminal regions of these peptides were produced in guinea pig and rabbit, respectively. The immunohistochemical staining of HK-1 and SP was conducted using frozen sections of the trigeminal ganglion and brain stem in rats. RESULTS Immunohistochemical studies revealed the expression of HK-1 in small- and medium-sized trigeminal ganglion neurons, in the paratrigeminal nucleus, and in lamina I of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, while there was no immunoreactivity of HK-1 in the trigeminal nucleus principalis, trigeminal nucleus oralis, and trigeminal nucleus interpolaris. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that HK-1 is a target molecule for treatment of itch in the orofaicial regions.
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Hoeck EA, Marker JB, Gazerani P, H. Andersen H, Arendt-Nielsen L. Preclinical and human surrogate models of itch. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:750-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil A. Hoeck
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
| | - Jens B. Marker
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
| | - Hjalte H. Andersen
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
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