1
|
Brandmair K, Dising D, Finkelmeier D, Schepky A, Kuehnl J, Ebmeyer J, Burger-Kentischer A. A novel three-dimensional Nrf2 reporter epidermis model for skin sensitization assessment. Toxicology 2024; 503:153743. [PMID: 38341018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin sensitization assessment has progressed from the use of animal models towards the application of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). Several skin sensitization NAMs are accepted for regulatory use, but a majority relies on submerged in vitro cell cultures that limit their applicability domain, posing challenges for testing hydrophobic chemicals and mixtures. A newly developed three-dimensional (3D) Nrf2 reporter epidermis model for skin sensitization assessment is reported. This NAM may help to overcome these limitations. The NAM combines the in vivo-like biology and exposure conditions of 3D epidermis models with the reliability, convenience, and cost-effectiveness of secreted reporter gene technology. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway was chosen as the reporter gene read-out, as it is induced by most skin sensitizers and already adopted in OECD Test guideline 442D. Immortalized human primary keratinocytes (Ker-CT) were stably transfected with the pIGB-Nrf2-SEAP vector to construct a Nrf2 reporter cell line. Ker-CT Nrf2 reporter cells showed negligible basal expression of the Secreted Embryonic Alkaline Phosphatase (SEAP) reporter, which was induced 13.5-fold by exposure to the skin sensitizer cinnamic aldehyde (CA). Co-exposure to CA and the Nrf2 inhibitor glucocorticoid clobetasol propionate significantly suppressed the CA-induced SEAP expression, confirming dependance of the SEAP expression on Nrf2 activation. Using air-liquid interface and animal constituent free culture conditions, the Ker-CT Nrf2 reporter cells differentiated to stratified 3D epidermis models with an in vivo-like skin architecture and functional skin barrier. Evaluation of a Ker-CT Nrf2 reporter cell-based 2D assay by testing 10 conventional reference chemicals showed a predictive accuracy for skin sensitization potential of 80% and 70% compared to LLNA and human data in two independent laboratories and a high intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility. Moreover, the 3D epidermis models predicted 3 sensitizing and 2 non-sensitizing reference chemicals correctly in a first proof-of-concept study. Further investigations foresee the testing of additional chemicals, including hydrophobic compounds and mixtures to confirm the potential of the 3D epidermis models to broaden the applicability domain for NAM-based skin sensitization assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Brandmair
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany
| | - D Dising
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - D Finkelmeier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - A Schepky
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany
| | - J Kuehnl
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany
| | - J Ebmeyer
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany.
| | - A Burger-Kentischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Williams FM. New approaches build upon historical studies in dermal toxicology. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:1007-1013. [PMID: 38145096 PMCID: PMC10734571 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
These are my personal reflections on the history of approaches to understanding dermal toxicology brought together for the Paton Prize Award. This is not a comprehensive account of all publications from in vivo studies in humans to development of in vitro and in silico approaches but highlghts important progress. I will consider what is needed now to influence approaches to understanding dermal exposure with the current development and use of NAMs (new approach methodologies).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Williams
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE24HH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sung JH, Kim JJ. Recent advances in in vitro skin-on-a-chip models for drug testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37379024 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2227379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin is an organ that has the largest surface area and provides a barrier against external environment. While providing protection, it also interacts with other organs in the body and has implications in various diseases. Development of physiologically realistic in vitro models of the skin in the context of the whole body is important for studying these diseases, and will be a valuable tool for pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industry. AREA COVERED This article covers the basic background in skin structure, physiology, as well as drug metabolism in the skin, and dermatological diseases. We summarize various in vitro skin models currently available, and novel in vitro models based on organ-on-a-chip technology. We also explain the concept of multi-organ-on-a-chip and describe recent developments in this field aimed at recapitulating the interaction of the skin with other organs in the body. EXPERT OPINION Recent development in the organ-on-a-chip field has enabled the development of in vitro model systems that resemble human skin more closely than conventional models. In near future, we will be seeing various model systems that allow researchers to study complex diseases in a more mechanistic manner, which will help the development of new pharmaceuticals for such diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Portugal-Cohen M, Cohen D, Kohen R, Oron M. Exploitation of alternative skin models from academia to industry: proposed functional categories to answer needs and regulation demands. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1215266. [PMID: 37334052 PMCID: PMC10272927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1215266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dror Cohen
- DermAb.io, Haifa, Israel
- The Myers Skin Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Kohen
- The Myers Skin Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thakkar Y, Moustakas H, Moelijker N, Hendriks G, Brandsma I, Pfuhler S, Api AM. Utility of ToxTracker in animal alternative testing strategy for fragrance materials. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2023; 64:234-243. [PMID: 36762970 DOI: 10.1002/em.22532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To determine the utility of the ToxTracker assay in animal alternative testing strategies, the genotoxic potential of four fragrance materials (2-octen-4-one, lauric aldehyde, veratraldehyde, and p-methoxy cinnamaldehyde) were tested in the ToxTracker assay. These materials have been previously evaluated in an in vitro as well as in vivo micronucleus assay, conducted as per OECD guidelines. In addition to these studies, reconstructed human skin micronucleus studies were conducted on all four materials. All four materials were positive in an in vitro micronucleus assay but were negative in both in vivo and 3D skin micronucleus assays. The ToxTracker assay, in combination with in silico methods to predict metabolism was used to identify mechanisms for the misleading positive outcomes observed in the in vitro micronucleus assays. The results show that the ToxTracker assay, in conjunction with in silico predictions, can provide the information needed to aid in the identification of an appropriate animal alternative follow-up assay, for substances with positive results in the standard in vitro test battery. Thus, the ToxTracker assay is a valuable tool to identify the genotoxic potential of fragrance materials and can aid with replacing animal-based follow-up testing with appropriate animal alternative assay(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yax Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
| | - Holger Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Pfuhler
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Centre, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nosek K, Leppert W, Puchała Ł, Łoń K. Efficacy and Safety of Topical Morphine: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071499. [PMID: 35890392 PMCID: PMC9324750 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Opioids are the cornerstone of the therapy used in both acute and chronic pain syndromes to treat pain of moderate to severe intensity. The knowledge that opioid receptors also occur in other tissues outside the central nervous system has created a possibility for the topical use of opioids. Thus, local analgesia may be obtained without systemic adverse effects. Methods. A narrative review of scientific papers discussing the topical use of morphine was conducted. For this purpose, the PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Mendeley databases were searched. Results. The current knowledge on topical morphine does not allow for its recommended use in everyday medical practice, but suggests it may be effective, particularly in the treatment of ulcers and erosions of inflammatory etiology and painful skin lesions including persistent post-mastectomy pain due to breast cancer. Conclusions. Topical morphine has its place beside other analgesics. An important issue is the practical possibility to meet the demand for topical formulations, which is limited by technical difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Nosek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.N.); (Ł.P.); (K.Ł.)
| | - Wojciech Leppert
- Chair of Palliative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
- University Hospital of Heliodor Święcicki, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-245 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Puchała
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.N.); (Ł.P.); (K.Ł.)
| | - Krzysztof Łoń
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.N.); (Ł.P.); (K.Ł.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akh LA, Ishak MO, Harris JF, Glaros TG, Sasiene ZJ, Mach PM, Lilley LM, McBride EM. -Omics potential of in vitro skin models for radiation exposure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:390. [PMID: 35776214 PMCID: PMC11073334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need to uncover biomarkers of ionizing radiation exposure that leads to a better understanding of how exposures take place, including dose type, rate, and time since exposure. As one of the first organs to be exposed to external sources of ionizing radiation, skin is uniquely positioned in terms of model systems for radiation exposure study. The simultaneous evolution of both MS-based -omics studies, as well as in vitro 3D skin models, has created the ability to develop a far more holistic understanding of how ionizing radiation affects the many interconnected biomolecular processes that occur in human skin. However, there are a limited number of studies describing the biomolecular consequences of low-dose ionizing radiation to the skin. This review will seek to explore the current state-of-the-art technology in terms of in vitro 3D skin models, as well as track the trajectory of MS-based -omics techniques and their application to ionizing radiation research, specifically, the search for biomarkers within the low-dose range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla A Akh
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Mohammad O Ishak
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jennifer F Harris
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Trevor G Glaros
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Laura M Lilley
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Ethan M McBride
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quantin P, Stricher M, Catoire S, Ficheux H, Egles C. Dermatokinetics: Advances and Experimental Models, Focus on Skin Metabolism. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:340-354. [PMID: 35585827 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220517114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous dermal contact products, such as drugs or cosmetics, are applied on the skin, the first protective barrier to their entrance into the organism. These products contain various xenobiotic molecules that can penetrate the viable epidermis. Many studies have shown that keratinocyte metabolism could affect their behavior by biotransformation. While aiming for detoxification, toxic metabolites can be produced. These metabolites may react with biological macromolecules often leading to sensitization reactions. After passing through the epidermis, xenobiotics can reach the vascularized dermis and therefore be bioavailable and distributed into the entire organism. To highlight these mechanisms, dermatokinetics, based on the concept of pharmacokinetics, has been developed recently. It provides information on the action of xenobiotics that penetrate the organism through the dermal route. The purpose of this review is first to describe and synthesize the dermatokinetics mechanisms to consider when assessing the absorption of a xenobiotic through the skin. We focus on skin absorption and specifically on skin metabolism, the two main processes involved in dermatokinetics. In addition, experimental models and methods to assess dermatokinetics are described and discussed to select the most relevant method when evaluating, in a specific context, dermatokinetics parameters of a xenobiotic. We also discuss the limits of this approach as it is notably used for risk assessment in the industry where scenario studies generally focus only on one xenobiotic and do not consider interactions with the rest of the exposome. The hypothesis of adverse effects due to the combination of chemical substances in contact with individuals and not to a single molecule are being increasingly studied and embraced in the scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Quantin
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
| | - Mathilde Stricher
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France Biological Engineering
| | | | - Hervé Ficheux
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France Biological Engineering
| | - Christophe Egles
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thakkar Y, Moustakas H, Aardema M, Roy S, Pfuhler S, Api AM. Use of the EpiDerm TM 3D reconstructed skin micronucleus assay for fragrance materials. Mutagenesis 2021; 37:89-111. [PMID: 34850913 PMCID: PMC9071073 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the utility of the 3D reconstructed skin micronucleus assay (3DRSMN) to assess clastogenic/aneugenic potential of the fragrance chemicals, a set of 22 fragrance materials were evaluated in 3DRSMN assay. These materials evaluated were also evaluated in an in vitro as well as in vivo micronucleus assay, conducted as per Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. The results of the RSMN assay were in 100% agreement with the in vivo micronucleus assay results. From this dataset, 18 materials were positive in an in vitro micronucleus assay but were negative in an in vivo micronucleus assay. All these 18 materials were also concluded to be negative in 3DRSMN assay, stressing the importance of the assay to help minimize misleading positive outcomes from the in vitro assay. Since the highest exposure for fragrances is through the dermal route, the RSMN assay fits the applicability domain for testing. Thus, RSMN assay is an important alternative to animal testing for characterization of the genotoxicity potential of fragrance materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yax Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Blvd. Woodcliff Lake, NJ
| | - Holger Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Blvd. Woodcliff Lake, NJ
| | - Marilyn Aardema
- Marilyn Aardema Consulting LLC, 5315 Oakbrook Dr, Fairfield, OH 45014, USA
| | - Shambhu Roy
- Millipore Sigma, 14920 Broschart Road, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Centre, Mason, Ohio
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Blvd. Woodcliff Lake, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Downs TR, Arlt VM, Barnett BC, Posgai R, Pfuhler S. Effect of 2-acetylaminofluorene and its genotoxic metabolites on DNA adduct formation and DNA damage in 3D reconstructed human skin tissue models. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:63-74. [PMID: 31816077 PMCID: PMC8081378 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity assays utilising human skin models are becoming important tools for the safety assessment of chemicals whose primary exposure is via the dermal route. In order to explore metabolic competency and inducibility of CYP450 activating enzymes, 3D reconstructed human skin tissues were topically treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and its genotoxic metabolites, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-2-AAF) and N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene (N-OH-2-AF), which primarily cause DNA damage by forming DNA adducts. 2-AAF did not increase DNA damage measured in the reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay when administered in multiple applications at 24 h intervals but was detected in the skin comet assay in the presence of the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin (APC). Similarly, no increase was found with N-OH-2-AAF in the RSMN assay after multiple treatments whereas a single 3 h exposure to N-OH-2-AAF caused a large dose-related increase in the skin comet assay. A significant increase in the RSMN assay was only obtained with the highly reactive N-OH-2-AF metabolite after multiple treatments over 72 h, whereas N-OH-2-AF caused a strong increase after a single 3 h exposure in the skin comet assay. In support of these results, DNA adduct formation, measured by the 32P-postlabelling assay, was examined. Adduct levels after 2-AAF treatment for 3 h were minimal but increased >10-fold after multiple exposures over 48 h, suggesting that enzyme(s) that metabolise 2-AAF are induced in the skin models. As expected, a single 3 h exposure to N-OH-2-AAF and N-OH-2-AF resulted in adduct levels that were at least 10-fold greater than those after multiple exposures to 2-AAF despite ~100-fold lower tested concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DNA damage caused by 2-AAF metabolites is more efficiently detected in the skin comet assay than the RSMN assay and after multiple exposures and enzyme induction, 2-AAF-induced DNA damage can be detected in the APC-modified comet assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King’s College London in Partnership with Public Health England and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Procter & Gamble, Mason, OH, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 513 622 1163; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van Amerongen CCA, Kramer D, Pas HH, Schuttelaar MLA. The expression pattern of N-acetyltransferase 1 in healthy human skin. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:1-6. [PMID: 33609293 PMCID: PMC8252542 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background N‐acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is an enzyme expressed among others in keratinocytes in human skin. NAT1 is important in the biotransformation of aromatic amines, an important example being p‐phenylenediamine (PPD), a hair dye molecule. Unoxidized PPD penetrates the skin and is N‐acetylated by NAT1. Objectives To investigate in detail the expression pattern of NAT1 in human skin. Materials and Methods Cryosections obtained from healthy human skin were stained for NAT1 and expression patterns were observed. NAT1 double stainings were performed with antibodies against different cellular organelles to determine expression patterns. Result A speckled, granular expression of NAT1 was seen predominantly in the stratum basale. NAT1 was expressed in a cytoplasmic pattern, perinuclear, and in the nucleus. No co‐localisation was seen with the selected cellular organelles. Local differences in NAT1 expression patterns were observed between donors and between different biopsies obtained from the same donor. Conclusions NAT1 is expressed predominantly in the stratum basale and can be found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and perinuclear in human skin. Further studies should be performed to investigate expression of NAT1 in a larger sample size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C A van Amerongen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Duco Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendri H Pas
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mizumachi H, LeBaron MJ, Settivari RS, Miyazawa M, Marty MS, Sakaguchi H. Characterization of dermal sensitization potential for industrial or agricultural chemicals with EpiSensA. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:915-927. [PMID: 33124094 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory community is transitioning to the use of nonanimal methods for dermal sensitization assessments; however, some in vitro assays have limitations in their domain of applicability depending on the properties of chemicals being tested. This study explored the utility of epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA) to evaluate the sensitization potential of complex and/or "difficult to test" chemicals. Assay performance was evaluated by testing a set of 20 test chemicals including 10 methacrylate esters, 5 silicone-based compounds, 3 crop protection formulations, and 2 surfactant mixtures; each had prior in vivo data plus some in silico and in vitro data. Using the weight of evidence (WoE) assessments by REACH Lead Registrants, 14 of these chemicals were sensitizers and, six were nonsensitizers based on in vivo studies (local lymph node assay [LLNA] and/or guinea pig studies). The EpiSensA correctly predicted 16/20 materials with three test materials as false positive and one silane as false negative. This silane, classified as weak sensitizer via LLNA, also gave a "false negative" result in the KeratinoSens™ assay. Overall, consistent with prior evaluations, the EpiSensA demonstrated an accuracy level of 80% relative to available in vivo WoE assessments. In addition, potency classification based on the concentration showing positive marker gene expression of EpiSensA was performed. The EpiSensA correctly predicted the potency for all seven sensitizing methacrylates classified as weak potency via LLNA (EC3 ≥ 10%). In summary, EpiSensA could identify dermal sensitization potential of these test substances and mixtures, and continues to show promise as an in vitro alternative method for dermal sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J LeBaron
- Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Mary Sue Marty
- Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Eilstein J, Grégoire S, Fabre A, Arbey E, Géniès C, Duplan H, Rothe H, Ellison C, Cubberley R, Schepky A, Lange D, Klaric M, Hewitt NJ, Jacques‐Jamin C. Use of human liver and EpiSkin™ S9 subcellular fractions as a screening assays to compare the in vitro hepatic and dermal metabolism of 47 cosmetics‐relevant chemicals. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:416-433. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Aprile S, Serafini M, Pirali T. Soft drugs for dermatological applications: recent trends. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2234-2246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
15
|
Richard F, Creusot T, Catoire S, Egles C, Ficheux H. Mechanisms of pollutant-induced toxicity in skin and detoxification: Anti-pollution strategies and perspectives for cosmetic products. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2019; 77:446-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Uram Ł, Misiorek M, Pichla M, Filipowicz-Rachwał A, Markowicz J, Wołowiec S, Wałajtys-Rode E. The Effect of Biotinylated PAMAM G3 Dendrimers Conjugated with COX-2 Inhibitor (celecoxib) and PPARγ Agonist (Fmoc-L-Leucine) on Human Normal Fibroblasts, Immortalized Keratinocytes and Glioma Cells in Vitro. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203801. [PMID: 31652556 PMCID: PMC6832538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant type of central nervous system tumor that is resistant to all currently used forms of therapy. Thus, more effective GBM treatment strategies are being investigated, including combined therapies with drugs that may cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). Another important issue considers the decrease of deleterious side effects of therapy. It has been shown that nanocarrier conjugates with biotin can penetrate BBB. In this study, biotinylated PAMAM G3 dendrimers substituted with the recognized anticancer agents cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist Fmoc-L-Leucine (G3-BCL) were tested in vitro on human cell lines with different p53 status: glioblastoma (U-118 MG), normal fibroblasts (BJ) and immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT). G3-BCL penetrated efficiently into the lysosomal and mitochondrial compartments of U-118 MG cells and induced death of U-118 MG cells via apoptosis and inhibited proliferation and migration at low IC50 = 1.25 µM concentration, considerably lower than either drug applied alone. Comparison of the effects of G3-BCL on expression of COX-2 and PPARγ protein and PGE2 production of three different investigated cell line phenotypes revealed that the anti-glioma effect of the conjugate was realized by other mechanisms other than influencing PPAR-γ expression and regardless of p53 cell status, it was dependent on COX-2 protein level and high PGE2 production. Similar G3-BCL cytotoxicity was seen in normal fibroblasts (IC50 = 1.29 µM) and higher resistance in HaCaT cells (IC50 = 4.49 µM). Thus, G3-BCL might be a good candidate for the targeted, local glioma therapy with limited site effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Maria Misiorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Monika Pichla
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Filipowicz-Rachwał
- Department of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Products Technology, Rzeszów University of Information Technology and Management, 2 Sucharskiego Str, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Joanna Markowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1a, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology,75 Koszykowa Str, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kazem S, Linssen EC, Gibbs S. Skin metabolism phase I and phase II enzymes in native and reconstructed human skin: a short review. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1899-1910. [PMID: 31176740 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding skin metabolism is important when considering drug discovery and safety assessment. This review compares xenobiotic skin metabolism in ex vivo skin to reconstructed human skin and reconstructed human epidermis models, concentrating on phase I and phase II enzymes. Reports on phase I enzymes are more abundant than for phase II enzymes with mRNA and protein expression far more reported than enzyme activity. Almost all of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes detected in human skin are also present in liver. However, in general the relative levels are lower in skin than in liver and fewer enzymes are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siamaque Kazem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Charlotte Linssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu J, Martin JW. Comparison of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S Percutaneous Absorption and Biotransformation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:67008. [PMID: 31199677 PMCID: PMC6792388 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol S (BPS) has been widely substituted for bisphenol A (BPA) on thermal papers, but little is known about its skin absorption. OBJECTIVES We compared the percutaneous absorption and biotransformation of BPS and BPA in vitro and in a controlled human trial. METHODS Absorption and biotransformation of BPS and BPA were monitored across reconstructed human epidermis at two environmentally relevant doses over 25 h. In the human trial, five male participants handled thermal receipts containing BPS and washed their hands after 2 h. Urine (0-48 h) and serum (0-7.5h) were analyzed for target bisphenols, and one participant repeated the experiment with extended monitoring. BPS data were compared with published data for isotope-labeled BPA ([Formula: see text]) in the same participants. RESULTS At doses of 1.5 and [Formula: see text] applied to reconstructed human epidermis, the permeability coefficient of BPS (0.009 and [Formula: see text], respectively) was significantly lower than for BPA (0.036 and [Formula: see text], respectively), and metabolism of both bisphenols was negligible. In participants handling thermal receipts, the quantities of BPS and [Formula: see text] on hands was significantly correlated with maximum urinary event flux ([Formula: see text]), but the slope was lower for BPS than BPA ([Formula: see text] and 1.1, respectively). As a proportion of total urinary bisphenol, free BPS [[Formula: see text]: [Formula: see text]] was higher than for free BPA ([Formula: see text]). Postexposure maximum urinary BPS concentrations (0.93 to [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]) were in the 93-98th percentile range of BPS in background Canadians ([Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]). CONCLUSION Both the in vitro and human studies suggested lower percutaneous absorption of BPS compared with BPA, but a lower biotransformation efficiency of BPS should also be considered in its evaluation as a BPA substitute. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5044.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Riebeling C, Luch A, Tralau T. Skin toxicology and 3Rs-Current challenges for public health protection. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:526-536. [PMID: 29575089 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the fast paced development of complex test systems in vitro, mass spectrometry and omics, we finally have the tools to unravel the molecular events that underlie toxicological adversity. Yet, timely regulatory adaptation of these new tools continues to pose major challenges even for organs readily accessible such as skin. The reasons for this encompass a need for conservatism as well as the need of tests to serve an existing regulatory framework rather than to produce scientific knowledge. It is important to be aware of this in order to align regulatory skin toxicity with the 3R principles more readily. While most chemical safety testing is still based on animal data, regulatory frameworks have seen a strong push towards non-animal approaches. The endpoints corrosion, irritation, sensitisation, absorption and phototoxicity, for example, can now be covered in vitro with the corresponding test guidelines (TGs) being made available by the OECD. However, in vitro approaches tend to be more reductionist. Hence, a combination of several tests is usually preferable to achieve satisfying predictivity. Moreover, the test systems and their combined use need to be standardised and are therefore subject not only to validation but also to the ongoing development of so-called integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATAs). Concomitantly, skin models are being refined to deliver the complexity required for increased applicability and predictivity. Given the importance of regulatory applicability for 3R-derived approaches to have a long-lasting impact, this review examines the state of regulatory implementation and perspectives, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riebeling
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Géniès C, Jamin EL, Debrauwer L, Zalko D, Person EN, Eilstein J, Grégoire S, Schepky A, Lange D, Ellison C, Roe A, Salhi S, Cubberley R, Hewitt NJ, Rothe H, Klaric M, Duplan H, Jacques-Jamin C. Comparison of the metabolism of 10 chemicals in human and pig skin explants. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:385-397. [PMID: 30345528 PMCID: PMC6587507 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Skin metabolism is important to consider when assessing local toxicity and/or penetration of chemicals and their metabolites. If human skin supply is limited, pig skin can be used as an alternative. To identify any species differences, we have investigated the metabolism of 10 chemicals in a pig and human skin explant model. Phase I metabolic pathways in skin from both species included those known to occur via cytochrome P450s, esterases, alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenases. Common Phase II pathways were glucuronidation and sulfation but other conjugation pathways were also identified. Chemicals not metabolized by pig skin (caffeine, IQ and 4‐chloroaniline) were also not metabolized by human skin. Six chemicals metabolized by pig skin were metabolized to a similar extent (percentage parent remaining) by human skin. Human skin metabolites were also detected in pig skin incubations, except for one unidentified minor vanillin metabolite. Three cinnamyl alcohol metabolites were unique to pig skin but represented minor metabolites. There were notable species differences in the relative amounts of common metabolites. The difference in the abundance of the sulfate conjugates of resorcinol and 4‐amino‐3‐nitrophenol was in accordance with the known lack of aryl sulfotransferase activity in pigs. In conclusion, while qualitative comparisons of metabolic profiles were consistent between pig and human skin, there were some quantitative differences in the percentage of metabolites formed. This preliminary assessment suggests that pig skin is metabolically competent and could be a useful tool for evaluating potential first‐pass metabolism before testing in human‐derived tissues. We have investigated the metabolism of 10 chemicals in viable pig and human skin. Phase I and II metabolic pathways were present in skin from both species. Chemicals not metabolized by pig skin were also not metabolized by human skin. Six chemicals metabolized by pig skin were also metabolized to a similar extent by human skin. Pig and human skin produced common metabolites, although some species differences were observed and as their relative amounts differed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Géniès
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | - E L Jamin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - L Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - D Zalko
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - E N Person
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - D Lange
- Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Ellison
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Roe
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - M Klaric
- Cosmetics Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Assessment of the skin sensitisation hazard of functional polysiloxanes and silanes in the SENS-IS assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:209-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
A study of inter-individual variability in the Phase II metabolism of xenobiotics in human skin. Toxicol Lett 2018; 292:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
23
|
Oesch F, Fabian E, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotica-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, man, and in human skin models. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2411-2456. [PMID: 29916051 PMCID: PMC6063329 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the metabolic fate of medical drugs, skin care products, cosmetics and other chemicals intentionally or accidently applied to the human skin have become increasingly important in order to ascertain pharmacological effectiveness and to avoid toxicities. The use of freshly excised human skin for experimental investigations meets with ethical and practical limitations. Hence information on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in the experimental systems available for pertinent studies compared with native human skin has become crucial. This review collects available information of which—taken with great caution because of the still very limited data—the most salient points are: in the skin of all animal species and skin-derived in vitro systems considered in this review cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent monooxygenase activities (largely responsible for initiating xenobiotica metabolism in the organ which provides most of the xenobiotica metabolism of the mammalian organism, the liver) are very low to undetectable. Quite likely other oxidative enzymes [e.g. flavin monooxygenase, COX (cooxidation by prostaglandin synthase)] will turn out to be much more important for the oxidative xenobiotic metabolism in the skin. Moreover, conjugating enzyme activities such as glutathione transferases and glucuronosyltransferases are much higher than the oxidative CYP activities. Since these conjugating enzymes are predominantly detoxifying, the skin appears to be predominantly protected against CYP-generated reactive metabolites. The following recommendations for the use of experimental animal species or human skin in vitro models may tentatively be derived from the information available to date: for dermal absorption and for skin irritation esterase activity is of special importance which in pig skin, some human cell lines and reconstructed skin models appears reasonably close to native human skin. With respect to genotoxicity and sensitization reactive-metabolite-reducing XME in primary human keratinocytes and several reconstructed human skin models appear reasonably close to human skin. For a more detailed delineation and discussion of the severe limitations see the Conclusions section in the end of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Obere Zahlbacherstr. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - E Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GV/TB, Z470, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GV/TB, Z470, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Winters BR, Pleil JD, Boyer JC, Nylander-French LA, Wallace MAG, Madden MC. Review: Endogenously Produced Volatiles for In Vitro Toxicity Testing Using Cell Lines. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2018; 4:129-138. [PMID: 31037250 PMCID: PMC5994904 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ∼86,000 chemicals registered under the Toxic Substances Control Act and increasing ethical concerns regarding animal testing, it is not economically or technically feasible to screen every registered chemical for toxicity using animal-based toxicity assays. To address this challenge, regulatory agencies are investigating high-throughput screening in vitro methods to increase speed of toxicity testing, while reducing the overall cost. One approach for rapid toxicity testing currently being investigated is monitoring of volatile emissions produced by cell lines in culture. Such a metabolomics approach would measure gaseous emissions from a cell line and determine if such gaseous metabolites are altered upon exposure to a xenobiotic. Herein, we describe the history and rationale of monitoring endogenously produced volatiles for identification of pathologic conditions, as well as emerging applications in toxicity testing for such an approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Winters
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, NERL/ORD, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jayne C. Boyer
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leena A. Nylander-French
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M. Ariel Geer Wallace
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, NERL/ORD, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael C. Madden
- Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL/ORD, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sowada J, Lemoine L, Schön K, Hutzler C, Luch A, Tralau T. Toxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commensal bacteria from human skin. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2331-2341. [PMID: 28378121 PMCID: PMC5429354 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leads to constant human exposure at low levels. Toxicologically relevant are especially the high-molecular weight substances due to their (pro-)carcinogenic potential. Following ingestion or uptake, the eukaryotic phase I metabolism often activates these substances to become potent DNA binders, and unsurprisingly metabolism and DNA-adduct formation of model substances such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) are well studied. However, apart from being subjected to eukaryotic transformations PAHs are also carbon and energy sources for the myriads of commensal microbes inhabiting man's every surface. Yet, we know little about the microbiome's PAH-metabolism capacity and its potentially adverse impact on the human host. This study now shows that readily isolable skin commensals transform B[a]P into a range of highly cyto- and genotoxic metabolites that are excreted in toxicologically relevant concentrations during growth. The respective bacterial supernatants contain a mixture of established eukaryotic as well as hitherto unknown prokaryotic metabolites, the combination of which leads to an increased toxicity. Altogether we show that PAH metabolism of the microbiome has to be considered a potential hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sowada
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Lemoine
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Schön
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Koppen G, Azqueta A, Pourrut B, Brunborg G, Collins AR, Langie SAS. The next three decades of the comet assay: a report of the 11th International Comet Assay Workshop. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:397-408. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health unit, Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium,
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, and IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009 Pamplona, Spain,
| | - Bertrand Pourrut
- ISA Lille – LGCgE, University of Lille Nord de France, 48 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille, France,
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway and
| | - Andrew R. Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, PB 1046 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sabine A. S. Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health unit, Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saito K, Takenouchi O, Nukada Y, Miyazawa M, Sakaguchi H. An in vitro skin sensitization assay termed EpiSensA for broad sets of chemicals including lipophilic chemicals and pre/pro-haptens. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 40:11-25. [PMID: 27965148 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate chemicals (e.g. lipophilic chemicals, pre/pro-haptens) that are difficult to correctly evaluate using in vitro skin sensitization tests (e.g. DPRA, KeratinoSens or h-CLAT), we developed a novel in vitro test termed "Epidermal Sensitization Assay: EpiSensA" that uses reconstructed human epidermis. This assay is based on the induction of multiple marker genes (ATF3, IL-8, DNAJB4 and GCLM) related to two keratinocyte responses (inflammatory or cytoprotective) in the induction of skin sensitization. Here, we first confirmed the mechanistic relevance of these marker genes by focusing on key molecules that regulate keratinocyte responses in vivo (P2X7 for inflammatory and Nrf2 for cytoprotective responses). The up-regulation of ATF3 and IL-8, or DNAJB4 and GCLM induced by the representative sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in human keratinocytes was significantly suppressed by a P2X7 specific antagonist KN-62, or by Nrf2 siRNA, respectively, which supported mechanistic relevance of marker genes. Moreover, the EpiSensA had sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 93%, 100% and 93% for 29 lipophilic chemicals (logKow≥3.5), and of 96%, 75% and 88% for 43 hydrophilic chemicals including 11 pre/pro-haptens, compared with the LLNA. These results suggested that the EpiSensA could be a mechanism-based test applicable to broad sets of chemicals including lipophilic chemicals and pre/pro-haptens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Saito
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Osamu Takenouchi
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuko Nukada
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakaguchi
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jennings LR, Colley HE, Ong J, Panagakos F, Masters JG, Trivedi HM, Murdoch C, Whawell S. Development and Characterization of In Vitro Human Oral Mucosal Equivalents Derived from Immortalized Oral Keratinocytes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:1108-1117. [PMID: 27846777 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered oral mucosal equivalents (OME) are being increasingly used to measure toxicity, drug delivery, and to model oral diseases. Current OME mainly comprise normal oral keratinocytes (NOK) cultured on top of a normal oral fibroblasts-containing matrix. However, the commercial supply of NOK is limited, restricting widespread use of these mucosal models. In addition, NOK suffer from poor longevity and donor-to-donor variability. Therefore, we constructed, characterized, and tested the functionality of OME based on commercial TERT2-immortalized oral keratinocytes (FNB6) to produce a more readily available alternative to NOK-based OME. FNB6 OME cultured at an air-to-liquid interface for 14 days exhibited expression of differentiation markers cytokeratin 13 in the suprabasal layers and cytokeratin 14 in basal layer of the epithelium. Proliferating cells were restricted to the basal epithelium, and there was immuno-positive expression of E-cadherin confirming the presence of established cell-to-cell contacts. The histology and expression of these structural markers paralleled those observed in the normal oral mucosa and NOK-based models. On stimulation with TNFα and IL-1, FNB6 OME displayed a similar global gene expression profile to NOK-based OME, with increased expression of many common pro-inflammatory molecules such as chemokines (CXCL8), cytokines (IL-6), and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) when analyzed by gene array and quantitative PCR. Similarly, pathway analysis showed that both FNB6 and NOK models initiated similar intracellular signaling on stimulation. Gene expression in FNB6 OME was more consistent than NOK-based OME that suffered from donor variation in response to stimuli. Mucosal equivalents based on immortalized FNB6 cells are accessible, reproducible and will provide an alternative animal experimental system for studying mucosal drug delivery systems, host-pathogen interactions, and drug-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Jennings
- 1 School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Colley
- 1 School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Ong
- 2 Colgate-Palmolive Company , Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Craig Murdoch
- 1 School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Whawell
- 1 School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lou Y, Wang Q, Zheng J, Hu H, Liu L, Hong D, Zeng S. Possible Pathways of Capecitabine-Induced Hand–Foot Syndrome. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1591-1601. [PMID: 27631426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lou
- The
First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- The
First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinqi Zheng
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haihong Hu
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province
Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- The
First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Hong
- The
First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su Zeng
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province
Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Planz V, Lehr CM, Windbergs M. In vitro models for evaluating safety and efficacy of novel technologies for skin drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 242:89-104. [PMID: 27612408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For preclinical testing of novel therapeutics, predictive in vitro models of the human skin are required to assess efficacy, absorption and safety. Simple as well as more sophisticated three-dimensional organotypic models of the human skin emerged as versatile and powerful tools simulating healthy as well as diseased skin states. Besides addressing the demands of research and industry, such models serve as valid alternative to animal testing. Recently, the acceptance of several models by regulatory authorities corroborates their role as important building block for preclinical development. However, valid assessment of readout parameters derived from these models requires suitable analytical techniques. Standard analytical methods are mostly destructive and limited regarding in-depth investigation on molecular level. The combination of adequate in vitro models with modern non-invasive analytical modalities bears a great potential to address important skin drug delivery related questions. Topics of interest are for instance the assessment of repeated dosing effects and xenobiotic biotransformation, which cannot be analyzed by destructive techniques. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current in vitro skin models differing in functional complexity and mimicking healthy as well as diseased skin states. Further, benefits and limitations regarding analytical evaluation of efficacy, absorption and safety of novel drug carrier systems applied to such models are discussed along with a prospective view of anticipated future directions. In addition, emerging non-invasive imaging modalities are introduced and their significance and potential to advance current knowledge in the field of skin drug delivery is explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Planz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ruela ALM, Perissinato AG, Lino MEDS, Mudrik PS, Pereira GR. Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal formulations. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502016000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
32
|
Spriggs S, Sheffield D, Olayanju A, Kitteringham NR, Naisbitt DJ, Aleksic M. Effect of Repeated Daily Dosing with 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene on Glutathione Biosynthesis and Nrf2 Activation in Reconstructed Human Epidermis. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:5-15. [PMID: 27492222 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a major role in skin detoxification processes due to its ability to conjugate electrophilic exogenous compounds with, and sometimes without, catalysis by glutathione-s-transferase (GST). GST activity has been demonstrated both in skin and in most in vitro skin equivalents but so far studies have focussed on chemical clearance (conjugate identification and rate of conjugation) and did not consider the GSH lifecycle (conjugation, recycling, synthesis). We used the model skin sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to investigate the effects of chemical exposure on GSH lifecycle in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). We demonstrated that the RHE model is suitable to carry out repeated cycles of 2-h exposure to DNCB over a 3-day period. After each exposure to DNCB, the level of GSH is diminished in a dose dependent manner. After a 22-h recovery period, GSH is replenished back to initial levels. Accumulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the cytosol also occurs within the 2 h of exposure to DNCB but returns to baseline during each recovery period, demonstrating that activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway offers a rapid response to chemical stress. The amount of dinitrophenyl-glutathione (DNP-SG) formed with DNCB (1) increased between the first and second exposure and (2) reached a plateau between the second and third exposure. Collectively, these data suggest that the metabolic capacity of skin may not be fixed in time but defence mechanisms might be activated in response to exposure to exogenous compounds, resulting in their accelerated clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Spriggs
- *Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK;
| | - David Sheffield
- *Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Adedamola Olayanju
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, the University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, the University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, the University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- *Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Erdő F, Hashimoto N, Karvaly G, Nakamichi N, Kato Y. Critical evaluation and methodological positioning of the transdermal microdialysis technique. A review. J Control Release 2016; 233:147-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
34
|
Moss E, Debeuckelaere C, Berl V, Elbayed K, Moussallieh FM, Namer IJ, Lepoittevin JP. In Situ Metabolism of Cinnamyl Alcohol in Reconstructed Human Epidermis: New Insights into the Activation of This Fragrance Skin Sensitizer. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1172-8. [PMID: 27281158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modification of epidermal proteins by skin sensitizers is the molecular event which initiates the induction of contact allergy. However, not all chemical skin allergens react directly as haptens with epidermal proteins but need either a chemical (prehaptens) or metabolic (prohaptens) activation step to become reactive. Cinnamyl alcohol has been considered a model prohapten, as this skin sensitizer has no intrinsic reactivity. Therefore, the prevailing theory is that cinnamyl alcohol is enzymatically oxidized into the protein-reactive cinnamaldehyde, which is the sensitizing agent. Knowing that reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) models have been demonstrated to be quite similar to the normal human epidermis in terms of metabolic enzymes, use of RHE may be useful to investigate the in situ metabolism/activation of cinnamyl alcohol, particularly when coupled with high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. Incubation of carbon-13 substituted cinnamyl derivatives with RHE did not result in the formation of cinnamaldehyde. The metabolites formed suggest the formation of an epoxy-alcohol and an allylic sulfate as potential electrophiles. These data suggest that cinnamyl alcohol is inducing skin sensitization through a route independent of the one involving cinnamaldehyde and should therefore be considered as a skin sensitizer on its own.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Moss
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Debeuckelaere
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Berl
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Elbayed
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - François-Marie Moussallieh
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Izzie-Jacques Namer
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), CNRS UMR 7357 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - J-P Lepoittevin
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg , 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
A novel method to generate monocyte-derived dendritic cells during coculture with HaCaT facilitates detection of weak contact allergens in cosmetics. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:339-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
36
|
Urbisch D, Becker M, Honarvar N, Kolle SN, Mehling A, Teubner W, Wareing B, Landsiedel R. Assessment of Pre- and Pro-haptens Using Nonanimal Test Methods for Skin Sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:901-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Urbisch
- Experimental
Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Matthias Becker
- Experimental
Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- Experimental
Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Britta Wareing
- Experimental
Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Imparato G, Casale C, Scamardella S, Urciuolo F, Bimonte M, Apone F, Colucci G, Netti PA. A novel engineered dermis forin vitrophotodamage research. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2276-2285. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Imparato
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care; CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
| | - C. Casale
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care; CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
| | - S. Scamardella
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care; CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - F. Urciuolo
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care; CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
| | | | - F. Apone
- Arterra Bioscience srl; Naples Italy
| | - G. Colucci
- Arterra Bioscience srl; Naples Italy
- Vitalab srl; Naples Italy
| | - P. A. Netti
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care; CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Elentner A, Ortner D, Clausen B, Gonzalez FJ, Fernández-Salguero PM, Schmuth M, Dubrac S. Skin response to a carcinogen involves the xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:835-40. [PMID: 26013842 PMCID: PMC6334296 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin is in daily contact with potentially harmful molecules from the environment such as cigarette smoke, automobile emissions, industrial soot and groundwater. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a transcription factor expressed in liver and intestine that is activated by xenobiotic chemicals including drugs and environmental pollutants. Topical application of the tumor initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) enhances Pxr, Cyp1a1, Cyp1b1 and Cyp3a11, but not Ahr expression in the skin. Surprisingly, DMBA-induced Pxr upregulation is largely impaired in Langerin(+) cell-depleted skin, suggesting that DMBA mainly triggers Pxr in Langerin(+) cells. Furthermore, PXR deficiency protects from DNA damage in epidermal cells but to a lesser extent than aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) deficiency. Interestingly, skin exposure to low doses of DMBA induces migration of PXR-deficient but not of wild-type and AHR-deficient Langerhans cells (LCs). PXR-humanized mice show a marked increase in DNA damage to epidermal cells after topical application of DMBA, demonstrating relevance of these findings in human tissue. This is the first report suggesting that carcinogens might trigger PXR in epidermal cells, particularly in LCs, thus leading to DNA damage. Further studies are required to better delineate the role of PXR in cutaneous carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Elentner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Ortner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Björn Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes, Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pedro M. Fernández-Salguero
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Quantin P, Thélu A, Catoire S, Ficheux H. Perspectives and strategies of alternative methods used in the risk assessment of personal care products. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:422-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
40
|
Manwaring J, Rothe H, Obringer C, Foltz DJ, Baker TR, Troutman JA, Hewitt NJ, Goebel C. Extrapolation of systemic bioavailability assessing skin absorption and epidermal and hepatic metabolism of aromatic amine hair dyes in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:139-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
41
|
Dumont C, Prieto P, Asturiol D, Worth A. Review of the Availability ofIn VitroandIn SilicoMethods for Assessing Dermal Bioavailability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Dumont
- The European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Pilar Prieto
- The European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - David Asturiol
- The European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrew Worth
- The European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jacquoilleot S, Sheffield D, Olayanju A, Sison-Young R, Kitteringham NR, Naisbitt DJ, Aleksic M. Glutathione metabolism in the HaCaT cell line as a model for the detoxification of the model sensitisers 2,4-dinitrohalobenzenes in human skin. Toxicol Lett 2015; 237:11-20. [PMID: 26022718 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most prominent antioxidant in cells and the co-factor of an important set of enzymes involved in the skin metabolic clearance system, glutathione S-transferases (GST). Here, we describe an LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy) method to measure GSH and its disulfide form (GSSG) in HaCaT cells and a 3D Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) model. In our assay, the basal level of GSH in both systems was in the low nmol/mg soluble protein range, while the level of GSSG was systematically below our limit of quantification (0.1 μM). We found that 2,4-dinitrohalobenzenes deplete the GSH present in HaCaT cells within the first hour of exposure, in a dose dependent manner. The level of GSH in HaCaT cells treated with a single non-toxic dose of 10 μM of dinitrohalobenzene was also shown to increase after two hours. While cells treated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) repleted GSH to levels similar to untreated control cells within 24h, 1-bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNBB) seemed to prevent such a repletion and appeared to be the most toxic compound in all assays. A mathematical modelling of experimental results was performed to further rationalise the differences observed between test chemicals. For this purpose the biological phenomena observed were simplified into two sequential events: the initial depletion of the GSH stock after chemical treatment followed by the repletion of the GSH once the chemical was cleared. Activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway was observed with all compounds within two hours, and at concentrations less than 10 μM. These data show that GSH depletion and repletion occur rapidly in skin cells and emphasize the importance of conducting kinetic studies when performing in vitro experiments exploring skin sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Jacquoilleot
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - David Sheffield
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Adedamola Olayanju
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vinardell M. The use of non-animal alternatives in the safety evaluations of cosmetics ingredients by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
44
|
Leme DM, Primo FL, Gobo GG, da Costa CRV, Tedesco AC, de Oliveira DP. Genotoxicity assessment of reactive and disperse textile dyes using human dermal equivalent (3D cell culture system). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:466-480. [PMID: 25785560 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.999296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of dyes are marketed daily for different purposes, including textile dyeing. However, there are several studies reporting attributing to dyes deleterious human effects such as DNA damage. Humans may be exposed to toxic dyes through either ingestion of contaminated waters or dermal contact with colored garments. With respect to dermal exposure, human skin equivalents are promising tools to assess in vitro genotoxicity of dermally applied chemicals using a three-dimensional (3D) model to mimic tissue behavior. This study investigated the sensitivity of an in-house human dermal equivalent (DE) for detecting genotoxicity of textile dyes. Two azo (reactive green 19 [RG19] and disperse red 1[DR1]) dyes and one anthraquinone (reactive blue 2 [RB2]) dye were analyzed. RG19 was genotoxic for DE in a dose-responsive manner, whereas RB2 and DR1 were nongenotoxic under the conditions tested. These findings are not in agreement with previous genotoxicological assessment of these dyes carried out using two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, which showed that DR1 was genotoxic in human hepatoma cells (HepG2) and RG19 was nongenotoxic for normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). These discrepant results probably may be due to differences between metabolic activities of each cell type (organ-specific genotoxicity, HepG2 and fibroblasts) and the test setup systems used in each study (fibroblasts cultured at 2D and three-dimensional [3D] culture systems). Genotoxicological assessment of textile dyes in context of organ-specific genotoxicity and using in vitro models that more closely resemble in vivo tissue architecture and physiology may provide more reliable estimates of genotoxic potential of these chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Morais Leme
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular , Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) , Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Oesch F, Fabian E, Guth K, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, man, and in human skin models. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2135-90. [PMID: 25370008 PMCID: PMC4247477 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of the skin to medical drugs, skin care products, cosmetics, and other chemicals renders information on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in the skin highly interesting. Since the use of freshly excised human skin for experimental investigations meets with ethical and practical limitations, information on XME in models comes in the focus including non-human mammalian species and in vitro skin models. This review attempts to summarize the information available in the open scientific literature on XME in the skin of human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, and pig as well as human primary skin cells, human cell lines, and reconstructed human skin models. The most salient outcome is that much more research on cutaneous XME is needed for solid metabolism-dependent efficacy and safety predictions, and the cutaneous metabolism comparisons have to be viewed with caution. Keeping this fully in mind at least with respect to some cutaneous XME, some models may tentatively be considered to approximate reasonable closeness to human skin. For dermal absorption and for skin irritation among many contributing XME, esterase activity is of special importance, which in pig skin, some human cell lines, and reconstructed skin models appears reasonably close to human skin. With respect to genotoxicity and sensitization, activating XME are not yet judgeable, but reactive metabolite-reducing XME in primary human keratinocytes and several reconstructed human skin models appear reasonably close to human skin. For a more detailed delineation and discussion of the severe limitations see the “Overview and Conclusions” section in the end of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Oesch
- Oesch-Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions GmbH&Co.KG, Rheinblick 21, 55263, Wackernheim, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Manevski N, Swart P, Balavenkatraman KK, Bertschi B, Camenisch G, Kretz O, Schiller H, Walles M, Ling B, Wettstein R, Schaefer DJ, Itin P, Ashton-Chess J, Pognan F, Wolf A, Litherland K. Phase II metabolism in human skin: skin explants show full coverage for glucuronidation, sulfation, N-acetylation, catechol methylation, and glutathione conjugation. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:126-39. [PMID: 25339109 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although skin is the largest organ of the human body, cutaneous drug metabolism is often overlooked, and existing experimental models are insufficiently validated. This proof-of-concept study investigated phase II biotransformation of 11 test substrates in fresh full-thickness human skin explants, a model containing all skin cell types. Results show that skin explants have significant capacity for glucuronidation, sulfation, N-acetylation, catechol methylation, and glutathione conjugation. Novel skin metabolites were identified, including acyl glucuronides of indomethacin and diclofenac, glucuronides of 17β-estradiol, N-acetylprocainamide, and methoxy derivatives of 4-nitrocatechol and 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene. Measured activities for 10 μM substrate incubations spanned a 1000-fold: from the highest 4.758 pmol·mg skin(-1)·h(-1) for p-toluidine N-acetylation to the lowest 0.006 pmol·mg skin(-1)·h(-1) for 17β-estradiol 17-glucuronidation. Interindividual variability was 1.4- to 13.0-fold, the highest being 4-methylumbelliferone and diclofenac glucuronidation. Reaction rates were generally linear up to 4 hours, although 24-hour incubations enabled detection of metabolites in trace amounts. All reactions were unaffected by the inclusion of cosubstrates, and freezing of the fresh skin led to loss of glucuronidation activity. The predicted whole-skin intrinsic metabolic clearances were significantly lower compared with corresponding whole-liver intrinsic clearances, suggesting a relatively limited contribution of the skin to the body's total systemic phase II enzyme-mediated metabolic clearance. Nevertheless, the fresh full-thickness skin explants represent a suitable model to study cutaneous phase II metabolism not only in drug elimination but also in toxicity, as formation of acyl glucuronides and sulfate conjugates could play a role in skin adverse reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Piet Swart
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kamal Kumar Balavenkatraman
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertschi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Camenisch
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Kretz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hilmar Schiller
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Walles
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Ling
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Wettstein
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Itin
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Ashton-Chess
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francois Pognan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armin Wolf
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karine Litherland
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (N.M., P.S., G.C., O.K., H.S., M.W., K.L.), Pre-clinical Safety (K.K.B., B.B., F.P., A.W.), and Clinical Sciences and Innovation Translational Medicine (J.A.-C.), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery (B.L., R.W., D.J.S.), and Department of Dermatology (P.I.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Manevski N, Balavenkatraman KK, Bertschi B, Swart P, Walles M, Camenisch G, Schiller H, Kretz O, Ling B, Wettstein R, Schaefer DJ, Pognan F, Wolf A, Litherland K. Aldehyde Oxidase Activity in Fresh Human Skin. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:2049-57. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
48
|
Ramirez T, Mehling A, Kolle SN, Wruck CJ, Teubner W, Eltze T, Aumann A, Urbisch D, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. LuSens: a keratinocyte based ARE reporter gene assay for use in integrated testing strategies for skin sensitization hazard identification. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1482-97. [PMID: 25172300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis can develop following repeated exposure to allergenic substances. To date, hazard identification is still based on animal studies as non-animal alternatives have not yet gained global regulatory acceptance. Several non-animal methods addressing key-steps of the adverse outcome pathway (OECD, 2012) will most likely be needed to fully address this effect. Among the initial cellular events is the activation of keratinocytes and currently only one method, the KeratinoSens™, has been formally validated to address this event. In this study, a further method, the LuSens assay, that uses a human keratinocyte cell line harbouring a reporter gene construct composed of the antioxidant response element (ARE) of the rat NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 gene and the luciferase gene. The assay was validated in house using a selection of 74 substances which included the LLNA performance standards. The predictivity of the LuSens assay for skin sensitization hazard identification was comparable to other non-animal methods, in particular to the KeratinoSens™. When used as part of a testing battery based on the OECD adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitization, a combination of the LuSens assay, the DPRA and a dendritic cell line activation test attained predictivities similar to that of the LLNA.
Collapse
|
49
|
Wu Y, Beland FA, Chen S, Fang JL. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and Akt contribute to triclosan-stimulated proliferation of JB6 Cl 41-5a cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1297-311. [PMID: 25033989 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan is a broad spectrum anti-bacterial agent widely used in many personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings. Human exposure to triclosan is mainly through oral and dermal routes. In previous studies, we found that sub-chronic dermal exposure of B6C3F1 mice to triclosan induced epidermal hyperplasia and focal necrosis; however, the mechanisms for these responses remain elusive. In this study, using mouse epidermis-derived JB6 Cl 41-5a cells, we found that triclosan stimulated cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Enhanced cell proliferation was demonstrated by a substantial increase in the percentage of BrdU-positive cells, an elevation in the protein levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin A, and a reduction in the protein level of p27(Kip1). Western blotting analysis revealed that triclosan induced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), p38, and Akt. Pre-treatment of the cells with PD184352, an inhibitor of the upstream kinase MEK1/2, or with wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, blocked triclosan-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, respectively, and substantially suppressed triclosan-stimulated cell proliferation, whereas the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or the p38 inhibitor SB203580 had little to no effect on triclosan-stimulated cell proliferation. The phosphorylation activation of ERK1/2 and Akt was further confirmed on the skin of mice dermally administered triclosan. These data suggest that the activation of ERK1/2 and Akt is involved in triclosan-stimulated proliferation of JB6 Cl 41-5a cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg H, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2014. [PMID: 25027500 DOI: 10.14573/altex1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
Collapse
|